JACKFRUIT PEELING AS ALTERNATIVE BINDER TO BIODEGRADABLE

PLASTIC FROM CASSAVA (Manihut esculenta) STARCH

A Thesis

Presented to the Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cebu Institute of Technology University

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

by
Khen A. Gimeno
Jhunly L. Maglasang
John Gerald A. Laput
John Reeve S. Taliquig

October 2018

1
 Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled, “JACKFRUIT PEELING AS ALTERNATIVE BINDER

TO BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM CASSAVA (Manihut esculenta)

STARCH”, prepared and submitted by Jhunly L. Maglasang, John Gerald A. Laput,

John Reeve S. Taliquig, and Khen A. Gimeno in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING is hereby recommended for approval.

Engr. Marlito V. Patunob

Adviser
Date: _________

______________________
Panel Member
Date: __________

This thesis is approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

Engr. Marlito V. Patunob Engr. Roberto Jr. P. Base

Research Instructor Chair, Department of Mech. Engineering
Date: _________ Date: ___________

Engr. Evangeline E. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:___________

2
 Abstract

The study aims to produce biodegradable plastic using a jackfruit peel as

an alternative binder. Cassava starch was the main component used un the

production of plastic mixed with water, soya bean oil and glycerol. The glycerol

was used as a plasticizer with water, jackfruit peel and PVA as a separate binders.

The mixtures were then prepared and plastic samples produced were subjected to

different tests. Three difference preparations were made from the different

mixtures. The first preparation contained 50 grams starch, 50 grams water, 2.5

grams oil and 2.5 grams glycerol. The second preparation contain 50 grams starch,

50 grams Jackfruit Pulp, 50 grams water, 2.5 grams oil, and 2.5 grams glycerol.

The third preparation contained 50 grams starch, 50 grams PVA, 50 grams water,

2.5 grams oil, and 2.5 grams glycerol. The second preparation exhibited the most

desirable mechanical properties. The materials produced were proven to be

biodegradable. Different test were used to compare the three treatments to

determine the difference among the samples that were subjected to different

experimentations. Results showed significant difference among the plastic formed

using water, jackfruit pulp, and PVA as separate binders. Jackfruit peeling was

found to be an alternative binder to biodegradable plastic.

3
 Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to thank the people behind our successful

research; Ms. Shiela Tirol a Science teacher and currently the principal in Cebu

Roosevelt Memorial Colleges who gave us some advice for our research, to Engr.

Marilto V. Patunob for being our instructor and the one who guide us all throughout

our research. Lastly, the researchers would also like to thank their family for their

everlasting support and patience throughout this stressful time.

4
 Table of Contents

Page

Abstract 3

Acknowledgement 4

List of Tables 7

List of Figures 8

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 9

1.2 Problem Statement 10

1.3 Objectives 11

1.4 Purpose of the Study 11

1.5 Scope and Limitations 12

1.6 Definition of Terms 12

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Theories 15

2.2 Closest Prior Art 17

5
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 20

3.2 Materials and Equipment’s 20

3.3 Experimental Set-up 21

3.4 Experimental Procedure 21

3.5 Data Gathering (Tables) 23

3.6 Procedure Flow Charts 23

3.7 Computations 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

CURRICULUM VITAE 31

6
 List of Tables

Page

3.3 Table 1 in Chapter 3 21

3.7 Table 2 in Chapter 3 25

7
 List of Figures

Page

3.6 Figure 1.1 in Chapter 3 23

8
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The use of biodegradable plastics has become the trend nowadays

especially since people became more environmentally aware that those non-

biodegradable plastics pose threat to our surroundings. The increasing

demand for plastic, from the highly technological fields of electronics, fiber

optics, and pharmaceuticals to the basic necessities such as wrappers and

garbage bags have never changed. However, this high demand for plastics

have been a major contributor to the world’s present garbage problems. The

researchers in this study aimed at developing biodegradable plastics to solve

this global concern

In order to successfully from plastic, the use of additives and processing

aids have always been a must. Binders have been called the most important

processing additive along with other additives. The role of the binder includes

aggregation and holding different plastic components during the process.

