GRAMMAR OF THE

GOTHIC LANGUAGE
AND
T H E G O S P E L O F ST. M A R K
S E L E C T I O N S F R O M T I I E OTI-IER G O S P E L S
AND T H E SECOND EPISTLE TO TIhlOTHY
WITH NOTES AND GLOSSARY

JOSEPH W R I G H T
PH.D., D.C.L.. LL.D., L1TT.D.
Fellau of the British Acodmy
Cmpus Chrutt Profcssm of Comparattiu Pkibiogy
m Ihd University of OxJord

SECOND EDITION WITH A

SUPPLEMENT T O T H E GRAMMAR
BY

0.L. SAY C E, M.A.

U u m in German in tk Univwsity o j Oxfwd

OXFORD
AT T H E C L A R E N D O N P R E S S
Oxford U~riwvsityPress, Ely House, London W . r
CLASGOW S E G ' YORK 1 0 8 O N T O M E L B O U R N E WELLINGTON
CAPE T O W N S A L l S U U R Y 1 U A n A N h..AIROBI LUSAKA A D D I S ABABA
BOIBAY CALCC'TT* MADR.AS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA
KU.\I.A L U U P C R HONG KONC

FIPS't I ' C B L l 5 i l E U I ' j f i r

REI'RINTEP I ~ 7 ,I : 9 2 1
r v 4 , 10-10, 1937, 1046, 1949
SECOND E1)ITIOS I ? j +
REPRIS.TED 13j8, 1362, 1966
PRINTED IN G R E A T RRITATN
 PREFACE
IT was originally intended that this Grammar should
form one of the volumes of the Students' Series of Com-
parative and Historical Grammars, but some time ago
f was informed by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press
that a third edition of my Gothic Primer was required. It
then became a question whether it would be better to issue
the Primer in a revised form, or to set to work at once to
write the present Grammar. I laid the two alternatives
before the Delegates, and they preferred to accept the
latter.
As a knowledge of Gothic is indispensable to students of
the oldest periods of the other Germanic languages, this
book will, I trust, be found useful at any rate to students
whose interests are mainly philological and linguistic.
I have adopted as far as possible the same method of
treating the subject as in my Old English and Historical
German Grammars. Considerable care and trouble have
been taken in the selection of the material contained in
the chapters relating to the phonology and accidence, and
I venture to say that the student, who thoroughly masters
the book, will not only have gained a comprehensive know-
ledge of Gothic, but will also have acquired a considerable
knowledge of Comparative Germanic Grammar.
In selecting examples to illustrate the sound-laws I have
tried as far as possible to give words which also occur
in the other Germanic languages, especially in Old English
and Old High German. The Old English and Old High
German cognates have been added in the Glossary.
 In order to give the student some idea of the skill of
Ulfilas as a translator I have added the Greek text to
St. Matthew Ch. V1, St. Mark Chapters I-V, and St. Luke
Ch. XV. This will also be useful as showing the influence
which the Greek syntax had upon the Gothic.
The Glossary not only contains all the words occurring
in the Gothic Text (pp. zoo-g~),but also all the words
contained in the Phonology and Accidence, each referred
to its respective paragraph. A short list of the most
important works relating to Gothic will be found on
PP- 197-9.
From my long experience as teacher of the subject,
I should strongly recommend the beginner not to work
through the Phonology and the philological part of the
Accidence at the outset, but to read Chapter I on Gothic
pronunciation, and then to learn the paradigms, and at the
same time to read some of the easier portions of the
Gospels. This is undoubtedly the best plan in the end,
and will lead to the most satisfactory results. In fact, it
is in my opinion a sheer waste of time for a student to
attempt to study in detail the phonology of any language
before he has acquired a good working knowledge of its
vocabufary and inflexions.
I n conclusion I wish to express in some measure the
heartfelt thanks I owe to my wife for her valuable help in
compiling the Glossary.
JOSEPH WRIGHT.
OXFORD,
January, 1910.
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Classification of the Indo-Germanic languages, and
. . .
PAGES
1-3

a few characteristics of the Germanic languages (5 I).

CHAPTER I
ALPHABET A N D PRONUNCIATION . . . , 4-16 .
T h e Gothic alphabet ( $ 2). Representation of the
Gothic vowel-system ($ 3). Pronunciation of the Gothic
vowels :-a, B (ft 4); E (5 5) ; i, ei ($ 6) ; 6 ($ 7) ; u, ii
((j 8) ; iu ($ 9 ) ; af, Bi, ai ( $ ro) ; ait, tiu, au (9 11). The
Gothic vowel-system (§ 12). Representation of the
Gothic consonant-system (F) 13). Pronunciation of the
Gothic consonants :-b ($ 14) ; d ($ 15) ; f ($16); g (§ 17);
h (5 18); (§ 19) ; j (§ 20) ; k (§ 21) ; 1, m, n (8 22) ;
~ ( § 2 3 ) ; 9 ( § 2 4 )r;( § 25); ~ ( $ 2 6 )t (;§ " 7 ) ; P ( § 2 8 ) ;
w (4 29); z ($ 30)- Phonetic survey of the Gothic
sound-system (F) 31). Stress ($9 32-4).

C H A P T E R I1
THE PRIM.GERMANICEQUIVALENTS
OF THE INDO-
GERMANIC~OWEL-SOUNDS. . . . .
. I & ~ I
T h e Indo-Germanic vowel-system ($ 35). a ((j 36) ;
e (5 37); i (§ 38) ; 0 (8 39) ; u (§ 40) ; 6 (§ 41) ; (§ 42) ;
5 (§ 431 ;? (9 44) ; 6 (§ 45) ; 5 (§ 46) ; ai (9 47) ; ei (§ 48) ;
oi ($ 49); au (F) s o ) ; eu ($ 51) ; ou ($ 52). The Indg.
vocalic nasals and liquids :-m ($53); n (F) 54) ; r (5 55) ;
1 CP 56).
CHAPTER I11
THEPRIH.GERMAXTIC
VOWEL-SYSTEM . . . . 22-25
Table of the Prim. Germanic vowel-system (4 57).
T h e change ofa to H ($ 59) ; the change of e to i, and of
 PAGES
i to i (4 60) ; the change of i to e (5 61); the change of
u to o, and of u to ti ($62) ; the change of eu to iu ($ 63).
The vowel-system at the close of the Prim. Germanic
period, and table showing the normal development of
the vowels in the various Germanic languages (5 64).

CHAPTER IV
THEGOTHICDEVELOPMENT
OF THE GENERAL
GERMANIC
VOWELSOF ACCENTED
SYLLABLES. . 26-33 . .
Short vowels: a (5 65); e ($3 66-7); i ($4 68-9) ; o
($470-1) ; u ($5 72-31. Long vowels : H (§ 74); %
($87 5 4 ) ; ($ 77) ; (§ 78) ; 5 (§§ 79-81) ; ii (4 82).
Diphthongs : ai ($ 83) ; a u ($ 84) ; iu ($85) ; eu (Q 86).

CHAPTER V
THE GOTHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIM. GERMANIC
VOWELSOF UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. . . 33-39
Indg. final consonants in the Germanic languages
(5 87). Final short vowels ($ 88). Final long vowels
($ 89). Final diphthongs (5 go).

C H A P T E R VI
THE PRIM. GER~IANIC
EQUIVALENTS
OF THE GOTHIC
VOWEL-SOUNDS . . . . . . . . 39-45
A. The vowels of accented syllables. (I) Short
vowels: a (§ 91) ; ai ( $ 92) ; i (§ 93) ; a6 ( $ 94) ; u (§ 95).
(2) Long vowels : Zi ($96); G ($97); ai ($ 98) ; ei ( 5 99) ;
Zi ($ 100); RU (9 10:); ii (f) 102). (3) Dlplithongs : bi
(Q103); au (4 104); iu ($ 105).
B. The vowels of medial syllables. ( I ) Short
vowels: a ($ 106); i ($ 107) ; u ( $ 108). (2) Long
vowels: T (§ ~ o g ;) ei (5 110) ; 6 ($ 111). (3) Diph-
thongs : &i($ I 12) ; BU ($ 113).
C. Final vowels. (I j Short vowels : a (5 114) ;
i (4 "5) ; u ($ 116). (2) Long vowels: B (5 117); ei
(4 118) ; 6 ($ 1x9). (3) Diphthongs : &i (Q 120) ; bu
(§ 131).
 Co?rle?lts vii
PAGES
C H A P T E R VII
ABLAUT($5 122-5) . . . . . 45-49
CHAPTER VIlI
THEFIRSTSOUND-SHIFTING, VERNER'SLAW,AND OTHER
CONSONANT CHANGES WFIICH TOOK PLACE I N T H E PRIM.
GERMANIC LANGUAGE. . 50-70
Table of the Indo-Germanic consonant-system
(8 16).T h e normal equivalents of the Indg. explosives
in Latin, Greek, and the Germanic languages ($ 127).
T h e first sound-shifting :-the tenues (8 128) ; the
mediae ( 8 129) ; tlle tenues aspiratae ( 4 130) ; the
mediae aspiratae ($$ 131-3). The twofold develop-
ment of the Indg. velars in the Germanic languages
(§ 134). T h e chronological order of the first sound-
shifting ($ 135). Verner's law ($5 136 7). Other con-
sonant changes ($$ 138 47). Table of Prim. Germanic
consonants (Q r 48).

C H A P T E R tX
T H E GOTHICDEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL GERMANIC
CONSONANT-SYSTEM . . . . . . . 70-83
Semivowels : w ($5 14g-51) ; j ($5 152-7). Con-
sonantal liquids and nasals ($ 158); vocalic liquids and
nasals ($ 159). Labiais:-p, f (3 160) ; b, 8 ($ 161).
Gutturals :-k (6 162) ; k w ( § 163) ; h, x (5 164) ; xw
($ r65) ; g, 3 ($8 16-91. Dentals :-t ($ 170) ; P ($171) ;
d, d ($8 r72-3). Sibilants :-s ($ 174); z ($ 175).

CHAPTER X
DECLENSION OF NOUNS. . . . 84-103
A. T h e strong declension :-Masculine a-stems
($5 179-80); neuter a-sterns ($9 181-2) ; masculine
ja-stems ($5 184-5); neuter ja-stems ($$ 186-7) ; mascu-
line wa-stems (§ 188); neuter wa-steins ($ 189). The
feminine 6-, j6., and w6.stems ($8 190-4). Masculine
i.stems (f$ 195-7) ; feminine iastems ($5 198-aoo).
 ...
vl11 Cbntents
PACES
Masculine and feminine u-stems ($$aoz-4) ; neuter
u-stems ($ 2051. B. T h e weak declension :-Masculine
n.stems ($6 207-9); fernininen-stems ($$z~o-rz);neuter
n-stems ($6 213-14). C . Minor declensions:-Stems in
-r ($$zIs-16); stems in .nd ($$ZIT-18) ; masculines
(Qzrg! ; feminines ($4 220-1) ; neuters ($222).

CHAPTER XI
ADJECTIVES . , . , . . . . . 103-118
General remarks on the declension of adjectives
($6 223-4). A. T h e strong declension :-a-stems
(64 2261); ja-stems ($9228-3r) ; wa-stems ($ 232) ;
i-stems l$$233-4) ; u-stems (44235-6). B. T h e weak
declension ($9 237-8). C. T h e declension of participles
($$239-42). D. T h e comparison of adjectives ($9243-6).
Numerals ($9 247-58).

C H A P T E R XI1 (see also Appendix, Note G)

.
PRONOUNS . , . . . . . I 18-132
General remarks on the pronouns ($ 259). Personal
pronouns ($§z60-I). Reflexive pronouns ($262). POS-
sessive pronouns ($6 263-4). Demonstrative pronouns
($4255-9). Relative pronouns ($$27o-z). Interrogative
pronouns ($5 273-4). Indefinite pronouns (5s 275-9).

C H A P T E R XI11
VERBS . . . . . . . . . . 132-166
T h e classification of verbs ($4 280-4). T h e full con-
jugation of the model strong verbs niman and hBitan
(4 286). T h e endings of strong verbs ($4 287-97). T h e
classification of strong verbs:-Class I ($4 299-300) ;
Class 11 ($6301-2); Class I11 ($4303-4); Class IV
($6 305-6) ; Class V ($5 307-8) ; Class VI (48 309-10) ;
Class VII ($4 311-14). T h e classification of weak
verbs :-Class I ($$ 316 zz) ; Class I1 ($4 323-5) ; Class
111 ($9326-a! : Class I V (@3q-31). Minor groups :-
Preterite-presents ($8 332-qoj ; verbs in -mi ($5 341-3).
 PAGES
CHAPTER XIV
ADVERBS,PREPOSITIONS,
AND CONJUNCTIONS . 166-169
Adverbs ($$ 344-9), Prepositions (8 350)~ Conjunc-
tions (5 351).
CHAPTER XV
WORD-FORMATION . . . . . . . 170-182
Simple and derivative nouns (45 353-4) ; noun and
adjectival prefixes ($$ 355-78) ; noun suffixes ($$379-
88) ; compound nouns ($ 389). Simple and derivative
adjectives ($5 390-1) ; adjectival suffixes ($$ 392-6) ;
compound adjectives ($9 397-8). Simple and com-
pound verbs ($5 399-401) ; verbal prefixes ($$40a-23) ;
verbal suffixes ($8 424-5).
CHAPTER XVI
SYNTAX. . . . . . . . 182-194
Cases :-Accusative (3 426) ; genitive (3 427) ; dative
(5 428). Adjectives (8s 429-30). Pronouns ($ 431).
Verbs :-Tenses (5 432) ; Voices (4 433) ; Subjunctive
(5 434) ; Infinitive (5 435) ; Participles (5 436).
T E X T :-
Introduction. . . .
, . . . 195-199
St. Matthew . . . . . . . . 200-209
St. Mark . . . . .
. . . . 210-264
St. Luke
St. John .
.
.
.. . . .
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
265-277
278-286
The Second Epistle to Timothy . . . . 287-291
NOTES . . . . 292-301
GLOSSARY ,. . . - .
, . 302 358
PROPER NAMES . . . . 359-362
GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES . . . 363-366
APPENDIX. SUPPLEMENT T O T H E
GRAMMAR . .
. . .. . 367
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY . . 382
 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
abl. .P ablative mid. = middle
Att.
Dor.
= Attic
= Doric
NE.
NHG. -
= New English
New High German
Ezgl. = English
Germ. = Germanic
Gr, = Greek
OE.
0.
OWG.
Fris. -
= Old English
Old Frisian
= Old High German
Horn =Homer 0.Icel. = Old Icelandic
Indg. = Indo-Germanic O.Ir. = Old Irish
instr. = instrumental 0.5. Old Saxon
Ion. = Ionic orig. = original(1y)
Lat. .= Latin Prim. = Primitive
Lith.
loc.
MHG.
= Lithuanian
= locative
= Middle High Ger-
rt.
Skr.
sv.
-
= root
Sanskrit
= strong verb
man wv. weak verb

T h e asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form,

as Goth. dags, day, from Prim. Germanic *dazaz.
The colon (:) used on pp. 46-9 and elsewhere means stands
in ablaut re!afion to.
On the letters p, a, g, b, x see 5 126note 5.
The dagger t before a section number indicates that further
informati011 will be found in the Appendix.
 INTRODUCTION
$1. GOTHIC forms one member of the Germanic (Teu-
tonic) branch of the Indo-Germanic family of languages.
This great family of languages is usually divided into ten
branches :-
I. Aryan, consisting of: (I) The Indian group, includ-
ing the language of the Vedas, classical Sanskrit, anri thy
Prskrit dialects ; (2) The Iranian greup, including (a)West
Iranian (Old Persian, the language of the Persian crtnei-
form inscriptions, dating from about 520-350 B.c.) ; (b) Eaqt
Iranian (Avesta-sometimes called Zend-Avesta, Zend,
and Old Bactrian-the language of the Avesta, the sacreti
books of t h e Zoroastrians).
11. Tocharian, now extinct, represented by texts dis-
covered in Chinese Turkestan, which are thought to be
anterior to the tenth century A.D.
111. Hittite, a language spoken in Asia Minor in the
second millennium B.C. Although the vocabulary of Hittite
contains many non-Indo-Germanic elements, it possesses
definite grammatical affinities with other Indo-Germanic
languages.
IV. Armenian, the oldest monuments of which belong
to the fifth century A.D.
V. Greek, with its numerous dialects.
VI. Albanian, the language of ancient Illyria. The
oldest monuments belong to the seventeenth century.
VII. Italic, consisting of Latin and the Umbrian-
Samnitic dialects. From the popular form of Latin are
descended the Romance languages : Portuguese, Spanish,
Catalan, Proven~al,French, Italian, Raetoromanic, Ruma-
nian or Wallachian.
VIII. Keltic, consisting of: (I) Gaulish (known to us by
Keltic names and wordsquoted by Latin and Greek authors,
and inscriptions on coins); (2) Britannic, including Cymric
118~ B
 or Welsh, Cornish, and Bas-Breton or Armorican (the
oldest records of Cymric and Bas-Breton date back to the
eighth or ninth century) ; (3) Gaelic, including Irish-Gaelic,
Scotch-Gaelic, and Manx. The oldest monuments are the
old Gaelic ogam inscriptions, which probably date as far
back as about A.D. 500.
IX. Baftic.Slavonic, consisting of: ( I ) The Baltic
division, embracing (a) Old Prussian, which became extinct
in the seventeenth century, (6) Lithuanian, (c) Lettic (the
oldest records of Lithuanian and Lettic belong to the
sixteenth century); (2) the Slavonic division, embracing :
(a) the South-Eastern group, including Russian (Great
Russian, White Russian, and Little Russian), Bulgarian,
and Illyrian (Servian, Croatian, Slovenian); (6)the Western
group, including Czech (Bohemian), Sorabian (Wendish),
Polish and Polabian.
X. Germanic, consisting of:-
(I) Gothic. Almost the only source of our knowledge
of the Gothic language is the fragments of the biblical
translation made in the fourth century by Ulfilas, the
Bishop of the West Goths. See pp. 195-7.
(2) Scandinavian or North Germanic-called Old Norse
until about the middle of the eleventh century-which.is
sub-divided into two groups : (a) East Scandinavian,
including Swedish, Gutnish, and Danish ; (6) West
Scandinavian, including Norwegian, and Icelandic.
T h e oldest records of this branch are the runic inscrip-
tions, some of which date as far back as the third or fourth
century.
(3) W e s t Germanic, which is composed of :-
(a) High German, the oldest monuments of which belong
to about the middle of the eighth century.
(b) Low Franconian, called Old Low Franconian or Old
Dutch until about 1200.
(c) Low German, with records dating back to the ninth
century. Up to about 1200 it is generally called Old
Saxon.
(4 Frisian, the oldest records of which belong to the
fourteenth century.
(el English, t h e oldest records of which belong to about
the end of t h e seventh century.
NOTE.-A few of the chief characteristics of the Germanic
languages as compared with the other branches of the Indo-
Germanic languages are: the first sound-shifting or Grimm's
law ($8 la7-32); Verner's law ($5 138-7); the development of
the so-called weak declension of adjectives ($223); the develop-
ment of the preterite of weak verbs (§ 316); the use of the old
periect as a preterite (4 292).
 PHONOLOGY
CHAPTER I
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCfATfON.
4 2. T-HEGothic monuments, as handed down to us, are
written In a peculiar alphabet which, according to the
Greek ecciesiastical historians Philostorgios and Sokratcs,
was invented by Ulfilas. But Wimmerl and others have
clearly shown that Ulfilas simply took the Greek uncial
alphabet a s the basis for his, and that in cases where
this was insufficient for his purpose he had recourse
to the Latin and runic alphabets. T h e alphabetic se-
quence of the letters can be determined with certainty
from the numerical values, which agree a s nearly a s
possible with those of the Greek. Below are given the
Gothic characters in the first line, in the second line their
numerical vaLes, and in the third line their transliteration
in Roman characters.

' Wimmer, ' Die Runenschriit,' Berlin, 1887 ; pp, 259-74

f 31 A&habet and P?-onztnciation 5
N O ~ ~ . - I .TWOof the above 27 Gothic characters were used as
numerals only, viz. U -. go and 9 = 900. The letter X occurs
only in xrjstus (Chrf'st) and one or two other words, where
x had probably the sound-value k. The Gothic character
i was used at the beginning of a word and medially after
a vowel not belonging to the same syllable, thus l & d ~ ,

r
iddja (1wmt) ; ): p i ~ 1 + , fra-it@(he dmortrs).
2. When the etters were used as numerals a point was
placed before and after them, or a line above them, thus
x,
.n. '1.f = 30.
3. In words borrowed from Greek containing v in the func-
tion of a vowel, it is transcribed by y, thus u v ~ a y o y j synagtjgc,
,
synagogue. y may be pronounced like the i in English bit.
See p. 360.
In our transcription the letter p is borrowed from the OE.
or O.Norse alphabet.
In some books q, hr, w are represented by kw (kv), hw
(hv), v respectively.

4 3. T h e Gothic vowel-system is represented by the five

elementary letters a, e, i, o, U, and the digraphs ei, in, ai,
and au.
Vowel-length was entirely omitted in writing. The
sign-, placed over vowels, i s here used to mark long
vowels.
T h e vowels el o (uniformly written B, b in this grammar)
were always long. a, u had both a short and a long
quantity. i was a short vowel, the corresponding long
vowel of which was expressed by the digraph ei after the
analogy of the Greek pronunciation of el in the fourth
century. iu was a falling diphthong. Each of the digraphs
ai,a u was used without distinction in writing to express
three different sounds which a r e here written hi, af, ai and
hu, ah, au.
A brief description of the sound-values of the above
6 Phonology 14s 4-5
vowel-system will be given in the following paragraphs.
Our chief sources for ascertaining the approximate quality
and quantity of the Gothic simple vowels and diphthongs
are:-(I) The pronunciation of the Greek and Latin
alphabets as they obtained in the fourth century; the
former of which was taken by Ulfilas as the basis for
representing his own native sound-system. (2) A com-
parison of the Gothic spelling of Greek loan-words and
proper names occurring in Ulfilas with the original Greek
words. (3) The spelling of Gothic proper names found in
Greek and Latin records of the fourth to the eighth cen-
tury. (4) The occasional fluctuating orthography of one
and the same word in the biblical translation. (5) Special
sound-laws within the Gothic language itself. (6) The
comparison of Gothic with the other Old Germanic
languages.
Q 4, a had the same sound as the a in NHG. mann,
as ahtau, eight; akrs, jeld; dags, day ; nam6, name ;
giba, ptt ; wafirda, words.
Td had the same sound as the a in English father. In
native Gothic words it occurs only in the combination Sh
(see Q sg), as fahan, to catch, seiae ; b f i h t a , 1 brought;
pahii, day.
Q 6. B was a long close e-sound, strongly tinctured with
the vowel sound heard in N HG. sie, she. Hence we some-
times find ei (that is I), and occasionally 1, written where
we should etyn~ologicallyexpect E, and vice versa. These
fluctuations occur more frequently in Luke than elsewhere ;
examples are : qeins qtins, Luke ii. 5 ; faheid=fahliP,
Luke ii. 10. spliwands = speiwands, Mark vii. 3 3 ;
mippane = mippanei, Luke ii. 43 ; izE = izei, Mark ix. I.
birusj6s r= bCirusj6s, Luke ii. 41 ; duatsniwun = duat.
snewun, Mark vi. 53. usdrEbi = usdribi, Mark v. 10.
Examples are : jEr, year ; slepan, to sleep ; nEmum, we
took ; swE, a s ; hidrCi, hr'fhcr.
 8 6. i was probably a short open vowel like the i in
English bit, as ik, I; itan, to t a t ; fisks, fish; bindan,
to bind ; arbi, henlagc ; bandi, a liand.
i (written ei) was the vowel sound heard in NHG. sie,
she. Cp. the beginning of 5 5. Examples are: swein,
swine, pig; beitan, to bite; gasteis, guests; managei,
multitude ; Aipei, tnother.
§ 7. 6 was a long close vowel, strongly tinctured with
the vowel sound heard In NHG. gut, good. Hence we
occasionally find u written, where we should etymologically
expect 6, and vice versa, as supiida=supbda, Mark ix. 50;
iihtgdun = iihtedun, Mark xi. 32. fail16 = faihu, Mark
x. 23. Examples are : 6gan, to fear; ogjan, to terr$y ;
br6par, brother; sekjan, to seek; safs6, I sowed; hairto,
heart.
Q 8. u had the same sound as the vowel in English put,
as ubils, evil; ufta, ofien ; fugls, *fowl, bird; sunus, so12 ;
bundans, bound ; faihu, clrttle ; s ~ n (acc.
u sing.), son.
6 had the same sound a s the u in NHG. gut, as iit, iita,
out; iihtw6, early morn; briips, bride; hiis, horcse ;
piisundi, thousand.
$ 0 . iu was a falling diphthong (i.e. with the stress
on the i),and pronounced like the ew in North. Engl.
dial. pronunciation of new. It only occurs in stern-
syllables (except in iihtiugs, seasonnbie), as iupa, above;
piuda, people; driusan, to fall; triu, tree; kniu, knee.
+ § 10. As has already been pointed out in 4 3, the di-
graph ai was used by Ulfilas without distinction in writinx
to represent three different sounds urhich were of threefold
origin. Our means for determining the nature of these
sounds are derived partly from a comparison of the Gothic
forms in which they occur with the corresponding forms
of the other Indo-Germanic languages, and partly from the
Gothic spelling of Greek loan-words. T h e above remarks
also hold good for the digraph au, 1L
 Phonology
was a short open e-sound like the b in OHG. neman,
and almost like the a in English hat. It only occurs
before r, h, hr (except in the case of aipphu, or, and pos-
sibly wafla, well, and in the reduplicated syllable of the
pret. of strong verbs belonging to Class VI I). See $5 6?,
6@, SlL Examples are : airpa, earth ; bairan, to bear;
wairpan, to throw; faihu, cattle; tafhun, ten ; safhfan, to
see ; d h u k , I increased; lailct, I l e f ; haihfiit, I named.
But see pp. 367 ff.
hi was a diphthong and had the same sound as the
ei in NHG. mein, my, and nearly the same sound as the
i in English mine, as Pips, oath ; Bins, one; hlhifs, l o ~ f ;
stBins, stone ; twPi, two ; nimBi, he 1 1 1 q take.
ai had probably the same pronunciation as OE. 63 (i. e.
a long open e-sound). I t occurs only in very few words
before a following vowel (8 761,as saian, to sow; waian,
to blow; faian, to blame; and possibly in armai6, mercy,
pity. But see pp. 367 ff.
) 5 u. a6 was a short open 0-sound like the o in English
not. It only occurs before r and h, as haitrn, horn;
waGrd, word; daithtar, darrg/afer; afihsa, ox. See $$ 71,
73, and pp. 367 ff,
hu was a pure diphthong and had approximately the
same sound as the ou in English house, as BugB, ejle;
BusB, ear ; dfiupus, deat/z ; hhubip, kcad ; ahthu, eight;
nimhu, I may tnlze.
a u was a long open o-sound like the a u in English aught.
It only occurs in a few words before a following vowel ($80),
as staua, jrtd:yt~lerzt; taui, deed; trauan, fo trust ; bauan,
to build, infrabll. Cp. $$ 3 and 10. But see pp. 367 ff.
$ la. From what has been said in $5 4-11, we arrive at
the following Gothic vowel-system :-
Short vowels a, af, i, a6, u
Long ,, 9, 5, ai, ei, 6, au, ii
Diphthongs Bi, fiu, iu
 NOTE..--I. For y, see Ej 2 note 3. The nasals and liquids in
the function of vowels will be found under consonants $8 22,25.
2. Ai, au, in were falling diphthongs, that is, the stress fell
upon the first of the two elen~cnts.

4 13. According to the transcription adopted in 4 a the

Gothic consonant-system is represented by the following
letters, which are here re-arranged after the order of the
English alphabet :-b, d, f, g, b, b,j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s,
t , p, w, 2.
Ej 14. b had a twofold pronunciation. Initially, as also
medially and finally after c()!lsonants, it was a voiced
explosive like English b, as barn, c/zi/d; blinds, (Ilkzd;
bafran, to bear; salbtin, to a?aoint; arbi, hef7'lage; lamb,
lamb ; -swarb, he wljled.
Medially after vowels it was a voiced bilabial spirant,
and may be pronounced like the v in English live, which
is a voiced labio-dental spirant, 2s' haban, to have; sibun.
seven ;ibns, men. See 4 181,
Ej 15. d had a twofold pronunciation. Initially, as also
medially and finally after consonants, it was a voiced
explosive like the d in English do, as dags, day; diupus,
death; dragan, to draw; kalds, cold; bindan, to I t i d ,
band, he bound; huzd, treasure ; also when geminated, as
iddja, I went.
Medially after vowels it was a voiced interdental spirant
nearly like the t h in English then, a s fadar. Jati~n-;badi,
bed; biudan, to ofer. See § 173.
Ej 16. f was probably a voiceless bilabial spirant like the
f i n ONG. slafan, to s l e ~ p ;a sound which does not occur
in English. It may, however, be pronounced like the f in
English life, which is labio-dental, as fadar, f a i i z ~ v ; fulls,
full; ufar, over ; wulfs, w o y ; fimf, jive ; gaf, he gave.
10 Phonology [§§ 17-18

t 4 17. g. The exact pronunciation of this letter cannot

be determined with certainty for all the positions in which
it is found.
Initial g probably had the same sound as the g in
English go, as giips, good; giban, to give; the same may
also have been the pronunciation of g in the combination
+ +
vowel g consonant (other than a guttural), as bugjan,
to b u y ; tagla, hairs; tagra (nom, pl.), tears. Cp.
$8 167-8.
Medially between vowels it was a voiced spirant like
the widely spread pronunciation of g in NHG. tage, days,
as Qugii, eye ; steigan, lo ascend. Cp. 5 168.
Final postvocalic g and g in the final combination g s
was probably a voiceless spirant like the ch in NHG. or
in Scotch loch, a s dag (acc. sing.), day; mag, he can;
dags, day. Cp. 189.
Before another guttural it was used to express a guttural
nasal (IJ) like the y in Greek ZyyeAos, angel; Zyxr, near;
and the ng in English thing, or the n in think, a s aggilus,
an& ; briggan, to bnng ; figgrs,fingw; drigkan, to drink ;
sigqan, to sink.
NOTE.--Occasionally, especially in St. Luke, the guttural
nasal is expressed by n as in Latin and English, as pankeip
= pagkeip, Luke xiv. 31 ; bringip = briggip, Luke xv. 22.
T h e combination ggw was in some words equal to I J +
gw, and in others equal to gg (a long voiced explosive)
+ w. When it was the one, and when the other, can only
be determined upon etymological grounds. Examples of
the former are siggwan, to sing; aggwus, narrow; and
of the latter bliggwan, to beat, strike ; triggws, true, faifk-
ful. Cp. 5 151.
tgls. h, initially before vowels and probably also
medially between vowels, was a strong aspirate, as haban,
to have; hairtii, heart; faihu, cattle; gateihan, to announce.
Cp. $164. In other positions it was a voiceless spirant
gp 19-23] A@/zabet and Pronuncialio~t I I

like the NHG. ch in nacht, nipipi, as hliifs, loaf; nahts,

nrght ; falh, I hid; jah, and.
$ la, hr was either a labialized h or else a voiceless w.
It may be pronounced like the w h in, the Scotch pro-
nunciation of when, as hreila, lime ; hrZipan, to boast;
ahta, nver ; saihran, to see ; sahr, he saw ; nZhr (av.),
near. Cp. notes to $ 2.
5 20. j (that is i in the function of a consonant) had
nrarly the same sound-value as English y in yet. It only
occurs initially and medially, as jEr, year ; juggs, young ;
juk, yoke ; lagjan, to fay ; nlyjis, new ; fijands, fiend,
enemy.
3 2L k had the same sound as English k,except that it
must be pronounced initially before consonants (1, n, r).
I t occurs initially, medially, and finally, as kaGrn, corn ;
kniu, knee; akrs, field; brikara, to break; ik, I ; jvk,
yoke.
$ 22. 1, m, n had the same .;o:_lnd-valuesas in English,
They all occur initially, merliaiiy, and finally, in the
function of consonants.
1. laggs, long ; lhisjan, to teach ; h&ils, hak, whole ;
haldan, to hold; skal, I shall; m@l,time.
m. msna, moon ; mizdij, meed, reward; nam6, name;
niman, to take ; nam, he took ; nimam, we take.
n. nahts, night; niun, nine; mEna, moon ; rinnan, lo
t74n ; Ibun, reward ; kann, I know.
In the function of vowels they do not occur in stem-
syllables, as fugls, fd, bird; tagl, hair; siglj6, seal;
mhipms, gft; bagms, tree, beam; ibns, even; thikns,
loken. See $169.
5 23. p had the same sound as English p in put. It
occurs initially (in loan-words only), medially, and finally,
as pund,pound; p s d a , coat; plinsjan, to dance; slepan,
to sIee#; diups, deep ; hilpan, to he& ; saislZp, he slept;
skip, sh$.
12 Phonology [§§ 14-30

Q 24. q was a labialized k, and may be pronounced like ,

the qu in English queen, as qiman, to come ; qEns, w f e ;

sigqan, to sink; riqis, darkness; sagq, he sank; bistugq,
a stumbling. See $6 2 note 3, 163.
$ 26. r was a trilled lingual r, and was also so pro-
nounced before consonants, and finally, like the r in
Lowland Scotch. It occurs as a consonant initially,
medially, and finally, as raihts, nghi, stva&Izt; rEdm,
to counsel; bairan, to bear; barn, child; fidwijr, four;
dahr, door.
In the function of a vowel it does not occur in steni-
syllables, as akrs, j X d ; tagr, tear ; huggrjan, to hunger.
Cp. g 160.
5 26. s was a voiceless spirant in all positions like the s
in English sin, as sama, same; sibun, seven ; wisan, to
be ; Piisundi, thousand ; hiis, house ; gras, grass.
$ 27. t had the same sound-value as English t in ten, a s
taihun, ten ; tunpus, tootla ; hfiitan, to name ;mahts, might,
power; hairtij, heart ; wfiit, 1 k~zow; at, to, at.
Q 28. p was a voiceless spirant like the t h in English
thin, as pagkjan, to think ; preis, three ; brijpar, brother ;
briips, bride ; mip, with ; fanp, hefound,
4 29. w fi. e. u in the function of a consonant) had
mostly the same sound-value as the w in English wit.
After diphthongs and long vowels, as also after consonants
not followed by a vowel, it was probably a kind of reduced
u-sound, the exact quality of which cannot be determined.
Examples of the former pronunciation are :-wens, hope ;
witan, to know ; wrikan, to persecute ; swistar, sister ;
taihsw6, rzght hand. And of the latter :-snAiws, snow ;
wahrstw, work; skadwjan, to overshadow.
4 30. z was a voiced spirant like the z in English freeze,
and only occurs medially in regular native Gothic forms.
as huzd, hoard, ireasrsrc; hazjan, to praise; mttiza,
greater. But see 176.
 A. Vowels (Sonants).
Silort a, a6, u
{
Gu~tural Long 9, 6, au, ii
-
palatal { Short af,
Long
i
- b, air ei
To these must also be added the nasals m, n, and the
liquids I, r in the function of vowels. See 5 169.

B. Consonants.

p t, tt k, k k : q
Erplosives { Voiceless
Voiced d, dd g, gg
Spirants
Voiceless f p, pp S, ss h, (g?) : h
r
{Voiced b d E g
Nasals m, mm a nn g fgg)
Liquids I, 11; r, rr
Semi-vowels w, j (palatal)
T o these must be added the aspirate h. See $ 2 note I
for X.
In Gothic as in the oldest period of the other Germanic
languages, intervocalic double consonants were really
long, and were pronounced long as in Modern Italian and
Swedish, thusa* = at-ta,
-- * father; manna -
= man-na,
--- -
tuan.

