Documenti di Didattica
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Documenti di Cultura
*It is biotic community, predominantly of trees, shrubs or any other woody vegetation.
Importance of forest:
Provides shelter to animals, human beings.
Provides wood/timber.
Raw material like paper, plywood, timber, toys, boxes etc.
Bamboos are used for roofing, walling etc.
Minor forest products like gums, resins, dyes, fibres, medicines, insecticides, fruits etc.
Ecological benefits like – clean air and water
Reduce stress, absorb noise
Having healing qualities
Prevent soil erosion
Improve soil quality
Responsible for continuous supply of water in springs & wells.
Reducing environmental pollution by absorbing CO2 & gases.
Deforestation:
Land degradation in arid, semi-arid & sub-humid areas resulting from various factors
including climatic variations & human activities.
Causes:
1. Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation: It involves slash and burn agriculture
practices by landless indigenous people who clear trees to grow crops.
Effects:
1. It produce enormous quantities of waste. Water dissolves these to produce contaminated fluid,
pollutes soil, river, groundwater.
2. Causes air pollution due to removal of toxic gases, CH4 etc.
3. Deforestation including loss of flora & fauna.
4. Noise pollution
5. Migration of tribal people
6. Lowering of ground water table.
Dams
Potential use could be for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water transport to deficit areas.
Benefits:
1. Helps to river floods.
2. Hydroelectricity generation
3. Year around water supply
4. Helped to improve ecosystems by creating new wetlands, fishing etc.
Problems:
1. Loss of species & ecosystems.
2. Loss of water through evaporation & seepage into porous rock beds.
3. Due to evaporation water becomes saline so unusable.
4. Enormous weight of water might crack the dams.
5. Rehabilitation & resettlement of displaced people.
6. Water related diseases have been linked with the creation of reservoirs.
Case Studies:
1.Narmada Dam Project: Narmada Bachao Andolan
2.Tehri Dam: on Bhagirathi
Water Resources
Overutilization
• 1% water is fresh water which comes from rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater
sources.
• Degradation of these sources by disposal of sewage and industrial effluents
without treatment.
Problems:
• Heavily pumped well can lower local water level.
• Excessive pumping of groundwater causes porous formations of collapse,
resulting in setting of the above surface.
• Overuse of freshwater reservoir along coastlines often allows salt water to intrude
into aquifers used for domestic as well as industrial purposes.
Overcome problem:
When water from heavy rainfall, melting ice or snow or a combination of these, exceeds the carrying
capacity of the receiving river system.
Effects:
Plains have become sitted with mud and sand. Thus affecting cultivable land areas.
Extinction of civilization
Economic damage
River carries fertile sediments and deposits it on the level land along its lower course, such areas
are called flood plains which are very fertile.
Measures:
By building dam upstream.
Management of rainfall and resultant run off is very important. Such management is based on
watershed which means an area bounded by the divide line of water flow. Thus it may be drainage
stream. Himalayas are most critical watershed.
Networking of rivers proposed at national level.
Draught
An extended period a season, year, several years of deficient rainfall relative to the statically multi
year average of the region.
It destroy an area slowly and have devasting effects on agriculture and water supplies.
Types:
1. Meterological Darught: Described in terms of comparison to some normal or average amount of
previous pattern of precipitation.
2.Agriculture Draught: Agriculture impacts, focusing on precipitation shortages, differences
between actual and potential evapotranspiration, soil water deficit, reduced groundwater etc.
3. Hydrological Draught: Deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies.
4. Socio-economic Draught: Physical water shortages start to affect the health, wellbeing & quality
of life of the people.
Effects:
Measures:
Urbanization & demographic characteristics.
Social behavior and environmental awareness.
Reduce the risk by mitigation & preparedness.
Conflicts over water
Conflicts over sharing of river waters in the country as rivers flow through more than one state.
Major river conflicts are in India as follows:
1. Sharing of Cauvery water by Karnataka & Tamil Nadu
2. Krishna water by Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
3. Bhavani water by Tamilnadu & Kerala
4. Satlej-Yamuna water by Punjab & Haryana.
Defined as elements, chemical compounds, minerals, rocks that are concentrated in a form, that can
be extracted to obtain a usable commodity.
Classification:
1.Metallic Minerals:
Get metals for Ex Fe, Cu, Au etc.
Exist as ores
2. Non-metallic:
For Ex: Nitrate, Sulphur, Potash, Salt, Coal, Petroleum, Mineral Fuel
Life Cycle of a Metal Resource
Figure 15-14
Acid Mine Drainage
Food resources
Food is most important material for our body needs for its proper functioning and well being.