Many of the controversies associated with plastics are associated with the

additives (Hans-Georg Elias, 2005).

A study was conducted entitled Biodegradable Plastic from Cassava

(Manihot esculenta) Starch (“Biodegradable Plastic,” 2012). In this study,

Cassava starch was mixed with water, epoxidized soya bean oil (ESBO),

glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as

a water-soluble binder. The samples would not dissolved in ethanol since the

9
 binder (PVA) used is water-soluble. In order to solve this problem, an

alternative binder may be used. The researchers in this paper wanted to

explore the possibility of finding an alternative binder that can be easily found

in our surroundings.

PVA is nontoxic but its biodegrades only slowly and only up to 5% solutions

are nontoxic (Hallensleben, 2000). PVA can be quite expensive and the

utilization of binders from local and cheaper materials is also quite a necessity

considering the low economic status of different countries especially,

Philippines.

Researchers of the study, plan to use Jackfruit peeling as the raw material

of the target alternative binder. Almost all the parts of the jackfruit tree including

its fruit secretes latex when injured which is a good factor when it comes to

binding. The jackfruit peeling itself also contains cellulose which is the chief

component of plant’s cell walls. Cellulose products such as the Carboxymethyl

Cellulose are used as binder.

Thus, the researchers will evaluate the effectiveness of Jackfruit peeling as

the raw material for an alternative binder. Furthermore, the study will determine

the opacity, translucency, and transparency of the biodegradable plastic

produced with Jackfruit peeling as binder.

1.2 Problem Statement

The study will evaluate the potential of the Jackfruit peeling as an effective

raw material in the formulation of alternative plastic binder.

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 Sub-problems

1.) What are the characteristics of new plastic using water as plastic binder

and the characteristics of the new plastic using jackfruit pulp as plastic

binder in terms of their:

a) Effects on strong acid and strong base

b) Tensile Strength

c) Flammability

d) Solubility to organic solvents

e) Biodegradability

2.) Is there a difference between the plastic using water, jackfruit pulp and

PVA as binder?

1.3 Objectives

The study aims:

1. To determine the effectiveness of the Jackfruit Peeling as raw material

to alternative binder.

2. To compare the plastic sample produced from Jackfruit peeling as

binder with the plastic sample with PVA as binder.

3. To compare the plastic sample produced form Jackfruit peeling as

binder with commercial plastic.

1.4 Purpose of the Study

Many countries nowadays especially the Philippines, are facing economic

challenge and the need of producing alternative products in place of

commercial products have been the main pursuit of many researchers

11
 nowadays. The goal of the researches in this study is to produce a better

alternative material using the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material as one of

the good solutions on contributing alternative binder for biodegradable plastic.

This study also aims to lessen the level of waste products in our society.

Successfully coming up of a way of utilizing waste products such as usually

disposed jackfruit peeling into useful products, is also a major stem in solving

one of the major problems of the country – too much waste.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study will utilize the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material to the

alternative binder; it will be compared to water and PVA as binders. The study

will also determine the characteristics of the new plastic using jackfruit pulp as

plastic binder in terms of its effect on strong acid and strong base, tensile

strength, flammability, solubility to organic solvents and biodegradability.

1.6 Definitions of Terms

Jackfruit

Is a species of tree in the Artocarpus genus of the mulberry family (Moraceae,

California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. 1996). Jackfruit peeling is used in out study as

the source of cellulose and latex that will be the main materials needing in

producing binders.

Cellulose

Is a polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) consisting of 3000 or more glucose

units which comprises about 33 percent of all vegetable matter and is the basic

12
structural component of plant cell wall. It is also known to be the most abundant of

all naturally occurring organic compounds (“Cellulose,” n.d.). Besides its latex

content, jackfruits also contain cellulose. Cellulose products such as

Carboxymethyl Cellulose are used as binders.