$ 32. All the Indo-Germanic languages have partly pitch

(musical) and partly stress accent, but one o r other of the
two systems of accentuation always predominates in each
language, thus in Sansf sit and Old Greek the accent was
predominantly pitch, whereas in the oldest periods of
the Italic dialects, and the Keltic and Germanic languages,
 Phonology
the accent was predominantly stress. This difference i!i
the system of accentuation is clearly seen in Old Greek
and the old Germanic languages by the preservation If
the vowels of unaccented syllables in the former and the
weakening or loss of them in the latter. In the early
period of the parent Indg. language, the stress accent must
have been more predominant than the pitch accent,
because it is only upon this assumption that we are able to
account for the origin of the vowels 3, 6,a (5 35, Note I),
the liquid and nasal sonants ($9 5s-61, and the loss of
vowel often accompanied by a loss of syllable, as in Greek
gen. =a-rp-6s beside acc. *a-rCp-a ; rrC~-opacbeside Z-m-6pqv ;
Gothic gen. pl. atihs-nE beside acc. *aGhsa-ns. It is now
a generally accepted theory that at a later period of the
parent language the system of accentuation became pre-
dominantly pitch, which was preserved in Sanskrit and
Old Greek, but which must have become predominantly
stress again in prim. Germanic some time prior to the
operation of Verner's law ($ 13%).
T h e quality of the accent in the parent language was
partly ' broken ' (acute) and partly ' slurred ' (circumflex).
This distinction in the quality of the accent was preserved
in prim. Germanic in final syllables containing a long
vowel, as is seen by the difference in the development of
the final long vowels in historic times according as they
originally had the 'broken' or 'slurred ' accent ($987(I), 89).
I n the parent language the chief accent of a word did
not always fall upon the same syllable of a word, but was
free o r movable as in Sanskrit and Greek, cp. e. g. Gr. nom.
~arfip~fatlzer,voc. wdi~cp, acc. rarCpa; Skr. emi, I go, pl.
imPs, wego This free accent was still preserved in prim.
Germanic at the time when Verner's law operated,
whereby the voiceless spirants became voiced when the
vowel immediately preceding them did not bear the chief
accent of the word ($136). At a later period of the prim.
Germanic language, the chief accent of a word became
confined to the first syllable. This confining of the
chief accent to the first sqllable was the cause of the
great weakening-and eventual loss-which the vowels
underwent in unaccented syllables in the prehistoric period
of the individual Germanic languages (Ch. V). And the
extent to which the weakening of unaccented syllables has
been carried in some of the Modern Germanic dialects
is well illustrated by such sentences as: as et it mgan,
I shall have it in i/ze nzorning ; ast a dunt if id kud, I should
have done it I had been able (West Y orks.).
8 33. T h e rule for the accentuation of uncompounded
words is the same in Gothic as in the oldest period of the
other Germanic languages, viz. the chief stress fell upon
the first syllable, and always remained there even when
suffixes and inflexional endings followed it, as fiudags,
blessed; niman, to take ; reikiniin, to rule ; the preterite of
reduplicated verbs, as lailot : IEtan, to Iet ; haihhit : hhitan,
to calf; blindamma (masc. dat. sing.), blind; dagiis, d r y s ;
gumans, o f ~ n ~ ; nimanda,
n fltey are taken ; barnilo, little
child ; bErusjGs, parents ; briiprahans, brethren ; dalaprii,
from beneafh; dhubipa, deafness ; mannisks, human ;
piudinassus, kingdom ; waldufni, power. The position of
the secondary stress in trisyllabic and polysyllabic words
fluctuated in Gothic, and with the present state of our
knowledge of the subject it is impossible to formulate any
hard and fast rules concerning it.
In compound words it is necessary to distinguish be-
tween compounds whose second element is a noun or an
adjective, and those whose second element is a verb. In
the former case the first element had the chief accent in the
parent Indg. language; in the latter case the first element
had or had not the chief accent according to the position
of the verb in the sentence. But already in prim. German~c
the second element of compound verbs nearly always had
I6 phonology C-59 34-5
the chief accent ;a change which was mostly brought about
by the compound and simple verb existing side by side.
This accounts for the difference in the accentuation of
such pairs a s Bndahafts, answer : andhujan, to answer;
Bndanbms, pleasarrt : andniman, to receive.
4 34. As has been stated above, compound words, whose
second element is a noun or an adjective, had originally
the chief stress on the first syllable. This simple rule was
preserved in Gothic, as frakunps, OE. fracup, desptsed;
gaskafts, OHG. gascaft, cveation ; unmahts, injrmity ;
ufkunpi, knowledge ; usfilh, burial ; akranalBus, withoict
fruit ; allwaldands, tize Almigirty ; briipfaps, bnitegroom ;
gistradagis, to-mowow ; IBushandja, c,:iif?ty-handed;
twafibwintrus, twelve years O M ; piudangardi, kingdom.
But in compound verbs the second element had the chief
stress, as atlagjan, to lay on ; duginnan, to beph ; frakun-
nan, to despise; gaqiman, to nssemble; usfulljan, to filjil.
When, however, the first element of a compound verb was
separated from the verb by one or more particles, it had
the chief stress, as gA.u.hra.sbM, Mark viii. 23; diz-uh-
pan-sat, Mark xvi. 8.

CI-IAPTER I1
T H E PRIMITIVE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS
O F THE INDO-GERMANIC VOWEL-SOUNDS
5 35. The parent Indo-Germanic language had the
following vowel-system :-
Short vowels a, e, i, o, u, a
Long ,, S, C, i, 5, ii
Short diphthongs ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
Long ,, ai, ei, bi, au, 6% BU
Short vocalic 1, m, n, r
 NOTE.--I. T h e short vowels i, u, a, the long vowels i, 6 , and
vocalic 1, m, n, r occurred originally only in syllables wh~ctt
did not bear the principal accent of the word.
T h e short vowels i, u, and vocalic 1, rn, n, r arose from the
loss of e in the strong forms ei, eu, el, em, e n , er, which w a s
caused by the principal accent having been shifted to some
other syllable i n the word.
a, the quality of which cannot be precisely defined, arose
from the weakening of a n original Z,Z, o r 6 , caused by the loss
of accent. It is generally pronounced like the final vowel in
German Gabe.
i and ii were contractions of weak diphthongs which arose
from the strong forms eia, Zi, Zi, 6i; eua, 'iu, Bu, Gu through
the loss of accent. T h e e in eia, eua had disappeared before
the contraction took place. S e e 8 32.
a. T h e long diphthongs Zi, Ei, Src., mere of rare occurrence
in the parent language, and their history in the prehistoric
period of the various branches of the 1ndo.Germanic languages,
except when final, is still solnewhat obscure. In stem.syllables
they were generally either shortened to ai, ei, dc., o r the second
element (i, u) disappeared. I n final syllables they were gener-
ally shortened to ai, ei, &c. I n this book no further account
will be taken of the Indg. long diphthongs in stem-syllables.
For their treatment in final syllables in Primitive Germanic,
see 4 89.
3. Upon theoretical grounds it is generally assumed that the
parent language contained long vocalic 1, m, n, r. But their
history in the various Indg. languages is still uncertain. I n
any case they were of very rare occurrence, and are therefore
left out of consideratian in this book.
$ 36. a (Lat. a, Gr. a) remained, as Lat. a g e r , Gr. dypds,
Skr. fijras, Goth. akrs, 0.Icel. akr, 05. a k k a r , OHG.
ackar. OE. ecer, j e l d , acre; Gr. bXs, Lat. gen. salis,
Goth. 0.Icel. 0s. salt, OHG. salz, OE. sealt, salt; Lat.
aqua, Goth. a h a , 0s. OEIG. aha, OE. ea from *eahu,
older + a h , water, nber; Lat. alius, Gr. ikkor, Goth. aljis,
other.
$ 37. e (Lat. e, Gr. r) remained, as Lat. fer6, Gr. +ipw,
1187 C
18 phonology I§$
38-42

Ibear, O.Ice1. bera, 0s. OHG. OE. beran,to bear; Lat.

ed6, Gr. Z8opar, Skr. Mmi, I eat, O.Icel. eta, OHG. eqqan,
0s. OE. etan, to eat; Lat. pellis, Gr. =Aha, 0s. OHG.
feJ, OE. fell, skin, hide.
$ 38. i (Lat. i, Gr. L) remained, as Gr. Hom. ~ I S p c v ,
Skr. vidmfi, Goth, witum, O.Icel. vitum, 0s. witun,
OHG. wiqqum, OE. witon, we know, cp. Lat. videre, to
see ; Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks,0.Icel. fiskr, 0s. fisk, OHG.
OE. fisc,fish; Lat. vidua (adj. fem.), bereft oof, depnved of;
Goth. widuw6,OS.widowa, OHG. wituwa, OE. widewe,
widow.
4 39. o (Lat. o, Gr. o) became a in stem-syllables, as Lat.
oct6, Gr. &KT&, Goth. ahthu, 0s. OHG. ahto, OE. eahta,
ekht; Lat. hostis, stranger, enemy, Goth. gasts, 0s.
OHG. gast, OE. giest, guest; Lat. quod, Goth. ha,
0.Icel. hvat, 0s. hwat, OHG. hwctl;, OE. h w ~ t what; ,
Skr. k4s, who ?
NOTE.--o remained later in unaccented syllables in prim.
Germanic than in accented syllables, but became a in Gothic,
as bafram = Gr. Doric gdpopas, webear; bairand = Dor. +ipov~r,
thv bear.
§ 40. u (Lat. U, Gr. u) remained, as Gr. wuvds (gen. sing.),
Goth. hunds, 0.Icel. hundr, OHG. hunt, 0s. OE. hund,
dog, hound; Gr. 06p6, 0s. dud, OHG. turi, OE. duru,
door; Skr. bu-budhimfi, we wafclzed, Gr. TC-rumat, he has
inquired, Goth. budum, 0.Icel. buEum, 0s. budun, OHG.
buturn, OE. budon, zue annoztrzccd, ofcred.
5 42. a became a in all the Indo-Germanic languages,
except in the Aryan branch, where it became i, as Lat.
pater, Gr. r a ~ i p ,O.Ir. athir, Goth. fadar, 0.Icel. fardir,
0s. fader, OEIG. fater, OE. fseder, father, Skr. pit4r.
from *pat&-),fafhcr; t a t . status, Gr. U T ~ TSkr.
~ S , sthitas,
standing, Goth. staps, 0.Icel. stat%-, 0s. stad, OHG.
stat, OE. stede, prim. Germanic *stabiz, place.
5 42. B (Lat. a, Gr. Doric E, Attic, Ionic q) became 6, as
Lat. mater, Gr. Dor. pbrqp, 0.Icel. mbair, 0s. m6dar.
O I ~ G .muoter, OE. mhdor, moll~er; Gr. Dor. rppkr?p,
member ofa clan, Lat. frster, Skr. bhr&tar-,Goth. brijpar,
O.Icel. br66ir, 0s.briithar, OHG. bruoder, OE. briilor,
brother; Lat. fagus, beech, Gr. Dor. +y6s, a kind ofoak,
Goth. b6ka, letter of the alphabet, 0.Icel. 0s. biik, book,
OE. bbc-trEow, beech-free.
8 43. b (Lat. E, Gr. q) remained, but it is generally written
(= Goth. E, 0.Icel. 0s. OHG. 1,OE. S)in works on
Germanic philology, as Lat. bdimus, Skr. Bdm4, Goth.
btum, 0.Icel. Btum, 0s. Htun, OHG. Bqum, OE. Ston,
we ate ; Lat. mensis, Gr. p4v, month, Goth. mEna, 0.Icel.
mane, 0s. OHG. mano, OE. miina, moon; Goth. ga.
diips, 0.Icel. dB8, OS. dad, OHG. tst, OE. dsd, deed,
related to Gr. $4-no, I sltaNplace.
§ 44. i (Lat. i, Gr. r) remained, as Lat. su.iaus (adj.),
belonging to a p@, Goth. swein, 0.Icel. svin, 0s. OHG.
OE. swin, swine,ptg; cp. Skr. nav-inas, new ; Lat. sirnus,
OS. sin, OHG. sim, OE. si-en, we may be; Lat. velimus
= Goth. wileima (5 343).
$ 45. ii (Lat. 6, Gr. o) remained, as Gr. =lords, swimming,
Goth. fl6dus, 0.Icel. flii'6, OHG. fluot, 0s. OE. fl6d,
flood, tide, cp. Lat. plbrare, to weep aloud; Gr. Dor. ~ c j c ,
Skr. pht, Goth. fitus, 0.Icel. fotr, OHG. fuoq, 0s. OE.
fGt, foot; Goth. diims, 0.Icel. diimr, OHG. tuom, OS.
OE. dBm, judgment, sentelzce, related to Gr. Owp&, lteap;
Lat. fliis, Goth. OE. bliima, 0s. bliimo, OHG. bluoma,
blossom, flower.
4 46. ii (Lat. ii, Gr. c) remained, as Lat. miis, Gr, pis,
Skr. mii$-, 0.Icel. OHG. OE. miis, mouse; Lat. siis,
Gr. Cs, OHG. OE. sii, sow, pig; Goth. fiils, 0.Icel. fiill,
OIIG. OE. El,foul, related to Lat. piiteij, Ism~1'1bad, Gr.
a;Oo, I nznke to ?-at.

4 47. a i (Lat. ae, Gr. at, Goth. Bi, 0.Icel. ei, OS. e,
OHG. ei (81, OE. 5) remained, as Lat. aedes, sa,zctuary,
C 2
20 Phonology [JO 48-5 I '

originaIIyfiropZace, hearili, Skr. $dhas, $rewood, Gr. oieu,

I birrn, 0 HG. eit, 0 E. a d , funeral pile, ignis, mgus ; Lat.
aes, Goth. Biz, 0.Icei. eir, OHG. &r,OE. Hr, brass, metal,
money; Lat. caed6, I hew, cut down, Goth. skfiidan, 0s.
skSdan, skhdan, OHG. scefdan, OE. scadan, sceadan,
to divide, sever.
5 48. ei (Lat. i (older ei), Gr. sr) became I, as Gr. arcixr,
I go, Goth. steigan (ei = I ) , O.lce1. stiga, 0s. OHG.
OE. stigan, to ascend; Gr. Xsino, I leave, Goth. leihran,
0s. OHG. lihan, OE. Eon from *Eohan, older *Lihan,
to lend; Lat. dic6, I say, felll Gr. ~ C ~ K V C ~I L show,
, Goth.
ga-teihan, to tell, &cZare, 0s. af-tihan, lo d8nyp OHG.
zihan, OE. tgon, to accuse; Skr. bhkdati, he splits, Goth.
beitan, OE. OS. bitan, OHG. biqzan, to bite.
$ 4 B . oi (0.Lat. oi (later ii), Gr. or) became ai (cp, 5 SQ),
as Gr. or&, Skr. vkda, Goth. whit, 0.Icel. veit, 0s. wEt,
OHG. weiq, OE. wat, he knows; 0.Lat. oinos, later
h u s , Goth. bins, 0.lcel. einn, 0s. En, OHG. ein, OE.
&I, one, cp. Gr. oinj, the one on di'ce ; Gr. ~ 4 - ~ o r e he
c , trusts,
Goth. bPiP, 0.Icel. bei'S, 0 s . b s d , OHG, beit, OE, b l d ,
he evaifedfor; Gr. T O [ = Goth. P&i (5 266).
5 50. au (Lat. au, Gr. au, Goth. Bu, 0.Icel. au, 0s. 6,
OHG. ou (b), OE. Oa) remained, as Lat, auris, Goth.
h i i , 0s. OHG. iira, OE. Care, ear; Lat. auge6, Gr.
aG(bvo, I increase, Goth. Bukan, O.Ice1. auka, OS. iikian,
OHG. ouhhiin, OE. hacian, to add, inct,ease; cp. Skr.
bjas-, strengfh.
$ 61. eu (Lat. ou (later fi), Gr. cu, Goth. iu, O.Icel. j6
fiiih 0s. OHG. io, OE. So) remained, as Gr. yev'w, I give a
taste of, Goth. kiusan, 0.Icel. kjtisa, 0s. OHG. lciosan,
OE. csosan, to test, choose; Gr. ntd0opar, I inquire# Skr.
bbdhati, he is awake, learns, Goth. ana-biudan, to order,
command, 0.Icel. bj65a. 0s. biodan, 0 HG. biotan, OE,
beodan, to o f w ; Lat. douc6 (dGc6), I lead, Goth. tiuhan,
OS. tiohan, OHG. ziohan, to lead; draw. See 3 63,
qg 5a-61 Indo-Gen;izanic Vowel-Sounds 2I

g 6%. ou (Lat. ou (later ii), Gr. ou) became au (cp. 4 89),

as prim. Indg. "roudhos, Goth, r&ups, 0.Icel. rau'dr, 0s.
r a , OHG. r6t, OE. rEad, red, cp. Lat. ri-ifus, red; prim.
In&. *bhe.bhoudhe, Skr. bubddha, has waked, Goth. bAup,
0,Icel. bau'd, 0s. bad, OHG. bat, OE. bbad, has ofcred.
g 68. m (Lat. em, Gr. a, ap) became um, as Gr. 8po- (in
,ip&?~, from some place or other), Goth. sums, 0.Icel.
sumr, OS. OHG. OE. sum, some one; Gr. C K ~ T ~ VLat. ,
centum (with n from m by assimilation, and similarly in
the Germanic languages), Goth. OE. OS. hund, OHG.
hunt, hundred, all front a prim. form *kmt6m.
5 64. n fLat. en, Gr. a, av) became un, as Lat. com-
mentus (pp.), invented, devised, Gr. a6&paros, acting ofone's
own wid, Goth. ga-munds, OHG. gi.munt, OE. ge-mynd,
rementbrance, prim. form *mnt6s (pp.) from root men-,
think; OS, wundar, OHG. wuntar, OE. wundor, wonder,
cp. Gr. d0piw from *~aepio,I gaae at.
$ 65. r (Lat. or, Gr. ap, pa) became ur, nt, as OHG.
gi-turrum, OE. durron, we dare, cp. Gr. Bapods (Bpaolis),
bold, BapuLo, I am of good courage; dat. pl. Gr. marpdur,
Goth. fadrum, OHG. faterum, OE. fred(e)rum, tofathers;
Lat. porca, the ndge between two fuwows, OHG. furuh,
OE. furh, fuwow.
5 66. 1 (Lat. 01, Gr. d,l a ) became ul, lu, a s Goth. fulls,
0.Icel. fullr, OHG. vol, OS. OE. full, prim. form *pln6s,
full; Goth. wulfs, 0.Icel. ulfr, OHG. wolf, 0s. OE. wulf,
prim. form "wlqos, wolf.
NOTE.--I. If we summarize the vowel-changes which have
been stated in this chapter, it will be seen that the following
vowel-sounds fell together:-a, o, and a ; original u and the
u which arose from Indg. vocalic 1, m, n, r ; i and ei ; I and 6;
ai and oi; au and on.
a As we shall sometimes have occasion to use examples
from Sanskrit, it may be well to note that Indg. f, remained
in this language, but that the following vowel-sounds fell
together, viz. a, e, o in a ; i, a in i; Ii, 8, ii in 8; tautosyllabic
ai, ei, oi in 8; and tautosyllabic au, eu. ou in 8.
 Phonology
CHAPTER I11
T H E P R I M I T I V E GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM
8 67. From what has been said in $8 36-62, we arrive
at the following vowel-system for the prim. Germanic
language :-
Short vowels a, e, i, u
Long ,, &, 22, i, 6,
Diphthongs ai, au, e u
NOTE.-+ was an open e-sound like OE. 65. 8 was a close
sound like the e in NHG. reh. The origin of this vowel has
not yet been satisfactorily explained. It is important to re-
member that it is never the equivalent of Indo-Germanic E
fQ 43) which appears as S in prim. Germanic. See $8 76,77.
8 68. This system underwent several modifications
during the prim. Germanic period, i.e. before the parent
language became differentiated into the various separate
Germanic languages. T h e most important of these
changes were :-
5 69. a+rJX became Six, a s Goth. US. OHG. f i h a n ,
0.Icel. fa, OE. fon, from *fagxanan, to catch, seisc,
cp. Lat. pangii, Ifasten; Goth. pHhta (inf. pagkjan), 0s.
t h a h t a , OHG. dghta, OE. p6hte from older *pagxta,
*paxjxtB-, I thought, cp. 0.Lat. tongeii, I know, Every
prim. Germanic H in accented syllables was of this origin.
cp. fr 4a.
NoTE.-T~~H in the above and similar examples was still
a nasalized vowel in prim. Germanic, as is seen by its develop-
ment to 5 in OE. The i (§ 6 0 ) and ii (§ 62) were also nasalized
vowels in prim. Germanic.
5 60. e became i under the following circumstances :-
I. Before a nasal + consonant, a s Goth. 0s. OE. bindan,
O.1cel. binda, 0 HG. bintan, to bind, cp. Lat. of-fendimen-
turn, chin-cloth, of-fendix, knot, band, Gr. =av8cp6s,fathev-in-
law; Lat.ventus, Goth. winds,O.Icel.vindr, 0s.OE.wind,
8 61) Primitive Gennanic Vowel-System 23

0HG, wint, wind ; Gr. TCYFC~ Goth. fimf* 0.Icel, fim(m),

OHG. fimf, Bnf, jive. This i became i under the same
conditions as those by which a became B ($ 69)) as Goth.
peihan, 0s. thihan, OE. EEon, OHG. dihan, from
*yr~xanan,older *peqxanan, to thrive. The result of this
sound-law was the reason why the verb passed from the
third into the first class of strong verbs (8 300), cp. the
isolated pp. 0s. gi-pungan, OE. ge-Bungen.
2. When followed by an i, i, or j in the next syllable,
as Goth. 0.5. OHG. ist, OE. is, from *isti, older "esti =
Gr. Zo~r, is; OHG. irdin, earthen, beside erda, earth;
Goth. midjis, 0.Icel. mi'dr, 0s. middi, OE. midd, OHG.
mitti, Lat. medius, from an original form "medhjos,
middle ; 0s. birid, OHG. birit, he bears, from an original
form *bhCreti, through the intermediate stages *bbredi,
*bCridi, *t)fribi, beside inf. beran; 0.Icel. sitja, 0s.
sittian, OHG. sizzen, OE. sittan, from an original form
*sedjonom, to sit.
3. In unaccented syllables, except in the combination
.er when not followed by an i in the next syllable, as OE.
fet, older fEt, from *f6tiz, older *Totes, feet, cp. Lat.
pedes, Gr. ~68~s.Indg. e remained in unaccented sylla-
bles in the combination -er when not followed by an i in
the next syllable, as acc. 0s. fader, OHG. fater, OE.
fzeder, Gr. *a~Cpa,father; OE. hwaeper, Gr. ndrepos,w ~ ~ i c
of two.
4 61. i, followed originally by an&, 6, or 6 in the next
sgflabie, became e when not protected by a n a s a l ~ c o n -
sonant or an intervening i or j,as 0.Icel. verr, 0s. OHG.
OE. wer, Lat. vir, from an original form *wires, man ;
OHG. OE. nest, Lat. nidus, from an original form
"nizdos. In historic times, however, this law has a great
number of exceptions owing to the separate la~guages
having levelled out in various directions, as OE. spec
beside spie, bacon; OHG. lebara beside OE. lifer, liver;
OHG. leociin beside OE. liccian, to lick; OHG. lebEn
24 Phonology [4§ 62-4
beside OE. libban, to live ; OHG. quec beside OE. cwic,
qr~ick,alive.
§ 62. u, followed originally by an 9, 8, or O in the next
syllable, became o when not protected by a nasal+con-
sonant or an intervening i or j, as OE. dohtor, 0s.
dohter, OHG. tohter, Gr. Buyhqp, daughter; 0.Icel. ok,
OHG, joh, Gr. guy&, yoke; OE. 0s. god, OHG. got,
from an original form *ghut6m, god, beside OHG.
gutin, goddess; pp. OE. geholpen, 0s. giholpan, OHG.
giholfan, hebed, beside pp. OE. gebunden, 0s.gibundan,
OHG. gibuntan, bound; pp. OE. gebodw, 0s. gibodan,
OHG. gibotan, ofered, beside pret. pl. OE. budon, 0s.
budun, OHG. butum, we ofleered. Every prim. Germanic
o in accented syllables was of this origin. Cp. 8 89.
u became fi under the same conditions as those by
which a and i became %i and i, as pret. third pers. singular
Goth. piihta, 0s. thiihta, OHG. diihta, OE. p h t e ,
beside inf. Goth. pugkjan, OS. thunkian, OHG. dunken,
OE. pyncan, to seem; and similarly in Goth. iihtw8,
0s. OHG. iihta, OE. iihte, daybreak, d a m .
8 63. The diphthong e u became iu when the hext
syllable originally contained an i, i, or j, cp. $ 60 (2), but
remained eu when the next syllable originally contained
an 8, 6, or G. The iu remained in 0s. and OHG., but
became jfi (9 by i-umlaut) in O.Icel., and io (ie by i-umlaut)
in OE., as Goth, liuhtjan, OS. liuhtian, OHG. liuhten,
OE. liehtan, top'z8efi'ht, beside 0s.OHG. lioht, OE. leoht,
a f2;f:ht; 0.Icel. dppt, 0s. diupi, OHG. tiufi, OE. diepe,
depth, beside 0.Icel. djfpr, OS. diop, OHG. tiof, OE.
deep, deep; OS. kiusid, OHG. kiusit, 0.Icel. kys(s),
OE. ciesp, he chooses, beside inf. OS. OHG. kiosan,
O.Icel. kjijsa, OE. cGosan, to choose.
5 64. From what has been said in $4 58-63, it will be
seen that the prim. Germanic vowel-system had assumed
the following shape before the Germanic parent language
g 641 Primitive Germanic Vowel-Sysfem 25

became differentiated into the various separate Ian-

guages :-
Short vowels a, e, i, o, n
Long ,, a, 5,8, i, 6 , fi
Diphthongs ai, au, eu, iu
The following table contains the normal development of
the above vowel-system in Goth. O.lcel. 0 s . OHG. and
OE. stem-syllables :-

h ? ~ e r m . l Goth. / O.1cel. 1 0s. I OFIG. / OE. 'j

a
-
Vm'--

-- i
E
ia, (ie) --
i
-
-
UO I 0
--

ai hi - e i j e i g
- -- -- -- --

- nu
-- -
1
Bu
- ---
c
I-..-
, eo, (io)
o
-
ou
SS-Ldc-x. I --
ca
-

I
ell I
-
j6
ill
- -
jii
I--
I IU
- -
eo, (io)
.-

-=wa
iu
.=--
I Eo
io

NOTE-The table does not inctude the sound-changes which were

caused by unllaut, the influence of neighbouring consonants, Ric. For
details of this kind the student should eonsuit the grammars of the
separate languages.
 Phonology

CHAPTER IV
T H E GOTHIC DEVELOPMENT O F
THE GENERAL GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM

$ 8 6 . Germanic a remained unchanged in Gothic, as Goth.

dags, OE. daeg, 0s. dag, OHG. tag, 0.Icel. dagr, day ;
Goth. gasts, OS. OHG. gast, guest; Goth. fadar, OE.
faeder, 0.Icel. faair, 0s. fader, OHG. fater,father; Goth.
ahthu, 0s. OHG. ahto, eight; Goth. OE. 0 s . OHG.
faran, O.Ice1. fara, to g o ; Goth. OE. OS. band, OHG.
bant, he bound, Goth. inf. bindan ($ 303) ; Goth. OS. OHG.
O.Icel. nam, he took, Goth. inf. niman (4 306); Goth. OS.
0.Icel. gaf, OHG. gab, hegave, Goth. inf. giban (3 301).

5 66. Germanic e became 1, as Goth. wigs, OE. 0s.

OHG. weg, O.Ice1. vegr, way; Goth. hilms, OE. 0 s .
OHG. helm, helm; Goth. swistar, 0 s . swestar, OHG.
swester, sister; Goth. hilpan ($ 303j, OE. OS. helpan,
O H G helfan, to he@; Goth. stilan ($;306),OE. 0s. 01-IG.
stelan, O.1cel. stela, to steal; Goth. itan ($ 308), OE. OS.
etan, OHG, eygan, 0.Icel. eta, to eat.

N o T E . - - T ~ ~stem-vowel in Goth. wafla (cp. OE. OS. wel,

OHC, wela), weN; and in Goth. aippAu (cp. OE. eppa, oppe,
OHG. eddo, edo), or, has not yet been satisfactorily ex-
plained, in spite of the explanations suggested by various
scholars.
$8 67-91 Short vowels of Accented Syllables 27

t 5 67. This i became broken to e (written af) before r,

h, and lv,as Goth. hairt6, OS. herta, OHG. herza, heart;
Goth. airpa, 0s. ertha, OHG. erda, earth ;Goth. wairpan
(5 303), 0 s . werthan, OHG. werdan, O.1cel. veraa, to
become; Goth. bairan ($ 305), OE. 0s. OHG. beran,
0.Icel. bera, to bear; Goth. raihts, 0s.OHG. reht, right;
Goth. tafhun, 0s.tehan, OHG. zehan, ten ; Goth. saihran
(g 507),0s. OHG. sehan, to see.
NOTE.--For nih, and not, from older 'ni-fui=Lat. neque, we
should expect *nafh, but the word has been influenced by the
simple negative ni, not.

5 68. Germanic i generally remained in Gothic, as Goth.

fisks, 0.3. OE. fisc, OHG. fisk, 0.1cel. fiskr,fish; Goth.
widuw6, OE. widewe, 0s. widowa, OHG. wituwa,
widow; Goth. OE. 0s. witan, OHG. wiqgan, 0.Icel.
vita, to knoeu; Goth. nimip, OE. nimep, 0s.nimid, OHG.
nimit, he takes; Goth. bitum, OE. biton, OI-IG. bigyum,
0.Icel. bitom, we bit, inf. Goth. beitan ($ 200), pp, Goth.
bitans, OE. biten, O H G. gibiggan, O.1cel. bitenn ;
Goth. bidjan, OE. biddan, 0.Icel. biaja, OS. biddian,
OHG. bitten, to pry, beg, entreat. See 5 60.
t 5 60. Germanic i became broken to e (written ai) before
r, h, hr, as Goth. bafrip, 0s. birid, OHG. birit, he bears,
cp. 6 0 (2),Goth. inf. bairan ; Goth. maihstus, OHG. mist
(from *mihst), dunghi/f, cp. Mod. English dial, mixen;
Goth. ga-taihun, they told, OE. tigon, OHG. zigun, tliejp
accused, Goth. inf. ga-teihan (5 209), pp. Goth. taihans,
OE. tigen, OHG. gi-zigan; Goth. laihrum, OE. digon,
OHG. fiwum, we lent, inf. Goth. leihran (3 ago), pp. Goth.
.
lafhrans, OE. digen, OHG. giliwan, OS. 1'rwan,

No~e-On the forms hiri, hirjats, hirjip, see note to Mark

xii. 7.
 Phonology

5 70. Germanic o became u, as Goth. juk, OHG. joh,

OE. geoc, yoke; Goth. gup, OE. OS. god, OHG. got,
god; Goth. huzd, OS. hord, OHG. hort, treasure; pp.
Goth. budans, OE. geboden, 0s.gibodan, OHG. gibotan,
O.IceI. botdenn, inf. Goth. biudan (5 301), to ofer; Goth.
pp. hulpans, OE. gehoipen, 0s.giholpan,OH G. giholfan,
Goth. inf. hilpan (3 303), to he@ ; pp. Goth. numans, OHG.
ginoman, Goth. inf. niman (Q 305), fo take. See 6 62.
t Q 71. The u,which arose from Germanic o ($ 701, became
broken to o (written ah) before r and h, as Goth. waiird,
OE. 0s. word, OHG. wort, word; Goth. daiihtar, OE.
dohtor, 0s. dohtar, OHG. tohter, daug1itc.r; pp. Goth.
tafihans, OE. getogen, 0s. .togan, OHG. gizogan,
0,Icel. togenn, Goth. inf, tiuhan (3 3011, to lead; Goth.
wafirhta, OE. worhte, OHG. worhta, he worked, inf.
Goth. wahrkjan, OHG. wurken; pp. Goth. wafifpans,
OE. geworden, OS. giwordan, OHG. wortan, 0.lcel.
orilenn, Goth. inf. wafrpan ($ soti), to become; pp. Goth.
baiirans, OE. geboren, 0s. OHG. giboran, 0.Icel.
borenn, inf. Goth. bairan (3 305), lo beau; Goth. ga-
dahrsta, OE. dorste, 0s. gi-dorsta, OHG. gi-torsta,
he dared; inf. Goth. ga-dahrsan (8 336).

72. Germanic u generally remained in Gothic, as Goth.

juggs, 0s. OHG. jung, youlzg; Goth. hunds, OE. 0s.
hund, 0.Icel. hundr, OHG. hunt, dog, hoz4nd; Goth.
sunus, OE. 0s. OHG. sunu, son; Goth. hugjan, 0s.
huggian, OHG. huggen, to &iink; Goth. budum, OE.
budon, 0s. budun, OHG. butum, 0.Icel. buaom, we
ofered, announced, inf. Goth. biudan (8 301) ; Goth. bundum,
OE. bundon, 0s.bundun, OHG. buntum, 0.1cel. bundom,
we bound, Goth. inf. bindan (8 303), pp. Goth. bundans,
$4 73-5 ] S/zor£Vowds of A s~centedSyllables 29
OE. gebunden, 0s. gibundan, O 14G. gibuntan, 0.IceI.
bundenn. See 9 40.
t $78. Germanic u became broken to o (written afi)
before r and h, as Goth, saithts, 0s.OHG. suht, Germanic
stem suhti., &Fickness; Goth. wafirms, OS. OHG. wurm,
OE. wyrm, stem wurmi., serpent, worm ; Goth. waGrkjan,
OHG. wurken, to work; Goth. wafirpun, OE. wurdon,
OS. wurdun, OHG. wurtun, O.1cel. urEo, they became,
Goth. inf. wairpan (8 303); Goth. taGhun, OE. tugon,
OEIG. zugun, t/zey drew, ,bulked; Goth. inf. tiuhan (4 301).
NOTE.-u was not broken to au before r which arose from
older s by assimilation, as ur-runs, a nrnning out; ur-reisan,
to arise (4 175 note 3). It is difficult to account for the u in
the enclitic particle -ah,and ; and in the interrogative particle
nuh, then.

8 74. The ti, which arose from a according to 8 59,

remained in Gothic, as hahan, to Izang; faGrahHh
(fafirhiih), curtain, veil, lit. that which hangs before;
gahahjii (av.), in order, connecfed(y ; brHhta, /te brozcg/zt,
inf. briggan ; gafahs, a catch, haul, related to gafahan, to
seize; frarn-gahts, progress, related to gaggan, fo g o ;
pHh6, clay ; unw Hhs, blameless.

4 75. Germanic 5 ( = OE. 5, 0s. OHG. 0.Icel. 8)

became B in Gothic, as Goth. ga.dCJm, OE. d s d , 0s. dad,
OHG. tHt, deed; Goth. mana-seps, multitude, world, lit.
man-seed, OE. s s d , 0.5, sPd, OHG. sZt, seed; Goth. ga-
redan, to reflect upon, OE. rsdan, OS. riidan, OHG.
ratan, 0.Icel. rai5a, to advise ; Goth. berum, OE. bsron,
30 Phonology E§§ 76-8

OS. OHG. b?irum, 0.Icel. barom, we bore, Goth. inf.

bafran (8 305); Goth. sEtun, OE. s l t o n , OS. s l t u n ,
OHG. ssqun, 0.Icel. &to, they sat, Goth. inf. sitan
(§ 308).
t $70. The Germanic combination 5j became 56 (written
ai, the long vowel corresponding to ai) in Gothic before
votvels. This ai was a long open e-sound like the t% in
OE. slCpan or the vowel sound in English their. It
occurs in very few words: as Goth. saian, OE. sgwan,
0s. sgian, OHG. slen, 0.Icel. sB, to sow; Goth. waian,
OE. w s w a n , OHG. w5en (wsjen), lo blow; Goth.
faianda, they are blamed. But in unaccented syllables
the corn bination -2ji- became -Ai-, as habitis, thou hast,
habit+, he has, from prim. Germanic *xab%jizi, *Xab-
gjidi.
e
4 77. Germanic & which cannot be traced back phono-
logically to Indo-Germanic B (8 43), is of obscure origin. In
Gothic the two sounds fell together in 0, but in the other
Germanic languages they are kept quite apart, cp. $8 43,76.
Germanic e appears in Gothic as i? (OE. 0s. 0.Icel. E ,
OHG. i5, later ea, ia, ie). In Goth. it occurs in a few
words only, as Goth. OE. OS. 0.Icel. her, ONG. hEr
(hear, hiar, hier), here ; Goth. fGra, OHG. E r a (feara,
fiara), country, region, side, part; Goth. mGs, O E . mese
(myse),OHG. meas (mias), fable, borrowed froni vulgar
Lat. mesa, classical Lat. m6nsa. Cp. 5.
i
78. Germanic I, written ei in Gothic, remained, as
Goth. swein, OE. 0s. 01-IG. swin, O.Ice1. svin, plg, cp.
Lat. su.inu.s, periainiflg to a plg; Goth. hreila, a while,
time, season, OE. hwil, a while, 0s. hwlla (hwil),lime,
OHG. wila (hwil), time, hour, 0.Icel. hvil, place of rest;
Goth. seins, OE. OS. OHG. sin, his; Goth. steigaa
$5 7 9-8 21 Lo?zg vowels of sjb ccented Syllables 3 I
(§ aoo), OE. 0s.
OHG. stigaa, 0.Icel. stlga, to ascend.
Cp. 8s 5, 6, 44, 48.
6
g 7@. Germanic 6 remained in Gothic, as Goth. fijtus,
OE. 0s. G t , OHG. PUOT,0.Icel. f6tr, foot, cp. Gr. Doric
6 ; Goth. fliidus, OE. OS. fl6d, OHC. fluot, 0.Icel. flijiS,
flood, stream ; Goth. br6par, O.Icel, br6'6ir, OE. brijpor,
OS. br68er, OHG. bruoder, hroijzer; Goth. OE. OS.
0.Icel. fijr, OHG. fuor, Ifared, azjenf Goth. inf. faran
(5 309). Cp. $5 42, 45.
9 80. The Germanic combination ciw became a long
open omsound(written au) before vowels, as Goth. sauil,
sun, cp. OE. 0.Icel. Lat. s61; Goth. staua, (rnasc.) j u d ' ,
(fem.)judgment, stauida, Iludged (inf. st6jan), cp. Lithua-
nian stovCti, to stand, 0.Bulgarian staviti, to place ; taui
(gen. tijjis), deed; afdauidii, pp. masc. nom. pl, cxhaustcd,
inf. *afd6jan.
Here probably belong also bauan, to inhabib OE. OHG.
biian, to till, dwell; bnauan, to rub; trauan, OHG. triien,
OS. triiijn, to trow, trust.
5 81. The Germanic combination ijwj became ijj, as
stijja, Ijudge, from *stiiwj6, older *stTtwijo; tiijis (from
*tijwjis), gen. sing. of taui, deed.