1. Agriculture crops constitutes an important food resource. About 300 crops are grown for food
& commercial products.
2. Domestic animals is also an important food source. For ex: milk by sheep, goat, camel etc.
3. Aquaculture: production of food by aquatic habitats for ex: fish & seafood.
Two kind of food problems:
1. Undernourishment: is lack of sufficient calories in available food, so that one has little or no
ability to move or work.
Due to this:
1. Lack of energy & nutrition.
2. Susceptible to infectious diseases.
3. Permanently stunted growth, mental retardation.
2. Malnourishment: lack of specific components of food, such as proteins, vitamins or essential
chemical elements.
Due to this:
1. Anemia: Inability to absorb iron.
2. Goiter: Deficiency of iodine.
3. Marasmus, Kwashiorkar: Lack of protein
Causes of food grain problems:
1.Long Term Causes:
Population Growth
Decrease in agriculture output
Decrease in productivity
Extension of commercial agriculture
Natural calamities
Change in the habit of consumption
2. Mid term Causes:
War
Defective food distribution
It is the phenomenon of groundwater table rising too close to the ground level to sustain useful plant life.
Causes:
1. Continuous evaporation from water logged areas leaving the dissolved salt behind, causes
accumulation of excessive salts.
2. Use of chemical fertilizer also increase salinity.
Impact:
1. When salinity increase, the land is unfit for crop.
2. Different plants have different tolerances.
3. Soil bacterial systems are upset.
Remedies:
1. Water logging should be avoided.
2. Excessive application of fertilizers should be avoided.
3. Waste water discharges should be controlled.
Overgrazing
Presence of too many animals on the land as for too long or at appropriate seasons, such the land
become degraded is called overgrazing.
Effect:
1. Plants weakened.
2. Soil erosion
3. Reduce soil depth, soil organic matter
4. Soil fertility decreases.
5. Reduction in vegetation, biodiversity.
Fertilizers & Pesticides problem
Effects:
1. Excessive level of nitrates (NO3), phosphates causes eutrophication.
2. Increased salinity increases water demand of the crop.
3. Surplus water having fertilizers get into natural water bodies &
groundwater which causes plant blooms.
4. Crop will have inferior food value due to deficiencies of micronutrients as
only few nutrients are given by fertilizers.
Eutrophication
Biomagnification
Control:
Measures:
1. Banning dangerous compounds
2. Alternative methods
3. Controlling pesticide usages.
4. Developing less dangerous pesticides
5. Rotation of crop
Land resource
Land provide essential medium for development of agriculture, forestry, vegetation etc.
Types:
Water erosion: water cut or removes soil.
Sheet erosion: soil removed in small but uniform amount all over.
Rill erosion: run off water moves rapidly & cuts small stream like structures.
Gully erosion: several rills joined together to form broad channels called gullies.
Riparian erosion or Stream bank erosion: during floods river splash their water against the banks & thus cut
through them.
Rill Erosion Gully Erosion
Geometrical change
Unloading
Loading
Shock & vibrations
2. Internal causes:
Energy resource are exhaustible or non-renewable e.g. coal, mineral oil etc.
Some renewable energy resources e.g. biogas, wind, geothermal energy etc. which are used
Classification:
[I] classification:1. Commercial fuels: coal, petroleum products
2. non-commercial fuels: fuel wood, cow dung
[II] classification: 1. Primary energy resource: fossil fuels, nuclear, solar energy resource
2.Secondary energy resource: petrol, diesel fuel, electrical energy
[III] Classification: 1. Conventional: fossil fuels, water, nuclear energy
2.Non-conventional: Solar, wind, geothermal
Passive Solar
Trombe Wall
Passively heated home
in Colorado
Heating Living Spaces
A passively heated home uses about 60-75% of the solar energy that hits
its walls and windows.
The Center for Renewable Resources estimates that in almost any climate,
a well-designed passive solar home can reduce energy bills by 75% with an
added construction cost of only 5-10%.
About 25% of energy is used for water and space heating.
Major factor discouraging solar heating is low energy prices.
Sun
Solar Radiation
India has vast potential for geothermal energy which more than 340 water
springs with temperature 80-1000C.
Advantages:
1. Most versatile & least polluting energy.
2. Inexpensive
3. Power generation level is high.
4. Directly use.
Limitations:
1. Away from the area needing energy.
2. Energy can not be efficiently transfer.
3. In steam polluting gases like H2S, NH3, CO2 present
4. Hot brine discharged into surface water bodies may be ecological
hazardous.
5. Drilling operations cause noise pollution.