Binder

Is an ingredient which binds or holds the particles and gives dry and wet strength

to the body of plastic particles. It is also described as any material or substance

that holds or draws other materials together to form a cohesive whole. Materials

labelled as binders in different proportions or uses can often have their roles

reversed with what they are binding (“Binder”, n.d.). It will be alternative binder

using the jackfruit peeling as a raw material for Cassava starch plastic.

Starch

Is the chief form of stored energy in plants, especially wheat, corn, rice and

potatoes and is a mixture of two different polysaccharides built out of glucose units,

which forms a white, tasteless powder when purified. (The American Heritage

Science Dictionary, 2005). In many parts of the plant, it occurs in the form of grains

principally in embryonic tissues such as seeds, fruits, roots and tubers.

Polyvinyl alcohol

Is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, thermoplastic synthetic resin (“Polyvinyl

alcohol,” n.d.) It is usually used for grease proofing paper, in adhesives, in gas-

and oil-impervious films and Coatings. This substance, although soluble in water,

is insoluble in Common organic solvents.

13
Glycerol

Is a simple sugar alcohol compound that is colourless, odourless, viscous liquid

used in pharmaceutical formulations. The three hydroxyl groups in glycerol

structure are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. It is

also important to note that the glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as

triglycerides. Its sweet-tasting and low toxicity property is very important (“What is

glycerol?,” n.d.)

Tensile Strength

Is the ability of a material to withstand a pulling (tensile force measured in units of

force per cross-sectional area. As an example, if a metal rod one square inch in

cross section can withstand a pulling force of 1000 pounds but breaks if more force

is applied, the metal has a tensile strength of 1000 pounds per square inch

(“Tensile Strength,” n.d.)

14
 Chapter II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Theories

Various methods employed in making biodegradable plastics. Starch is a

good material in making plastics based on literature. The chains of molecules in

starch line up and bonding an ordered fashion (due to hydrogen bonding) when

making the plastic film to make a strong material. The straight chained amylase

molecules form a more ordered, and stronger, plastic film, compared to the

branched amylopectin molecules that are difficult to align. To break down the

branched amylopectin molecules into straight chained amylase molecules, a dilute

hydrochloric acid is added to an aqueous solution of starch. Then it is headed to

boiling once the starch solution is acidified. The starch becomes soluble in the

water as the solution is heated then loses its semi-crystalline structure as the

starch granules swell with water. This process is known as gelatinization which

creates a paste that is highly viscous. Once the paste cools, the water is expelled

and the amylase molecules form hydrogen bond to for a semi-crystalline structure

again resulting in a brittle plastic film. Other chemicals can be added to the solution

before heating to improve the flexibility of the samples. Glycerol is a small molecule

that is hygroscopic or water attracting. So that when added to the starch mixture,

glycerol traps water in the starch chains making it less crystalline, and

consequently less brittle. Gelatinization can be delayed with the presence of sugar

by competing with starch to absorb water. Moreover, glue will increase the

15
flexibility sample, while keeping a high tensile strength (“Starch to Plastics: Making

Bioplastic Lab,” n.d).

Most plastics contain other organic or inorganic compounds blended in. The

amount of additives ranges from zero percentage for polymers used to wrap foods

to more than 50% for certain electronic applications. The average content of

additive is 20% by weight of the polymer. Fillers improve performance and/or

reduce production costs. Stabilizing additives include fire retardants to lower the

flammability of the material. Many plastics contains fillers, relatively inert and

inexpensive materials that make the product cheaper by weight. Typically fillers

are mineral in origin, e.g., chalk. Some fillers are more chemically active and are

reinforcing agents. Since many organic polymers are too rigid for particular

applications, they are blended with plasticizers (the largest group of additive, oily

compounds that confer improved rheology). Colorants are common additives,

although their weight contribution is small. Organotin compounds are particularly

toxic (Teuten, et al. 2009).

The jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyll us or A.heterophylla) is a species of

tree in the Artocarpus genus of the mulberry family (Moroceae) according to

California Rare Fruit Growers, Incorporated. It is native to parts of Southern and

Southeast Asia and is considered the national fruit of Bangladesh, locally called

Kathal. The tree of jackfruit is believed to be indigenous to the southwestern rain

forests of India. It is also well suited to tropical lowlands, and its fruit is the largest

tree-born fruit, reaching 80 pounds (36kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90cm)

long and 20 inches (50cm) in diameter. Outside of its countries of origin, fresh

16
jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets, especially in the Philippines. Its has

a ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer. All parts of the tree exude

sticky while latex when injured. The latex contains resins that may have use in

varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya

latex.

2.2 Closest Prior Art

In the study (“Biodegradable plastic from Cassava (Manihut esculenta)

starch” experiment, a simple way of making plastic from Cassava starch is

introduced and the chemical basis of the process is explored in depth. The

propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) used in the experiment functions as a plasticizer, an

additive used to develop or improve the plasticity of a material. It disconnects the

polymer chains from one another; restraining them from becoming rows of chains

and acquiring a crystalline structure. The formation of the crystalline structure is

undesired because it is a brittle and fragile structure which makes the plastic brittle

and fragile as well. Instead of the crystalline structure, the formation of film (not

becoming rows of chains of polymers) is desired. The PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol), a

thermoplastic synthetic resin was the one used as a binder in the experiment.

Based on the results, the biodegradable plastic made dissolve in water because

the binder (PVA) used is water-soluble. In order to solve this problem, an alternate

binder may be used. A water-proof, biodegradable coating may be used to solve

this problem.

17
 To find another alternative binder that can be used as binder to plastic, the

researchers of the present study will use Jackfruit Peeling as binder to

biodegradable plastic.

A study entitled “Isolation and Evaluation of Starch of Atrocarpus

heterophyllus as a Tablet Binder” was conducted on the seed starch binging

property of jackfruit. The study shoed that a species of jackfruit A. heterophyllus

fruit seed starch had comparable binding properties (Narkhede Sachin, et. Al.,

2011). This study suggest that jackfruit seed powder has a lot of potential in food,

cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper, bionanotechnology industries, especially its

uses as thickener and binding agent.

Another study was made on latex content of jackfruit. Based on the results

obtained from the study, it was found out that crude latex of jackfruit tree contains

protease designated as antimicrobial protease-48 kDa or AMP48. The isolated and

purified protease inhibited the growths of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853

and clinical isolated Candida albicans (Siritapetawee, et. al., 2012).

The information gathered regarding the effectiveness of Jackfruit as the raw

material of binding agent and its good source of latex will be used as a reference

by the researchers of the present study. The related literature and the related

studies gathered supports the idea of jackfruit as an effective binder since it was

said that is has latex content. Also considering the sticky nature of latex, using it in

effectively binding materials is a significant study.

18
 Previous studies have used commercial materials like PVA (Polyvinyl

alcohol) in Cassava (Manihut esculenta) starch biodegradable plastic as a binder.

Some studies have already used jackfruit as a binder to different materials which

is mentioned previously. However, the utilization of jackfruit peeling as a plastic

binder (which is the goal of this present study) is a new study in providing an

alternative binder that is also comparable and similar to the commercial binders or

even more effective and efficient.

A recent study was conducted using banana peelings as the main

component of biodegradable plastic by Elif Bilgin, of Istanbul (“Going Bananas,”

2013). In this project, the researcher developed a method for making plastic by

using banana peels and found new areas for the use of the plastic manufactured:

using the bio-plastic in the making of cosmetic prosthesis and in insulation of

cables.