5 82. Germanic ii remained in Gothic, as Goth. hiis (in

g~d-hiis,temple), OE. OS. OHG. 0.Icel. hiis, Izouse;
Goth. riims, OE. OS. OHG. 0.Icel. riim, room, related
to Lat. rii-s (gen. rii-ris), open country ; Goth. Piisundi, OE.
piisend, OS. thiisundig, OHG. diisunt, 0.Icel. Piisund,
Ihousand; Goth. fiils, OE. OHG. W1, O.Ice1. fiil1,foui;
Goth. ga-liikan, to shut, close, OE. liican, OHG. liihhan,
0.Icel. liika, to lock.
On the ii in forms like Piihta, it seemed, appeared;
32 Phonology I§§ 83-5
hahrus, hunger; jiihiza, yourger; iihtw6, ear& morn, see
g sa.
C. THEDIPHTHONGS SYLLABLES.
O F ACCENTED

ai
i s 83. Germanic ai (OE. 8, 0s. E, OHG. ei (G), 0.Icel.
ei) remained in Gothic, a s Goth. gins, OE. Bn, 0s. En,
OHG. ein, 0.Icel. einn, om ; Goth. hails, OE. hsl, 0 s .
hEl, OHG. heil, hale, whole, sound; Goth. stbins, OE.
stHn, OS. &En, 01-IG. stein, 0.Ice]. steinn, stone ; Goth.
sthig, OE. stag, OS. stsg, OHG. steig, he ascended, Goth
inf. steigan (5 300) ; Goth. hhitan (4 813))OE. hstan, 0s.
hEtan, OHG. heiqan, O.Ice1. heita, to same, caiL Cp.
$5 47,49.
au
?. $84. Germanic a u (OE. Ea, 0s. 6, OHG. ou (6),0.Icel.
au) remained in Gothic, as Goth. augii, OE. Gage, 0s.
iiga, OI.4G. ouga, 0.Icel. auga, eye ; Goth. hAubiP (gen.
haubidis), OE. hEafod, 0s. ficbid, OHG. houbit, 0.Icel.
haufup, head; Goth. diupus, OE. dEa8, 0s. diith, OHG.
t6d, deatla; Goth. rbups, O.Icel. rauar, OE. rEad, 0s.
red, OHG. r6t, red; Goth. gaumjan, to perceive, obsem~e,
OS. giimian, OHG. goumen, to pay attention to ; Goth.
-hlAupan, OE. hlEapan, 0s. -hliipan, OIIG. louffan,
0.Icel. Naupa, fo leo,b, ruit ; pret. I, 3 sing. Goth. khus,
OE. cEas, 0s. OHG. k6s, 0.Icel. kaus, in6 Goth.
kiusan ($ 3021, to clioose. Cp. $$ 60, 83.

iu
8 85. The iu, which arose from older eu ($63),remained
in Gothic, as Goth, niujis, OS. OHG. niuwi, stem *niuja-,
older *neujo-, new; Goth. stiurei (in us-stiurei, excess,
riot), cp. OHG. stiuri, greatness, rnagnifience ; Goth.
kiusip, 0 s . kiusid, OHG. kiusit, he c,'zooses, tesfs; Goth,
$8 86-71 Diphthongs of lit ccentcd Syllables 33
liuhtjan, 0s. liuhtian, OHG. liuhten, to &ht; Goth.
stiurjan, to establish, OHG. stiuren, to stcpport, steer.
eu
8 80. eu (OE. Eo, OS. OIIG. io(eo), 0.Icel. jB(jii))
became iu in Gothic, as Goth. diups, OE. dEop, 0s. diop,
OHG. tiof, 0 . 1 ~ ~ 1djiipr,
. deep; Goth. liuhap, OE. IEoht,
0s. OHG. lioht, a lkht, cp. Gr. Xru~ds,I&!tt, brz&/zt; Goth.
liufs, OE. lEof, 0s. liof, OHG. liob, O.1cel. ljiifr, dear ;
Goth. tiuhan (4 Sol), OS. tiohan, OI-IG. ziohan, to draw,
pull; Goth. fra-liusan, OE. for-lEosan, OS. far-liosan,
OHG. fir-liosan, to lose.

CHAPTER V
T H E GOTHIC DEVELOPMENT O F T H E PRIMI-
TIVE GERMANIC VOWELS O F UNACCENTED
SYLLABLES.
§ 87. In order to establish and illustrate the Gothic
treatment of the vowels of final syllables by comparison
with other non-Germanic languages, Lat., Greek, Src., it
will be useful to state here a law, relating to the general
Germanic treatment of Indo-Germanic final consonants,
which properly belongs to a later chapter :-
(I) Final .m became .n. This -n remained when pro-
tected by a particle, e. g. Goth. pan-a ($ 266), the = Skr.
t6m, Lat. is-tum, Gr. T ~ V . But when it was not protected
by a particle, it, as also Indo-Germanic final .n, was dropped
in prim. Germanic after short vowels ; and the preceding
vowel underwent in Gothic just the same treatment as if it
had been originally final, i.e. it was dropped with the
exception of u, e.g. acc. sing. Goth. wulf, wolf= Skr.
vfkam, Gr. AJrov, Lat. lupum; nom. acc. sing. Goth. juk,
yoke = Skr. yugbm, Gr. S U ~ ~Lat. V , jugum ; inf. niman
from *nemanan, to iake; acc. sing. Goth. ga-quxnp, a coming
1187 D
 Phonology
krgeher, assembly = Skr. gatim, Gr. Bdotv, prim. form
*gmtfm, a going; cp. also the Lat. endings in partim,
sitim, Src.
Acc. sing. Goth. sunu, son = Skr. siintim, cp. the end-
ings in Gr. qSu'v, sweet; Lat. fructum,fnrif; acc. sing. Goth.
Gtu, foot, cp. Lat. pedem, Gr. z6Sa ($ 63). But the -un
from Indg. vocalic .m disappeared in words of more than
two syllables, as acc. sing. guman from *gomanun = Lat.
horninem, man ; br6par from *brijperun, brother, cp. Lat.
frgtrem. In Gothic sibun, seven, and taihun, ten, for
older *dbu, *tafhu, the final -n was re-introduced through
the influence of the inflected forms ($247).
NOTE.-The oldest Norse runic inscriptions still retained these
final vowels, as acc. sing. staina beside Goth. stlin, stone; acc.
sing. neut. horna beside Goth. haurn, horn ; nom. sing. gastiR
beside Goth. gasts, guest, slrunger.
On the other hand, final .n merely became reduced after
long vowels in prim. Germanic, and only disappeared in
the course of the individual Germanic languages; the
process being that the long oral vowels became nasalized
and then at a later stage became oral again (cp. 5 69 note).
After the disappearance of the nasal element, the long
vowel remained in Gothic when it originally had the
' slurred ' (circumflex) accent, but became shortened when
it originally had the 'broken' (acute) accent, as gen. pl.
dag$ of days; gas%, of guests; hanan$ of cocks ; hairt-
anE, of heads; baiirgE, of cities; the .B of which corre-
sponds to a prim. Germanic .Sn, Indg. -Ern, but this ending
only occurs in Gothic and has never been satisfactorily
explained ; the ending in the other Germanic and Indo-
Germanic languages presupposes -8m which regularly
appears as -6 in the Gothic gen. pl. gibb, ofgfk; ; bandj6,
of bands ; tuggbn6, of tongues ; manageinij, of multitudes,
cp. Gr. BcBv, of gods ; but acc. sing. giba from *gebbn,
Indg. .Am,cp. Gr. ~hpiiv,land, and acc. fern. p6, the = Skr
q 881 Vowels of Uncxccenled Syllables 35
thm, ace. fem. ni Bin6-hun (5 89 note), NO one ; nom. sing.
h a n a from *xangn o r -6n, cp. Gr. rrorpvjv, shepherd, qyrp6v,
leader ; n a s i d a from *nazid6n, I saz~ed.
NoTE.--Fo~ full details concerning the Germ. treatment in
final syllables of Indg. vowels with the 'slurred' and 'broken '
accent, see Streitberg's ' Urgermanische Grammatik', ch. ix.
(2) T h e Indg. final explosives disappeared in prim.
Germanic, except after a short accented vowel, a s pres.
subj. bair6i, O E . 0s. O H G . bere, from a n original form
*bhCrolt, he may bear; pret. pi. berun, OE. b s r o n , 0 s .
OHG. b g m n , they bore, original ending -nt with vocalic n
(9 64) ; Goth. m e n a from a n original form *mSniit, moon ;
Goth.pat-a, OE. piet, 0s. that, Indg. *tod, tltat, the; OE.
hwiet, 0s. h w a t = Lat. quod, what, beside Gothic h r a
(g $473);OE. ~ t0s. , at = Lat. a d , at.
(3) Indg. final -r remained, a s Goth. f a d a r , 0.Icel. f a a i r ,
OE. fieder, 0s. fader, OIIG. f a t e r = Lat. pater, Gr.
rrarnjp, father.
NOTE.-SO far a s the historic period of Gothic is concerned,
the law relating to the treatment of Indo-Germanic final con-
sonants may be stated in general terms thus:-With the
exception of -sand -r all other Indo-Germanic final consonants
were dropped in Gothic. In the case of the explosives i t
cannot be determined whether they had o r had not previously
undergone the first sound-shifting ($5 128-32).
Of Indo-Germanic final consonant groups, the only one pre-
served in Gothic is -ns, before which short vowels ai-e retained,
e. g. acc. pl. masc. Goth. pans=Gr. Cretan ~ 6 v s(Attic ~ o i s )the;
,
acc. pl. Goth. wulfans, uiohes, cp. Gr. Cretan ~ d ~ ~ o v ~ =KA~ Ut -t .
POUS, or~tanzents; acc. p1. Goth. p i n s = Gr. Cretan T ~ ~ V three;
*,
acc, pl. Goth. sununs, sons, cp. Gr. Cretan uidvs, sons. Cp. the
law stated in $ 88.
a. Short Vowels,
§ 88. W i t h the exception of u all other prim. Indo-Ger-
manic final short vowels, o r short vowels which became
final in prim. Germanic ($ 87),were dropped in Gothic, a s
36 Phonology
also were short vowels in the final syllables of dissyllabic
and polysyllabic words when followed by a single con-
sonant :-
Goth. whit = Gr. oEa, Skr. vkda, I know; whist = Gr.
oloOa, Skr. vbttha, thou knowest ; hlaf, I stole = Gr. K ~ K X * ~ .
Goth. akrs, field = Gr. hyp6s ; wulfs = Gr. Xd~os,Skr.
vfkas, Lat. lupus, wolj; cp. nom. sing. 0.Norse runic
inscription HoltingaR ; numans from *nomanaz, taken ;
gen. sing. dagis, from *bagesa, of a day, cp. 0.Bulgarian
Eeso = Goth. h i s , whose ; af, o f , from = Gr. iim ; nom.
sing. hairdeis, shepherd, from *Xirdij-az.
Voc. sing. Goth. wulf = Gr. X l i ~ c ,Lat. lupe, Skr. v f k a ;
dm, fake thou = Gr. v i p c ; nasei, from 'nasiji, saz~ethou;
balrip, ye bear = Gr. 44prrc ; wiit, he knows = Gr. otsc ;
lPihr, he lent = Gr. hlhoint, he has left; fimf, five, cp. Gr.
xivsc; mik (acc.), me, cp. Gr. Lpiya ; nom. pl. Goth. gumans
from *gom;miz, ?nett= Lat. homines,cp. Gr. Zlcpovts, altvils;
nom. pl. gasteis from "gastij-(i)z, guests = Lat. hostds,
from *hostejes, stra~zgcrs, e~icmies,cp. Gr. m6Acrs from
*acih~.jas, cifies; nom. pl. sunjus, from "suniuz, older
*suneu-es,sons = Skr. siinzivas, cp. Gr. {Bcis from *{8dfes,
sweet.
hrhin, from *hrhini (neut.), clean, pure, cp. Gr. Wpi,
skivul; dat. sing. gumin from *gomini = Lat. homini, to
a nzan, cp. Gr. aorpc'vr, to a shepherd; dat. sing. brijpr from
'Br6Jx-i = Lat. fratri, to a brotltn; cp. Gr. a a ~ ~bairis
l; =
Skr. bhhrasi, ihou bearesf ; bairip = Skr. bhhrati, lze bcars ;
bairand=Gr. Dor. +ipovsr, Skr. bhiranti, tJtey bear; nom.
sing. gasts = 0.Norse runic inscription gastiR, grdesf,
Lat. hostis; wairs, from *wirsiz (av.), worse, cp. Lat.
magis, nrore.
Nom. acc. neut. Goth. faihu = Lat. pecu, cattle, cp. Gr.
~ U T U , cily ; filu, much = Gr. roX6, many ; nom. sing. sunus

= Skr. :iin6s, son, cp. the endings in Gr. vdrus, corpse,

Lat. fructus,fiurl.
g sg] Vowels of Unaccented Syllables 37
NwE.--The h w of final vowels does not affect originally
words, cp. e.g. nom. sing. Goth. is, he- Lat. ia,
beside gasts = Lat. hostis ; Goth. ha,what- Lat. quod, beside
juk, yoke = Lat. jugum.

b. Long Vowels.

8 89. Prim. Indg. long final vowels, o r those which be-

came final in prim. Germanic ($ 87 and note), became
shortened in polysyllabic words, when the vowels in ques-
tion originally had the 'broken' accent, but remained
unshortened when they originally had the 'slurred'
accent.
Examples of the former are :-fern. nom. sing. giba,
from *ge'bB, g$t (cp. sB, 8 266), cp. Gr. xirpi;, land, Indg. - 6 ;
neut. nom. acc. pl. juka, from *jukii (cp. neut. nom. acc. pl.
pii, 8 266), Skr. (Vedic) ~ u g $0.Lat. jug%, Indg. -8.
baira, Lat. fer6, Gr. cpCpo, I bear, Indg. -6 ; mEna, moon,
cp. mSn6ps, montA; particle -6 preserved in forms like
acc. sing. ban-8.h, eacli, everyone, but shortened in acc.
forms like hran-a, whom 7; pan-a, this; pat-a, f i a t ;
blindan-a, blind
Pret. 3 sing. nasida, he saved, Indg. -dh6t, cp. nasidcs ;
binamma, dat. (properly instrumental) sing. masc. neut. of
&ins, one, beside hinumm5-hun, to anyone ; hramrna ? to
whom 7 beside hramrnC-h, to e-Jcryone; dat. sing. masc.
neut. pamma, to this, from an Indg. instrumental form
*tosm&fcp. Goth. P$$266 note) ; dat. sing. daga, lo a day,
from Indg. *dhogh&o r - 6 ; bafr&ima, we may bear, Indg.
-mb.
Piwi (gen. piujes), maid-servant, formed from "Pius (pl.
Piwbs), man-servant, like Skr. dgvf, goddess, from d6iv8;sI
god; frijiJndi, from *frijiJndi (fern.), fnend, cp. Skr. pres.
part. fem. bhhranti ; wili, from *wili, he will, cp. wilei-
ma, we wil/; nEmi, from *n5mi, he m 2 h t take, cp. nEmeis.
Cp. 5 154.
Examples of the latter a r e :-undar6, u~zder, cp. Skr.
adhar&d, below, Indg. ablative ending -Ed; of the same
origin is the -6 in adverbs like Piubj6, secretly, glaggw6,
accurately ; and in adverbs with the suffix .pr6 (5 348), a s
hrapr6, whence, pafir6, thence. Norn. tug@, tongue, hairt6,
heart, Indg. -5.
T h e preservation of the final aE in adverbs with the suffix
-drE (4 348) i s also d u e to the vowel having had originally
the ' slurred ' accent.
N O T E . - - L O ~vo%vels
~ remained in monosyllables, as nom.
fem. 66, the, this=Gr. Dor. & ; acc. fem. po=Gr. Dor. 76" ; nom.
acc. fern. pl. pGs=Skr. t6s.
They also remained in the final syllables of dissyllabic and
polysyIlabic words, when protected by a consonant which was
originally final or became final in Gothic, as nom. pl.wulfos=Skr.
vikEs, wolves; nom. pl. giblis from *geb8z, gifls, cp. Skr. &$vls,
mares; gen. sing. giblis from *gets8z ; dat. pi. giblim from
*3ebZimiz ; salbBs from *sal8lizi, thou anoinfesf ; fidw6r froin
*febwCriz, Indg. *qetwBres, four; nasidEs from *nazi&Sz,
thou didsf save, beside nasida, I saved; nGmeis from *nlmiz,
thou mighfest fake, beside nzmi, he migkf fake; nEmeip, ye might
fake ; managdiips, nbzrndatzce.
On final Iong vowcls when originally followed by a nasal, see
5 87.
c. Diphthongs.
Q 90. Originally final -ai became .a in polysyllables, as
b a f r a d a , he is borne = Gr. mid. +iperar ; bairanda, they a r e
borne=Gr. mid. +ipovrar ;faitra, before, cp. Gr. rrapai, beside.
Originally long diphthongs became shortened in final
syllables, a s a h t h u , from a n original form *okt6u, e k h t ;
dat. sing. gibhi, from *geb6i, older *ghebhiiY, to a grjc, cp.
Gr. xhp? for *xdpiic ; Bc{, to a goddess; dat. sing. s u n h u , to
a son, from loc. forrn *sunSu ; dat. sing. ansthi, to afavour,
gg g 1-41 Vowels of Accented Syllables 39
from locative form *anst& cp. Gr. =6X1? ; habAis, from
*Xab&C?(j)i~(i),
thou hast, habPiP, from *~ab@(j)id(i),
he has.
Nor~.-Gen. sing. anstkis, of ajavour, from Indg. .cis, -0%;
bairkis, Gr. +Cpo~s,Skr. bhiires, thou ntayest bear, Indg. -0:s ;
bairdi, Gr. +Epor, Skr. bhkrEt, he may beclr, Indg. -oit; gen.
sing. suntius, of a son, Indg. -eGs, -ofis.

CHAPTER VI

THE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF T H E

GOTHIC VOWEL-SOUNDS

I. S h o r t Vowels.
g 01. Gothic a = Germ. a, as fadar, faflzer ; a k r s , field;
tagr, tear; gasts,guest ; ahtPu, eight ;
band, he bound; nam, he took ; gaf,
he gave. Cp. 5 66.
g 02. Goth. ai = (1) Germ. e, as tal'ht~n,ten ; faihu, cattle ;
safhran, to see ; bairan, to bear.
Cp. 67.
= ( 2 ) Germ. i, as balrip, he bears ; paihum,
we tlzrove, pp. p a i h a n s ; l a i h ~ u m ,we
lent, pp. laihrans, Cp. $ 69.
Q 03. Goth. i = ( I ) Germ. i, as fisks,fish ; bitum, zoc /lit,
pp. bitans ; nimis, tltou takest ; bindan,
to birzd. Cp. S; 68.
= (2) Germ. e, as s w i s t a r , sister; hilpan,
to he& ; niman, to take ; giban, to give,
pp. gibans. Cp. $ 66.
8 94. Goth. a 6 = (I) Germ. o, as wafird, word; datihtar,
daughter; pp. tauhans, drawn. Cp.
g 70.
 Phonology [PP 95-109

= (a) Germ, u, as waftrms,worm ; wafirk-

jan, to work; tahhum, we drew. Cp.
g 73.
8 95. Goth. u = (I) Germ. U , as juggs,young; fralusts,
loss ; budum, we ofered ; bundum, we
bound, pp. bundans ; hulpum, we
helped. ~ p 8 .7 a .
= ( 2 )Germ. o, as juk, yoke ; pp. hulpans,
helped; pp. budans, ofered; pp.
numans, taken. Cp. 8s 62, 7 0 .

a. Long Vowels.
$ 00. Goth. % = Germ. a, as hahan, to hang; pfthta,
he thought; brahta, he brought. Cp.
$5 so, 7 4 .
5 97. Goth. b = (I) Germ. 5, as her, here; Era, country,
regon. Cp. $ 77.
= (a) Germ. 5, as qens, wfe ; gadsps, deed;
bErum, we bore; sEtum,we sat; slEpafi,
&sleep. Cp. 9 75.
5 08. Goth, ai = Germ. E(j), as saian, to sow; waian, to
blow. Cp. 76.
5 e9. Goth. ei = Germ. i, as seins, his; swein, pig;
steigan, to ascend. Cp. 4 78.
$ 1 0 0 . Goth. 6 = Germ. 6, as fotus,foot ; br6par, brother;
fijr, I fared, ztpent, pl. f6rum; saisii,
I sowed; stijjan, to judge. Cp. $8 79,
81.
QfOl. Goth. au = Germ. B(w),as staua,.judge, stauida, I
judged; bauan, to inhabit. Cp. 4 8 0 .
8 102. Goth. ii = Germ. 3, as riims, room ; psundi, thou-
sand; gaffikan, to lock, shut; jiihiza,
younger. Cp. f 89.
$3 1~3-6] Vowels of Medial Syllables 41

3. Diphthongs.
8 103. Goth. 6i = Germ. ai, as s a n s , stone ; wQit,
I h w ; stiiig, 1,he ascended; hfritan,
to name, call. Cp. Q 83.
4 104. Goth. iiu = (I) Germ. au, as Bugb, eye ; Bnkan, to
add, increase ; k h s , he chose, tested.
Cp. $ 64.
= (2) Germ. aw, as sniia, he hclsfened, inf.
sniwan ; mBuj5s, of a girl, nom.
mawi; tBujan, to do, pret. tawida.
Cp. 8 160.
Q 105 Goth. iu = (I) Germ. iu, as niujis, nezu ; liuhtjan,
to /@it ; kiusip, he chooses. Cp. $5 68,
86.
= (2) Germ. eu, as diups, deep ; fiuhap,
l&ht; fraliusan, to lose. Cp. $8 63,
86-6.
= (3) Germ. ew, iw, as kniu (gen. kniwis),
knee ; qius (gen. qiwis), quick, alive ;
stuns, stght, face. Cp. 5 160.

I. Short Vowels.
$ l O 8 . Goth. a = (x) Germ. a (5 59 and note), as acc. pl.
dagans, days, dat. pl. dagam ; niman,
to take ; nimam, we take ; nimand, they
take; acc. sing. hanan, cock, acc. pl.
hanans ; masc. acc. sing. blindana,
blrnd, dat. sing. blindamma ; manags.
many.
= (2) Germ, e, as ufar, over ; lvapar, which
of two; acc. sing. br6par, b r o t h
Cp. § so, 3.
42 Phonology LO§ 107- 1I

§ 107. Goth. i = (I) Germ. i, Indg. i (4 88), a s acc. pl.

gastins, guests, dat. pl. gastim; bat.
ists, best ; hardiza, harder.
= (2) Germ. i, Indg. e (§ 60,3), a s gen. sing.
dagis, of a day; h a rjis, of a n army ;
hanins, of a cock, dat. sing. hanin;
gen. pl. suniwE, of sons; nimis, thou
takest, nimip, he takes.
5 108. Goth. u = (I) Germ. u ($ 73), a s sunus, son, dat. pl.
sunum; acc. pl. brijpruns, bvothevs,
dat. pl. brijprum ; nEmun, they took.
= (2) Germ. w (5 150), as nom. pl. sunjus,
sons.
2. Long Vowels.
5 109. Goth. E = Germ. t% ($9 75, 80 note), a s nasides,
thou didst save, beside nasida, lie
saved ; dat. sing. hrammeh, to each.
Q 110. Goth. ei = (I) Germ. i ($$ 78, 89 note), a s sineigs,
old ; ace. sing. managein, multitude ;
nemeis, thou mkhtest take, beside
nemi, kc nz<jIzt take.
= (2) Germ. ij ($ 153), as nom. sing.
hafrdeis, slze~herd; nom. pl. gasteis,
guests.
= (3) Germ. i(j)i (5 163), as s6keis, fltou
seekest; gen. sing. hairdeis, of a slicp-
heud.
$111 Goth. 6 = Germ. 6 (4s 79, 89 note), as witiip, law;
nom. pl. dag6s, days; nom. acc. PI.
gibijs, grJfts, gen. sing. gibiis, dat. pl.
gibiim; fem. nom. acc. pl. blindijs,
blind; gen. sing. tuggiins, of a torzgue ;
salbiin, to anoint, salbiip, he anoints,
salboda, I anointed.
4s 112-151 Final Vowels 43
3. Diphthongs.
lla. Goth. Sli = (I) Germ. a i older e?, 05 (4 QO), a s
nimiis, thou mayest take ; gen. sing.
anstiis, of a favour.
= (2) Germ. &fj)i (4 go), a s habiis, f h o ~
hast ; habAip, he has.
8 113. Goth. hu = Germ. a u older 05 (5 00 note), as gen.
sing, sunhus, of a son.

C. FINALVOWELS.
I, S h o r t Vowels.
5 114. Goth. a = (I) Germ. 6 (5 89)) as nima, l t a k e ; nom.
sing, giba,grlft; nom. acc. pl. walirda,
words ; hairtijna, hearts ; acc. hrana,
whom, cp. h a n 6 h ; and similarly in
the acc. blindana, blind; ina, him;
pana, the, pata, the, that.
= (2)Germ. 5, Indg. E (4 89), a s hramma,
to whom, beside hramrneh ; and simi-
larly in daga, to a day ; irnrna, to him ;
nasida, he saved; iitana,frottz arithotct ;
nimsima, ure may take ; nsmeima, ale
nr(g11t fabe.
= (3) Germ. ijn (5 87, (I)), as acc. sing. giba,
gift; nasida, 1 saved.
= (4) Germ. e n or 6n ($ 87 (I)), as nom.
hana, cock, manna, man.
= (5) Germ. a i (4 go), bairada, he is b o v ~ ~ e
= Gr. mid. 4Cpcrar ; bafraza, tltou art
borne = Gr. mid. gipcar from *+ipcoar.
4 115. Goth. i = (I) Germ. i ($so), a s bandi, band; nEmi,
he mrglzt take, beside nemeis, thou
mighfest take.
 Phonology ($4 116-20

= (2) Germ. j (Q 166), as acc. sing. hari,

amty, hairdi, shepFEerd; kuni, g e n m -
ti0ion.
= (3) Germ. .ij. (8 164), as voc. hairdi,
shepherd.
$116. Goth, u = (I) Germ. u (4 88), as filu, much; acc.
sing. sunu, son ; faihu, cattle.
= (2) Germ. w (8 160 (z)),as skadus from
*skadwaz, shadow.

2. Long Vowels.
g 117. Goth. E = ( I ) Germ. &, Indg. e (g 801, as hidre,
lzithev; luadrS, whither.
= (2) Germ. e&n, Indg. Zm (8 87 (I)), as gen.
pl. dage, of days; gastE, of guests;
hanan E , of cocks.
$ 118. Goth. ei = Germ. ij (8 1641, a s imperative 2 pers.
sing. nasei, save thou; sijkei, seek
fhorr.
5 110. Gotli. 6 = (I) Germ. 8 ($ SO), as tugg8, tongue;
hafrt6, tzearf ; htaprij, whence ; ufarb,
frotn above ; Piubjij, secret&.
= (2) Germ. -6n((g 87 (I)), as gen. pl. gib6,
of &fs; tuggijnii, of tongues.

3. Diphthongs.
$ 120. Goth. Bi = ( I ) Germ. ai, as rnasc. nom. pl. blindhi,
blind, cp. piii (,Q 266).
= (2) Germ. ai older Bi (§ OO), as dat. sing.
ansthi, to afouour.
= (3) Germ. ai, Indg. ol (5 Qo note), as
nimhi, he rfzay take.
= (4) Germ. ai older iji, Indg. &Z ((g oo),
as dat. gibfii, to a pyt; izhi, to her.
$8 I z 1-21 Ablaut (VOW,!Gradahon) 45
{lax. Goth.&u= (I) Germ. au, Indg. Bu ($ OO), a s dat.
sing. suniiu, fo a son.
= (2) Germ. au, Indg. 6u (5 GO), as ahtClu,
er;Pht.

CHAPTER VII
ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION)
5 iaa. By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both
In stem and suffix, which was caused by the primitive
Indo-Germanic system of accentuation. See 5 32.
The vowejs vary within certaiit series of related vowels,
called ablaut-series. In Gothic, to which this chapter will
chiefly be limited, there are seven such series, which
appear most clearly in the stem-forms of the various classes
of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be distinguished
in a Gothic strong verb which has vowel gradation as the
characteristic mark of its different stems :-(I) the present
stem, to which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the
stem of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite
plural, to which also belongs the whole of the preterite
subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past participle.
By arranging the vowels according to these four stems,
we arrive at the following system :-
I.
..
11.
...
111, iv.
I. ei ai i(ai) i(ai)
11. iu au u(afi) u(aG)
I1 1. i(aij a u(a6) u(a6)
IV. i(af) a 6 u(aG)
V. i(ai) a B i(ai)
VI. a 6 6 a
VII. 6 b b cT
NoTE.--O~ the difference between i and af, see $$ 67, 69;
u and afi, see $$ 71, 73.
 Phonology
But although the series of vowels is seen most clearly
in the stem-forms of strong verbs, the learner must not
assume that ablaut occurs in strong verbs only. Every
syllable of every word of whatever part of speech contains
some form of ablaut. E.g.the sonantal elements in the
following stem-syllables stand in ablaut relation to each
other :-un-weis, unknowing, iporant : witan, to know ;
*leisan [Ibis (8 333), 1 know], to know: IAisareis, teacher:
lists, cunning, wile.
liufs, dear: ga-lhubjan, to believe : IubB, love; siuks, sick,
ill : safihts, sickness ; ana-biudan, to command : a n a -
b h n s , command; fra-liusan, lo lose : fra-lusts, loss.
bindan, to bind : bandi, band, bond : ga-bundi, bond;
rinnan, to run : rannjan (wv.), to let run : runs, a rrtnnrng,
rssue; pairsan, to be wifltered: pahrsnan, to become
withered : pa Grsus, withered.
bafran, to bear: barn, child: berusjBs, parents : bafir,
son ; qiman, to come : ga-qumps, a coming together, assem-
bly; man, I think : muns, thou,alzt; ga-tairan, to tear in
pieces: ga-tafira, a tear, rent; q i n 4 wontan : qens, w e ,
woman.
mitan, lo measure: us-mEt, manner of Ife, conrnton-
wealth ; giban, to give : gabei, wealth.
batiza, better : biita, advantage ; saps, full: ga.sapjan,
lo fill, satisfy ; dags, day : ahthu-d6gs (aj.), eiglit days old ;
frapjan, to understand : frijdei, undel-stallding ; graban, to
d k : griiba, ditch, hole.
mana-sEps, mankind, world, lit. man-seed: saian, to sow ;
ga.dGps, deed: dbms, judgment, cp. Gr. rl-Bqp~, I place,
put: Owp6s, heap ; waian, to blow : w6ds, raging, mad.
Examples of ablaut relation in other than stem-syllables
are :-
Nom. pl. anstei-s, favours : gen. sing. ansthi-s : acc, pl.
ansti-ns ; nom. pl. sunju-s (original form *suneu-es,$ 8 8 ) ,
sons : gen. sing. sunhu-s : acc. pl. sunu.ns ; fulgi-ns (aj.),
gp I 23-41 Ablaut (Vowel Gradatzon) 47
hidden : fulha-ns, pp. of filhan, to hide ; gen. sing. dagi.s,
day : ace, pl. d a g a - n s ; baira-my we bear: bafri-p, ye
bear = Gr. 4dpo-pav : +Cpc-~c; brbpa-r, brother : dat, sing.
brijpr, cp. Gr. n a 4 - p : dat. sar-p-i ; gen. sing. *aGhsi.ns,
of an o x : acc. pl. * a 6 h s a - n s : gen. pl. adhs-nE.
$123. In the following paragraphs will be given the
Germanic equivalents of the above seven ablaut series,
with one or two illustrations from Gothic. F o r further
examples see the various classes of strong verbs, 20s-
310.
Ablaut-series I.
4 124,
Gothic ei A ijar) i(ar)
Prim.Germ. i ai i i
steigan, to ascend sthig stigum stigans
peihan, to thrive pSih paihum P a i h a n s
NOTE.--Cp.the parallel Greek series r r r 8 o : r r i r o i 6 o : ZnrBov.
11.
Goth, iu Au u(ali) u(ab)
Prim. Germ. eu au u o
biugan, to bend baug bugum bugans
tiuhan, to lead tfiuh tauhum t a u h a n s
NOTE-I. On iu and eu, see 5s 83, 85-6; on u and o, see
$5 62. 70. 2. Cp. Gr. c'Ac6(B)lropa~ (fut.) : tiAtjAou8u : +UBOW.

Goth. i(ai)
1'rim.Germ. e, i
hilpan, to herp h a l p hulpum hulpans
bindan, to bind band bundum bundans
wairpan, to become w a r p walirpum w a 6 r p a n s
NOTE.-I. On e and i,see 80 (I) ; on o and u, see $9 82,70.
2. To this class belong all strong verbs having a medial
nasal or liquid +consonant, and a few others in which the vowel
is followed by two consonants other than nasal or liquid i- con
sonant. 3. Cp. Gk. &iprtOrub : b i d o o x n : ?apartor ; ~ i ~ a:an k, o p $ a .
48 Phonology C§ 124

Goth. i(ai) a e u(ai5)

Prim. G e r m . e a 6 o
niman, to take nam nbmum numans
bairan, to bear bar bbrum bafirans
NOTE.-I. On i and e, see 9 66; i5 and 5,see 4 76 ; n and o,
see 3 70.
2. T o this class belong all strong verbs whose stems end in
a single liquid or a nasal.
2. Cp. Gr. & v o : rovrj : pI-rvo ; Bipo : Bop& : G ~ - 8 n ~ - ~ C v o r .

v.
Goth. i(ai) a P- i(ai)
Prim. G e m . e a e
giban, to H e gaf gbbum gibans
saihran, to see sahr siS?hrum saihrans
NOTE.-I. On i and e, see 4 66 ; E and 8, see 3 75.
2. T o this class belong strong verbs whose stems end in
a single consonant other than a liquid or a nasal.
3 Cp. Gk. ~ i r o ~ :a crrdrpos : r'-xr-drrjv ; r p i n m : rC-rpo+a : rpci-
ni~enl.

VI.
Goth. a 6 5, a
Prim.Germ. a 6 6 a
faran, to go f6r f6rum farans
slahan, to sfvike sl6h sl6hum slahans
NoTE.--T~~ stems of verbs belonging to this class end in
a single consonant.
VII.
Goth. e(ai) 6 6 b(ai)
6 6
-
Prirn.Gerrn. cr? Be
letan, to let lai-l6t laf.lijtum letans
saian, to sow sag-sB saf-s6um saians
NOTE.-I. On i and ai, see $9 76-6.
a. Cp. Gk.i-7-ri : Dor. d+-Cu-~a; rl-8qyu : Bwpdr.
6 1251 Ablaut (Vowel Gradation) ' 49

$ 126. The ablaut-series as given in 4 124 have, for

practical reasons, been limited to the pl~asesof ablaut
as they appear in the various classes of strong verbs.
From an 1ndo.Germanic point of view the series I-V
belong to one and the same series which underwent in
Germanic various modifications upon clearly defined lines.
What is called the sixth ablaut-series in the Gertnanic
languages is really a mixture of several original series,
owing to several Indg. vowel-sounds having fallen together
in prim. G ~ r m a n i c; thus the a, which occurs in the present
and the past participle, corresponds to three Indg. volvels,
viz. a f$ 301, o (8 3B), and a ($ 41) ; and the 5 in the pre-
terite corresponds to Indg. ii ($42) and Indg. 5 ($ 45). In
a few isolated cases there are also phases of ablaut which
do not manifest themselves in the various parts of strong
verbs, as e, g. acc. pl. *auhsa-ns, oxen: gen. pl. afihs-ne,
where the vowel disappears altogether, as in Gr. ri~opac:
i-r~-6pqv;slaGhts, slaughler : slahan (VI), to slay ; lats,
slothful : Istan (VI I), to lei ; rapjii, number, accourzt : redan
(VII),to counsel; liikan, to lock: pret. sing 1Suk (II),which
is an aoristepresent like Gr. T;+w, rp$w, another similar
aorist-present form is t r u d a n (IV), to f w d . For the
phases of ablaut which do not occur in the various parts
of strong verbs, and for traces of ablaut-series other than
those given above, the student slior~lclconsult Brugmann's
Kuree vergleiclzende Graltrtitatrk dtv- ;)r,ioger~~:aitlsr/ it2

Spl-ucirett, pp, 138 50.