Thus, this study explores the possibility of using jackfruit peel as an

alternative binder for biodegradable plastic from Cassava starch as inspired by the

study on the use of Cassava (Manihut esculenta) starch in the production of

biodegradable plastic (“Biodegradable Plastic, 2012).

19
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Each of the experimental subjects will be applied to each of the three

treatments of the study. The preparations of the binder (jackfruit pulp) will be

made at the researchers’ house and the experimentation of that binder will be

conducted at the Cebu Roosevelt Memorial Colleges Science laboratory,

CRMC, San Vicente St., Bogo City.

3.2 Materials and Equipment’s

Materials:

 Jackfruit peeling (raw material to alternative binder)

 Cassava Starch

 Oil

 Spatula

 PVA

 Tap Water

 Strainer

 Graduated Cylinder

 Measuring Cups

 Containers/petri dishes

 Beakers

 Glycerol

20
 Equipment’s:

 Blender

 Triple Beam Balance

 Weighing Scale

 Alcohol Lamp

 Hot Plate

3.3 Experimental Set-up

Table 1. Experimental Set-up

Components Treatment A. Treatment B. Treatment C.

(Water as Binder) (Jackfruit Peeling (PVA as Binder)
as extract Binder)
Jackfruit none 50 g none
Peeling
Extract (g)
Water (mL) 50 g 50 g 50 g
Cassava 50 g 50 g 50 g
Starch (g)
Oil (g) 2.5 g 2.5 g 2.5 g
Glycerol 2.5 g 2.5 g 2.5 g
Polyvinyl none none 50 g
Alcohol
(PVA)

3.4 Experimental Procedure

Preparation of the Jackfruit Peeling extract as a Binder

Fresh and new Jackfruit peelings including the spines and ragging were

utilized. The peelings were grounded using the blender and sooner or later, an

amount of water were added gradually to form a paste from the jackfruit

peeling. To obtain the size of the small particles, the paste was strained and

21
preserved in a plastic bottle. Then stored in the refrigerator, ready to be used

as a binder to the plastic mass.

Preparation of Plastic

In order to determine the right combination, three batches with different

binders were prepared. Batch 1 is made of 50 grams Jackfruit pulp; 50 grams

water; 50 grams starch; 2.5 grams Oil; and 2.5 grams glycerol. Batch 2 is made

without Jackfruit pulp; 50 grams water; 50 grams starch; 2.5 grams Oil; and 2.5

grams glycerol. Batch 3 is made of 50 grams PVA; 50 grams water; 50 grams

starch; 2.5 grams Oil; and 2.5 grams glycerol. Measured amounts of water and

starch components were mixed and boiled, using a hot plate (at 50 degrees

centigrade), until a sticky paste was formed. After removing the starch-water

mixture form the hot plate, the rest of the materials were added. The mixture

was poured into a petri dish and put in the over 130 degrees centigrade. It was

baked for half an hour.

Tensile Test

Strips were hooked to a spring balance and were pulled until they tore apart.

The readings on the balance when the strips broke were recorded.

Flammability Test

Strips with the same dimensions were burned using alcohol lamp. Burning

time was noted.

22
 Solubility Test

An organic solvent test was also conducted by immersing the material in

ethanol for 48 hours. Changes in length, width and appearance were also

noted.

Biodegradable of plastic

The samples also underwent biodegradability test. The strips were stapled

to a piece of cardboard and buried in a can of soil. The strips were unearthed

after a week and their final dimensions were recorded.

3.5 Data Gathering (Tables).

The data gathered during the study will be presented through a table to

show the results clearly.

3.6 Procedure Flow Charts

Figure 1.1 Experimental Methodology

Formation of the Plastic using three different

treatments. (Water, Jackfruit pulp and PVA
as binders)

Tensile Test of the plastic samples acquired

from three different treatments.

23
 Flammability Test
Plastic Samples were burned

Solubility Test with organic solvents

Biodegradability test of plastic

3.7 Computations

Prices:

 Jackfruit Peeling – P12.47/kilo

 Cassava Starch – P140/kilo

 Oil – P100/1.5 L

 Polyvinyl Alcohol – P54.22/kg

 Glycerol – P54.22/kg

 Tap Water (base on MCWD pricing) – P16.80/cubic meter

1000𝑔 1650𝑔
 1.65 kg * = 𝑃100.00 so, P0.060 per gram. Then, P0.060 * 50g =
1𝑘𝑔

P3.03 for Oil

1000𝑔 1000𝑔
 1 kg * = 𝑃54.22 so, P0.054 per gram. Then, P0.054 * 50g =
1𝑘𝑔

P2.7 for PVA

24
 1000𝑔 1000𝑔
 1 kg * = 𝑃54.22 so, P0.054 per gram. Then, P0.054 * 250g =
1𝑘𝑔

P0.135 for Glycerol

1000𝑔 1 000 000 𝑔
 1000 kg * = so, P0.0000168 per gram. Then, P0.0000168 *
1𝑘𝑔 𝑃16.80

50g = P0.00084 for Tap Water

1000𝑔 1000𝑔
 1kg * = so, P0.14 per gram. Then, P0.14 * 50 g =
1𝑘𝑔 𝑃140

P7.00 for Cassava Starch

1000𝑔 1000𝑔
 1kg * 1𝑘𝑔
= 𝑃12.47 so, P0.01247 per gram. Then, P0.01247 * 50g =

P0.6235 for Jackfruit Peeling

Table 2. Cost and Specifications

Components Treatment A. Treatment B. Treatment C.

(Water as Binder) (Jackfruit Peeling (PVA as Binder)
as extract Binder)
Jackfruit none 50 g - P0.6235 none
Peeling
Extract (g)
Water (mL) 50 g – P0.00084 50 g – P0.00084 50 g – P0.00084
Cassava 50 g – P7.00 50 g – P7.00 50 g – P7.00
Starch (g)
Oil (g) 2.5 g – P3.03 2.5 g – P3.03 2.5 g – P3.03
Glycerol 2.5 g – P0.135 2.5 g – P0.135 2.5 g – P0.135
Polyvinyl none none 50 g – P2.7
Alcohol
(PVA)
Total Cost P10.16584 P10.78934 P12.86584
2mm thickness 4mm thickness 5mm thickness
Container 11’’ x 7’’ x 2’’ 11’’ x 7’’ x 2’’ 11’’ x 7’’ x 2’’

25
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Binder, (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved July 25, 2013 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binder_(material).

Cellulose. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved July 25, 2013 from

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101633/cellulose

What is glycerol?.. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://lifesun.info./what.is-glycerol.

Polyvinyl alcohol. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469236/polyvinyl-alcohol-PVA

Starch to Plastics: Making Bioplastic Lab. (n.d) Retrieved July 20, 2013 from

http://www.chem.umn.edu/csp/Starch%20to%20Plastics%20Lab%20%20teacher

s%20notes.pdf

Tensile Strength. (n.d.) In HowStuffsWork webpage. Retrieved from

http://science.howstuffworks.com/tensilestrength-info.htm

California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (1996). Jackfruit. Retrieved July 20,

2013 from California Rare Fruit Growers website:

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jackfruit.html

Hallensleben, Manfred L. 2000, “Polyvinyl Compounds, Others” in

Ullmann’s Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH,

Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007/a21_743

26
 Hans-Georg Elias “Plastics, General Survey: in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemistry , 2005, Wiley-VCH.

Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_543

The American Heritage Science Dictionary. (2005) by Houghton Mifflin

Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/starch

Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DR, et al. (July 2009). “Transport and

release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife”.Philos.

Trans.R. Soc. Lond., B,Biol.Sci. 364

(1526):202745.doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0284.PMC 2873017. PMID 19528054.

Narkhede Sachin B., Atul R. Bendale, Anil G. Jadhav, Khushbu Patel, G.