 CHAPTER VIII
THE FIRST SOUND-SHIFTING, VERNER'S
LAW, A N D O T H E R C O N S O N A N T C H A N G E S
WHICH 'TOOK P L A C E I N T H E P R I M I T I V E
G E R M A N I C LANGUAGE
$126. T h e first sound-shifting, popularly called Grimm's
Law, refers to the changes which the Indo-Germanic
explosives underwent in the period of the Germanic
primitive community, i. e. before the Germanic parent
language became differentiated into the separate Germanic
languages :-Gothic, 0. Norse, 0. EngIish, 0. Frisian,
0. Saxon I= 0. Low German), 0. Low Franconian ( 0 .
Dutch), and 0. High German.
T h e Indo-Germanic parent language had the following
system of consonants :-
LABIAL.
3 tenues

i
P
.,$ mediae b
4 tenues aspiratae ph
3
rr] mediae aspiratae b h
. \

voiceless
'piran' {
voiced
Nasals m
Liquids
Scmivo wels W (u)
NOTE.-I. Explosives are consonants which are formed with
complete closure of the mouth passage, and may be pronounced
with or without voice, i. e. with or without the vocal cords
being set in action; in the former case they are said to be
voiced (e. g. the mediae), and in the latter voiceless (e.g. the
tenues). The aspirates are pronounced like the simple tenues
and mediae followed by an h, like the Anglo-Irish pronuncia-
tion o f t in tell.
The ~ a l a t a explosives
l are formed by the front or middle of
 The First Sound-slz~iing
the tongue and the roof of the mouth (hard palate), like g, k (c)
in English get, good, kid, could; whereas the velars a r e
formed by the root of the tongue and t h e soft palate (velum).
T h e latter do not occur in English, but a r e common in Hebrew,
and are often heard in the Swiss pronunciation of German. In
the parent Indo-Germanic language there were two kinds of
velars, viz. pure velars and velars with lip rounding. T h e pure
velars fell together with the Indg. palatals in Germanic, Latin.
Greek, and Keltic, but were kept apart in the Aryan and
Baltic-Slavonic languages. T h e velars with lip rounding appear
in the Germanic languages partly with and partly without
labialization, see 4 134. T h e palatal and velar nasals only
occurred before their corresponding explosives, hk, lig; qq,
08, &c-
2. Spirants a r e consonants formed b y the mouth passage
being narrowed a t one spot in such a manner that the outgoing
breath gives rise to a frictional sound at the narrowed part.
z only occurred before voiced explosives, e. g. *nizdos = Lat.
nidus, English n e s t ; "ozdos I Gr. Btos, Goth. a s t s , bozrgh.
j was like the widely spread North German pronunciation of
j in ja, not exactly like the y in English yes, which is generally
pronounced without distinct friction. j occurred very rarely in
the prim. Indo-Germanic language. In the Germanic, a s in
most other Indo-Germanic languages, the frictional element
in this sound became reduced, which caused it to pass into the
so-called semivowel.
3. T h e nasals and liquids had t h e functions both of vowels
and consonants (8 35).
4. T h e essential difference between the so-called semivowels
and full vowels is that the latter always bear the stress (accent)
of the syllable in which they occur, e. g. in English c6w, s t a i n
the first element of the diphthong is a vowel, the second a con-
sonant; but in words like French rwb (wntten roi), bj&r
(written bihe), the first element of the diphthong is a con-
sonant, the second a vowel. I n consequence of this twofold
function, a diphthong may be defined as the cornbination of
a sonantal with a consonantal vowel. And it is called a falling
or rising diphthong according as the stress is upon the first or
second element. I n this book the second element of diphthongs
E 2
52 Phonology [§ 127

is written i, u when the first element is the bearer of the stress,

thus bi, bu, &c., but when the second element has the stress
the first element is written j, w, thus 36,w6, &c.
5. In the writing down of prim. Germanic forms the signs
p (= th in Engl. thin), & (= th in Engl. then), 8 (= a bilabial
spirant, which may be pronounced like the v in Engl. vine),
5 (- g often heard in Gern~ansagen), x (==NHG. ch and the
ch in Scotch loch).
5 127. In the following tables of the normal equivalents
of the Indg. explosives in Latin, Greek, and the Germanic
languages, Table I contains the Indg. tenues p, t, k, the
mediae b, d, g and the pure velars q, 9. Table I1 contains
the Indg. mediae aspiratae and the velars q, 0 with
labialization. The equivalents in the Germanic languages
do not contain the changes caused by Verner's Law, &c.
T h e East Franconian dialect is taken as the normal
for OHG.
T h e following points should be noticed :-
(I) T h e Indg. tenues p, t, k and the mediae b, d, g
generally remained unchanged in Latin and Greek. ,

(2) The pure velars (q, 8)fell together with the palatals
k, g in Latin and Greek. They became X, k in prim.
Germanic, and thus fell together with the X, k from Indg.
k, g.
(3) T h e pure velar gh fell together with the original
palatal gh in Latin and Greek.
(4) The Indg. mediae aspiratae became in prehistoric
Latin and Creek tenues aspiratae, and thus fell together
with the original tenues aspiratae.
(5) The Indg. tenues aspiratae became voiceless spirants
in prim. Germanic, and thus fell together with the voice-
less spirants from the Indg. tenues. See $130.
(6) In Latir: Indg. q with labialization became qu, rarely
c. g with labialization became v (but gu after n, and g
when the labialized element had been lost, as gravis =
Gr. pap$, heavy).
 The First Sound-slziJtit?g
Indg. ph, bh became f initially and b medially.
Indg. th, dh became f initially, b medially before and
after r, before 1 and after u (w), in other cases d.
Indg. kh, gh became h initially before and rnedially
between vowels; g before and after consonants, and f
before II (w).
Indg. qh, gh with labialization Lecame f initially, v
rnedially except that after n they becatne gu.
(7) In Greek Indg. q, 9 wit11 labialization became m, 8
before non-palatal vowels (except u) and before consonants
(except Indg. j) ; T , S before palatal vowels ;and K, y before
and after U.
Indg. ph, bh became Q, ; th, dl1 became 0 ; and kh, gh
became x.
Indg. qh, ~h with labialization became Q, before non-
palatal vowels (except U) and before consonants (except
Indg. j); 0 before palatal vowels; and x before and
after U.
(8) When two consecutive syllables would begin with
aspirates, the first was de-aspirated in prehistoric times in
Sanskrit and Greek, as Skr. blndhanam, a binding, Goth.
OE. bindan, OHG. bintan, to bind; Skr. bedhati, he
learns, is awake, Gr. .rraliOcrar, he asks, inquires, Goth. ana-
biudan, OE. bEodan, to bid, OHG. biotan, to om, root
bheudh-; Gr. rav0l;hqI a swelling, OE. gund, OHG. gunt,
tnatter, pzcs; Gr. 8pL5, hair, gen. T ~ L X ;~ Sxw,
S I have, fut. 250.
(9) In OHG. the prim. Germanic explosives p, t becanic
the affricatae pf, tz (generally written ze, z), initially, as
also medially after consonants, and when doubled. But
prim. Germanic p, t, k became the double spirants ff, 3q,
hh (also written ch) medially between vowels and finally
after vowels. 'The double spirants were simpIified to
f, 3, h when they became final or came to stand before
other consonants, and also generally rnedially when pre-
ceded by a long vowel or diphthong.
 Phonology
TABLE I.

Indg. Latin Greek G?r- Gothic

rnanlc
OE. ( OHG.
P P lr f f f
--- ---- I
-
t t T P P P d
---
k, q C K x h, x h, x h, X
P -- --
b b B P P P ~ f ff,
-
-- --- -- --

d d 8 t t t 2, %3
->-

g,9 1 g
p--

Y
p--p

t 1 k I c k , h h
I

TABLE 11.

Latin Greek I Ger- 1

rnanlc Gothic OE. OHG.

hw, h ( h ) ~h,

CW, C qu; k, hh
§ 1281 The First Sound-shftitzg 55
8 ias. The Indg. tenues p, t, k, q, became in prim. Ger-
manic the voiceless spirants f, p, x, xkw).
p > f . Lat. pgs, Gr. roo's, Goth. fitus, OE. OS. f6t,
OHG, fuol;, 0.Icel. fotr, foot ; Lat, pecu, Goth. faihu,
OE. feoh, 0s. fehu, OHG. fihu (fehu), 0.Icel. E,cattle ;
Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks, 0s. OHG. fisk, OE. fisc, 0.Icel.
fiskr, j s h ; Lat. nepos, Goth. *nifa, OE. nefa, OHG.
nefo, O.Icel. nefe, nephew ; Lat. clep6, Gr. K ~ ~ W T WI, steal,
Goth. hlifan, to steal.
t>P. Lat. trEs, Gr. rpeis, Goth. *preis, OE. pri, 0s.
thria, O.Icel. prir, OHG. dri, flzree; Lat. tu, Gr. Dor. TL,
Goth. pu, OE. 0.Icel. Pii, 0s. thii, OHG. dii, thou; Lat.
vert6, Iturn, Goth. wairpan, OE. weor?ian, 0s.werthan,
O.Icel. veraa, OHG. werdan, to become; Lat. frgter,
Goth. briipar, OE. brijBor, OS. brijthar, 0.Icel. brijbir,
OHG. bruoder, brother.
k>x. Lat. canis, Gr. ~Gov,Goth. hunds, OE. OS. hand,
0.Icel. hunclr, OI-IG. hunt, hound, dog; Lat. cor (gen.
cordis), Gr. Kap8Lii, Goth. hairt6, OE. heorte, OS. herta,
O.Icel. hjarta, ONG. herza, Izeart; Lat. decem, Gr. ~ ~ K C X ,
Goth. tafhun, 0s. tehan, OHG. zehan, ten ; Lat. pecu,
Goth. faihu, cattle; Lat, diic6, I lead, Goth. tiuhan, 0s.
tiohan, OHG. ziohan, to draw, lead.
q > X (xw). Lat. capi6, I take, Goth. hafjan, OE, hebban,
0s. hebbian, OHG. heffen, 0.Icel. hefja, to raise; Lat.
clepij, Gr. KXCITTW,I steal, Goth. hfifan, to sfeal ; Lat. vinc6,
1 conquer, Goth. weihan, OHG. wihan, to fight; Lat.
can6, Ishzg, Goth. hana, OE. hana, hona, O.Ice1. hane,
0s. OHG. hano, cock, lit. si~ger.
Lat. quis, Goth. has, OE. hw8, OS. hw5, OHG. hwer
(wer), wlto?; Lat. linqu6 (pf. liqui), Gr. Xrlnw (from
*leiqij), I leave, Goth. leihran, OE. leon (from *iihan),
OHG. lihan, to lend.
NOTE.-I. The Indg. tenues remained unshifted in the
combination s + tenues.
 Phonology
s p : Lat. spuere, Goth. speiwan. OE. OS. OHG.spiwan, to
von~if;Lat. con.spici6, I look at, OHG. spehsn, to spy.
s t : Gr. =rlXo, I go, Lat. vestigium, foobtep, Goth. steigan,
OE. 0s. 01-IG. stigan, 0.Icel. stiga, to ascend; Lat. est, Gr.
amt, Goth. 0 s . OFIG. ist, is; Lat. hostis, sf~a~zger, enemy,
Goth. gasts, 0.Itel. gestr, OE. giest, 0s. OMG. gast, guest.
s k : Gr. U K L ~ ,shadow, Goth. skeinan, OE. OS. OHG. scinan,
0.Icel. skina, to shirie; Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks, OE. fisc, 0s.
OHG. fisk, 0.Icel. fiskr,/Fsh.
sq: Gr. Buo-u~dos, sarri/icing priest, Goth. *skaggwGn, OE.
sciiawian, 0s. scanw6n, OHG. scouw6n, to look, &.
2. The t also remained in the Indg. combinations pt, kt, qt.

pt>ft : Gr. KXCUTYS, Goth. hliftus, thief; Lat. neptis, grand-

daughter, niece, OE. OHG. nift, niece.
k t > x t : Gr. &KT$, Lat. o c t 6 Goth. ahthu, OE. eahta, 0s.
OHG. ahto, right ; Gr. 6 - p c r r d s , stvefched out, Lat. rzctus, Goth.
rafhts, OE. riht, 0s. OHG. reht, nkhf, stratghf.
qt>xt : gen. sing. Gr. V U K T ~ S , Lat. noctis, norn. Goth. nahts,
OE. neaht, OS. OI-IG. naht, night.
5 129. The Indg. mediae b, d, g, became the tenues
P, tt k, k(kw).
b > p. 0. Bulgarian slabit, slack, weak, Goth. slbpan,
OE. s l s p a n , OS. s l l p a n , OHG. slafan, to sleep, originally
to be slack; Lat. Iiibricus for *sliibricus, sl+pety, Goth.
sliupan, OE. sliipan, O I I G , sliofan, to sl$; Lithua-
nian dubhs, Goth diups, OE. dZop, 0s. diop, 0.Icel.
djiipr, O H G . tiof, deep; Lithuanian trobB, house,
related to Goth. patirp, field, OE, porp, 0s. thorp,
O H G . dorf, village. b was a rare sound in the parent
language.
d>t. Lat. decem, Gr. SLKO, Goth. taihun, 0.Icel. tio,
OE. tien, 0s. t e h a n , OIIG. zehan, ten ; gen. Lat. pedis,
Gr. ~ 0 8 6 4 , nom. Goth. flitus, 0.Icel. fGtr, OE. 0s. fot,
O H G . fuo3,foot ; Lat. diic6, I lead, Goth. tiuhan, to draw,
lead; Gr. rapsla, Lat. gen. cordis, Goth. hairt6, heart;
Lat. videre, to see, Goth. OE. 0s. witan, O.Ice1. vita,
 The Fz rst Sou~rd-shgiing
OHG. wiqqan, to know; tat. edere, Goth. itan, OE. OS.
etan, 0.Icel. eta, OHG. eggam, to cat.
g > k . Lat. genu, Gr. yivo, Goth. kniu, OE. cnEo, 0s.
OHG. kneo, 0.Icel. knE, Rn~e; Lat. gust6, I fasfe, Gr.
ye6w, I lei taste, Goth. kinsan, OE. cEosan, 0s. OEIG.
kiosan (keosan), 0.Icel. kjosa, to best, choose : Lat. ager,
Gr. dypds, Goth. akrs, OE. zcer, 0s. a k k a r , OHG.
ackar,field, land; Lat. eg6, Gr. iyd, Goth. 0s. ik, OE.
ic, 0.Icel. ek, OHG. ih, I.
g>k(kw). Lat. geIu, frost, Goth. kalds, OE. ceald,
OS. kald, OHG. kalt, O.Icel, Laldr, cold ; Lat. augEre,
Goth. &ukan,O.Icel. auka, OS.6kian (wv.), OHG. oubh6n
(wv.), to add, iitcrense, cp. also OE. part. adj. Eacen, great ;
1-at.jugum, Gr. Suydv, Goth. juk, OF:, geoc, OHG. joh,yoke.
Gr. plos from *g'iwos, lfe, Lat. b%vos(*gwiwos), Goth.
qius (gen. qiwis), OE. cwicu, OS. quik, OHG. quec,
0.fceI. kvikr, quick, alizle; Gr. 8 a 1 ~for *@a+, older
" P ~ ~ J Iwg,o , Lat. veni6 for *gweta?i6, I conte, Indg. form
*gmjt;, Goth. qiman, OHG. quemmn, OE. OS. cuman,
0.Icel. koma, to come ; Skr. gurit$, Gr. gap&, from *gr-rus,
Lat. gravis, Goth. kaGrus from prim. Germ. *k(w)uruz,
heavy; Gr. +e@os, Goth. riqis (stem riqiza.), prim. form
-regos, davkrtess; Gr. Boeotian $av% Goth. qin6, OE.
cwene, OS. OHG. quena, woman, wfe.
$ 130. The Indg. tenues aspiratae became voiceless
spirants in prim. Germanic, and thus fell together with
and underwent all further changes in common with the
voiceless spirants which arose from the Indg. tenues
(5 B E ) , the latter having also passed through the inter-
mediate stage of tenues aspiratae before they became
spirants. The tenues aspiratae were, however, of so rare
occurrence in the prim. Indg. language that two or three
examples must suffice for the purposes of this book; for
further examples and details, the learner should consult
Brugmann's Gtwndriss dev vergleichenden Granzmafik der
58 Phonology I§§
131-2

indogemanischm S'rachen, vol. I :-Skr. root sphal., run

violently against, 0.Icef. falla, OS. OHG, fallan, OE,
feallan, to fall; Gr. d-u~qefis,u n h ~ r t ,Goth. skapjan, OE.
sceppan, OHG. skadijn, to injure; Gr. q L S w , I split,
Goth. skiidan, OE. sc2dan, OHG. sceidan, to divide,
separate ; +&LArl,O.1cel. hvalr, OE. hwael, OHG. (h)wal,
whale; Skr. kvMhati, it boils, Goth, hrapjan, iofoam.
$ 131. The Indg. mediae aspiratae probably became first
of all the voiced spirants 8,d, 3, g(w). For the further
development of these sounds during the prim. Germanic
period see $9 132,133.
$ 132. 8, d initially, and 8, U, g medially after their
corresponding nasals, became the voiced explosives
b, d, g:-
b. Goth. bairan, OE. 0s. OHG. beran, 0.Icel. bera,
to bear, Skr. bhArHmi, Gr. +Cpo, Lat. fer6, I bear; Goth.
beitan, 0.Icel. bita, OE. OS. bitan, OHG. bi&qan, to bite,
Skr. bhedlmi, Lat. finds, I cleave; Goth. brcpar, OE.
br68or, 0s. brijthar, OHG. bruoder, O.Icel. br6'6ir,
Skr. bhrgtare, Lat. frster, brofIzer, cp. also Gr. +pdrcip,
+p&~op.
Goth. *kambs, OE. camb, OHG. camb (chamb), 0.Icel.
kambr, comb, Skr. j h b h a s , tooth, Gr. ydp+os, bolt, nail,
prim. form *gombhos.
d. Goth. dags, OE. d e g , 0s. dag, O.Ice1. dagr, OHG.
tag, day, Slir. ni-daghis, older *ni.dhSghAs, hot seasoti,
summer, Indg. form *dhoghos; Goth. ga.dEps (stem ga-
dPdi-), OE. d s d , 0 s . dsd, O.lcel. d8'6, OHG. t%, deed,
related to Gr. Oi-cu, Ishallplace, Skr. dhgma, law, dwelliwg
place, rt. dh&; Goth. dahhtar, OE. dohtor, OS. dohter,
OHG. tohter, Gr. Ovyd~-qp,daztgIiter.
Goth. OE. OS. bindan, 0.lcel. binda, OHG. bintan,
lo bind, Skr. bhndhanam, a binding, cp. Gr. acvOrp6s, father-
in-law, Lat. of-fendimenturn, chin-cloth, rt bhendh..
g. Goth. aggwus, OE. enge, 0s. OHG. engi, narrow,
$1331 The first bSSuund-shifing 59
c p Lat. angii, Gr. Zyxw, P $uess 2'&ht, rt. afigh-; Goth.
laggs, OE. lang, long, OS. OHG. lang, 0.Icel. langr,
Lat. longus, long.
+§133, b, b, g remained in other positions, and their
further development belongs to the history of the separate
Germanic languages. I n Goth, b, d (written b, d) re-
mained medially after v o ~ ~ e lbut
s , became explosives (b, d)
after consonants. They became f, P finally after vowels
and before final -s. g remained medially between vowels,
and medially after vowels b e h e voiced consonants, but
became x (written g) finally after vowels and before final
.s. It became g initially, and also niedially after voiced
consonants. See 5s 166-a. In O.Icel. b (written f ) re-
mained medially between and finally after voiced sounds,
but became f before voiceless sounds. b (written 8 ) gene-
rally remained medially and finally. 5 remained rnedially
after vowels and liquids, but became x and then disappeared
finally. It became g initially. d became d in all the West
Germanic languages and then d became t in OHG. In
OE. b (generally written f ) remained between voiced sounds,
but became voiceless f finally. g remained in the oldest
period of the language. In 0s. b (written b, b) generally
remained between voiced sounds. It became f rnedially
before 1 and n, and before voiceIess consonants, arid also
finally. g (written g ) remained initially and rnedially, but
became x finally, although it was generally written g. I n
OHG. b, g became b, g. Geminated bb, db, gg, of what-
ever origin, became bb, dd, gg in the prehistoric period of
all the Germanic languages. Examples are :-Goth. *nibls,
0s. nebal, OHG. nebul, Lat. nebula, Gr. vc+Aq, mist,
cloud, cp. Sltr. nfrbhas, Gr. vi+os, cloud; Goth. liufs, 0.
Icel.
Ijiifr, OE. leof, 0s. liof, OHG. liob, dear, original form
*leubhos, cp. Skr. 16bhyami, Ifeel a sfuo?tg desire, Lat.
lubet (libet), if pleases; OE. 0s. iider, OHG. iiter, Skr.
Gdhar, Gr. o&p, udder; Goth. rfrups, 0.lcel. rauar, OE.
rsad, OS. riid, OHG. r5t, prim. form *roudhos, cp. Skr.
rndhirhs, Gr. L-puBpdn, prim. form *rudhros, red; Goth.
OE. guma, 0.Icel. gume, 0s. OHG. gumo, Lat. hom6,
prim. stem-form*ghomon., -en-, man ; OE. gBs, 0.Icel. gas,
OHG. gans, Gr. x l j v , goose ; OE. OS. 01-3G. wegan, Goth.
ga.wigan, 0.Icel. vega, to trzove, cany, Lat. vehii, prim.
form *weghii, I carry; Goth. gasts, OE. giezt, 0.Icel.
gestr, OS. OHG. gast, guest, Lat. hostis, s i r a t l p , enemy,
prim. form *ghostis; Goth. steigan, 0.Icel. stiga, OE.
0s. OHG. stigan, to ascend, Gr. mc~xo, prim. form
*steighB, I go, cp. Lat. vestigium, footstep.
NO=.--g was dropped in the initial combination gw=Ihdg.
gh, as Goth. warmjan, to warm,OE. wearm,OS. ONG. warm,
warm, Skr. gharmls, Gk.Beppds, Lat. formus, warm.
4 184. From the examples given in $4 128-33, it will be
seen that the Germanic sounds, which arose from the Indg.
velars, appear partly with and partly without labialization.
In the latter case they fell together with prim. Germ. X, k, g
from Indg. k, g, gh, cp. e. g. Goth. hafjan (q), kalds (g),
gasts (gh), beside Goth. hund (k), kniu (g), guma'(gh).
The conditions for this twofold development of the Indg.
velars in theGermanic languages havenotyet been definitely
ascertained for all cases. It is, however, now pretty certain
that the parent Indg. language contained two series of
velars: ( I ) Pure velars which never had labialization. These
velars fell together with the palatals in the Germanic,
Greek, Latin, and Keltic languages, but were kept apart in
the Aryan and Baltic-Slavonic languages. (2) Velars with
labialization. These velars appear in the Germanic lan-
guages partly with and partly without labialization ; in the
latter case they also fell together with prim. Germ. X, k, 3
which arose from Indg. k, g, gh. The most commonly
accepted theory is that the Indg. labialized velars q, 8,911
regularly became X I k, g in prim. Germ. before Indg. 6,6,
o (=Germ. a 8 39)' and ~ w kw, , g w before Indg. 8, ?, a,
46 13s-61 v e r n e h Law 6I
a,&(=Germ. 8 5 4a) ; and that then the law became greatly
obscured during the prim. Germ. period through form-
transference and levelling out in various directions, a s
Goth. qam, O H G . quam, prim. form *goma, I came, for
Goth. OHG. *kam after the analogy of Goth. qima, O H G .
quimu, original form *gemZi, I come; Goth. has, who? =
Indg. *qos, for *has after the analogy of the gen. Ms =
Indg. *qeso, &.c.
NOTE.--In several words the Indg. velars, when preceded or
followed by a w or another labial in the same word, appear in
the,Gern~a~zic languages as labials by assimilation. The most
important examples are:-Goth. wulfs. OE. 0s. wulf, 01-IG.
wolf, 0.Icei. ulfr Gr. X ~ K O Sfor * ,F~I~Kos,prim. form *wiqos,
cp. Skr. vfkas, zuolf; Goth. fidw6r, OE.Eower (but fyper-Ete,
forrr-joottd),0s. OHG. fior, prim. form *qetw&res,cp. Lithua-
nian keturi, I-at. quattuor, Gr. ~ i u u a p a s ,Skr. catvgras; Goth.
fimf, OE. 0s. fif, OHG. fimf (finf) from 'fimfi, prim. forr~i
*peqqe, cp. Skr. ptknca, Gr. r i v r r , Lat. qainque (for *pinquc),
Jive; OHG. wulpa, she-zuolf, from *wulbi, prim. form *wlqf,
cp. Skr. v l k f ; Goth. wairpan. OE. weorpan, OS. werpan,
OHG. werfan, 0.Icel. verpa, to fhrow, cp. 0. Bulgarian vriga,
1 throw; OE. swZpan, OIIG. sweifan, to swing, cp. Lithuanian
swaikse, I become dissy.
8 136. Various theories have been propounded a s to the
chronological order in which the Indg. tenues, tenucs
aspiratae, mediae, and mediae aspiratae, were changed by
the first sound-shifting in prim. Germanic. But not one of
these theories is satisfactory. Only so much is certain
that a t the time when the Indg. mediae became tenues, the
Indg, tenues must have been on the way to becoming
voiceless spirants, otherwise the two sets of sounds would
have fallen together.
Verner's Law.
t 6 138. After the completion of the first sound-shifting,
and while the principal accent was not yet confined t o the
 Phonology
root-syllable, a uniform interchange took place between the
voiceless and voiced spirants, which may be thus stated :-
The medial o r final spirants f, P, X, xw, s regularly
became 8, &, 3, gw, z when the vowel next preceding them
did not, according to the original Indg. system of accentua-
tion, bear the principal accent of the word.
The b, &, g, gw which thus arose from Indg. p, t, k, q
underwent in the Germanic languages all further changes
in common with the b, 6,g, JW from Indg. bh, dfr, gh,gh.
Verner's law manifests itself most clearly in the various
forms of strong verbs, where the infinitive, present parti-
ciple, present tense, and preterite (properly perfect) singular
had the principal accent on the root-syllable, but the indic.
pret. plural, the pret. subj. (properly optative), and past
participle had the principal accent on the ending, as prim.
Germ. *wCrp6 > OE. weorpe, I become = Skr. vArt8-mi,
I turn, pret. 3 sing. *wtirpi > OE. wearp, he becanit = Skr.
va-vtirta, has turned, pret. I pl. *wurbumi > OE. *wurdum
fwurdon is the 3 pers. pl. used for all persons) Skr. --
va-vrtimb ; past part. *wurbanB. > OE. worden = Skr.
va-vrtanb.; OS. birid = Skr. bhgrati, he bears, Goth, 2
sing. indic. pass. bafraza =Skr. bhirasE. Goth. bafrand,
O H G.berant = Skr. bhiiranti, they bear; present participle
Goth. bairands,O.Icel. berandi, OE, berende, OS. berandi,
OIIG. beranti, Gr. gen. + l p o v ~ o s . Or to take examples
from noun-forms, &c., we have e. g. Skr. pittir., Gr. u a ~ C ~ -
= prim. Germanic *fadCr-,Goth.fadar, OE. fader, 0.Icel.
faair, 0s. fader, OHG. fater,father ; Gr. wkords, floating,
szuimmi~rg,Goth. fl6dus, OE. OS. fliid, 0.Icel. flijrb, OHG.
fluot,flaod, tide; Skr. qathm, Gr. h-~ardv, Lat. centurn =
prim. Germanic "Xunb6m,older *Xum&6m,Goth. OE. 0s.
hund, OHG. hunt, hundred ; Indg. *swCkuros, Goth.
swaihra, OHG. swehur, father-in-law, beside Gr. Irup8,
OE. sweger, OHG. swigar, mother-in-law; Gr. GCwa, Goth.
taihun, OS. tehan, OHG. zehan, ten, beside Gr. Scuds,
f 1371 Yemegs Law 63
OE. 0s. -tig, OHG. - z u ~Goth. , pl. tidus, decade; Skr.
sapti, Gr. am&,Goth. sibun, OE. seofon, 0s. sibun, OIIG.
sibun,seven; prim. Germ. *jugg%s,Goth. juggs, 0s. OHG,
lung, young, beside Goth. jiihiza from *jurjXiz8,younger
($9 62, 142) ; Gr. vu6p from *vvuuds, OE. snoru, OHG.
snura, daughter-in-law; OHG. haso beside OE. hara,
hare; Goth. %us5beside OE. Care, ear.
The combinations sp, st, sk,SS, ft, fs, hs, and ht were
not subject to this law.
NoTE.--T~~ prim. Germanic system of accentuation was like
that of Sanskrit, Greek, &c., i. e. the principal accent could fall
on any syllable; it was not until a later period of the prim.
Germanic language that the principal accent was confined to
the root-syllable. See 4 32.
$137. From what has been said above it follows that
the interchanging pairs of consonants due to Verner's law
were in prim. Germanic : f-8, p-d, s-z, X-g, xw-gw,
In Gothic the regular interchange between the voiceless
and voiced spirants in the forms of strong verbs was, with
two or three exceptions, given up by levelling out in favour
ofthe voiceless spirants. In this respect the West-Germanic
languages show an older stage than Gothic.
I-b. Goth. parf, I need, pl. paGrbum ; OHG. heffen, to
raise, huobun, gihaban, but Goth. hafjan, hijfum, hafans.
F b . Goth. frapjan, to understand, frijdei (d=dl, under-
standing ; OE. weorpan, to become, wurdon, worden, but
Goth. wairpan, wadrpum, walirpans; OE. snipan, to cut,
snidon, sniden, but Goth. sneipan, snipum, snipans.
S-z. Prim. Germ. "k6us6, I test, pret. I pl. 'kuzumf,
pp. *kuzanQ.; OE. csosan, to choose, curon, coren, but
Goth. kiusan, kusum, kusans.
The West-Germanic languages and Old Norse regularly
developed this z to r. Cp. also Goth. Qusii,ear, beside OE.
*are, OS. OHG. 6ra, 0.Icei. eyra.
X-3. Goth. Qih, Ihave, pl. higum (g=g) ; Goth. faheps,
64 Phonology [§ 138

gladness, faginan, to be g l a d ; hiihrus (4s 62,142), hunger,

huggrjan, to hunger; filhan, to hide, fulgins (adj.), hidden ;
jtihiza ($5 62,142), younger, juggs, yousg ; OE. tCon (from
*tEohan, to draw, tugon, togen, but Goth. tiuhan, tatihum,
taGhans; OE. slGan (from *sleahan), to smite, sltigon,
slzegen, but Goth. slahan, sl6hum, slahans.
xw-gw. Prim. Germ. sCXwan-,to see, pret. I pl. *sCgw.
umi, pp. "segwank., cp. OE. s e o n from *seo(hw)an,
s s g o n , sewen, but Goth. saihran, sEhmm, saihrans.
g w became g before u, in other cases it became W, a s
Goth. magus, boy, beside rnawi from *ma(3)wi,girI; Goth.
siuns, OE. seon(sion), 0s. siun, from *se(g)wnis,a seei~zg,
face; Goth. sn&iws, OE. s n a w (with -w from the oblique
cases) from *snai(g)waz,prim. form *snoigh6s.
NOTE.--Causative verbs had originally suffix accentuation,
and therefore also exhibit the change of consonants given
above. But here too Gothic, partly through the influence of
the corresponding strong verbs, has not always preserved the
law so faithfully as the West Germanic languages, e.g. Goth.
wairfpan, to become-fra-wardjan, to destroy, cp. Skr. varta.
yHmi, I cause lo turn; Goth. leifpan. OE. lifpan, to go-OE.
Igdan from *laidjan, lo lead; Goth. ur-reisan, OE. Z.risan, to
arise-Goth. ur-rhisjan, to raise up, OE. rgran, to raise; Goth.
ga-nisan, to become whole, OE. ge-nesan, to be saved-Goth.
nasjan, OE. nerian, to save; Goth. *leisan (cp. I sing. lais,
I know), lo know-Goth. ltiisjan, OE. Isran, to teach. Cp. the
regular form hazjan, beside OE. herian, lo praise.

Other Consonant Changes.

4 198. Most of the sound changes comprised under this
paragraph might have been disposed of in the paragraphs
treating of the shifting of the Indg. mediae and mediae
aspiratae, but to prevent any possible misunderstanding or
confusion, it was thought advisable to reserve them for
a special paragraph.
 The Indg. mediae and mediae aspiratae became tenues
before a suffixal t or s already in the pre-Germanic period ;
thus :-
bt / p t
bht
bs
bhs
] PS

dt
dht
) tt ds
dhs
1 tn
*
ght
]kt gs
ghs
\ ks

Examples are Lat. niiptum, niipsi, beside niibere, to

ntamy; Skr. loc. pl. patsu, beside loc. sing. padi, on foot;
Lat. rExi, rectum, beside regere, to rule; Lat. vExi,vectum,
beside vehere, to carry, rt. wegh- ; Lat. lectus, Gr. hdXos,
bed, cotrclr, Goth. ligan, to lie down; Skr. yukt8-, Gr.
&JKT~)S, Lat. jiinctus, yoked, rt. jeug- ; kc.

Then pt, kt, qt ; ps, ks, qs were shifted to ft, xt ; fs, ~s

at the same time as the original Indg. tenues became voicp-
less spirants (5 128). And tt, ts became ss through the
intermediate stages of pt, ps respectively. ss then became
simplified to s after long syllables and before r, and then
between the s and r there was developed a t.
This explains the frequent interchange between p, b(b),
and f; between k, g(g), and h fi. e. x); and between t, p,
d(d), and ss, s in forms which are etymologically related.
p, b(b)--f. Goth. skapjan, OE. scieppan, OHG. ske-
phen, fo create, beside Goth. ga-skafts, meation, OE.
ge-sceaft, OHG. gi-scaft, meufure; Goth. giban, OHG.
geban, fo give, beside Goth. fra-gifts, agiving, OE. OHG.
gift, gft; 01-IG. weban, to weave, beside English weft.
k, g(g)-h. Goth. wadrkjan, OE. wyrcan, OI-IG.
wurken, to work, beside pret. and pp. Goth. waClrhta,
watkhts, OE. worhte, worht, OHG. worhta, gi-worht ;
Goth, pugkjan, OE, pync(e)an, OHG. dtmken, to seen?,
118~ F
 Phonology
appear, beside pret. and pp. Goth, piihta, * p t s ,OE. Piihte,
Pfiht, OHG. diihta, gi-diiht; I pers. pl. Goth. magum,
OE. magon, OHG. magun (mugun), we may, can, beside
pret. sing. Goth. mahta, OE. meahte, OHG. mahta, pp.
Goth. mahts, cp. also Goth. mahts, OE. meaht, OHG.
maht, might, power; Goth. bugjan, OE. bycg(e)an, to buy,
beside pret, and pp. Goth. baGhta, b a f i t s , OE. bohte,
boht ; Goth. briggan, OE. OHG. bringan, to bn'ngl beside
pret. and pp. Goth. brghta, *briXhts, OE. brijhte, brijht,
OHG. brtihta, brtiht,
t, p, &(d)--ss, s. Goth. witan, OE. witan, to Bnov,
beside pret. Goth. wissa, OE. wisse, OHG. wissa
(wessa), part. adj. Goth. *ga-wiss, OE. ge-wis(s), OHG.
gi-wis(s), sure, certain ; Goth. ga-hratjan, OE. hwettan,
fo shavpen, beside Goth. hrassei, shar/lness, hrassaba,
shaupCy; Goth. qipan, to say, beside ga-qiss, consent; Goth.
ana-biudan, to commafad, beside ana-busns (ana-biisns?),
commandment, from pre-Germ. *bhf tsni-, rt. bheudh. ;
Goth. us-standan, to rise again, beside us-stass, resur-
rection.
s s > s after long syllabies and before r : Goth. h&.itan,
to command, call, OE. htitan, to call, beside OE. hCs, from
*haissi-, command; Goth. OE. witan, to know, beside
Goth. un-weis, urzRnowilzg, OF,. OIIG. wis, wise, cp.
Lat. visus; Goth. itan, OE. etan, to eat, beside OE. &s,
OHG. as, carrio7z, cp. Lat. Esum. Goth. gup.blBstreis,
wovsltz~pet-of God* O HG. bluoster, sncrij5ce, cp. Goth.
blBtan, to wovshz$; OE. f6stor, 0.Icel. fistr, sr~slenance,
cp. Goth. fodjan, to feed.
Instead of s s (s) we often meet with st. In such cases
the st is due to the analogy of forms where t was quite
regular, e. g. regular forms were Goth. last, thou didst
gather, inf. lisan; sliiht, thou didst shxe, inf. slahan;
OE. meaht, OHG. maht, thou canst, inf. OHG. magan ;
then after the analogy of such forms were made z pers.
58 r 39-40] Other Consonant Changes 67
sing. Goth. W & S ~ for *w&~s,OE. WBS~for *was, OHG.
weist for *weis ; Goth. qast for *qass, inf. qipan, to say ;
Goth. bfrust for *bfrus, inf. biudan, to bid; regular forms
tvere pret. sing. Goth. waGrhta, OE. worhte, OHG.
worhta, Goth. inf. wa6rkjan, to work ; then after the
analogy of such forms were made OE. wiste, beside
wisse, OHG. westa, beside wissa (wessa), I knew, inf.
OE. witan; Goth. pret. sing. khupasta for *k&upassa,
inf. kfrupatjan, to st& with the palm ofthe hand, bt4Jd.
For purely practical purposes the above laws may be
thus formulated :-every labial + t appears as ft, every
gutt\~ral + t as ht, every dental +t as ss, s (st).
5 18~.Assimilation :- .nw- > -nn-, as Goth. OE. OHG.
rinnan from *rinwan, to run; Goth. kinnus, OE. cinn,
OHG. kinni, from *genw., Gr. yivur, chin, cheek; Goth.
minniza, 0s. minnira, OHG. minniro, from *minwizij,
less, cp. Lat. minuii, Gr. prvd@w, I lessen; OE. pynne,
0.Icel. punnr, OHG. dunni, thin, cp. Skr. fem. tan&, thin.
.md. >-nd., as Goth. OE, 0s. hund, OHG, hunt, prim.
form *kmt6m, hundred; Goth. skaman, OE. scamian,
OHG. scam&, io be ashamed, beside Goth. skanda, OE.
scand, OHG. scanta, shame, disgrace.
.In=> -11-, as Goth. fulls, OE. full, Lithuanian pllnas,
prim. form *pln6s,fuli; Goth. wulla, OE. wulle, OHG.
wolla, Lithuanian wflna, wool.
$140, Prim. Germanic Bn, dn, sn = Indg. pni, tn', knL,
qnL(by Verner's law), and bhn', dhn', ghn', ghnr, became
Btr, %a,gg before the principal accent, then later bb, dd, gg ;
and in like manner Indg. bnr, dn'-, gn', gnL became bb,
dd, gg. And these mediae were shifted to pp, tt, k k at
the same time as the original Indg. mediae became tenues
($ 120). These geminated consonants were simplified to
P, t, k after long syllables. Examples are : OE. hnaepp,
OHG. napf, from *xnaBnL or *xnabn', basin, bowl; OE.
hoppian, O.lce1, hoppa, M HG. hopfen, from +XoBn',to
F 2
68 Phonology [$Q141-3
hop ; OE. 0s.topp, 0.Icel. toppr, from *toan' or *tobnL,
top, summit; OE. hsap, 0s. hbp, OHG. houf, from
*xauBnL; OE. cnotta, from *knoUnL, beside OHG.
chnodo, chnoto, knot; Goth. heits, OE. 0s. hw-t, from
*xwIbnI, white; OE. bucc, 0.Icel. bokkr, OHG. boc
(gen. bockes), prim. form *bhugn6s, buck; OE. liccian,
0s.lecciin, OHG. lecchiin, from *leg&, to lick ; OE. Iocc,
0.Icel. lokkr, prim. form *lugn6s, lock; OE. smocc,
0.Icel. smokkr, from 'smognc, smock; OE. Ibcian, 0s.
liikbn, from *lc?.gnLor *liign', to look.
5 141. Indg. z+media became s+tenuis, as Goth. asts,
OHG, a s t = Gr. Stor, from *ozdos, branch, fwig; OE.
OHG. nest, Lat. nidus, from *ni-zdos, nest, related to
root sed-,sit ; OE. masc, OHG. masca, mesh, net, cp.
Lithuanian m e z d , I tie in knots.
Indg. z + media aspirata became z + voiced spirant, as
Goth, mizdb, OE. meord, pay, reward, cp. 0. Bulgarian
mizda, Gr. pro06s, pay; OE. mearg, OHG. marg,
0. Bulgarian mozgii, marrow, root mezgh- ; Goth. .huzd,
OE. hord, OHG. hort, hoard, treasure, root kuzdh-.
4 142. Guttural n (9)disappeared before as Goth. 0s.
OHG. Fahan, OE. fen, from "faqxanan, to seiac; Goth.
0s. OHG. hshan, OE. hbn, from *xaqXanan,to hang;
Goth. peihan, 0s. thihan, OHG. dihan, OE. pion, peon,
from 'piqxanan, to flzrive; pret. Goth. pshta, OE. Pbhte,
0s. thahta, OHG. dahta, from *paqxtc?.-,1 ihougJit, beside
inf. Goth. pagkjan, 0s. thenkian, OHG. denken, OE.
pencan.
§ 143. x became an aspirate (written h) initially before
vowels, as Goth. OE. 0s. hund, OHG, hunt, from
*xunUan, prim. form *kmt6m, hundred; Goth. hunds,
0.Icel. hundr, OE. 0s. hund, OHG. hunt, from *xunUaz,
dog, hound. Some scholars assume that it also became an
aspirate medially between vowels. Upon this assumption
itwould be difficult to account for the breaking in OE., as
gg 1 ~ 4 - 6 1 Other Consonant Changes 69
OE. slEan, from *aleahan, older Islaxan-, Goth. slahan,
to sfriRe, slay ; OE.swEor, from 'sweohur, older *swexur,
OHG. swehur,father.in-law.
Medial and final xw became x in 0.Icel. and the
West Germanic languages, as 0s. OHG. sehan, OE.
sgon, 0.Icel. sjB, from *sex(w)an-, beside Goth. saihran,
to see; 0s. OHG. liian, OE. lion, Eon, O.Icel. ljH, from
*liX(w)an-,beside Goth. leihran, to lend; 0s. OHG. aha,
OE. E a from *eahu, beside Goth. ahra, water, rzkr; OE.
seah, OS. OHG. sah, beside Goth. sahr, he saw; OE.
neah, OS. OHG. nBh, beside Goth. n6h, near.
5 144. The consonants, which arose from the Indg. final
explosives (t, d), were dropped in prim. Germanic, except
after a short accented vowel, as OE. OHG. bere, Goth.
baira, from an original form *bherolt, he may bear. See
§ 87, (2).
§ 146. Original final .m became -n, and then it, as also
Indg. final -n, disappeared after short vowels in dissyllabic
and polysyllabic words during the prim. Germanic period.
For examples, see 87, (I).
§ 146. w disappeared before u, as Goth. ka*us, from
* k ( w j u m = Gr. f3apJq heavy, prim. form '~r-rits; OE.
nacod, older *nakud, OHG. nackut, from *nak(w)ud.,
beside Goth. naqaps, naked; OE. 0.IceI. sund, a szuitnmi~zg,
from 'swumda-, cp. OE. swimman, 0.Icel. svimma, to
switn; pp. OE. cumen, OHG. koman (beside quoman,
a new formation), 0.Icel. komenn, OHG. inf. queman, to
come; OE. swingan, to swing, beside pp. s(w)ungen;
0.Icel. svimma, to switn, beside pp. summenn. In verbal
forms the w was mostly re-introduced in the pret. pl. and
pp. after the analogy of forms which regularly had w, e. g.
Goth. swultum, swultans, for 'sultum, *sultans, through
the influence of forms like inf. swiltan, to die, pret. sing.
swalt ;similarly qumum, qumans, for * kumum, * kumans,
inf. qiman, to come. For levelling out in the opposite
70 Phonology I§§
147-9

direction, cp. Goth. siggwan (regular form), beside OE.

0s. OHG. singan, to sing; Goth. sigqan, beside OE.
sincan, OHG. sinkan, to sink,
Q 147. Initial and medial sr became str, as OE. stream,
0.Icel. straumr, 0s. OHG. strijm, stream, cp. Skr.
srivati, itflows ; pl. OE. Eastron, OHG. estariin, Easter,
cp. Skr. usrd, dawn ; Goth. swistar, OE, sweostor, OHG.
swester, sister, with t from the weak stem-form, as in the
locative singular Goth. swistr = prim. Germanic lswesri
= Skr. dat. svtisre.
$148. The remaining Indg. consonants suffered no
further material changes which need be mentioned here.
Summing up the results of $5 128-47, we arrive at the
following system of consonants for the close of the prim.
Germanic period :-
INTER- PALATAL AND
LABIAL. DENTAL. DENTAL. GUTTURAL.
Explosives voiceless p t k
[voiced b d g
Spirants voiceless f I' s
[voiced B d z
Nasals m n '3
Lipids 1, r
Semzbowels w j (palatal)
T o these must be added the aspirate h.

CHAPTER IX
T H E GOTI-IIC DEVELOPMENT O F T H E
GENERAL GERMANIC CONSONANT-SYSTEM

5 149. Germanic w remained initially before vowels and

also initially before and after consonants except in the
combinations k w (4 103) and xw ($ l65), as wigs, 0.Icel.
vegr, OE. 0s. OHG. weg, way ; wulfs, OE. 0s. wulf,
$8 150-11 The Semivowels 71

OHG.wolf, wolf; wlits, OE. wlite, O.S. wliti, face, look,

beauty; w r a k a , OE. wracu, revenge, fievsecufion ; swis-
tar, OE. sweostor, 0s. OHG. swester, sister; and
similarly wahsjan, to grow ; wairs, worse ; waGrd, word ;
wrikan, to persecute; dwals, foolish ; twAi, two ; twalif,
twelve ; pwahan, to wash.
It also remained : (I) Medially before vowels, as fidwbr,
four; hawi, lzay ; nidwa, nest; siggwan, to si~zg; slawan,
to be silent ; s p a r w a , spat-row ; taihsw6, nght Iiand; gen.
kniwis, OE. cneowes, OHG. knewes, of a knee; mawi,
@ I; maid-sej-zvatzt; tawida, he did ; nom. pl. masc.
piwi,
qiwhi, alive; fawAi,few ; sniwan, to hasten. (2) Medially
between a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant and a fol-
lowing j or s, as Iewjan, to belrny ; hnhiwjan, to abase ;
hnAiws, lowly ; snhiws, snow ; ufarskadwjan, to over-
shadow. 13) Finally after long vowels, diphthongs, and
consonants, as lgw, occaswtl ; hlftiw, p a v e ; frhiw, seed ;
wafirstw (cp. 8 as), work.
§ 150. Germanic w became u after a short vowel with
which it combined to form a diphthong: (I) Finally, as
kniu, knee; triu, wood; beside gen. kniwis, triwis ; pret.
snhu, he hastened, beside inf. sniwan. (2) Before con-
sonants, as gen. mAuj6s, Piujijs, beside nom. mawi, grii';
Piwi, maid-servatzt ; inf. ttrujan, lo do, beside pret. tawida ;
nPus, corpse, beside nom. pl. naweis; siuns from
*sefg)wnis,sight, face. It also became u before -s, older
-2, after the loss of an intervening vowel, as skadus from
*skadwaz, shadow,
Nora.-I. iu from older iw became ju in unaccented syl-
lables, as norn. pl. sunjus from *suniu(i)z, older *suniwiz,
*sunewes, sons.
2. For the Gothic treatment of iiw, Bwj, see §§ 80.81.

5 151. In a few instances medial -w- (or -ww- the origin of

which is uncertain) after short vowels became-ggw-in Gothic
and -ggv-,-gg-in O.icel., whereas the West-Gerntanic lan-
72 Phonology 16s 152-3
guages developed an u before this -w-which united with the
preceding vowel to form a diphthong, or ii (when the pre-
ceding vowel was u). The conditions under which this
sound-change took place have not yet been satisfactorily
explained. T h e examples are :-Goth. bliggwan, OE.
*bltowan, OHG. bliuwan, to strrke; Goth. triggws,
O.Ice1. tryggr, OE. triewe, OS. OHG. triuwi, We, faith.
ful, cp. also Goth. triggwaba, truly, trfggwa, covenant;
Goth. *glaggwus, exact, accurate, 0.Icel. gliiggr, OE.
glLaw, OI-IG. glau (inflected form glauwLr),wise, prudent ;
cp. also Goth. glaggwb (av.), diligently, glaggwuba (av.),
diligently, accr~rately; Goth. skuggwa, 0.Icel. skugg-sj8,
miwor, OE. sciiwa, OHG. sciiwo, shade, shadow.

i
5 16a. Germanic j remained in Gothic : (I) Initially, as
jnggs, OS. OHG. jung, young; jer, year; juk, yoke.
(2) Medially between vowels which remained as such in the
historic period of the language, except in the combination
~ j + v o w e l ,as frijhds, fi-icnd; fijan, to hate ; ija (acc.),
her; prija (neut.), three; sttijan, to judge. For the treat-
ment of ikj in Goth. see $ 7 6 . (3) MedialIy between a
consonant and a following guttural vowel which remained
a s such in the historic period of the language, a s IEwjan, to
6etray ; frawardjan, to destroy ; harjiis, arnttes ; halrdj6s,
shepherds ; nasjan, to save ; sckjan, to seek. Cp. $ 157.
4 163. Medial -ij- became -i- before -s, older -2, after the
loss of a vowel in final syllables, as nom. hairdeis from
*Xirbij.az,shepherd ; freis from *frij.az,fret ; gasteis from
*gastij.iz,guests = Lat. host& from *hostejes.
Germanic 4ji. from older .eje-, 4je- became ifj)i = i after
long closed stem-syllables and after unaccented syflables,
but .ji. in other cases, as siikeis, thou seekest, from
*s6kiCj)izi = Indg. *s&gbjesi; siikeip, hc seeks, from
$144-61 The Semivowels 73
*sijki(j)idi = Indg. *s&gbjeti; and similarly frawardeip,
he destroys ; rnikileip, lze pt-arbes ; gen. sing. halrdeis from
*xirdilj)iz, older -ijes (with pronominal ending ($ 265)) ;
IAisareis, teacher; ragineis, counsellor ; dAupeins, baptism,
from *daupi(j)iniz,older .ejenis ; beside nasjis, nasjip, inf.
nasjan, to save ; stiijis, stijjip, inf. stiijan, to jzidge.
NoTE.--T~~ gen. and dat. sing. of the long and polysyllabic
.jan.stems of nouns and adjectives were remodelled after the
analogy of the short stems, as fiskjins, fiskjin (4 208). wilpjins,
wilpjin (1 238) for *fiskeins, *fiskein, *wilpeins, *wilpein,
after the analo,~of forms like wiljins, wiljin, midjins, midjin.
See also 4 183. On the other hand in the fern. abstract nouns
formed from the first class of weak verbs ($200), those with
short stems were remodelled after the analogy of those with
long stems, as naseins for *nasjins after the analogy of forms
like dkupeins, ltiiseins.
3 164. Final -i which arose from medial -ij-after the loss
of a final vowel or syllable was shortened to i (cp. 8 a@), as
voc. hairdi from *xirdij(i), older -ije; acc. hairdi from
*xirdijjan. In like manner we should expect the impera-
tive z pers. sing, of the first class of weak verbs to end in
-i, as *siiki, seek thou ; 'hazi, praise thou, from *sBkij(i),
*Xazij(i), older -eje., cp. Gr. +d$tc from *+d$t(j)a, fngltten
tfzou. I t is difficult to account for sBkei, hazei unless we
may assume either that they were new formations from the
2 pers. sing. pres. indic. of verbs with long closed stem-
syllables and of simple trisyllabic verbs or else that forms
like voc. acc. sing. llairdi were new formations formed
after the analogy of forms like voc. acc. sing. hari (4 156).
8 155. When medial -j- came to stand finally after the
loss of a final vowel or syllable, it became 4, as voc. sing.
hari, from *xarj(i); acc. sing. hari from *xarj.an, artny;
nom. acc. sing. kuni from *kunj-an, race, generation.
f3 166. In a few words medial -j. (or -8- the origin of
which is uncertain) after short vowels became .ddj- in
74 Phonology [§§ 167-8

Gothic, and -ggj., -gg- in O.Icel., whereas the West-

Germanic languages developed an i before this -$, which
united with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong, or i
(when the preceding vowel was i). A satisfactory explana-
tion of this sound-law has not yet been found. The
examples are :-gen. Goth. twaddj5, O.Icel. tveggja,
OHG. zweio, of two, cp, Skr. dvlyBs ; Goth, waddjus,
0.Icel. veggr, wall, related to Lat. viere, to plait; Goth.
iddja, I went, cp. Skr. &yam, I went; Goth. daddjan, to
suckle, cp. Skr. dhlylmi, I suckle.
8 167. In Indg. .j- alternated with .ij-. The former
occurred after short and the latter after long syllables, as
Gr. pluos, piuuos from *plejos, Skr. madhyas, Indg.
*medhjos, twidde, beside Gr. ~rdrprosfrom *rrdrptjos, Skr.
pttriyas, Indg. "patrijos, pafernal This origin& distinc-
tion was not fully preserved in Gothic, because the .ij.
became simplified to -j. before guttural vowels which re.
mained as such in the historic period of the language, as
nom. PI. hairdj6s from *xirU(i)jBz,shepherds; and similarly
in the other plural forms and in the dat. singular ($184).
Prim. Germanic -ij- from Indg. -ej. had become -j- before
guttural vowels in the prehistoric period of all the Ger-
manic languages, as nasjan, to save; sekjan, to seek =
Indg. *nosejonom, *sBgejonom; pres. first pers. sing.
nasja, s6kja = Indg. *nosej6, 's8gejG; pl. nasjam,
sijkjam. Cp. $162,(3).

LIQUIDS AND NASALS.

$168. Germanic 1, m, n, g, r generally remained in

Gothic :
1. Goth. lagjan, 0.fcel. leggia, OE. lecgan, 0s.
leggian, OHG. leggen, to lay ; Goth. 0.Icel. OS. OHG.
skal, OE. sceal, shall; and similarly laggs, long; haldan,
to hold; salt, salt; wulfs, wolf; mcl, time; wulla, wool;
fulls, ftfll.
8 1591 Liquids and Nasals 75
m. Goth. mgna, O.Ice1. mane, OE. msna, OS. OHG.
msno, moon ; Goth. OE. guma, 0.Icel. gume, 0s. gumo,
OHG. gomo, man ; Goth. 0.Icel. 0s. OHG. nam, I took ;
and similarly mB1, time ; manna, man ; niman, to fake.
Nm,-Medial .mn. hecarne -bn- which remained when the
preceding syllable began with a voiceless consonant, but be-
came -fn- by dissimilatim when the preceding syllable began
with a voiced consontant, as witubni, knowledge; fastubni,
obsarvancc, fash'ng ; frdistubni, temptation ; stibna, voice, cp.
OHG. stimna ; vi-undufni, wound, pflgue ; waldufni, power,
might. See 5 386.
In namnjan, fo name; namnii;, o j names, the .mn. was re-
introduced after the ana!o,y of nam5, namins, &c.
n. Goth. OE. nimail, 0,Icel. nema, 0s. OHG. neman,
to take ; Goth. sunus, OE. 0s. OHG, sunu, 0.Icel. sunr,
son; Goth. O.IceI. kann, OS. OHG. kan, OE. can(@, I
know; and similarly nahts, night; mGna, moon ; anpar,
other ; manna, man ; rinnan, to run ; pret. rann, 1 ran.
NOTE.- -nn-became -n. before consonants except j, as kant,
thou knouicsf, beside kann, inf. kannjan, lo make Known; mins
(adv.) from 'minniz, kss, beside adj. minniza, less.
9. On the representation of Germanic IJ in Gothic, see
5 17. It only occurred before k, q and g, as briggan, OE.
0s. OHG. bringan, to bvilzg; drigkan, OE. drincan, 0s.
drinkan, OHG. trincan, fo drink; and similarly figgrs,
fi*zgcr; gaggan, to go ; pagkjan, lo fluiik ; sigqan, fo sink ;
pret. sagq, Ite sank.
r. Goth. rhups, 0.1cel. raupr, OE. read, 0s. rBd,
OHG. rot, red; Goth. harjis, OE. here, 0s. OHG. heri,
arrlzy; Goth. 0s. fadar, O.Icel. fa'dir, OE. faeder, OHG.
fater, father ; and sin~ilarlyraihts, nghf ; ram, house ;
barn, clzild; batirgs, city ; swaran, fo swear; dahr, door ;
fidwiir,four ; fairra (adv.), far.
4 160. 1, m, n, r, preceded by an explosive or spirant,
became vocalic in unaccented syllables after the loss of
76 Phonology [§§ 160-1

a short vowel (5 88). The West Germanic languages

generated a new vowel before the vocalic liquids and
nasals which then became consonantal again, as Goth. nom.
fugls, ace. fugl, OE. fugol, OS. fugal, OHG. f o p & from
*fuglaz, *fuglan, bird; Goth. ibns, ibn, OE. efen, 0s.
eban, OHG. eban, from *ebnaz, *ebnan, men; Goth.
akrs, akr, OE. aecer, OS. akkar, OHG. acchar, from
*akraz, 'akran, field; and similarly Goth. tagl, hair;
hunsl, sacr$ice ; sitls, seat ; miipms, ace. miipm, treasure ;
bagms, tree ; r a m , house; tiikns, token; lbugnjan, to
d e 7 9 ; tagr, tear ; ligrs, bed; timrjan, timbrjan, to build;
timrja, carpenter.

LABIALS.
5 160. Germanic p and f remained in Gothic, as piida,
OE. psd, OS, p&da, coat; Goth. 0.Icel. OE. OS. pund,
OHG. pfunt, pound; slspan, OE. slkpan, 0s. slapan,
OHG. slafan, to sleep; diupS, O.Ice1. djtipr, OE. $Cop,
0.5.diop, OHG. tiof, deep; and similarly plinsjan, to
dance; hilpan, to help ; skapjan, to create; skip, sh*.
NOTE.-Initial p does not occur in Gothic in pure Germanic
words.
Goth. fadar, 0.Icel. fa'bir, OE. freder, OS. fadar,
OHG. fater, father ; Goth. OHG. fimf, OE. 0.5.fif, five ;
and similarly faran, to go ; fulls, full; hlifan, to steal;
ufar, over ; wulfs, wo&
b, 8.
Q 161. Germanic b, which only occurred initially and
after m, remained in Gothic (5 133), as bairan, 0.Icel.
bera, OE. OS. OHG. beran, to bear; dumbs, 0.Icel.
dumbr, OE. dumb, OHG, tumb, dumb; and similarly
badi, bed; barn, child; bindan, to bind; brijpar, brother ;
wamba, womb; lamb, lamb.
$5 161-31 Gutturals 77
b 7 b after r and 1, as arbi, herifage ; swafrban, to an$e ;
swarb, he w$ed; silba, self; kalbij, c d f ; salbiin, to
anoint.
b z f after vowels both finally and before final .s. Hence
the frequent interchange between b (written b in Gothic)
and f in inflexion, as @ban, to give, pret. sing. gaf;
sweiban, to cease, pret, sing. s w a f ; bi-leiban, to remain,
pret. sing. bi-lfrif; gen. hlbibis, nom. sing. hlfrifs, acc.
hlhif, loaf; bread, cp. on the other hand swafrban, to w$c,
pret. s w m b -
NOTE.-^ occasional forms like grBb beside grX, he dug;
hl&ib beside hlbif, the b had been transferred from forms
where it was regular.
Medial 8 (written b) remained unchanged after vowels,
as haban, to have ; liban, fa dfvG ; sibun, seven ; ga.lhubjan,
to believe; ibns, even. See $133.

5 162. Germanic k remained in Gothic, as kanf, 0.Icel.

kyn, OS. OHG. kunni, OE. cynn, race, generation; juk,
0.1cel. ok, OE. geoc, OHG. joh, yoke; and similarly
kalds, cold ; kinnus, cheek ; kniu, knee ; akrs, field;
Bukan, to increase; skalks, servant; Gkjan, to seek ;
ik, I.

6 168. k w (OE. cw, OS. OHG, qu, 0.Icel. kv) became

a labialized k which had the same sound-value as Lat. qu,
i.e. it was a simple sound, and not a compound one com-
posed of the elements k + w ; hence Ulfilas expressed it
in his alphabet by a single letter u. In modem philological
works the sound in question is transcribed by q. Examples
are :-qEns, 0.Icel. kviln, OE. cwen, 0s. quan, W ~ C ,
78 Phonology [§§ 164-5

m m a n ; qipan, 0.Icel. kvetSa, OE. cwepan, 0s. quetran,

OHG. quedan, fo say ; and similarly qiman, to come ; riqis,
darkness; naqaps, naked; sigqan, to sink; sagq, he sank.

h, x
"164. Prim. Germanic x had already become an aspirate
initially before vowels during the prim. Germanic period
(5 143). It probably also became an aspirate in Gothic
medially between vowels. Examples are :-haban, 0.Icel.
hafa, OE. habban, OHG. habEn, to have; faihu, OE.
feoh, OHG. fihu, cattle, properly; and similarly hairtb,
heart; hafjan, to raise ; hund, hundred; tafhun, k n ;
peihan, to thrive.
Germanic x (written h, and pronounced like NHG. ch)
remained in Gothic in other positions, as hliifs, loaf, bread ;
hliftus, thief; hrhins, pure, clean ; d a a t a r , daughter ;
filhan, to hide, bury; nahts, n&Itt; jah, a n d ; phih, he
throve.
NOTE.-The final -hin unaccented particles was often assimi-

-
lated to the initial consonant of the following word, as wasup-

-
pan wasuh-pan, anparuppan = anparuh-pan, jan-ni = jah-
ni, jas-sa jah-sa, nippan = nih-pan.

xw
Q 165. Initial Germanic xw (OE. 0s. OHG. hw, 0.Icel.
hv) became hr (8 10) in Gothic, as b a s , OE. hw8, 0 s .
hwE, OHG.hwer, who ? ; hreila, 0.Icel. hvil, OE. hwil,
0s. OHG. hwila, space of tiwze; and similarly hrairban,
to walk; hrapar, whzclt of two ; hreits, white; htbpan, to
boast.
Medial and final xw also became lv in Gothic, but in
O.Icel. and the West Germanic languages it became x.
For examples see 8 143.
NoTE.-T~~ reasons for assuming that Goth. hr was a simple
sound, and not a compound one ccmposed of h+w, arc:--
$5 166-91 Gutturals 79
(I) Ulfilas uniformly represented it by a single letter 0 . (a)

-
Ulfilas &rote hw only in compound words where h and w
came together by composition, e. g. ubuhw6pida uf + uh +
wcpida, and he cricd oti! ; Pairhwakandans = Pairh + wakan.
dana (pres. part. nom. 2rc. pl. of wakan, to wake, watch). (3)
The principal parts of saihran, to see, are the same as those of
strong verbs with stems anding in a single consonant other
than a nasal or liquid (h, 307). (4) hr is treated as a single
consonant in reduplicated syllables, as hraihGp, he boasted,
inf. hr6pan.
g, 3
3 166. Prim. Germanic g, which only occurred after q
(3 132)) remained in Gothic as in the other Germanic
languages, as tuggo, OE. tunge, 0s. tunga, OI-IG. zunga,
tongue; and sirniiarly briggan, lo brrtrg ; Gggrs, I(inger;
huggrjan, to hunger; laggs, long.
t6167. The changes which Germanic g underwent in
Gothic cannot be determined with perfect certainty. For
the history of g in the other Germanic languages, see $133.
Initially, and medially after consonants, it probably became
g, as Goth. OE. guma, 0.1cel. gumi, 0s. gumo, OHG.
gomo, man; bairgan, 0.Icel. bjarga, OE. beorgan,
ONG. bergan, to hide ; and similarly gasts, guest; giban,
to give ; g6ps, good ; grEtan, to weep ; fairguni, mountain ;
tulgus, steadfast ; azg6, ash, ctizder.
t 4 168. 3 (written g) remained medially between vowels,
ancl medially after vowels before voiced consonants, as
Aug6, O.Icel. auga, OE. Gage, OS. 6ga, OHG. ouga,
eye; fugls, OE. fugol, 0 s . fugal, OHG. fogal, bird; and
similarly agis,fi.r;S.ht ; biugan, to bend ; steigan, fo ascend;
bagms, tree; lagjan, to lay ; rign, rain ; tagr, tear.
t $ l 6 @ .After vowels both finally and before -s, g probably
became x (=NHG. ch), but was written g. This change
of g to x can be assumed from the corresponding Gothic
treatment of b (4 lei) and d f§ 173). Examples are acc.
80 Phonology I§§
170-3

sing. dag, day ; wig, way ; 6g, I f e a r ; mag, he can, ntay ;

nom. sing, dags, wigs ; manags, much, many; bairrgs,
city.
DENTALS.
t
4 170. Germanic t remained in Gothic, as tuggb, 0.Icel.
0s. tunga, OE. tunge, OHG. zunga, tongue; itan, O.Ice1.
eta, OE. 0s.etan, OHG. eqqan, toeat; whit, 0.Icel. veit,
OE. wst, 0s. wbt, OHG. weiq, he knows; and similarly
tagr, tear; tamjan, to tame; twhi, two; wat6, water;
witan, to know ; hairt8, heart; at, at ; mat, he measured.

P
4 171. Germanic P remained in Gothic, as pagkjan, OE.
pencan, 0s. thenkian, OHG. denken, to think; qipan,
0.Icel. kverda, OE. cwepan, 0 s . queaan, OHG. quedan,
say; acc. fiip, OE. Hp, OS. C8, OHG. eid, oath ; and
similarly pairh, through ; pafirnus, thorn ; Piup, good;
br6par, brother; airpa, earth; frapjan, to undt!rsfand;
wafrpan, to become ; qap, he said; warp, he became.
d,
$172. Germanic d, which only occurred initially and
after n, remained in Gothic ($ 132), as dags, O.1cel. dagr,
OE. dzeg, 0s. dag, OHG. tag, d a y ; Goth. OE. OS.
bindan, OHG. bintan, to bind; and similarly diups, deep ;
driusan, to fall; dafihtar, daughter; dbps, deed; handus,
hand; hund, hundred.
$ 173. & became d after voiced consonants, as watird,
0.Icel. orii, OE. OS. word, OHG. wort, word; haldan,
0.1cel. halda, OE. healdan, OS. haldan, OHG. haltan,
to hold ; and similarly alds, age, generation ; gards, house ;
gazds, goad ; huzd, treasure.
13became p after vowels both finally and before final -s;
hence the frequent interchange between (t (written d) and
p in inflexion, as inf. beidan, to abide, await; ana-biudan,
10 command; bidjan, to pray, beside pret. sing. btiip, -bAup,
hap ; gen. sing. @dis, hftubidis, nasidis, beside nom.
sing. g6ps, good, hhubip, head, nasips (pp.), saved.
NOTE.-^^ occasional forms like bad, .b&ud,gads, gGd, beside
the regular forms bap, -b&up,g6ps, giip, the d had been trans-
ferred from forms where it was regular.
Medial (written d) rcn~ainedafter vowels, as fadar,
father; beidan, to abide, await; fidwijr, four; micljis,
middle; fadrein, paternity, parents. See $ 133.

5 174. Germanic s remained in Gothic, as slspan, OE.

slgpan, 0s. slspan, OHG. slafan,to sleep ; wisan, 0.Icel.
vesa, OE. 0s. OHG. wesan, to be ; hiis (in gudahiis, house
ofGod), 0.Icel. OE. 0s. OHG. hiis, house; and similarly
sandjan, to send; sibun, saten ; sitan, to sit ; ganisan, to
become whole ; lisan, to gafher; aGhsa, ox ; hals, neck ;
was, f was.
z
$175. z only occurred medially and finally in prim.
Germanic ($9 137, 141). Medial z, which became r in the
other Germanic languages, generally remained in Gothic,
as huzd, OE. 0s. hord, OHG. hort, treasure ; mAiza,
OE. mara, O S , mera, OFIG. mGro, more, greater; and
similarly azg6, ash, cinder ; razda, speech ; mizd8, pay,
reward ; alpiza, older ; hazjan, to praise ; talzjan, to
instruct.
NOTE.--^^ the forms of strong verbs, medial z was supplanted
by s through the levelling out of the a-forms, e. g. kusum,
kusans for *kuzum, *kuzans, after the analogy of kiusan,
k&us, &c., see 8 137.
z was also supplanted by s in several weak verbs, which in
1187 G
 Phonology
soale cases was due to the influence of the corresponding
strong verbs, as nasjan, for *nazjan, after the analogy of nisan,
cp. OE. nerian, OHG. nerien, to save; ur-rtiisjan, to raise up,
sv. ur-reisan, lo arise, cp. OE. rgran, to raise; lsiisjan, cp. OE.
$Bran,OHG. lEren, fo leach; wasjan, to clothe, cp. OE. werian,
OHG. werien, to weor, see 1) 137 note.
Germanic final .z became -s in Gothic, as gen. diuz-is,
riqiz-is, but nom. dius, wild beast; riqis, darkness ; nom.
sing. dags, from *bagaz, &y ; gasts from "gastiz, p e s t ;
nom. pi. dagtis from 'da36z ; gasteis from *gas& ; nom.
sing. a k r s from *akraz, jeld; nimis from *nimiz(i), thou
fahest. This .s was dropped when it came to stand after an
original s through the loss of a vowel, as w a f r s from
*wirs(i)s older *wirsiz (av.), worse, cp. adj. wafrsiza,
worse; nom. drus (gen. drusis) from *drusiz, fall;
16us, empty, but gen. 18usis; freihals, freedom, but gen.
freihalsis.
Final -s (-2)was dropped after a short vowel + consonantal
r , cp. nom. sing. wafr, man; baGr, son; anpar, pzond;
unsar, our, &c., beside nom. sing. dags, day ; gasts, p e s t ;
akrs,f;eZd ; swErs, honoured; skeirs, clear; gen. brGprs,
of a brotlzer, &c.
Final -(i)z also disappeared in the dat. pl. (originally
instrumental) ending of nouns, adjectives and pronouns,
if we are right in assuming that the ending was originally
-mis = prim. Germanic -miz, as in dagam, gibcm, gastim,
br6prum, blindhim, Pam. But the original ending may
have been simply -mi. And similarly in the first pers. pl.
of the pres. indic. which originally ended in -mes, -mos =
prim. Germanic -miz, -ma2 (§ 287).
NOTE.-I. The z, in such forms as rfqiz, darkness; mimz,
flcsh, meat, beside the regular forms riqis, mims, was due to
the levelling out of the stem-form of the oblique cases.
a. Final .z remained when protected by a particle, cp. e.g.
wileiz-u? wilt thou 1 ; hraauh. e m ? , every; isei (rel. pr.), who ;
 Sibilants
uz-uh (prep.), whether f,am ; beside wileis, thou wilt ; hr as ?
who f ; is, he; us, ouf,from.
3. The prep. us became ur before r in compounds, as ur-

times dropped in compourlds before st, as u-sta~ldan us. -

reisan, fo arise; ur-rinnan, t g go out. The s in us-was some-

standan, to stand up, cp, a h di-skritnan, beside dis.skritnan,

to be red in twuin.
 ACCIDENCE
CHAPTER X
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
8 176. GOTHICnouns have two numbers-singular and
plural ; three genders-masculine, feminine, and neuter,
as in the other Old Germanic languages, from which the
gender of nouns in Gothic does not materially differ; four
cases-Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, and Dative. The
Vocative is mostly like the Nominative, but in the singular
of some classes of nouns it regularly fell together with the
Accusative, see $6 87-8.
NOTE.-It should be noted that what is called the dat. sing.
in Gothic is originally the instrumental in the a-stems (8 179)
and rnasc. i-stems (8 196); locative in the fem. i. (8 198),
u- ($ aoa), and all consonant-stems ($8 207-22) ; and the dat.
only in the 5-stems (8 190).
8 177. In Gothic, as in the oldest periods of the other
Germanic languages, nouns are divided into two great
classes, according as the stem originally ended in a vowel
or consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in Sanskrit,
Latin and Greek. Nouns, whose stems originally ended
in a vowel, belong to the vocalic or so-called Strong
Declension. Those, whose stems end in -n,belong to the
Weak Declension. All other consonantal stems are in
this grammar put together under the general heading of
' Minor Declensions '.
The learner, who wishes to compare the Gothic case-
endings with the corresponding forms of Latin, Greek, &c.,
$8 I 78-91 Declension oJ N o ~ n s 85
will find it usehl to master Chapter V before attempting
to do so, because what has already been stated there will
not, as a rule, be repeated in the chapters on the Accidence.