Vidyasagar. (2011). “Isolation and Evaluation of Starch as Artocarpus

heterophyllus as a Tablet Binder”. International Journal of PharmTech Research,

Vol.3, No.2 pp. 836-840, April-June 2011.

Siritapetawee J, Thammasiriak S, Samosorusuk W., (2012). “Antimicrobial

Activity of a 48-kDa protease (AMP48) from Artocapus heterophyllus Latex”. Eur

Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Jan: 16 (1): 132-7.

Biodegradable Plastic from Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch. (2012)

StudyMode.com.RetrievedJuly20,2013fromhttp://www.studymode,com/essays/Bi

odegradable-Plastic-From-CassavaManihot-Esculenta-1389402.html

Going Bananas!-Using Banana Peels in the Production of Bio-Plastic As A

Replacement of the Traditional Petroleum Based Plastic. (2013). Retrieved

27
September23,2013fromhttp://googlesciencefair.com/en/projects/ahJzfnNjaWVuY

2VmYWlyLTIwMTJyRAsSC1Byb@plY3RTaXR1IjNhaEp6Zm5OaMFXVnVZM1Zt

WVdseUxUSXdNVEp5RUFzU0IxQnliMnBsWTNRWW9ZR0tBUXcM

28
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Khen A. Gimeno

Tinaan, City of Naga, Cebu

0947796321
kurokikhen@gmail.com

Personal Information
________________________________________________________________
Age: 20 Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Male Date of Birth: February 10, 1998
Civil Status: single Place of Birth: Tinaan, City of Naga, Cebu
Nationality: Filipino

Education
________________________________________________________________
2015-Present Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering - Mechatronics
Cebu Institute of Technology- University Cebu City
2011- 2015 Secondary School Diploma
Mary Help of Christians School Cebu Inc.
2005- 2011 Elementary School Diploma
Cepoc Central School

29
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Jhunly L. Maglasang

Dakit proper II, Dakit

Bogo City,Cebu 6010
09556221769
Jhunlymaglasang713@gmail.com

Personal Information
________________________________________________________________
Age: 20 Religion: Roman catholic
Gender: Male Date of Birth: July 13, 1998
Civil Status: single Place of Birth: Cebu City, Cebu
Nationality: Filipino

Education
________________________________________________________________
2015-Present Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology- University Cebu City
2011- 2015 Batch Valedictorian
Secondary School Diploma
Cebu Roosevelt Memorial Colleges, San Vicente St., Bogo Cebu
2005- 2011 Batch Valedictorian
Elementary School Diploma
Dakit Elementary School, Dakit, Bogo City

30
 CURRICULUM VITAE

John Gerald A. Laput

Balirong City of Naga

City of Naga, Cebu
09655103860
johngeraldlaput@gmail.com

Personal Information
________________________________________________________________
Age: 20 Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Male Date of Birth: October 21, 1997
Civil Status: single Place of Birth: City of Naga, Cebu
Nationality: Filipino

Education
________________________________________________________________
2017-Present Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology- University Cebu City
2014-2017 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
University of San Carlos Talamban Campus
2010- 2010 Secondary School Diploma
Played for DLS ASMC Men’s Football Varsity Team
De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College, Das Lutopan
Toledo City
2004- 2010 Elementary School Diploma
De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College, Das Lutopan
Toledo City

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

John Reeve S. Taliquig

P-7 Oroquieta City

Misamis Occidental 7312
09065644312
johnreevetaliquig09@gmail.com

Personal Information
________________________________________________________________
Age: 19 Religion: Iglesia Filipina Independiente
Gender: Male Date of Birth: January 9, 1999
Civil Status: single Place of Birth: Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental
Nationality: Filipino

Education
________________________________________________________________
2015-Present Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering - Mechatronics
Cebu Institute of Technology- University Cebu City
2011- 2015 Secondary School Diploma
Misamis Occidental National Science High School
2005- 2011 Elementary School Diploma
Oroquieta City Central Elementary School

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