5 178. The a-declension cnrnprises masculine and neuter

nouns only, and corresponds to the Latin and Greek
o.declension (Gr. rnasc. -os, neut. -ov, Lat. -us, .urn), for
which reason it is sometimes called the 0-declension. The
a-declension is divided into pure a.stems, ja-stems, and
wa-stems.
a. Pure a-sterns.
5 170. Masculines.
SING,
Nom. dags, day hliifs, loaf, bread
Acc Voc. dag hlfiif
Gen. dagis hliibis
Dat. daga hlkiba
PLUR.
Nom. dag6s hlhib6s
Acc. dagans hlhibana
Gen. dagG h16ibG
Dat. dagam hl Aibam
NOTE.-I. On the interchange of f (hllifs, hlaif) and
b (hlbibis, &c.), see 4 161.
a On nom. forms like wair, man, freihals, fmdom, gen.
wairis, freihalsis, see 4 176.
The prim. Germanic forms of dags were: Sing. nom.
*da3az, acc. *%agan, voc. *Ua3(e), gen. *Uagesa (with
pronominal ending, 5 266), dat. *dagai, Indg. *dhoghS (cp.
Gr. BrG, to a god), instr. *&age,-6 ; PI. nom. *dag6z, acc.
*Uasanz, gen. *UagSn (cp. Gr. 8c&v, ofgods), dat. *dagomiz.
From what has been said in Chapter V on the vowels of
unaccented syllables, it will be seen that all the forms of the
sing. and plural, except the dat. sing. and gen. pl., are
regularly developed from the corresponding prim. Germ.
forms. daga is the old instrumental used for the dative.
The -e in dage, which presupposes a prim. Germ. ending
-&n ($ 87, I), has never been satisfactorily explained.' The
gen. in OE. 0.Icel. daga, 0s. dago, OHG. tago regularly
goes back to "dag8n which would have become *dagZi in
Gothic, cp. gibZi ($191).
Q 180. Like dags are declined a great many Gothic
masculine nouns, e. g. hips (gen. &Pis), oath ; asts, bough,
fur&; akrs, field; bagms, h-ec; fisks, fish; fugls, bird,
fowl; hunds, dog, hound ; himins, heaven ; ligrs, bed,
couch ; miipms, g f t ; mafirgins, morning; stBins, stone ;
sitls, seat ; skalks, servant ; Piudans, king; wigs, way ;
winds, wind; wulfs, wolf. Like hltiifs is declined
lfiufs, leaf.
6 181. Neuters.
SING.
Nom. Voc. Acc. watird, word hAubip, head
Gen. watwdis hfiubidis
Dat. waGrda hQubida
PLUR.
Nom. Voc. Acc. wafirda hiubida
Gen. wa6rdE hBubid5
Dat. watirdam hitubidam
The neuters only differed from the masculines in the
nom. voc. sing, and nom. acc. plural, the prim. Germ.
forms of which were *wordan, *word6 (Q 62). These
regularly became waitrd, watirda in Gothic.
NOTE.-^^ the interchange of P and d see 5 173.
For suggested explanations see Jellinek, p. 100.
$8 182-41 Declension of N o u ~ s
p 182. Like watlrd are declined a great many Gothic
neuter nouns, e. g. agis (gen. agisis), ffnr ; akran, fruit ;
awistr, sheelSfold; barn, child; b16P (gen. blZjpis), blood;
dius (gen. diuzis), wrld beast ; d a h , door; eisam, iron ;
gras (gen. grasis), grass ; hahrn, horn ; huzd, treasure ;
jgr,year; juk, yoke; katkn, corn; lhun, pay, reward; leik,
body, flesh ; m a h p r , rnurd~v-
; riqis (gen. riqizis), darkness ;
silubr, silver ; skip, sh@; bgI, hair ; tagr, fear. Like
hAubiP are declined liuhap, I<&(; wit6p, law.
b. ja-stems.
8 183. Apart from the 4. it is necessary in this class
of nouns to distinguish between (I) nouns which have
a short stem-syllable or a long open stem-syllable and
(2) those which have a long closed stem-syllable or when
the stem (apart from any prefix) is of more than one
syllable. In the former case the gen. sing. regularly ends
in -jis and in the latter in -cis, see $8 163, 157. This dis-
tinction was preserved in the masculines, but in the neuters
the original difference was almost entirely obliterated in
favour of nouns belonging to (I). The old and the new
forms exist side by side in a few words, as gen. andbahteis,
gawafrpeis, beside andbahtjis, gawairpjis. Cp. $ 163
note.
$184. Masculines.
SING.
Non.. harjis, army hairdeis, he,-dstnnn
Acc. Voc. hari hairdi
Gen. h arjis hairdeis
Dat. harja hairdja
PLUR.
Nom. harj6s hairdj6s
Acc. harjans hairdjans
Gen. harji5 hairdjg
Dat. harjam hairdjam
 The prim. Germ. forms of harjis were: Sing. nom.
*xarjaz, acc. *Xarjan, voc. *~arj(e),gen. * x a j e s a (with
pronominal ending), dat. * ~ a r j b ,-6 (originally instr.) ;
PI. nom. * ~ a r j 8 z ,acc. * ~ a r j a n s gen.
, xarj8n, dat. *xar.
jomiz. All the forms of the sing. except the norn., and all
forms of the pi. except the gen., are regularly developed
from the corresponding prim. Germ. forms. *xarjaz became
*haris (cp. $165) and then the -j-in the cases where it was
regular was extended to the nom. On harje, see Q 170.
The prim. Germ. forms of hairdeis were: Sing. nom.
*xir&jaz, acc. 'xirdijan, voc. *XirUij(e), gen. "xirdijesa,
dat. *xirdijfi, -6 ; PI. nom. 'Xirdij6z, acc. *Xirbijanz, gen.
*xirdij8n, dat. *Xirdijomiz. In the nom. acc. voc. sing. the
-ij-became i after the loss of a, -(e), .an, then the i (written
el) being protected by a consonant remained in the norn.,
but became shortened in the acc. and voc. (but see 8 154).
In thegen. sing. -ije- became 4ji. and then the j disappeared
between vowels; whence hairdeis. After the -ij- had
become -j- in the dat. sing. and all forms of the pl, the
further development of these case endings was the same
as that of harjis (4 157).
4 186. Like harjis are declined andastapjis, adversary ;
nipjis, kinsman. Like hafrdeis are declined andeis, end:
asneis, servant ; hrhiteis, wheat ; li5keis, physician ; ragi-
neis, counseIlor ; sipGneis, disci;bZe ; faGra-mapleis, ruler,
prince ; btikareis, scribe ; lhisareis, teaclaer ; mbtareis,
toll-taker.
5 186. Neuters.
SIKG. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. Voc. kuni, race kunja
Gen. kunjis kunjb
Dat. kunja kunjam
The nom. acc. sing. and pl. regularly go back to prim.
Germ. *kuqian, *kunjb.
gg r s 7-90 1 Declension of Nouns 89
f 187. Like knni are declined badi, bed; f r a y , under-
standing ; nati, net ; wadi, pledge ; g a w i (gen. ghujis,
8 160),region, district; h a w i (dat. hAuja), hay; taui (gen.
tcjis, 8 el), deed, work; andbahti, seruice ; arbi, heritage ;
g a d n i , counsel ; gawairpi, peace ;kunpi, knourledge ; reiki,
power; piubi, theft; ufar-mQi, superscr~tion; fairguni,
mountain ; fastubni, observance ; waldufni, power, See
8 183.
c. wa-stems.
$188. Masculines.
SING. PLUR
Nom. pius, seruant PiwBs
Acc. piu piwans
Gen. piwis piwe
Dat, piwa piwam
NOTE.-Of the masculine wa-stems there are only traces
extant, viz. the nom. and gen. pl. of *Pius (4 1601,and the norn.
sing. sndiws, snow, the acc. sing. of which would be snaiw,
gen. snaiwis, see 4 149,(3).

$189. Neuters
SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. Voc. kniu, knee kniwa
Gen. kniwis kmiwb
Dat. kniwa kniw a m
NOTE.--I.Only plural forms of kniu are extant. Like kniu
is also declined triu, zuood (f 160).
a. frAiw, seed; g d d w (OE. ggd), m i , lack; hlaiw, grave;
IGw, occasion; walirstw, work, retain the w in the norn. acc.
sing., see 149,(a), and are declined like wal5xd.

a. THE6-DECLENSION.
5 100. The 6-declension contains feminine nouns only,
and corresponds to the Latin and Greek 8-declension, for
90 Accidence [§§ 1 9 r - 2

which reason it is sometimes called the H-declension. It

is divided into pure hstems, jii-stems, and wb-stems. The
w6-stems and also the jbstems with a short radical
syllable are declined exactly like the pure b-stems. The
remaining jii-stems are also declined like the pure 6.stems,
except that the nom. sing. ends in -i.

5 101. a. Pure 6.stems.

SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. giba, ggt gibBs
Gen. gibiis gibii
Dat. gibhi gib6m

The prim. Germ. forms of giba were: Sing. nom.

*gebb; acc. *gebijn (cp. Gr. xdpav, band), gen. *geb6z.
dat. *gebai older *gebi% (= Indg. -gi; cp. Gr. 8eb to a
goddess) ; PI. nom. ace. *3eb8z, gen. *geb6n, dat. *gebiimiz,
from which the corresponding Gothic forms are regularly
developed.
8 102. Like giba are declined a very large number of
feminine nouns, as aha,river ; airpa, earth ;bida, request ;
b6ka, leffer; b6ta, advantage; kara, care; E r a , country,
region ; graba, ditch ; hairda, herd; hreila, linze ; karkara,
prison ; laiba, remrzant ; miita, custom-house ; rnulda, dust ;
nEPla, needle ; riina, t ~ ~ ~ s t;crazda,
ry language ; sitiwala,
soul ; safirga, sorrow ; stibna, voice ; staua, judgment ;
Piuda, people ; wamba, womb.
W6-stems-bandwa, sig~t, token ; fijapwa (fiapwa).
hatred; frijapwa (fxiapwa), love ; nidwa, rust ; triggwa,
covenant.
j6-stems-with a short radical syllable-brakja, s1'nj.e;
halja, hell; ludja,face; plapja, street; sibja, relafionshr) ;
sunja, truth; wrakja, persecution. The nom. sing. had
its .a either from the pure 6-stems or else ~t was the acc.
used for the old nominative. See 4 193.
5s 1 ~ 3 - 6 1 Declension of Nouns
$ y39" b. jb-stems.
SING. PLUR
Nom, bandi, band bandjiis
Acc. bandja bandjbs
Gen. bandjijs bandj6
Dat. bandjiii bandjbm
Excepting the nom. sing. the prim. Germ. case endings
were the same as those of the pure 6-stems. The nom.
sing. was *Ban&, which regularly became bandi in Gothic.
$194. Like bandi are declined jb-stems which have
a long stem-syllable, and thosewhose stems are polysyllabic,
as frijbndi, friend ; frhistubni, temptation ; hPiPi, field ;
hati, command; m a w i (gen. mbujbs, $ 160), maiden;
piudangardi, kingdom ; Piwi (gen. piujes, 5 ISO), maid
servant ; piisundi, tlzousnnd ; wasti, ciofjzing; wundufni,
wound.
3. THEI-DECLENSION.
5 195. The i-declension contains only masculine and
feminine nouns, and corresponds to the Lat. and Gr.
i-declension (nom. Lat. -is, Gr. -LS, acc. -im, -iv). In the
parent language the masc. and fern. i-stems were declined
alike. In Gothic the nom. acc. voc. sing. regularly fell
together with the a-declension (5 1791,which was the reason
why the gen. and dat. sing. and probably also the gen. pi.
of the masc. ncuns were re-formed after the analogy of the
a-declension.
5 106. a. Nascuiines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. gasts, guest gasteis
Voc. g a s t
Acc, g a s t gastins
Gen, gastis gaste
Dat. gasta gastim
On the pl. forms see 5 198.
 Accidence
NOTE.-I. On nom. forms like drus, fall, badr, child, s m , gen
drusis, badria, see 8 175. On the nom. sing. naus, corpse,
beside nom. pl. naweis, see 4 150.
a. The endings of the whole of the singular and of the gen.
plural being the same as those of the a-declension, it can only
be decided by aid of comparison with the other Germanic
languages, whether a noun, whose pl. nom. dat. or ace. is not
extant, belongs to this or to the a-declension. Thus the mutated
vowel in OE. cyme, coming; dryre, fall, shows that Goth. qums,
drus belong to the i-declension.
5 197. Like g a s t s are declined a r m s , a r m ; balgs,
wine-skin ; barms, bosonr, lap ; briipfaps (gen. -fadis,
$173), bridegroom ; gards, house ; hups, hip ; lbists, track ;
mats, meat ; muns, thought ; saggws, song ; skiws, sea ;
s h u p s fgen. shudis, 3 173), sacrifice; staps (gen. stadis,
6 173), place ; striks, stroke ; plalihs,frz~ht.
8 108. b. Feminines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. ansts,favour ansteis
Voc. anst
Acc. anst anstins
Gen. anstitis anste
Dat. anstii anstim
T h e prim. Germ. forms of a n s t s were: Sing. nom.
*anstiz, acc. *anstin, voc. *ansti, gen. *anstaiz (= Indg.
-e?s, -ois), dat. *anstEi (originally the loc. ending) ; PI.
nom. *anstiz (older -ijiz = Indg. .ejes, cp. Skr. triiyas,
Gr. spris from *sph(j)rs, three); acc. "anstinz, gen. *an.
sti(j)8n, dat. *anstimiz, from which the Gothic forms are
regularly developed except the gen. pl. which was formed
direct from a n s t - + the gen. pl. ending .8, see $8 87, 179.
NOTE.-^^ forms like nom. usstass, gen. usstasstiis, resuwec-
tion, see $176.
4 109. Like a n s t s are declined a great many feminine
nouns, as itihts, property ; arbhips (gen. arbhidhis), labour;
$5 a00-11 Decle~rsionof Nouns 93
asans, harvest ; anabiisns (anabusns 11, command ; anda-
hafts, answer; dfcils, portion ; dgps (gen. dedfcis), deed;
fadreins, fanlily ; fahgps (gen. fahedhis), joy ; fralusts,
loss ; frawahrhts, sin; gabahrps, birth ; gahugds, thowht ;
gakusts, test ; garnunds, re?r-letnbrance; ganists, salvniion ;
gaqumps, assembly ; garuns, market-place ; gaskafts, crea-
tion ; gatahrps, destruction ; haiirds, door; lists, craftiness ;
missadeps (-dsds),nzisdccd ; magaps, maid ; mahts, power;
manaseps (gen. -sEdfcis), world; mikildiips, ,..eafness;
nhups, need; qEns, woman ; saiihts, sickness ; siuns, sight ;
slahhts, slaughter; sijkns, search ; tfcikns, token ; pahrfts,
need; urrists, resurrection ; wsns, hope ; wahrts, root ;
wrijhs, accusatlbn.
NOTE.-h&ims, village, is declined like ansts in the singular,
but like giba (F) 101)in the plural.
200. In the same manner are also declined the abstract
nouns formed from weak verbs of the second and third con-
jugation ; as lapiins, invitation, inf. lap&, to invite ; mitiins,
a thought, inf. mittin, to think over; salbiins, ointtnent, inf.
salb6n, to anoint; sunjGns, a verifying, inf. sunjijn, to
verfy; b a d i n s , dwelling, inf, bauan, to inhabit; libfcins,
lge, inf. Iiban, to live; j u l s n s , sufferance, inf. pulan, lo
sufer. Abstract nouns formed from weak verbs of the first
conjugation are also declined in tne same manner except
that the nom. and gen. plural are like those of the M e -
clension ($191), thus liiseins, doctri~e,gen. l6iseinhis, but
nom. gen. pl. l&sein6s, ISseinii; other examples are
galfcubeins, faith, inf. galfcubjan, to believe ; dfcupeins,
baptism, inf. dfcupjan, to baptiee ; naseins, salvation, inf.
, save. See 8 153 note.
n a ~ j a nto

8 201. The tl-declension comprises masculine, feminine

and neuter nouns, and corresponds to the Lat. and Gr.
94 Accidence [8§ 202-3

u-declension (norn. masc. and fern. Lat. -us, Gr. -us, acc.
-urn, -uv; neut. nom. acc. 4,.u, -u),
Q 202. a. Masculines and Feminines.
SING.
Nom. sunus (masc.), son handus (fern.), hand
Voc. Acc. sunu handu
Gen. sunitus handaus
Dat. sun611 handhu
PLUR.
Nom. sunjus handjus
Acc. sununs handuns
Gen. suniwe handiwb
Dat. sunum handurn
NoTE.--T~~ above are the regular endings, but in a few
instances the singular &u. and u-endings have been confused
by later scribes, e. g. nom. aunaus beside sunus, dat, sunu
beside sundu, voc. sunau (frequently) beside sunu.
T h e prim. Germ. forms of sunus were: Sing. nom.
*sunuz, acc. *sunun, voc. "sunu and *sunau (= Indg. -ou,
cp. Lith. siinaG), gen. *sunauz (= Indg. -eiis, oils, cp.
Lith. sGnaiis), dat. *sunGu (originally loc.); PI. norn.
*suniwiz (=Indg. -ewes, cp. Gr. Ionic rrtjxaas from *mjxa[cs,
fore-arms); acc. "sununz, gen. *suniwan (= Indg. .ew6m,
cp. Gr. mjxawv from *stjxrFwv), dat. "sunurniz, from which
t h e Gothic forms are all regularly developed except the -E.
in t h e gen. plural, see $ 179. T h e fluctuation between
sunu and sun& in the voc. sing. may be due to the old
double forms. I n the nom. pl. *suniwiz became 'suniuz
and then sunjus ($150 note).
4 203. Similarly a r e declined the following masculine
nouns and a few others : birus, messenger ; asilus, ass ;
dhupus, deaf11; fairbus, wot-/a!; f6tus, foot ; hiihrus,
ktcngeu ; hairus, sword; hliftus, tlzief; ibnassus, evenness ;
kustus, test; lipus, lirnb; luftus, air ;lustus, desire ; magus,
$9; 304-61 Declension of Nouns 95
boy; s a k k u s , sackcloth; sidus, nrstoril ; skadus, shadow;
skildus, shield ; tunpus, toot/t ; pafirnus, tJtovn ; piudi-
nassus, kitzgdoin ; wiprus, lanzb ; wulpus,glory ; wintrus,
winter.
$ 204. Besides handus also the three feminine nouns
asilus, she-ass; kinnus, cheek; waddjus, wall.

b. Neuters.
5 aos. Of the neuter u-stems only a few traces are extant
in Gothic. No plural forms occur.
Nom. Acc. fafhu, cczti/e
Gen. faihaus
Dat. faihdu
NOTE.-The gen. faihdus does not occur, but it can be inferred
from filaus, tile adverbial gen. of filu, much. gkiru (nom. sing.),
goad, and sihu (acc. sing.), victory, occur only once, and a s
glosses; the latter is probably miswritten for sigu, which
would then presuppose a masc. form *sigus OHG. sigu,
9

otherwise we should expect saihu (5 89). T h e acc. form leipu,

sfrong drink, probably also belongs here, since it is neuter in
all the orher old Germanic languages.
The nom. acc. ended in the parent language in .U ~vhicfi
regularly remained in Gothic ($ 88).

B. WEAKDECLENSION
(~~STEMS).

8 208. In the parent language the nom. sing. ended

partly in -En, 4 x 1 , and partly in 4, -8. 'The reason fur
this difference is unknown. 'The various Indg. languages
generalized one or other of the two forms in prehistoric
times, as in Gr. nom, rotptjv, shepherd; iyepiv, leader; acc.
no~pCva,4ycpdva, beside nom. Skr. r h j ~ king;
, Lat. homo,
man ; sermo, discourse ; acc. rAjZinarn, hominem, sermij.
nem. In prim. Germanic the two forms existed side by
side, as in Goth. h a n a from .en, 4 x 1 (5 87. (I)), beside
tuggo, hairtij frotn -6 (5 89). In Goth. the -6 became
restricted to the feminine and neuter, whereas in the West
Germanic languages it became restricted to the masculine,
as OE. guma, OS. gumo, OHG. gomo, man, from -8,
beside OE. tunge, 0s. tunga, OHG. zunga, tongue; OE.
Eage, 0s. 6ga, OHG. ouga, eye, from -6n.
In the inflected forms the stem-endings had originally
the following phases of ablaut : acc. sing. and nom. pl. -on-,
Ioc. sing. -en., gen. dat. sing. and acc. gen. pl. consonantal
-n-, dat. and loc. pl. vocalic -n.. These distinctions were
not faithfully preserved in the historic period of any of the
Indg. languages. Owing to levelling out in various direc-
tions the different stem-endings were extended to cases to
which they did not originally belong. Thus in Gothic the
-an- in the nom. pl. hanans from prim. Germ. *xananiz
was extended to the gen. The old form is still found in
ab-n-E, of men ; afihs-n-i2,of oxen ; man-n-E, of men. In
tuggii the 6 of the nom. sing. was extended to the other
cases. And similarly in OE. the -an- of the acc. sing. of
guma, man; tunge, tongue, was extended to the gen. and
dat., so that all three cases became the same : guman,
tungan.
The masc. and fern. n-stems were originally declined
alike, as in Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, but already in
the prehistoric period of the Germanic languages they
became differentiated in some of the cases by partly
generalizing one or other of the forms. Thus, as we
have seen above, the nom. sing. originally ended in -8 or
-6n in both genders, Gothic restricted 3 to the feminine
and -5n to the mascuIine, but in the West Germanic
languages the reverse took place. In the feminine Gothic
0.Icel. 0s. and OHG. levelled out the original long
vo~velof the nom. sing. into the oblique cases, whereas
OE. had the same forms as the masculine except in the
nom. sing. tunge from prim. Germanic 4%.
From a morphological point of view the n.stems should
45 207-Sl Declension of Nouns 97
be divided into -an, =jan, and -wan stems, but in Gothic
as in the other Germanic languages all three classes were
declined alike.
5 207. a. Masculines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. hana, cock hanans
Acc. hanan hanans
Gen. hanins hanane
Dat. hanin hanam
T h e prim. Germanic forms of hana were: Sing. nom.
*Xanen o r .Bn (cp. Gr. ~~otptjv, slzeplzerd; qyephv, leadet),
acc. *Xananun (cp. Gr. i)y~i*6va),gen. * ~ a n e n a oz r * ~ a n i n i z
(cp. Gr. rorpdvos), dat. (originally loc.) * ~ a n i n i(cp. Gr.
xocpivc) ; PI. nom. *xananiz (cp. Gr. tjyrpdv~s),acc. ' ~ a n a -
nunz older 'xannunz (cp. Gr. iyeptivas, ru'vas = Indg.
*kun-ns ($5 534), dogs), gen. lXannbn (cp. Goth. ahhsn-E,
OE. oxn-a, of oxen, Gr. KUV-Cv, of dogs), dat. * ~ a n u n m i z .
T h e Gothic cases of the sing. and the nom. p1. are regu-
larly developed from the corresponding prim. Germanic
forms. 'The acc. pl. hanans is the nom. used for the
accusative, *XannBnwould have become *hannZi; hananE
had the second .an. from the nom. pl., and the -E is of
the same unknown origin a s in dage (5 179). T h e dat. pl.
was formed direct from han-+am, the ending or' the
a-stems.
208. Like h a n a are declined a great number of weak
masculines; as aha, mind; ahma, spirit; atta, jatlzer;
brunna, well, spring; bliima, flower; fana, bit of clollz;
galga, cross, gallozus ; gajuka, companrbn ; garda, fold;
grtta6ra, tear, rent; guma, ntan ; hiuhma, croxd; hliuma,
hearing ; liuta, hypocrite ; lukarnastapa, candlestick ; ma-
@a, little boy; malma, sand; metla, nzoon; nota, stern
of a shrp ; nuta, jsherman ; skula, deblor; smakka, fig;
snaga, gatwent ; swaihra, father-in-law ; staua, judge ;
weiha, priest.
r 187 13
 arbi-numja, heir; arbja, heir; baCrrgja, citizen ; bandja,
prisoner ; faura-gaggja, govcmor; fiskja,jsher ; frAuja,
master; gasinpja, companion; gudja, priest; h a h j a ,
horn-blower; niSlvundja, nelghbour; swiglja, p@er; timrja,
caqenfer ; wardja, p a r d ; wilja, will. S e e $ f 6 note.
~
gawaGrstwa,fellow-worker; skuggwa, miwor; sparwa,
sparrow.
NOTE.-aba, man, has in the gen. pl. abnE, dat. pl. abnam;
and auhsa, ox, has in the gen. pl. auhsng. See 5 206.
9 209. SING. PLUR.
Nom. manna, man mans, mannans
Acc. mannan mans, mannans
Gen. mans manni5
Dat. mann mannam
manna generalized the weak stem-form man-n- which
originally belonged only to the gen. dat. sing. and to all
forms of the pl. except the nom. ( 8 206), cp. the similar
levelling in Latin in caro, flesh, acc. carnem, gen. carnis,
dat. carni, nom. pl. carngs, beside homo, man, hominem,
hominis, homini, nom. pl. homines. Sing. nom. manna
for *maria; acc. mannan for *manan ; gen. m a n s from
*man.n.iz, for *manins, dat. mann from "manni, for
*manin ; P1. nom. mannans for *manans from *mananiz,
m a n s from *man-n-iz, gen. manne like a6hsnE (4 2061,
dat. mannam formed like han-am ($ 207). T h e acc. pl.
is the nom. used for the accusative. I n the gen, sing.
and nom. acc. pl. the -nnz was simplified to -ns after the
loss of the -i. (Q 158 note).
$ 210. b. Feminines.
SING.
Nom. tugg6, tongue managei, mw/titudc
Acc. tugg6n managein
Gen. tuggijns manageins
Dat. tuggon managein
b 2111 Declension of Nou~zs
PLUR.
Nom. Acc. tuggiins manageins
Gen. tuggiinb managein6
Dat. tugg6m manageim I
The fem. n-stems were originaIly declined like the \

masculine. As has been pointed out in $ Z 0 6 the -5 of

the nom. tuggii was levelled out into the oblique cases
just as in Lat, sermo, discourse, acc. sermonem, gen.
sermanis, dat. s e r m h i , abl. serm6ne; PI. nom. acc.
sermiin5s, gen. sermiinum, dat. abl. sermiinibus. The
-1) in the gen. pl. regularly goes back to prim. Germanic
-8n ($ 87,(1)). The dat. pl. was formed direct from
tugg- + iim, the ending of the 8-stems (5 191).
The in-stems had -in- in all forms of the sing. and pl.
already in prim. Germanic, as Sing. nom. *mana$n, acc
*managinun ; gen. *managinaz, or -iz, dat. *managini ,
PI. nom. *managiniz, acc. *managinunz, gen. *maria.
ginan, dat. *managinmiz, from which the Gothic forms,
except the nom. sing. and ace. dat. plural, were regularly
developed. The regular nom. sing. would be *managi
(8 87, (I)). managei was a new formation with -ei from
the oblique cases. The acc. pl. manageins is the nom.
used for the accusative (cp. $207). The dat. pl. manageim
was a new formation similar to hanam, tugg6rn. On
the origin of this declension, see Brugmann's Grundriss,
vol. 11 (second ed.), pp. 312-18.
4 211. Lilre tugg1) are declined a large number of nouns,
as agl8, anguish ; azg6, ash ; brinnii, fever ; drius$ slope ;
full5, ful~zess; gajuk6, parable; kalb6, cay; mawilii,
yotitrg maiden; mizd8, rezvard; qin8, woman; stafrn8,
star ; swaihr6, mother-riz-law; PHh5, clay; teihr8, fjztrnder.
arbj6, Izeiress ; brunjii, breast-plate; gatimrjii, buif'ditg;
hGM6, clzamber ; nipjii, female cousi~z; rakj5, account ;
sakjii, strye.
gatwii, street ; iihtw6, early mom ; wahtwii, watch.
H 5)
100 Accidence [§Q211-13
$ 212. Like managei are declined a large number of
nouns, most of which are formed from adjectives, as
aglfiitei, lasciviousness; fiipei, mother; Budagei, blessed-
ness; bfiitrei, bitterness; balpei, boldness; bafrhtei, b e h f -
ness; bleipei, mercy; diupei, depth; drugkanei, duunken-
ness ; friidei, understanding ; gagudei, piety ; garaihtei,
nghfeousness; hhuhhairtei, pride ; hliitrei, puriby ; kilpei,
womb; liutei, deceit; marei, sea; mikilei, greatness;
pramstei, locust; palirstei, thirst.
$213. c. Neuters.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. hairtb, heart hafrtijna
Gen. hairtins hairtanE
Dat. hairtin hairtam
T h e neuter n-stems had originally the same endings
a s the masc. and fem. except in the acc. sing. and nom.
acc. plural. Nom. acc. sing. hafrtii from *xertB ($ 206).
The nom. acc. pl. had -6na in the fndg. parent language.
This was changed in print. Germanic into 4x16 with -6
from the neut. a-sterns ($ 181). -6n6 regularly became
-6na in Gothic. T h e dat. pl. hairtam was formed in the
same manner as hanam ($ 207).
Q 214. Like hafrtij are declined the following nouns:-
Augij, eye ; hus6, ear; BugadalirB, wrndow ; barnil6, iiftle
child; kalirn6, corn ; sigljij, seal; pairkij, hole.
NOTE.-wat6, water, has in the dat. pl. watnam, and nam6,
name, has in the nom. acc. pl. namna; other plural cases of
these two words are not extant.
C. MINORDECLENSIONS.
5 a15. I. Stems in .r.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. br6par, brother brijprjus
Acc. brapar brijpruns
Gen. brijprs br6pre
Dat. bropr brBPrum
$$ 2 16-1 11 Declension of Nouns 101

f n the parent language the words for father, molher and

daughter had in the sing. nom. .t@r,acc. loc. .term,voc. -ter,
gen. dat. .tr- (with cor~sor~antal r), PI. nom. -ter., acc. gen.
.tr- (with consonantal r),dat. loc. -tr-(withvocalicr), cp. $206
The word for brotltev had sing. nom. -t6r or .tEr, and the
word for sister .br (see $ 147) with short -or- or loss of -0-
in the other cases just as in -tiir, -ter-, -tr-. I n Goth. -e.,
'
.o. regularly became .a- before the following -r-(cp. $$ 80
note, 106). The prim, Germ. forms of br6par were :
Sing. norn. *br6Pijr, or e6r (cp. Gr. Dor. cbphrwp,+ p & ~ q p ,
member of a clan, ~ a ~ ~ ~ , ~ i acc. a f J'brBparun,
~ e ~ ) , nr -erun
(cp. gp&ropa, +p&rcpa), *'br6Par, or .er (cp. tpp&rop,
+ ~ & T C ~gen.
) ~ *brijpraz, s r -ia (cp, xarpds, Lat. patris), dat,
*br6pri (cp. warpi); PI. nom. *br6jmriz, or -iriz (cp. +ph~op"r,
.rrar@ts), acc. *brijprunz, gen. *br6prBn (cp. aarpGv), dat.
*briiprumiz; from which all the Gothic forms are regularly
developed except the Ram. sing. and the nom. and gen.
plural. The nom. sing, is the act. or voc. used for the
nominative. The ending .6r, -Er would not have become
-ar in Gothic, see 5 8 8 note. The nom. pl. was formed
after the analogy of sudus ($ 202) owing to the acc, and
dat. pl. regularly falling together in both declensions. On
the -G in brijpre see 4 179.
5 216. In the same rnatlner are declined :-darifitar.
daughter; swistar ($ 1471, szster. The word factar,gCatl~er,
only occurs once, and that in the voc. or norn. sing.
*mijdar, mother, does not occur at all, instead of whicli
hipei ($ 212) is used.
2. S t e m s in .nd.
Q a17. The nouns of this declension are old present
participles, like Lat. ferens, bearing, gen. ferentis, and
originally had the same case endings a s the other con
sonantal stems. But in Gothic a s in the other Germanic
languages they underwent various new formations. The
102 Accidence [ g a~ 18-20
nom. sing. was a new formation with d. from the inflected
forms, cp. Lat. ferens from *ferenss older *ferents (4 138);
acc. frij6nd from *frij6ndun, dat. frij6nd from *frijbndi;
nom. pl. frijbnds from *frij6ndiz, which was also used for
the accusative. The gen. sing. and gen. dat. pi. were
formed after the analogy of the a-stems (1179). For the
declension of the present partici~lesin Gothic, see Q 239.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. frij6nds,jXe;zd frij6nds
Voc. Acc. frij6nd frijiinds
Gen. frij6ndis frijijnde
Dat. frijiind frijiindam
$ 218. In like manner are inflected the extant forms
of allwaldands, t/te Almtk/zly ; bisitands, nekhbour ;
dbupjands, baptizer; fritujinbnds, ruler; fijands, enemy;
fraweitands, avenger ; gibands, giver ; merjands, pro-
claimer; m i d u m h d s , mediator; nasjands, saviour; talz-
jands, teaclaer.
3. Masculines.
4 ale. Of the masculines belonging here we have only
traces, as sing. nom. mEn6ps, mont/z, gen. mGn6ps (or
rnenijpis?), dat. mEnijp, pl. nom. acc. meniips, dat. mEn6P-
urn; sing. nom. reiks, ruler, gen. reikis, dat. reik, pl.
nom. acc. reiks, gen. reikE, dat. reikam; sing. nom.
weitwiids, witness, acc. weitwijd, pl. nom. weitwiids,
gen. weitwiidg.
g 220. 4. Feminines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. baurgs, cily baGrgs
Acc, ba6rg ba6rgs
Gen. baiirgs batirgg
Dat. bakg balirgirn
$5 221-31 A a'jeciz ves 103

T h e prim. Germ. forms of baurgs were: Sing. nom.

* b u r ~ s(3 1381, acc. *burgun, gen. 'burgaz or .iz, dat.
*burs$; P1. noni. *Burgiz, acc. "Durgunz, gen. *Burg8n,
dat. *bur3umiz, fro111 xi-hich are regularly developed the
gen. dat. sing. and nom. pltiral (but see 4 169). Nom.
$ng. baGrgs for *balirhs with g from the other cases.
The acc. pl. is the nom. used for the accusative. T h e acc.
sing. and gen. and dat. pl. were formed after the analogy of
the i-stems (5 198). T h e regular forms would have been
*badrgu, *bafirg5, * bafirgum.
$221. In the same manner are declined :-alhs, temple;
brusts, breast ; dulps, feast ; miluks, miik ; mitaps (gen.
mitads), measure ; n a h t s , night, but dat. pl. n a h t a m , formed
after the analogy of d a g a m ($178); spaurds, racecourse ;
waihts, thing.
NOTE.--dulps and waihts are also declined according to the
i-declension (3 198).
5. Neuters.
$ 222. Sing. nom. acc. f i n , j r e , gen. funins, dat. funin.
No plural forms occur.

CHAPTER XI

$ 223. In the parent Indg. language nouns and adjectives

were declined alike without any distinction in endings, as
in Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. W h a t is called the un-
inflected form of adjectives in the Germanic languages is a
remnant of the time when nouns and adjectives were
declined alike. But already in Indo-Germanic the pro-
nominal adjectives had partly nominal and partly prono-
minal endings as in Sanskrit. In prim. Germanic the
endings of the pronominal adjectives were extended to all
adjectives. These remarks apply to what is called in the
Germanic languages the strong declension of adjectives.
T h e so-called weak declension of adjectives is a special
Germanic formation by means of the suffixes =en., .on.,
which were originally used to form nomina agenfis, and
attributive nouns, as Lat. ed6 (gen. ed6nis)) glutton, Goth.
staua, judge, wardja, guard, watchman, gen. stauins,
wardjins; Cat. adjectives catus, sly, cunning, riifus, red,
red-haired, silus, pug-nosed, beside the proper names Cat5
(gen. Cat6nis), lit. the sly one, Rufc), the red-hazked man,
Sil6, the pug-nosed man; and similarly in Gothic blinds,
blind, liuts, hypocritica(, deceivul, weihs, holy, beside blinda,
blind man, liuta, hypocrite, weiha, priest, lit. holy one. Such
nouns came to be used attributively at an early period, and
then later as adjectives. And already in prim. Germanic
this weak declension became the rule when the adjective
followed the definite article, as ahma sa weiha, lit. ghost
fheholy one ; OE. Wulfmgr se geonga, W u l f m ~ rthe Young,
OHG. Ludowig ther snello, Ludm(g the Brave, cp. NHG.
Karl der Grosse. At a later period, but still in prim.
Germanic, the two kinds of adjectives-strong and weak-
became differentiated in use. When the one and when
the other form was used in Gothic is a question of syntax
(8 430). It should be noted that there were also adjectival
n-stems in the parent Indg. language, but that they did not
have vocalic stenls beside them as is the case in the Ger-
manic languages.
5 a24. In Gothic the adjectives are declined as strong or
weak (p 430). They have three genders and the same
cases as nouns.

5 2%6. The strong declension contains a-stems, isstems,

and u-stems. The case endings are partly nominal and
partly pronominal, the latter are printed in italics. The
endings have already been explained in the
vocalic declension of nouns. T h e pronominal endings
will be explained in 8 266.
a.stems.
5 226. T h e a-stems are sub-divided into pure a-stems,
ja.stems, and wa-stems. The nominal endings of the
pure asstems for the three genders are the same as those
of dags f$170), wa6rd ($ 181)) giba (8 101).
Pure a-stems.
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. blinds, blmd blind, blindata blinda
Ace. blindana blind, blindaia blinda
Gen. blindis blfndis blindaislis
Dat. blindamma blindamma blind&
PLUR.
Nom. blindar blinda blind&
Acc. blindans blinds blindBs
Gen, blindai%! blindaikii blinduizii
Dat. blindaim blindaim blindaim
Nor~.--On adjectives like lttus, em$@ (gen. 1Busis) ; gaqiss,
consenting (gen. gaqissis), see 175 ; g6Ps (gcn. gijdis), goad.
see Q 173; liufs (gen. liubis), dear, see 161.
8 227. Like blinds are declined by far the greater ma-
jority of Gothic adjectives. Examples are a w e i n s , eternal;
airpeins, earth& ; alls, aN; arms, poor ; hudags, blessed ;
bairhts, bright ; b&trs, bitter ; barnisks, childislz ; diups,
deep; dumbs, dumb; dwals, foolish; fagrs, beautful;
fr6ps (gen. frbdis), wise; fulgins, hidden; fulls, fuN;
galeiks, like ; gAurs, sad ; g6ps (gen. gBdis), good; grh-
dags, hungry ; gulpeins, golden ; hAils, whole ; halts,lame;
handugs, wise ; hlWrs, pure ; hulps, gracious ; ibns, even :
106 Accidence [§§ 228-9

juggs, young; kalds, cold; laggs, long ; lats, slotful;

leitils, little; liufs (gen. liubis), dear; mahts, possrbLe ;
mahteigs, nzghhty ; manags, much ;mikils,great; mijdags,
angry; raihts, right ; saps (gen. sadis),full; sineigs, old;
siuks, sick ; smals, small ; snutrs, wise ; swarts, 6lack ;
swCirs, hojzoured ; swinps, strong ; tils, fit ; ubils, evil;
unweis, unlearned ; wafrps, worthy ; weihs, holy.

ja-stems.
5 zas. The ja-stems are divided into two classes like the
corresponding declension of nouns (5 183) : (I) ja-stems
with a short radical syllable, and those whose stems end
in a vowel ; (2) ja-stems with a long stem-syllable. The
latter only differ from the former in the singular. The
i~ominalendings of (I) are the same as those of harjis
(9 184), kuni (4 183), giba (5 191); and of (2) hairdeis ($184)'
kuni ($186),bandi ($ 103).
SING.
Masc. Neui. Fern.
Nom. midjis, )lziddle midi, midjata midja
Acc. midjatra midi, midjata midja
Gen. midjis midjis midjazz6.s
Dat. midjanzma midjamma midjBi
PLUR.
Mnsc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. midjai midja midjijs
Acc. midjans midja midjqs
Gen. midjdizi? midjaba midjdizii
Dat. midjdiut midjdim midjaim
229. Like midjis are declined aljis, other; gawiljis,
willing ; sunjis, true ; unsibjis, lawless ; fullatijjis, perfect ;
niujis, new ; ubiltiijis, eviTdoi~zg. Frija., free, has in the
norn. sing. masc. freis ($ 153).
 8 230.
SING.
Masc. Netti. Fem.
Nom. wilpeis, wild wilpi, wilpjafa wilki
Acc. wilpjuna 1 w i a a wilpja
Gen. wilpeis wilpeis (or -jis?) wil)j,jriizGs
Dat, wilJ-jamma wf1)j;jnmwza wilpjiii
N ~ T E . - T gen.
~ ~ sing. of an adjective belonging to this class
is not extant.
231. Like wilpeis a r e declined airzeis, astray ; alpeis,
old ; fairneis, oId ; w6peis. sweet,

232. T h e wa-stems are declined like the pure a-stems.

Only a very few adjectives of this class are extant in
Gothic: triggws, fme; l a s i w s , weak, the regular form of
which would be *lasius (4 150), occurs once only, and that
in the nom. sing. masc. T h e nom. singular forms +qius,
aizve, pl. qiwfii ; *fiius, Iifile, pl. fawfii ; 'ussk8us, vz@ant,
pl. usskawfii, d o not occur. S e e $S 149,160.

i-stems.
4 233. W i t h the exception of the nom. sing. all genders,
t h e acc. sing. neut., and the gen. sing. nlasc. a n d neut., all
the forms went over into the ja-declension with the same
endings a s rnidjis ($ 228). Mom. sing. hrftins like g a s t s
($ 196), a n s t s (Q108) ; gen. sing. hrtiinis like g a s t i s ;
nom. acc. sing. neut. hrgin from prim. Germ, *xraini, cp.
OE. bryce (neut.) from *bruki, brittle; Gr. Irspr, ski@l.
T h e gen. sing. fem. of an adjective of this class is not
extant; nor is the .ata form of the nom. acc. sing.
neuter.
108 Accidence [§§ 234-5

SING.
Masc. Netrt. Fern.
Nom. hriiins, clean hrhin hriiins
Acc. hrhinjana hrhin hriinja
Gen. hriiinis hrfrinis *hrfrinjriiz?is
Dat. hriinjamma hrAinjnnrnia hrAinj5ri

PI.UR.
Nom. hriiinjdi hriinja hrfiinjk
Acc. hriiinjans hriiinja hriiinjBs
Gen . hrAinjaieZ hrPinjkiz2 hrhinjaie6
Dat. hrhinjainr hrhinjainr hsiinj aim
5 234. Like hriiins are declined anal&ugns, hidden;
anasiuns, visible ; andangms, pleasant ; hubs, desert ;
briiks, useful; gafAurs, well-belzaved ; gamiiins, common ;
sels, kind; skfruns, beautz~il; skeirs, clear; suts (? siits),
sweet; and a few others.

Q 336. T h e u-formsappear only in the nom. sing. of all

genders and in the acc. sing. neut. and are like sunus
(5 aoaf, faihu f§ 205). The gen. and dat. sing. of all
genders are wanting. The ending of the gen. sing. masc.
and neut. would probably be -&us; cp, the adverbial gen.
filius (§ 205 note). The nom. acc. neut. pl. are also
wanting. All the other extant cases have passed over
into the ja-declension.
SING.
Masc, Neut. Fern.
Nom. hardus, hard hardu, hardjafa hardus
Acc. hardjana hardu, hardjala hardja
Gen. *hardbus *hardius *hardjaiaik
Dat. *hardjamma *hardjamma 'hardjiii
 PLUR.
Nom. hardjai *hardja hardj6s
Acc. bardjans *hardja hardjijs
Gen. hardjbize hardjn'ize' hardj ais6
Dat. hardjaim hardjuim hardjaim
Q 236. Like hardus are declined the following adjectives :
-aggwus, narvow ; aglus, dzfictri'f; hnasqus, soft;
kafirus, heavy ; manwus, ready ; qalrrus, gentl;?; seipus,
[ale; tulgus, steadfast; twalibwintrus, tulelve years old;
pafirsus, zuifhered; plaqus, soft.

237. T h e weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly

with that of the three nouns h a n a (5 207), hairtij (4 2131,
and tuggb (8 210).
SING.
Masc. ILTeut. Fern.
Nom. bfinda, blind blind6 blind6
Ace. blindan blind6 blindijn
Gen. blindins blindins blindijns
Dat. blindin blindin blindijn

PLUR.
Nom. blindans blindana blindiSns
Ace. blindans blindona blindijns
Gen, biindang blindang blindijnii
Dat. blindam blindam blindijm

Q 238. I n the same manner are declined the weak forms

of the ja-sterns. See 5 153 note. The i- and u-stems are
also thus declined, but have the endings -ja, -j6, -jb in the
nom. sing. like the ja-stems, thus :-
 A ccidence
ja-stems.
SING.
Masc. iVc24t. Fem.
Nom. niuja, nPzu niujii niuj6
Acc. niujan niujij niujiin
&c. kc. 6c.
SING.
Nom. wilf?ia,curld wilpj6 nrilkjb
Acc. wilpjan wilf?jb wilWBn
kc. S-c. &€.

i-stems.
SING.
Masc. Net4 t. Fem.
Nom. hrhinja, clcn~z hr4inj6 hr5injij
Acc, hrbinjan hrkinjii hrhinj6n
8.c. kc. kc.

u.stems.
SING.
ilhsc. Neui. Ftm.
Nom. hardja, hard hardj6 hardjii
Acc. hardjan hardjij hardjiin
Erc. kc. kc.

8 239. In the parent language the stern of the present

participle ended in -nt, as in Lat. ferent-, Gr. ~ ~ P O V T - ~

beari~g. T h e masc. and neut. were originally declined

like consonant stems ($ 217), and the fern. like bandi
(8 103). This original distinction was not preserved either
in Gotltic or the \Vest Germaniclnnguages. In Gothic the
present participle came to have only weak forms except In
the masc. nom. sing. nimands ($ 217) beside nimanda.
In other respects it is always declined weak like the three
nouns h a n a ($207), hairt6 (9 213), managei (5 210). The
reason why the fern. is declined like managei and not like
tugg6 is owing to the fact that t h e original ending of the
nom. was -i ($5 103,210). In the West Germanic languages
the masc. and neut. went over into the ja-declension after
the analogy of the feminine, and then the pres. participle
came to be declined like an ordinary adjective according
to both the strong and the weak declension.
GING.
Masr. Neut. Fern.
Nom. nimands tiimanda, takiwg nimand6 nimandei
Acc. nimandan nimandij nimandein
Gen. nimandins nimandins nimandeins
Dat. nimandin nimandin nimandein
PLUR.
Nom. nimandans nimandijna nimandeins
Acc. nimandans nimandiina nimandeins
Gen, nimandanc nimandans nimandein6
Dat. nimandam nimandam nimandeim
$ 240. The past participle has both the strong and the
weak declension. In the former case it is declined like
blinds (8 226), and in the latter like blirlda ($ 23:).
4 241. Strong.
SING.
ltfffsc. 1Veut. Fern.
Nom. numans, taken numan, n u m a n a t a numana
Acc. numanana numan, numanata numana
kc. &c. &c.
In the same manner are declined the past participles of
weak verbs, as nasips, saved, acc. nasidana; salbops,
anointed, acc. salbijdana, kc. O n the interchange of P
and d see $ 173,
I 12 Accidence
5 aea. Weak.
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. { numana
nasida
numanb
nasid6
numan6
oasid6
Acc. { numanan
nasidan
numanb
nasidb
numantin
nasid6n
&c. &c. &c.

OF ADJECTIVES.
D. THECOMPARISON
I. The Comparative Degree.
5 243. The Indg. parent language had several suffixes
by means of which the comparative degree was formed.
But in the individual branches of the parent language one
of the suffixes generally became more productive than the
rest, and in the course of time came to be the principal
one from which the comparative was formed, the other
suffixes onIy being preserved in isolated forms. The only
Indg. comparative suffix which remained productive in
the Germanic languages is -is.,which became .iz. (=Goth.
.iz-,OHG. -ir-, OE. -r-) in prim. Germanic by Verner's law
($136). T o this suffix was added in prim. Germanic, or
probably in the pre-Germanic period, the formative suffix
.en-, .on., as in Gr. q8Lov from * ~ F a S l ~ w vgen.
, 4Slovos
= Goth. sttiza, gen. sittizins, OHG. suoqiro, gen. suoz,-
iren, OE. swGtra, sweeter, gen.swStran. This explainswhy
the comparative is declined weak in the oldest periods of
the Germanic languages. In Gothic it is declined like the
present participle ($ 239),except that the nom. sing. mast.
is always weak. Beside the suffix -iz. there was also in
prim. Germanic a suffix -62- (Goth. -62-, OHG. -6r-, OE. -r-)
which did not exist in Indo-Germanic. This suffix is
a special Germanic new formation, and arose from the
comparative of adverbs whose positive originally ended in
-8 = Indg. ablative ending -6d ($ 89). And then at a later
period it became extended to adjectives. In Gothic the
ja.stems, i-stems, and u-stems take the suffix -iz.; pure
a-stems son~etimes take the one, sometimes the other
suffix, thus :-
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.
manags, g?aad managiza
juggs, yorrng jiihiza (6s 62, 137)
swinps, sl?-o~tg swinp6za
alpeis, old alpiza
s6ts, sweet s6tiza
hardus, hard hardiza

2. The Superlative Degree.

(j a44. The superlative, like the comparative degree,
was formed in the Indg parent language by means of
several suffixes. B~at in the individual branches of the
parent language one of the suffixes generally became
more productive than the rest, and in the course of time
came to be the principal one from which the superlative
degree was formed, the other suffixes onIy being preserved
in isolated forms. The only superlative suffix which re-
mained productive in the Germanic languages is -to- in
the combination -isto-, formed by adding the original
superlative suffix -to- to the comparative suffix -is-, as
in Sanskrit and Greek, as Gr. ;ISlmos = Goth. siitists,
OHG. suogisto, OE. swEtest(a), sweefest. The simple
superlative suffix -to- has been preserved in Gr., Lat., and
the Germanic languages in the formation of the ordinal
numerals, as Gr. PKTOS, Lat. sextus, Goth. saihsta, OHG.
sehsto, OE. siexta, sixth. T h e Germanic suffix .6st. was
a new formation like -6z- in the comparative. In Gothic
the rule seems to have been that adjectives which had -iz-
in the comparative had -kt-in the superlative, and those
1187 I
which had dz-in the comparative had -6st- in the superla-
tive ; but there are not sufficientexamples of the compara-
tive and superlative of the same adjective extant to enable
us to establish the rule with certainty. The superlative
has both the strong and weak declension. In the former
case it is declined like blinds (5 226), except that the neut.
nom. acc. sing. in -ata does not occur, and perhaps was
not in use; and in the latter case like blinda (8 237).
Examples of the superlative are armiists, PoorPst; h5u-
hists, hkhest ; managists, greatest.

3. Irregular Comparison.
5 245. The folIowing adjectives form their comparative
and superlative from a different root or stem than the
positive :-
PO~. COMP. SUPERL.
g6Ps (gen. g6dis), good batiza batists
leitils, little rninniza minnists
mikils, p e a t mhiza m6Ists
sineigs, old wanting sinista
ubils, evil wairsiza wanting
NOTE.-sinista is used as the translation of Gr. rpro~v'rcpos,
elder, phi sinistans, the elders.
246. There are six superlative forms ending in -ma,
-tuma, -duma which were formed from adverbial stems
with the Germanic superlative suffixes .urn-, -turn.,
-&urn., cp. Lat. optimus, best; intimus from *enternos,
inmost = Indg. *en-tmos with vocalic m (§ 63). On the -t-
beside d see $$I28note z, 136. The forms are : afihuma,
&her; fruma, the fomter, prior, first ; innuma, the inner,
i n n m o s t ; aftuma, the following, next, posterus ; iftuma,
thefolhirzg, next ; hleiduma, the left, which are all declined
weak like hana ($207), hafrt6 ($ 213), managei (5 210).
These came to have a comparative meaning in Gothic,
and then to a f i h u z a , aftuma, and f r u m a new superla-
tives afihumists (ad~kmlsts),h&Itest, aftumists, last, after-
most, frumists, fir54 were formed ; and similarly hindu-
mists, hindmost, spddumists, iffst, from *hinduma, *sp&
duma. .
NUMERALS.
r. Cardinals.
4 247. The extant s-~rdinalnumerals are :--Bins, one;
twAi, two ; prija (nerrl,), three ; fidwor, four; fimf, j v e :
saihs, si.r ; sibun, snwz ; a h t i u , eight ; niun, ntne ; tafhun,
fen ; 'fiinlif (but dat. kinlibfm), eleven ; twalif fdat. t w a -
libirn), twelve ; fidwiir&ax'hun,fourteen ; fimftafhun, ji/een ;
twhi tigjus, twen[y ; '!reis tigjus (but acc. )rim tiguns),
ilzit-~;fidwiir tigjus, !bt-[y; fimf tigjus, f;f& ; s a i h s tig-
jus, six& ; sibuntehund, seventy; a h t i u t e h u n d , e+&,
niuntehund (gen. niuntehundis), ninety; taihuntehunti
(taihuntafhund), ktcndi rd ; t w a hunda, two Izundred ;
prija hunda, three ktrar$ved; fimf hunda, firre hundred;
niun hunda, nine ~~~~~~~~ed; Pfisundi, ihousa~zd; t w b s
Piisundjtis, two thousand ; *g.(= *)reis, see Q a) JJiisundjtis,
three thousand; fidwiir pEsundjtis, four ilzowsntzd; fimf
jliisundjbs, jive thottsa~rd; and the datives mip tafhun
piisundjiim, with ten t/zousafzd; mip twhirn tigutn biisundj6,
with twenty thousand. See 7 2.
The fina1.n in sibun, niun. taihun = prim. Germ.*set)un,
older -urn, n e w u n (Indg. *newn with vocalic n), 'tehun,
older -urn (5 $71, was either due to the inflected forms
(5 262) or else to the influence of the ordinals ($ 253) as in
0s. and 01-IG. "Ainlif and twalif originally meant some-
thing like (ten and) one lcft over, (ten and) two left oirer, cp.
Lithuanian venCilika, eleven, dvflika, twelve, &c., where
Goth. -1if and I+ith. -1ika are from "liq-, the weak form of
the Indg. root leiq-, to leave, and are ultimately related to
Goth. leihran, to lend, Gr. XELITW, Lat. linqu6, 1 have. The
I2
I 16 Accidence 199 148-9
assimilation of *-lih to -Iff first took place in twalif because
of the preceding labial (5 134 note), and then, at a later
period, the -1if was extended to *binlif (cp. dat. hinlibim)
for older *Binlih. 13 to 19 were formed by the simple
ordinals plus tafhun, but of these only fidw6rtafhun and
fimftafhun are extant.
The decades 20 to 60 were formed in prim. Germanic
from the units a to 6 and the abstract noun *tegun&- =
Indg. *dekmtt, decade, whence the Goth. stem-form tigu-
which went over into the U-declension with a plural tidus,
as nom. twbi tigjus, twenfy, dat. twbim tigum. Prim.
Germanic *tegun& is a derivative of prim. Germanic
'texun (= Indg. +dbkm, Gr. Siwa, Lat. decem, Goth.
tafhun) with change of x to 3 by Verner's law (5 138) and
the loss of the final consonants ($ 87). These numerals
govern the gen. case. The existing acc. gen. dat. forms
!are :-acc. prins tiguns, fidw6r tiguns, fimf tiguns ;
gen. priji5 tigiwg; dat. t w a m tigum, saihs tigum. The
formation of the numerals 70-100 is difficult to Pxplain ;
for an account of the various explanations hitherto pro-
posed, see OsthofiBrugmann's Morphologische Unter-
suchungen, v. pp. 11-17. The numerals zoo, 300, 500, goo
are formed from the units and the neut. noun hund (= Gr.
4-rardv, Lat. centum), hundred, which is declined like
waGrd ($ 181). They govern the gen. case. The only
existing inflected forms of the oblique cases are : dat.
twAim hundam, fimf hundam ; Piisundi is a fem. noun,
declined like bandi ($ 193), and governs the gen. case.
The examples of the oblique cases are: dat. fidwBr
PiisundjBrn, fimf Piisundj6m, and those given on p. 115.
4 248. The first three cardinal numerals are declinable
in all cases and genders.
8 240. (I) Bins, neut. Bin, binata, fem. ftIna, is always
strong and is declined like blinds (§ 228). Plural forms
meaning only, a h e also occur.
 4 250. (2) bfasc. Neut. Feng.
Nom. twkt twa tw6s
Acc. twans twa twiis
Gen. twaddjg twaddjg -
Dat, tw6im twPim twhim
g 261. (3) Masc. Nmt. ‘x-. Fern.
Nom. *preis prija 'preis
Acc. pins prija prins
Gen. prij6 prije -
Dat. prim prim -
§ 252. ?'he cardinal numerals 4-15 usually remain n n -
inflected ; when inflected they follow the isdeclension
(5 196)) forming their dnt. in .im and gen. in -G ; the existing
examples are dat. fidwarim, tafhunim, Qinlibim, twalibim,
fimf tafhunim ; gen. nfunE, twalibg.

a. Ordinals.
$ 258. The extant ordinal; are :-prams (frumists,
g 246), jirsf ; anpar, second ; pridja, third ; fimfta-, fiffh ;
saihsta, sixth ; ahtuda, elghfh ; niunda, ninth ; taihunda,
tenth ; fimftatafhunda, fifkenfh (dat. fimftataihundin).
Pridja (Gr. spiros) with weak stem-form from Indg. *tri-,
the weak form of *trei-, three. From pridja onwards the
other ordinals were formed from the cardinals by means
of the Indg. superlative suffix -to- ($ 244), the t of which
regularly remained unshifted in fimfta- and saihsta
($128 note 2). In other positions the t became P by the
first sound-shifting ($ laa), then P became U by Verner's
law (4 136))which regularly became d after n (see $8 172-3).
It is difficult to account for the -u-in ahtuda.
5 254. fruma follows the weak declension, the fem. of
which is declined like managei ($ 210). a n p a r is declined
strong like blinds (4 226), except that the nom. acc. neut.
never ends in - a t a ; nom. masc, a n p a r ($176))neut. anpar,
I 18 A ccidence C§§ 255-9

fem. anpara. T h e remaining ordinals are declined weak

like blinda ($ 237).
3. Other Numerals.
$ 255. Bollt is expressed by masc. nom. bii, acc. bans,
dat. biim, neut. nom. ace. b a ; also by masc. nom. bajBps,
dat. bajBpum.
$ 256. T h e only extant simple distributive numeral is
tweihnbi, two each, of which the fem. acc. tweihnas, dat.
tweihnSm, occur. Distributive numerals a r e expressed
by prepositional o r pronominal phrases : bi t w a n s aippitu
miist prins, &Y twos or at most by threes; ana hrarjanah
($ 276) fimftiguns, 03, fif;lies in eaclz (company) ; insandida
ins twans hranzuh (§ 276), Ire sent tltemfortlt two and two.
$ 267. Multiplicatives are formed by adding the adj.
falp to the cardinals. T h e y are Binfalps, onefold, simple ;
fidurfalps, fourfold; tafhuntafhundfaljs, hundvedjbld;
managfalps, manqold.
NOTE.-Observe that instead of fidw6r we have fidur- in
compounds; other examples are : fidurd6gs (adj.), space offour
days; fidurragineis, tetrarchate; cp. OE. fy8erEte,fourfoofed.
Q 268. Numeral adverbs in answer t o the question, how
often? are expressed by numerals together with the dat.
sing. and pl. of *sinfis, time (lit. agoing): ginamma sinpa,
once; anparamma sinpa, a second time; twbim sinpam,
twice; prim sinpam, flzvice; fimf sinpam, five limes;
sibun sinpam, seven limes ; cp. OE. &ne s i b , once; fif
sI"6um.five times.

CHAPTER XI1
PRONOUNS
4 269. The most difficult chapter in works on come
parative grammar is the one dealing with the pronouns.
It is impossible to state with any degree of certainty how
many pronouns the parent Indg. language had and what
forms they had a s s t l m ~ dat the time it became differentiated
into the various branches which constitute the Inclq. family
of languages. T h e diflictr!ty is rendered still nlore com-
plicated by the fact that nl?si of t h e pronouns, especially
the p r s o n a l and demonstrative, must have had accented
and forms existing side by side in the parerit
language itself; and that orw o r other of the forms becartre
generalized already in the prehistoric period of t!~e in-
dividual branches of the !)?lent language. And then at
a later period, but still in prehistoric times, thrrc aro>e
new accented and unaccentrcl forms side by s ~ d ei n tile
individual branches, a s e. g. in prim. Germanic ek, mek
beside ik, mik. T h e separate Germanic languages gene-
ralized one o r other of these forms before the beginning
of the oldest literary monuments and then new accented
beside unaccented forms came into existence again. And
similarly during the historic periods of the difL2rent lan-
guages. Thus, e. g. the OE. for f is ic, this became En
ME. ich accented form beside i unaccented form, ich then
disappeared in standard ME. (but it i s still preserved in
one of the modern dialects of Somersetshire) and i came
to be used as the accented and unaccented form. At
a later period it became i when accented and remained
i when unaccented. T h e former has bccc-tnie NI3. I, and
the latter has disappeared from the l ~ t c r a r yI,ir~~li,lye,Ijtrt
~t is still preserved in many no1 thern Engl. d t ~ l c c t s as
, i.
I n these dialects i is regularly used in interrogative and
subordinate sentences; the ME. accented form i has
become ai and is only used in the d i a l ~ c t sto express
special emphasis, and from it a new unaccented form a
has been developed which can only be used in making
direct assertions. T h u s in one and the same dialect
(Windhill, Yorks.) we arrive at three forms : ai, a, i, which
are never mixed up sylltactically by genuine native dia.
lect speakers. Something similar to what has happened
and still is happening in the modern dialects must also
have taken place in the prehistoric and historic periods of
all the Indg. languages ; hence in the prehistoric forms of
the pronouns given below it must not be assumed that
they were the only ones existing in prim. Germanic.
They are merely given as the nearest ascertainable forms
from which the Gothic forms were descended.
$200. I. Personal,
FIRSTPERSON.
SING. DUAL. PLUR.
Nom. ik, I wit weis
Acc. mik ugkis uns, unsis
Gen. meina *ugkara unsara
Dat. mis ugkis uns, unsis
SECOKD
PERSON.
Nom. pu, thou *jut jus
Acc. puk igqis izwis
Gen. peina igqara izwara
Dat. pus igqis izwis
T H I R DPERSON.
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. is, he ita, it si, she
Acc. ina ita ija
Gen. is is izBs
Dat. imma imma izgi
PLUR.
Nom. eis ija *ijiis
Acc. ins *ija ijBs
Gen. izE *iz5 izi5
Dat. im im im
 I2I
$2611 Pronouns
t ~ a e i .In the parent language the nom. was rarely
used except to express emphasis (cp. Skr. Lat* and
Gr.), because it was sufficiently indicated by the personal
endings of the verb. Beside the accented form of each
case of the personal pronouns, there also existed one or
more unaccented forms just as in many modern dialects,
where we often find three or even four forms for the
nom. case of each pronoun. It is impossible to determine
whether forms like ik, mik, mis, and pu, puk, pus, jus
represent the original accented or unaccented forms,
because prim.: Germanic e became i in Gothic both in
accented (4 66) and unaccented syllables (Q 107), and u, ii
were not distinguished in writing (5 3). Forms with
medial -z- like izwis, izc)s, izE, &c. represent unaccented
forms (5 136). The -k in mik, puk, sik (5 262) goes back
to a prim. Germanic emphatic particle *ke = Indg. *gel
which is found in Gr. pronominal forms like lpJye, me
zndeed. The gen. of the sing., dual and plural of the first
and second persons probably represents the norn. acc.
neut. pl. of the corresponding possessive pronouns ($ 2631,
which came to be used for the gen. of the personal pro-
nouns. The origin of the final -s in mis, pus, sis, and of
the .is in unsis, izwis, ugkis, igqis is unknown.
Prim. Germanic *ek (0.Icel. ek, cp. Lat. ego, Gr. l y 4 ) :
*ik (OE. ic, OS. ik, OHG, ih) ; *mek :"mik (0.Icc.I.
OS. mik, OHG. mih); *mes : *miz (0s.mi, O1IG. mir) ;
*wis (Goth. weis): *wiz (0s. wf, OHG. wir); *unz
(= OE. OS. iis, OHG. uns, Indg. *ns with vocalic n, $54),
the unaccented form of *nes = Skr. nas, us ; *unsiz
formed from Goth. uns + i z ; Goth. OE. OS. wi-t, O.Icel.
vi.t are unaccented plural forms with the addition of .t
which is of obscure origin ; *uq-kiz (5 158) where UXJ- = the
un- in un.s, cp. OE. unc, 0s. unk. *pa (Lat. tii, 0.Icel.
OE. pa, 0s. thii, ONG. dfi) : *pu (Gr. o6, OE. pu, 0s.thu,
OHG. du); *pek (? OE. pec) :*Pik (0.Icel. pik, OS. thik,
122 A ccidence [§ 262

OHG. dih), the Goth. acc. and dat. had u from the
nominative; *pes: *Pi2 ( 0 s . ul?, OHG. dir); *jEs (Lith.
@s) : *juz, Goth. may represent either form. I t is doubt-
ful what were the original forms of izwis and igqia (OE.
inc, 0s. ink).
Nom. sing. is (Lat. is) ; in-a (0.Lat. im, 0s. ina, OHG.
in), the final -a from prim. Germanic -6is originally a pre-
position governing the acc. case like Skr. 6, up to, used
after accusatives ; and similarly in ita, pata, pana (9 265),
htana ($ 278), the -6 is regularly preserved in htan6h
f§ 2751, luarjanoh, luarjat6h f§ 2751, Pishran6h ($ 276);
it-a (Lat. id, 0s. it, OHG. iz,); gen. i s from Indg. *eso
(OHG. 0s. i s with i from in, iz, ; ina, it) ; imma from the
Indg. instr. *esmE, .6 (0s. OHG. imu, -6) with the
assimilation of -sm- to -mm- after voxvels; and sinlilarly
in pamma (5 265), hramma ($ 273), hrammeh (§ 275)
where the -5 is regularly preserved. eis, ins, im ( 0 s .
OHG. im), neut. nom. acc. pl. ija, from prim. Germanic
*is, ins, im-, *ij6 older *ijB ; ize, formed from the gen.
sing. is + the gen. ending -6 (§$ 87 (I), 179), and similarly
0s. OHG. iro with -0 from older -5n. The original
Indg. gen. pl. was 'eis61n which would have become *eiz6
in Goth. and *iro in 0s. OHG.
*si (Gr. 6 O.Ir. OHG. si) : *si (Goth. OIHG. si); ija
from *ij6n older *ij%m (cp. bandja, 4 193); iz6s fro111
*ez& older "58s (cp. gibes, Q 101); iz6i = Indg. *es%i
(cp. gibbi) ; ij6s = Indg. *ij& (cp. bandj6sl ; iz6, formed
from the iz- in the Sen. sing. -+ the gen. ending -6, cp, the
sin~ilarformation of 0s. OHG. iro. The regular form
would have been *eiz6, see above.
$362. 2. Reflexive,
Acc, sik, onesey
Gen. seina
Dat. s i s
4s 263-41 Pronouns 123

The reflexive pronoun originally referred to the chief

person of the sentence (generally the subject), irre-
~ ~ e c t i v eas
l y to whether the subject was the first, second,
or third person singular or plural. This usage ren~ained
in Sanskrit, but in the Germanic languages the pronouns
of the first and s ~ c o n dperson came to be used reflexively
already in pl im. Gel-n~nnic,and then the original retlcsive
pronoun becnrne restricted to the third person. In Goth.
sik, seina, sis rsere used for both numbers and all genders.
sik from prim. Gernt. s c + k e (4 26l), OIIG. sih, cp. Gr.
.: from 'oc, Lat. sE; ceina is of the same origin as meina,
peina (5 261); on s i s see $ 261.
3. Possessive.
4 263. The possessive pronouns meins, nry ; peins, thy ;
'seins, his, are originally old locatives, Indg. *mei, *tei,
'sei with the addition of the nominal suffix -no., whence
prim. Germanic masc. nom. *minaz, *pinaz, "sinaz; fern.
nom. *min6, 'pin6, *sin& Only the acc. gen. dat. sing.
and pl. of 'seins occur. This form of the possessive
pronoun is only used when it relates to the subject of its
own sentence. When it relates to any word other than
the subject of its own sentence, it is expressed by the gen.
case of the personal pronoun masc. and neut. sing. is,
plural izE; fem. sing. iz6s, plural iz6. The norri. of the
tli~rdpe.ryorl for both siilg ,.itid plur,~lall grrldtxrs is ex-
pressed by tlie gen. cdse of the personal pronoun ($ 200).
See $431.
'The remaining possessive pronouns were formed from
the personal pronouns by means of the Indg. comparative
sllffixeero-, prim. Germanic -era., as unsar, our; *ugkar,
0)-us two ; izwar, your; igqar, of you fiuo.
264. The possessive pronouns are declined according
to the strong declension like blinds (5 226). The pos-
sessive pronouns ending in -ar do not have the form i n
1 24 Accidence [§ 265

-ata in the nom. acc. sing. neut. On the nom. sing. rnasc.
unsar, &c,, see Q 175 :
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. meins mein, meinata meina
unsar unsar unsara
Acc. meinana mein, meinata meina
unsarana unsar unsara
seinana sein, seinata seina

4. Demonstrative.
4 266. The simple demonstrative sa, pata, s 6 was used
both as demonstrative pronoun this, that, and as definite
article, the.
SING.
Masc, Neut. Fern.
Nom. s a pata sb
Acc. pana pata ps
Gen. pis Pis piziis
Dat. pamma pamrna pizii

PLUR.
Nom. pbi P6 piss
ACC. pans Pis pijs
Gen. pize PizE piz6
Dat. pBim phim phim

In the parent Indg. language the nom. sing. masc. and

fern. was *so, *sB = Gr. 6, 4, Goth. sa, s6. All the other
cases of the sing. and pl. were formed from the stems
te., toe, toi.; ti%.,tai-, as acc. sing. Gr. sdv, t j v , Lat.
is-tum, is-tam, Goth. pan-a,' J%; nom. pl. Gr. roll ~ a i ,
Lat. is-ti, is-tae, Goth. pii, p6s.
8 2651 Pronouns 125

sa = Skr. s4, Gr. 6, OE. s6; pan-a (OE. pan-e, 0s.

then-a, than-a, OHG. den), on the final -a see $ a61, cp.
Skr. Mm, Gr. sdv, Lat. is-turn; pat.a, originally acc. only
(§ 261), but in Goth. it came to be used for the nom. also
(O.Ice1. pat, OE. pzt, 0s. that, OHG. daq), cp. Gr. 76,
Lat. is.tud = Indg. *tad; Pis (0s.thes, OHG. des) =
prim. Germ. *pesa, Indg. *teso; pamma (cp. 0s. theniu,
OHG. demu) from Indg. instr. *tosmE, -6 ($ 2611, cp.
hrammEh (4 275); phi (OE. pa, 0s. th5, OKG. dEf, cp.
Gr. rol, Lat. is-ti; pans = Gr. (Cretan dial.) rdvs; nom.
acc. neut. P6, cp. Skr. t i , Lat. is-ta, Indg. * t H ; pize,
formed from the gen. sing. pis + the gen. pl. ending -b
($8 87(1),170), the regular Goth. form would have been
*pAizE, which has been preserved in the adjectives as
blindbize (5 226), the prim. Germanic form was *paiz8n
(O.Ice1. peira, OE. prIra), Indg. *toisam; p4im (cp.
0.Icel. peim, OE. pBm, OHG. dem) from prim. Germ.
*paimiz ($ 175) with ai from the nom. plural.
s6 = Skr. s&,Gr. Doric i, Att. Ionic rj, 0.IceI. sii;
P6 = Skr. thm, Gr. ~ d v i, v , Lat. is-tam ; piziis (0s.thera,
OHG. dera) from prim. Germanic *Fezas, Indg. *tes&s,
the hi in adje~tivalforms like blind&izc?s was from the
genitive plural ; pizBi from prim. Germanic *pezi%= Indg.
'tesai; nom. acc. pl. P6s from prim. Germanic *pas = Skr.
ths, Lat. is-tas, Ind- *t%s; Piz6, with Piz- from the gen.
b;
sing. + -6 from older .on, the ending of the gen. plural. The
regular Goth. form would be *pBizZi from prim. Germanic
'paizan, corresponding to an Indg. *toisam with oi from
the masculine. The -Biz6 has been preserved in adjectival
forms like blindAiz6 ($ 226). The original gen. pl, fem.
was *&am which was preserved in Skr. GsHrn, Gr.
(Homer) T ~ W Vfrom *S&QOY.
NOTE.-I. An instrumental neut. sing. has been preserved in
the phrase ni PE haldis, none the tnore, and as a factor in
several conjunctions : bi.pC, whilst ; jap-pE, and r;i; PE-ei,
that, &c.; and also an old locative in the conjunction pei
(= Doric Gr. ti-8c,here), that.
2. The final a in pata is usually elided before ist : pat' ist.

t 4 266. T h e con~pounddemonstrative pronoun is formed

from the simple one by affixing the enclitic particle -uh.
T h e origin of this particle is unknown, see $ 73 note.
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fetn.
Nom. sah, this, t/zal patuh s6h
Acc, Panuh Patuh P6h
Gen. Pizuh Pizuh Piz6zuh
Dat. pammuh pammuh Pizkih
PLUR.
Nom. PBih )6h p6zuh
Acc. Panzuh p6h P6zuh
Gen. PizEh pizeh Piz6h
Dat. pkimuh PAimuh Ptrimuh
NOTE.-I. Of the plural of all genders only the nom. masc, is
extant, and of the fem. sing. only the nom. is found.
2. Where the cases of the simple pronoun end in -a this a is
elided before the u (except in the nom. sing. masc.), but aRer
a long voxx-et or a diphthong the u of uh is elided. On the z in
pizuh, &c.. see $4 176 note 2, 261.
3. The instrumental occurs in the adverb b i - p a , aflcr that,
tlren aficriau~i,
4 267. Of the demonstrative pronoun hi-, formed from
the Indg. stem 'ki. (cp. Lat. ci-s, ci.ter, on this side), only
t h e acc. and dat. sing. of the masc. and neut. have been
preserved in a few adverbial phrases of time, a s himma
daga, on t l i s dgy, to-day; und hina dag, to this day;
fram himma, hencgol-th; und hita, und hita nu, till now,
hiflzcvto. I n OE, it was declined in full and used as the
persona1 pronoun of the third person for all genders. I n
0s. and 01-IG. (Franconian dial.) it was used for the
gg 268-7 11 Pronouns 127

mast. nom. sing. of the third person, as OS. hE, OHG.

hg beside er, he. T h e instr. sing. occurs in 0s. hiu-du,
OHG. hiu-tu, to day ; OMG. hi-naht, to-night.
$ 268. jhins, tliat, yon, is declined like blinds (5 226).
The nom. acc. sing. neut. is always jhinata.
g 269. silba, sey; and sama, same; are declined like
blinda ($ 237).
5. Relative.
g 270. A relative pronoun proper did not exist in prim.
Germanic. The separate Germanic languages expressed
it in various ways. In 0.Icel. it was generally expressed
by the particles sem, e s (later er) and the conjunction
at, that; in OE. by the relative particle pg alone or in
combination with the personal or the simple demonstrative
pronoun; in 0s. and OHG. generally by the simple
demonstrative ; and in Goth. by affixing to simple demon-
strative or personal pronouns the particle ei (= Gr. ai, ry;
&a, then) which is originally the loc. sing. of the pro-
nomilla1 stem *e.,nom. *es; acc. *em (= 0.Lat. em), gen.
*e-SO,instr. *e-sm8, -6 = Goth. is, imma ($ 261).
5 271. The rglative pronoun of the third person is ex-
pressed by affixing the particle ei to the simple demonstra-
tive sa, pata, sij, and is declined as follows :
SING.
Mnsc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. saei katei s6ei
Acc. pane! patei p6ei
Gen. pizei pizei piz6zei
Dat. pammei pammei pizkiei
PLUR.
Nom. PAiei pijei pijzei
Acc. panzei P6ei pijzei
Gen. Pizsei piz8ei *pizoei
Dat. phimei phimei Phirnei
 Accidence
NOTE.-I. An instrumental neut. PO-ei also occurs, but only
as a conjunction. patei is also used as a conjunction.
2. Where the cases of the simple pronoun end in -a this -ais
elided before the particle ei (except in the nom. sing. masc.).
On the z in pizei, &c., see $9 176 note, 261.
3. Besides the nom. sing. forms saei, Gei, there also occur
forms made from the personal pronouns, thus masc. izei (from
is + ei) ; fem. sei (from si + ei), which is more frequently met
with than s&i. Instead of izei the form ize occasionally occurs
(cp. 4 6). The form izei (izE) is sometimes also used for the
nom. pl. masc. ; p&i sind Phi izE, these are they who ; atsaihrip
faitra IiugnapraliEtum paim izei qimand a t izwis, beware of
false prophets, of them who come to you.
Some scholars assume that sei is an indeclinable demonstra-
tive particle representing an old locative like Latin si, if; sic
from *sei-ke, so, thus; and that izei is from an older 'e-sei
(cp. Gr. &-KC;, there), where e- is the pronominal stem mentioned
in 8 270. At a later period sei and izei came to be regarded
a s compounds of si + ei and is + ei. This theory has much in
its favour, because it explains why sei and izei have no oblique
casesand why izei is used for the masc. norn. singular and
plural.
872. T h e relative pronoun for the first and second
persons is expressed by suffixing e i to the respective
personal pronouns, thus ikei, (I)zdzo; puei, (thou) who;
pukei, (thee) whom ; puzei, (to tlzee) whom ; juzei, (ye)who ;
dat. pl. izwizei, (to yotc) wltont.

6. Interrogative.
tj 273. The parent Indg. language had two stems from
which the interrogative pronoun was formed, viz. qo. and
qi. with labialized q (1s 127,134). The former occurs in Gr.
rd-zcpos, which of two ?, Goth. b a s , OE. hw3, who ?, from
an original form * q o s ; Lat. quod, Goth. h a , O.Ice1.
huat, 0s. h w a t , O H G . h w a y , OE. h w e t , what?, from
an original form 'qod. And the latter occurs in Gr. si5,
4 2743 Pronouns 12 9

tat.quis, who ?, from an original form *qis;Goth. htileiks,

OE. hwilc, what sovt of?
Of the simple interrogative pronoun, onlysingular forms
occur.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. bas, who ha, what hrii
Acc. hrana hra hrii
Gen. h i s his *MzBs
Dat. h r a m m s hramma hrizhi

NOTE.-I. A n instrumental neut. hrE from prim. Germanic

*xwij,how, is also found,
2. A trace of the plural occurs in the compound form hranzuh
($276note) ; insandida ins twans hranzuh, he sent themforth
two and two.
3 On hras, lwa, hrij, used as an indefinite pronoun, see $ 279.

The prim. Germanic forms were: nom. * x w a s = Skr.

khs, Indg. " q o s ; * p a t (Lat. quod, 0.1cel. hvat, QE.
h w ~ t 0s.
, h w a t , OHG. bwa3), Goth hra was probably the
unaccented form when used a s an indef. pronoun (Q 270),
see $ 87, (2) ;-* X W =t ~ Skr. kh, Indg. *qb ; acc. *Xwan6
= OE. h w o n e ($261); " x w a t ; +xwiin, Skr. kbm, Indg.
*qHm; gen. " x w e s a (Gr- (Homer) rio from * ~ b a o ,O.Bul-
garian Eeso, O.Ice1. hvess, 0s. OHG. h w e s ) ; dat.
' ~ w a m m E , -6 = Indg. 'qo-sme, -6 ($ 261); *xwesai, cp.
gibhi ($ 101).
ij 274. Nom. sing. mase. and neut. hrapar, wlzich of two
(other cases do not occur) ; hrarjis, wI2iclt (out of many),
inflected like midjis (5 228), except that the neut. nom,
sing. always ends in -ata; hrileiks, what sort of; hr819ups
(fem. hrGliuda), how great ; swaleiks, suclz ; s w a l a u p s
(fem. swalhuda), so great. T h e extant cases of the last
four words are inflected like blinds (5 226).
 Q 276. From bas, hrarjis, hrapar are fornled by means
of the particle uh f$ 266) the three indefinite pronouns
hrazuh, each, every ; hrarjizuh, each, every ; hraparuh,
each of t w o ; but of the last only the dat. masc. occurs,
hraparammeh (and in the form itinhraparammi5h, to each
one of two). The other two are declined thus:-
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. hrazuh hrah b6h
Acc. hranbh hr ah hr6h
Gen. hrizuh hrizuh hriz6zuh
Dat. hrammeh hrarnmeh hriziih
NOTE.-Of the fem. only the nom. occurs. Acc. pi. rnasc.
hranzuh also occurs ((j 273 note 2).
SING.
Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. hrarjizuh hrarjatiih hrarjbh
Acc. hrarjanbh hrarjatdh hrarjdh
Gen. hrarjizuh hrarjizuh hrarjizbztih
Dat. hrarjammEh hrarjammEh hrarjiih
NOTE.-I.Of the neut. only the nom. and of the fern. only the
ace. occurs.
uninflected form &in. prefixed to hrarjizuh forms the
2. T l ~ e
compound Ainlvarjizuh, aery one. The following cases are
found : rnasc. sing. nom. Clinlruarjizuh, acc. Clinhrarjanijh, gen.
Binhrarjizuh, dat. binkuarjammzh, nom. sing. neut. b i n b a r .
jat6h.
3. On -uh beside .h, see tj 266 note 2. And on the preserva-
tion of the long vowels when protected by .h, see (j 89 and
note.
5 276. The three combinations hrazuh saei, sahrazuh
saei, sahrazuh izei are used in the nom. sing. masc. with
the meaning whosoc~fl; the corresponding neut., which
occurs in the acc. sing., is p a t a h a h kei, w/:nfsoevcv.
Another compound indefinite pronoun with the same mean-
ing ig formed by prefixing an indeclinable pis (gen. of pata,
Q a6B) to hrazuh, hrah, hIXovved by saei (neut. patei), pei
(5 266 note I), or ei (5 270), It is declined as follows :-
Masc. Neuf.
Nom. pislvazuh saei Pislvah pei or patei
Acc. p i s b a n a h sad P i s h a h pei or patei
Gen. wanting pishizuh pei
Dat. pisbammEh saei F s h a m m 6 h j-ei
Q 277. Sums, sonre one, a ct.*-fatnone, declined like. blinds
(Q226). S u m s . .. sums (= Gr. 6 F i v .. . 6 84, .the ntte
..
. the olher; in this usage the particle u h is generally
added to the second member, and sometimes to the first
also, as nom. pi. surnPijhS ... sumiih, some . .. and
ofhers.
$ 278. From has, wito, manna, man, gins, one, are
formed with the enclitic particle hun the three incicfinite
pronouns lvashun, m a n n a h m , Binshun. They always
occur along with the negadtJe particle ni in the meaning
no one, no, none (neut.), t t ~ t l ~ ~ tOf
g . the first only the nom.
sing. masc. ni lvashun, no one, occurs. Of t h e second,
which is naturally always masc., we have sing. nom. ni
mannahun, no one, acc. ni rrrannanhun, gen. ni rn:tnshun,
dat. ni mannhun. Ni Binsllun, no one, no, 9:oire (neut.),
tlofhing, is declined thus :-
SING.
Aifasc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. Binshun Ainhun din6hun

Act' (B!n!6hun)
i~nohun
dinhun dinijhun
Gen. iinishun Binishun *Bin6iz6shun
Dat. iinummiihun Binummiihun i i n i i h u n
K 2
132 Accidence [§§ 279-80

NOTE.-I. The pronominal particle .hun is related to Skr. ca,

Gr. TC, Lat. que, and, and was always used along with the nega-
tive ni, cp. Skr. n&k&8can&(= ca ineg.) = Goth. ni luas.htin,
no one whatever, no one, none, lit. not who and not.
a. On the preservation of the long vowels when protected by
-h, -hun, see 8 9 and note.
3. Acc. masc. BinnEhun, AinEhun from older 'Binanijhan. It
is difficult to account for the u in binummVhun.
Q a79. T h e simple interrogative bas, h r a is often used
indefinitely with the meaning anyone, neut. anything; also
the numeral Bins, one, a certain one.

CIIAPTER XI11
VERBS
$ 2 8 0 . In the parent Indg. language the verbs were
divided into two great classes : athematic and thematic.
I n the athematic verbs the personal endings were added
to the bare root which had the strong grade form of ablaut
in the singular, but the weak grade in the dual and plural.
Thus, for example, the singular and plural of the verbs for
!O be' and ' to go ' were : *&-mi, *Cs.si, *&-ti, *s.mCs o r
*s-m6s, *s.tC, *s-6nti; *Ci-mi, *6i-si, *&.ti, *i-m6s or
*i-m6s, "St6, *j.Cnti. Verbs of this class are often called
mi.verbs because the first person singular ends in -mi.
'The Germanic languages have only preserved a few
traces of the mi-conjugation ($5 341-3). Nearly all the
verbal forms, which originally belonged to this class,
passed over into the 6.conjugation in the prim. Germanic
period.
In the thematic verbs the stem-vowel, which could be
either of the strong o r weak grade of ablaut, remained
unchanged throughout the present; in the former case
they are called imperfect presents (as kiusan, to choose;
hilpan, to he@ ; it,-in, to eut; &c.), and in the latter case
aorist presents (as ga-lbkan, to shut; trudan, to fi-ead;
&.). The present war formed by means of the thematic
vowels, e, 0, which came between the root and the per-
sonal endings, thus the present singular and plural of
the verb for ' f o bmr' was *bh6rb (from *bhCr.b\,
*bhbr.e-si, *bhbr.e.ti, *bh(?r-o-mes, (-!nos), *bhCr.e.te,
*bh&r.o.nti. Verbs of this class are generally called
&verbs because t l ~ efirst person singular ends in -6. The
old distinction between t h r mi- and the 6-conjugation was
fairly well preserved in Greek, as ri$, I am, eipt, I go,
sLSW~S, I g i ~ ;e pivo, I rcmain, ~ c E ~ @ wI, pe~-suade; rP:Bu,
I rub, ~ i + w I, snzoke.
$ 281. In treating the history of the verbal forms in
Gothic it is advisable to start out partly from prim.
Germanic and partly from Gothic itself. The Indg. verbal
system underwent so many radical changes in prim. Ger-
manic that it would be necessary to treat here in detail
the verbal system of the non-Germanic languages such
as Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin in order to account for all
the changes. '
In Gothic, as in the other Germanic languages, the verbs
are divided into two great classes-Strong and Ilreak-
according to the formation of the preterite tense. I3esides
these two great cl;~ssesof strong and weak vcrbs, there
are a few others which will be treated under the general
heading Minor Groups.
$282. Strong verbs form their preterite by ablaut (nima,
i take, nam, I took), o r simply by reduplication (hfiita,
I call, haihhit, I called), or else by ablaut and reduplicatiori
combined (teka, I touch, taitbk, I touched). The strong
verbs are sub-divided into two classes : non-reduplicated
and reduplicated verbs. The non-reduplicated verbs are
divided into six classes according to the first six ablaut-
134 Accidence [f§ 283-4
series given in @ 12a-4. T h e reduplicated verbs, which
form their preterite by ablaut and reduplication combined,
belong to the seventh ablaut-series (5 124). Both these,
and those which form their preterite by reduplication
simply, are here put together and called Class VII.
4 283. Wenk verbs form their preterite by the addition
of a syllable containing a dental (Goth. -da, @a), OE. -de,
.te; OHG. -ta), and their past participle by means of
a dental suffix (Goth. OF, (st), OE. -d, (wt), OHG. -t), as
s6kja, I seek, sokida, I sought, sbkips, sought; bugja,
I buy, barihta, I bought, barihts, bought. T h e weak verbs,
which for the most part are derivatives, are divided into four
classes according as the infinitive ends in =jan (stikjan, to
seek, pret. s6kida), -6n (salb6n, to anoi~tt,pret. salbBda),
.an (haban, lo have, pret. habiiida), .nan (fullnan, fo become
full, pret. fullnBda).
tj 284. T h e Gothic verb has the following independent
forms :-
Two voices: active and passive. The passive (origin-
ally middle) only occurs in the indicative and subjunctive
present; the other forms are supplied by the past parti-
ciple used with wairpan o r wisan. See 8 435.
Three numbers: singular, dual, and plul-al. I n the
passive there is no dual, and in the dual active the third
person is ~vanting.
Three persons: Thc third person of the dual is wanting.
In the present passive there is only one form for all three
persons of the plural.
Two tenses : present and preterite.
Two complete moods : indicative and subjunctive (origin-
ally optative), besides an imperative which is only used in
the present tense of the active.
A present infinitive which is an uninflected verbal sub-
stantive, a present participle with active meaning, and
a past participle with passive meaning.
 A. STRONG VERBS.
g 285. We are able to corljugate a strong verb in Gothic
when we know the four stems, as seen (I) in the infinitive,
to which belong all forms of the present, (2) the stem of
the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite plural,
to which also belongs the \-hole of the preterite subjunc-
tive, (4) the stem of the past participle.
ij 286. The conjugation of niman, h tofahe, and hiitan, to
coil, will serve as models for all strong verbs.

a. Active.
Present.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. nima
I. hiita x~imiu hAit6u
2. nimis hiitis nimiis hAitiis
3. nimip hAitip nimu h6it6.i
Dual I. nimBs hiitijs nimaiwa hiitgiwa
2. nimats hiitats nimiits hiithits
Plur. I. nimam hiitam nimAima hBit6ima
2. nimip hAitiP nimfiip hiitaip
3. nimand hiitand nimAina hiiithina

IMPERATIVE.
Sing. nim
2. hBit
3. nimaclhu hStad6u
Dual 2. nimats haitats
Plur. I. nimam hiitam
2. nimip hiitip
3. nimandiu hiitandAu
INFINITIVE.
niman hiitan

PARTICIPLE.
nimands haitands
 Accidence

INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I, n a m haihiit nEmjiu haihAitj6u
namt
2. haihiist nEmeis haihiiteis
3. nam haihiit nEmi haihiiti
Dual 1.n8mu haihbitu nemeiwa haihiiteiwa
2. nemuts haihiituts nEmeits hafhiiteits
Plur. I. nemum haghiiturn nemeima haihiiteima
2. nEmup haihiitup ni5meip hafhiiteip
3. n6mun haihiitun nemeina haihiiteina
PARTICIPLE.
numans hiitans

b. Passive.
Present.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I. nimada hiitada nim5idiu hiitiidiu
2. nimaza hiitaza nimiizau hiitiiziu
3. nimada hiitada nimiidiu hiitiidiu
P1ur' nimanda bftitanda nimiindiu hhitiindiu
1, 2, 3.

NOTE.--I. Owing to the limited amount of Gothic which has

come down to us, there is not a single verb extant in all its
forms. Of most verbs only very few forms occur, and of many
only one or two. T h e forms wanting in the paradigrils of
n i m a n and haitan have been supplied from the extant forms
of other verbs. The first pers. dual pret. subj. does not occur
at all, either in strong or weak verbs, but it may be inferred to
have been nSm-eiwa because of the corresponding present,
nimdiwa,
2. In the imperative 2 pers. sing. and pret. indic. I, 3 pers.
sing., final b, d became f, p, as imper. gif, pret. gaf, inf. giban,
lo give ; pret. af-skauf, bap, .baup, inf. af-skiuban, to push aside ;
bidjan, topray; -biudan, to bid. S e e $5 161,173.
3. I n the 2 pers. sing. pret. indic., b appears a s f, and a dental
appears a s s, before the personal ending, as gaft, inf. giban, to
 Verbs
@c; grsft, inf. graban, to dig; ana-bkust;, inf. ana-biudan,
to bid; bbgast, izlf, bi-gitan, l o j ~ d haihsdst,
; inf. hhitan, lo
caN; qast, inf. qipan, to say. See $ 138.

HE ENDINGS VERBS.
OF STRONG

g 287. Pres. I~ldicative: The prim. Germanic forms

were: Sing. *nem6 (cp. Lat. fero, Gr. ++w, I bear),
'nimizi, Indg. *nCmesi (cp. Skr. bhirasi, fhou bearest),
'nimibi, Indg. *nCmeti (cp. Skr. bhBrati); Dual 'nemc?.
(w)iz (probably formed from the first pers. sing. + the
Indg, dual ending -wes, cp. Skr. bhAra-vas), *nema%iz
with .a- from the first and third pers, plural, the regular
form would have been *nimiMz = Indg. *nemethes,
*nCmetes(cp. Skr. b h i r a t h a s ) ; *nema&izwould regularly
have become *nimaps in Gothic ; nimats has -ts from the
pret, dual ($ 202); Pl. 'nemamiz, -ma2 {cp. Gr. Doric
+ipopcs, Skr. bhiramas, see 8 175), *nimidi, older *nemede
(cp. Gr. +ipa~a),'nemandi (cp. Gr. Doric +bpovrr).
g 288. Fres. Subjunctive : This tense is properly an old
optative. ,The original forms were: Sing. *nemoi-, *nemois
(cp. Gr. +ipois, Skr. bhArS), *nernolt (cp. Gr. ++or, Skr.
bhhrgt); Dual *nemoiwG, *nemofthes, -tes; Pi. *nemoTmF,
'nemolte (cp. Gr. +ipor~a,Skr. bhirGta), *nemo?nt = prim.
Germanic *nemai- (it is difficult to account for nimau
unless we may suppose that it represents the first pew.
sing. pres. indic. *nemij+the particle a ) , *nemaiz,*nemai;
'nemaiws, *nemai)ls (cp. pres. indic.); *nemaim%,
*nemaiiti, *nemain (Goth. with final .a from the first
pers. pl.).
5 289. Imperative: Sing. *nimi older *neme (cp. Gk. +if€,
Skr. bhira), "nemet6d (Gr. + a p i ~ o , cp. Gr. i"mw = O.Lat.
ested, jet him be) = prim. Germanic *nemebb + particle -u
(tp. Skr. bhbrat-u, let htk2 6ear; b h i r a n t . ~ ,fef them hear),
which would have become in Goth. *nimidiu; nimadhu
had .a- from the third pers. plural. nimats, nimam and
nimip are indicative forms. *nemont8d (cp. Gr. Doric
+
cbep6vro) = prim. Germanic *neman&a particle -u,which
regularly became nimandiru in Gothic.
5 200. Infinitive : The inf. was originally a nomen
actionis, formed by means of various suffixes in the Indg.
languages. The suffix .one-, to which was added the
nom. acc. neuter ending -m, became generalized in prim.
Germanic, thus the original form of niman was k e r n -
onorn, the -onom of which regularly became -anin Goth.
OE. OS, and OHG., and .a in 0.1cel.
5 291. Pres. Participle: In the parent language the
stem of the pres. participle ended in .nt, as in Lat. ferent-,
Gr. +Cpovr-, Indg. *bhBront. = Goth. bafrand-s, 0.Icel.
0s. berand-i, OE. berend-e, OHG. berant-i, beanitg.
See $ 230.
t 9 292. Pret. Indicative : The pret. indic. is morpho-
logically an old perfect, which already in prim. Germanic
was chiefly used to express the past tense. The prim.
Germanic forms were : Sing. *nama(cp. Gr. otsa, Skr. vEda.
I know), *nampa (cp. Gr. oiczOa, Skr. vettha), *nami(cp. Gr.
one, Skr. vCda). -tha, the original ending of the second
pers., would regularly have become -P (5 130)in Goth. 0.Icel.
OE. and OS., except after prim. Germanic s, f, x where
it regularly became -t ($128notes, and cp. 5 13S), as Goth.
last, thou didstgatlter; parft, tlzou ncedesf ; sloht, thou dids!
slay. This .t became generalized in prim. Germanic, as
Goth. 0 . 1 ~ ~ 1namt.
. But in the West Germanic 1 ~ ~ 1 -
guages the old ending was only preserved in the preterite-
present verbs, as Goth. O.Icel. parft, OE. pearft, 0s.
tharft, OHG. darft, ihou necdest, but Goth. 0.Icei. namt
beside OE. nome, 0s. OHG. ngrni. Duat *n%m-wi
(older -we), *n$m-Ctiz (older .thes, "tes); P1. *nSm-mi
(older -me), *n&m-bi (older .te), *nCm-un (older .nt with
vocalic n). During the prim. Germanic period the u of
the third pers. pl. was levelled out into all forms of the
 Verbs
dual and pluraf, cp. pl. 0,Icef. npm-um, .us, .u, OE.
nijm.on, 0s. nSm.un, OHG. nam-um, -ut, -un. Goth.
ngmu from *a5m-uwi through the intermediate stages
sn&m.uw, *ni%m-5. The t in nEmuts is of the same origin
as in namt. nemum, ngmup, nemun from older *n&m-
umi, *n&m-udi, *nCm.un.
5 293. Pret. Subjunctive : The original endings were :
Sing. -jCirn, -jEs, -jet (cp. O.Lat. siem, I may be, siGs,
siet = Skr. sygm, syhs, syht); dual -iwE, -ithes, or -ites;
.imG, -ite, -int (cp. 0.Lat. pl. simus, sitis, si-ent),
consisting of the optative element -j&, (4)and the personal
endings. Already during the prim. Germanic period the
.i. of the dual and plural was levelled out into the singular,
so that the forms became *nCmin, *nCmiz, *n&mi(t),
*nCmiwS, 'niiirnidiz, *nSmim&,*ngmidi, *nSmin(t),from
which the corresponding Gothic forms were regularly
developed except nemjhu, nGmeits, nEmeina. *nSmin
would have become *nCimi, the form n6mjbu was a new
formation with -&u from the pres. subjunctive, and the
change, of i to j (cp. sunjus from older *suniuz ($ 160
note I); the 4 s in ngnieits is of the same origin as in
namt ($ 2 ~ 2 ) ;nemeina with =afrom nemeima.
Q 294. Past Participle: The past participle was formed
in various ways in the parent language. In prim. Ger-
!iianic the suffix -Cno., .6no. became restrictcd to stronz
verbs, and t h e suffix -to- to weak verbs. In the strong
verbs OE. and 0.Icel. generalized the form -6no-, and
Goth. 0s. and OHG. the form .6no.. Beside the suffix
-em-, -6no- there also existed in prim. Germanic -inis =
Indg. =Cni-. But prim. Germanic -6naz, -fniz = Indg.
mbnos, .tinis regularly fell together in -ins in Gothic, so
that the isolated pp. fulgins ((j 131), hidden, can represent
either form.
§ 205. Pass. Indicative: The original forms were: Sing.
*nemo-mai or -ai (cp. Gr. +ipopar, Skr. bhiriZ),-the first
1 40 A ccidence [§§ 396-7

pers. does not exist in any of the Germanic languages;

in Goth. the third pers. was used for it, *neme-sai (cp. Gr.
++ear from *+E'pcuat, Skr. bhiirasE.), *neme-tai(cp. Gr. +i-
parar, Skr. bhiiratg); pl. *nemo-ntai(cp. Gr. Doric +ipovrat,
Skr. bhiirantg) = prim. Germanic 'nimizai, *nimibai, *nee
mandai. The medial -a- in the pl. was levelled out into
the two other forms, whence nimaza ($ 90), nimada,
nimanda.
$ 296. Pass. Subjunctive: The subjunctive passive has
the same stem-form as the subjunctive active ($ 288), and
the same endings as the indic. passive + the particle -u.
Some scholars assume that the original forms were :
*nemoi.so (cp. Gr. ++OLO from *+QPDLUO)~ *nemoi.to (cp.
Gr. ~CPOLTO), *nemoi-nto (cp. Gr. +Cporvro) = prim. Ger-
manic *nemaiza, *nemaiaa, 'nemainda; we should then
have to assume that the addition of the particle -u was
older than the loss of final unaccented .a, which is im-
probable.
5 297. Several of the imperative and subjunctive forms
end in -u, viz. n i m a d h , nimandhu, nimiiu, nsmjiiu,
nimiiidiiu, nimhiziiu, nimiiindbu. This -u did not ori-
ginally form a part of the personal endings, but was
a deictic particle added enclitically especially to verbal
and pronominal forms to emphasize them. It also occurs
in Skr. and the Slavonic languages and probably in Greek
in such words as ~ d v - u ,allogcll~el;at all, beside neut. asv,
all. Sltr. idshm-u, tliis, this 'here ', cp. Lat. id.em, the
satne; Skr. a.s%.G,t/zczt, yon, that 'tizere' ; Skr. bhhrat-u,
let him bear; bhiirant-U, let tltem bear; 0.Bulgarian
beret&, he bears; bergt-ti, they bear. The same u occurs
in Goth, as an interrogative particle, as sku1d.u ist?, is iz
lawful? ; ga-u-lhubjats7, do ye two believe P ; s a - u i s t sa
sunus i z w a r ?, Gr. O U * T ~ S ~ D T C V 6 U ~ & S 6 @ v ; is this your
son 1
 I. Non-reduplicated S t r o n g Verbs.
8 a08. In order to be able to conjugate a strong verb of
the non-reduplicated class, it is necessary to know the four
stems, as seen (I) in the infin., (2) I pers. sing, pret. indic.,
(3) I pers. pl. pret. indic., (4) the past participle. See
gg iaa-s.
§ ago. CLASS I.
lttfirr. Pret. Sing. Pret. PI. P.P.
ei Lii i (af 5 69) i (ai 4 69)
Goth. beidan, to azuatt bhip bidum bidans
O.Icel. biira bei'd bi6um be'dinn
OE. bidan bHd bidon biden
0.5. bidan bEd bidun gibidan
OHG. bitan beit bitun gibitan
Goth. sneipan, lo ctrt snLiip snipurn snipans
leiban, to lend lPihr laihrum laibans
8 800. T o this class also belong :-beitan, to bite; deigan,
to knead; dreiban, to drtve; greipan, to seke ; hneiwan, to
bow ; bi-leiban, to remain ; ga-leipan, to g o ; ur-reisan, lo
nnse; skeinan, to shine; dis-skreitan, to rend; ga-smeitan,
to smkar ; speiwan, to spit ; steigan, to nscend ; sweiban,
lo cease; ga.teihan, to tell; peihan, to thrive; preihan, io
r e s s upon ; weihan, to &ht; weipan, to crown ; in-
weitan, to worshzp.
4 801. CLASS11.
Injn Puct. Sirtg. Pret. P/. P.P.
iu Au u (a6 $ 7 3 ) u ( a 6 $ 71)
Goth. Sbiudan, to bid -bhup -budum -budans
O.1cel. bj6ira bau6 bu'dum bo6inn
OE. beodan bSad budon boden
0s. biodan bijd budun gibodan
OHG. biotan b6t butun gibotan
Goth. driusan, to fall drAus drusum drusans
tiuhan, lo lead tiuh tadhum talihans
142 Accidence [B§ 302-3
5 302. T o this class also belong:-biugan, to bertd;
driugan, to serve a s a soldier; giutan, to pour; hiufan, to
wzourn ; dis-hniupan, to break asunder; kiusan, to test;
kriustan, to gnash ; liudan, to grow ; liugan, to lie ; fra-
liusan, to lose ; ga-lgkan, to shut; niutan, to enjoy; siukan,
to be sick ; af-skiuban, to pssh aside ; sliupan, to sit$ ;
pliuhan, to* ; us-priutan, to trouble.
NOTE.--ga-liiken (.18uk, .lukum, -1ukans) is properly an
aorist present, like Gr. &+w, rpl$w. See 4 280.

6 303. T o this class belong all strong verbs having

a medial nasal or liquid + a consonant, and a few others
in which the vowel is followed by two consonants other
than nasal or Iiquid + a consonant. Cp. 8 124.

Injn. Pret. Sz;zg. P~,et.PJ. P.P.

i (af, $$ 67, 69) a u (aG, $ 73) u (ali, $$71,73)
Goth. bindan, to band bundum bundans
bind
0.I cel, binda batt bundum bundinn
OE. bindan band bundon bunden
0 S. bindan band bundun gibundan
OHG. bintan bant buntun gibuntan
Goth. hilpan, to kalp hulpum hulpans
help
0.Icel. hjalpa halp hulpum holpinn
OE. helpan healp hulpon holpen
OS. helpan halp hulpun giholpan
0 HG. helfan half hulfun giholfan
Goth. wairpan, to w a r p wairrpum waiirpans
become
 Verbs
5 304. To this class also belong :-bairgan, to keep ;
bliggwan (Q 151), to heat; brinnan, fo burn ; drigkan, to
; filhan, to hide ; finpan, to jlzd ; usgildan, to repay ;
du-ginnan, to begin; uf-gairdan, to gird u p ; fra-hinpan,
to captuve; hrairban, to walk ; af-linnan, to depart ; rinnan,
to nm ; siggwan. to srizg ; sigqan, lo sink ; fra-slindan, to
swallow up ; spinnan, lo spin; stigqan, to thrust ; af-
swairban, to w$e out; swiltan, to die; anamtrimpan,
to tread on ; at-pinsan, to attract; ga-pairsan, to wither;
priskan, to thresfi ; walrpan, to flzrow ; wilwan, to rob ;
windan, to wind; winnan, to s u f e r ; ga-wrisqan, to bear
lj,u,%

CLASS IV.
$305. 'To this class belong strong verbs whose stems
end in a single nasal or liquid, and a few others. Cp. Q 124.

Inf;.. Pret. Sing. Pret. Pi. P. P.

, i (d,$67) a 5 u (a& $ 71)
Goth. niman, to take nam nemum numans
!I bairan, to 6ear bar berum baiirans
0.Icel. bera bar bprum borinn
0 E. beran bar bsron boren
(3s.01-IG. beran bar bHrun giboran

$ 306. T o this class belong also :-brikan, to break;

qiman, to come ; stilan, to steal; ga-tairan, lo destroy;
ga-timan, to suit; trudan, to tread.

NOTE.-trudan (*trap, *trEdum, trudans) is properly an

aorist present, like ga-liikan(5 280).
 8 807. To this class belong strong verbs having i (af)in
the infinitive, and whose stems end in a single consonant
other than a liquid or a nasal. Cp. 8 124.

Injn. Pret. Sittg. Pref.PI. P.P.

i(af,§67) a 6 i (dl$67)
giban, to give gaf gEbum gibans
qipan, to say qap qgpum qipans
sailvan, lo see salv sshrum safhrans
sniwan, to snBu (8 160) snswum sniwans
hasfen
Goth. mitan, to mat mEtum mitans
nzeasure
O.Ice1. meta mat mptum metinn
OE, metan mzt mston rneten
OHG. meqqan ma3 rnlyqun gimeqqan

§ 308. T o this class also belong :-bidjan, to pray;

diwan, to die ; fitan, to travail in birth ; frafhnan, fo ask ;
bi-gitan, to fitzd; hlifan, to steal; itan, to eat; ligan, to lie
down ; lisan, to gather ; ga-nisan, to be saved; nipan, to
he& ; rikan, to heap up ; sitan, to sit ; ga-widan, to bind ;
ga-wigah, to shake down ; wisan, to be, reftzaifz; wrikan,
& perseczrle.

NOTE.--^^ bidjan (bap, bzdum, bidans) the j belongs to the

present only. In the present tense bidjan is conjugated like
nasjan ($ 317). sitan, ligan are new for~nations. The regular
forms would be *sitjan, *ligjan, cp. the corresponding forms
of the other Germanic languages. O.Icel. sitja, liggja, OE.
sittan, licgan, 0s. sittian, liggian, OHG. sitzen, liggen.
In fraihnan (frah, frehum, fraihans) the n belongs to the
present only. The pret. of itan is Et (occurring in f r g , pret. of
fra-itan, to devour) = OE. S t , OHG, 85, Lat. Zdi.
 Verbs

CLASSVI.

I~pfift. Pret. Sing. A-cf. PI. P.P.

;a 6 6 a
Goth. faraa, to g o f6r f6rum farans
0.Icel. f a r a f6r f6mm farinn
OE. faran f6r %ran faxen
0s. f a r a n f6r f6run gi faran
OHG. faran fuor fuorun gifaran
Goth. slaban, to s ~ $ i t z sl6h sl6hum slahans
graban, to dig griif griibum grabans
frapjan, 60 under- friip frBPum frapans
sta~d

4 310. To this class also belong:--alan, to g r o w ;

us-anan, to explie; ga-daban, to beseem; ga-draban, to
Izew out; ga-dragan, to heap up ; af-hlapan, to lade;
malan, to grind ; sakan, to dispute ; skaban, to shave ;
standan, to stand; s w a r a n , to swear; pwahan, to wash ;
wakan, to wake.
Seven verbs of this class have j in the present ; but in
other respects are like faran, &c. ; frapjan, to tlnderstand ;
hafjan, lo raise; hlahjan, to Inzcgh ; ga-ra)?ian, to count;
ga-skapjan, to create; skapjan, to zt!jrr~-e; wahsjan, lo
grow. Cp. the similar formation of the psese~ltin verbs
like Lat. capi6, faci6. These seven verbs are conjugated
in the present tense like nasjan or s6kjan according to
the rules given in $ 316.
NOTE.-OE.OS. swerian, OHG. swerien, O.1cel. sverja, to
suvar, show that Goth. swaran is a new formation for *swarjan.
The n in standan (stijp, st6pum, 'stapans) belongs to
the present only, cp. Engl. stand, stood, and Lat. perfects
like frEgi, vici to presents frang6, vinc6.
1187 L
 a. Reduplicated Strong V e r b s
CLASSVII.

fi 811, T h e perfect (cp. 5 aea) was formed in the parent

Innguage partly with and partly without reduplication. T h e
reason for this difference is unknown. Examples are:
Skr. va-vfirta, I trazfe tzduned, va-vhrttha, va.vfirta =
Goth. warp, warst, w a r p ; pl. va.vrtim&=Goth. w a f i r p
urn; Gr, hclrw, I leave, ~ d p ~ wI , send, pf. X(-hotna,
xi-~op+a ; 86-SWK~,Lat. de.di, I have given ; but Skr. vgda,
Gr. osa, Goth. wPit, I Know, lit. I have seen. Classes I to
VI of strong verbs, and the preterite-presents, belong to the
type of Skr. v6da.
T h e reduplicated syllable originally contained the vowel
e a s in Greek Akhotra. In Gothic the vowel in the redupli-
cated syllable would regularly be i ($ 66))except in verbs
beginning with r, h, lv,where the a4 is quite regular (8 67),
but from forrns like rEdan, hBitan, hr6pan, pret. rafdp,
hai-hhit, hrai-hop,the ai was extended to the reduplicated
syllable of all verbs of this class.
I n the sing. the accent was on the stem and in the dual
and plural originally on the ending with corresponding
change of ablaut (cp. $4 32, 122-5, 136). Sanskrit pre-
served this distinction more faithfully than any of the
other Indg. languages. It was also preserved in the
Germanic languages in the first five classes of strong
verbs. In the sixth class the vowel of the sing, was
levelled out into the dual and plural. This levelling also
took place in division (b) of the seventh class in Gothic,
and the stem of the present was extended to the past
participle which originally had the same stem as the pret.
plural, cp. bitum, bundum, pp. bitans, bundans ; whereas
in division (a) the stem of the present was extended to all
parts of the verb.
$5 312-131 Verbs 147
$ 31% T h e reduplicated verbs in Gothic a r e most con-
venie~ltly divided irlto two classes:-(a) verbs which
retain the same stem-vowel through all tenses, and form
their preterite simply by reduplication, a s hatan, to call;
haihsiit, hafhstum, Ilz&itans; (b) verbs which form their
preterite by reduplication and ablaut combined. These
verbs have the same stem-vowel in the pret. sing. and
plural, and t h e stem-vowel of the past participle i s the
same a s that of the present tense.
NOTE.--In verbs begirlning with two consonants, only the
first is repeated in the reduplicated syllable except in t h e
combinations st, sk, as frtbisan, to fempf, pret. faifrlis; but
ga-staldan, to possess, pret. ga-staistald; skbidan, to sever,
pret. skaisktlip.
When the verb begins with a vowel, the reduplication con-
sists in prefixkng ai, as bukan, lo add, pret afAuk.

, Division (a).

$ 313. Five sub-classes are to be distinguished according

as the present stem contains :-a@), hi, e, 6,Bu.

Iflfiit. Pl-Pf.Sillg.i '. P.

:-faipan, toford
a(%) faifalp falpans
haldan, lo hold hailiald haldans
ga-staldan,lotossess ga-staistald ga-sta!dans
fahan ($ Sp), to seise faifah fahans
hahan (S 68), to haug haihah hghans

NOTE.-I. The following verbs, the preterites of which are

not extant, also belong here: us.alpun, fo grow old; blandan,
fo rnix; ana.praggan, to oppress ; saltan, to salt; waldan, f o
ride; gaggan, to go, pp. gaggans, the wanting pret. 'gaigagg
is supplied by the weak pret. iddja (8 321).
148 A ccidence I§
314

In/irt. Pret. Sing. P.P.

$1 :-af-Aikan, to deny at-afiik af-Pikans
frPisan, to tempt faffriis frhisans
hPitan, fo call haihiit h i it a n s
l i i k a n , to leap lailiik IPikans
mAitan, to cut mdmhit mPitans
s k i i d a n , to diuide skaiskiip skiidans
NOTE.--a. Here belongs also ga+l&ihan, to cherid~,comfort,
the pret. of which is not extant.
Infin. Pret. Sing. P.P.
B :-slepan, to sleep safslgp slf p a n s
saiz1E.p
NOTE.-3. Here belongs also ufsblEsan, to blow up, puff up,
which only occurs in the pres. pass. 3 pers. sing. and the pp.
Inlfn. Pref. Sing. P. P.
ii :-htijpan, to boast lvafhrijp lvijpans
NOTE.-+ Here belong also t h e preterites faifiijkun, !hey
bewailed, lail6un, they revi'ed, the presents o f which *flijkan,
*lauan are wanting; as also the verb blotan, to worship, pret.
wanting.
njn. Pret- Sing. P.P.
i u :-hukan, to add afPuk Aukans
NOTE.-5. Here belong also hlAupan, to leap ; sthutan, to
srrzite, ~vhichonly occur in the present.
Division (b).
$ 314. The verbs of this division belong to the seventh
ablaut-series (5 124).
Infin. Pvet. Sli7g. P.I?
gretan, to weep gaigrijt gretans
IGtan, to let laflijt letans
ga-redan, fo reflecr upon ga-ralr6p ga-redans
tekan, to touch taft6k tekans
saian, to sow sags6 saians
waian, to bloiu w d w 6 u n (pi.) w a i a n s
 NOTE.-Of waian only the pres. part. masc. dat. sing.
(waiandin), and the pret. 3 pers. pl. occur. The a pers. sing.
pret. of saian is saisBst, with the ending "st, instead of -t, from
verbs like last, where .st was regular, see $138.

Q 316. T h e weak verbs, which for the most part are

derivative o r denunainative, are divided i l l Gothic into
four classes according as the infinitives end in dan. pret.
.ids, (.ta) ; -on, pret. -6da ; -an, pret. .&iila; -nan, pret.
.n6da. T h e weak preterite is a special Germanic forma-
tion, and many points connected with its origin are still
uncertain. Some scholars are inclined to regard it as
a periphrastic formation which was originally confined to
denominative verbs, and then at a later period became
extended to primary verbs as well. T h e Gothic endings
of the singular :- -da, -des, -da would thus represent an old
aorist formed from the root dhE., pull place (Gr. ri-8q-pc),
which stands in ablaut relation to OE. 0s. dBn, O H G .
tuan, to do, a s Indg. *dh8m, f*dh&m),*dh&s,dhgt, prim.
Germanic *&on, ("bhn), *figs, b h = Goth. -da, -dGs, -da.
But it is also probable that the dental in the pret. sing.
stands in close relationship to the dental of the past
participle, where the -ps = prim. Germanic .&is, Gr. -T&.
In Gothic the old preterite (perfect) of don h a s been pre-
served in the pret. dual and plural, as .dEd-u, -decl.~~ts;
pl. -dEd-urn, -ded.uk, -dEd-un (with the same perso~ial
endings a s in the pret. of strong verbs, $ 292) = OHG.
tat-urn, (-un), tgt-ut, tat-un (0s. dad-un), the pret. plural
of tuon.
NOTE.--Many points concerning the inflexion of weak verbs
in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages have never
been satisfactorily explained. For a summary and discussion
of the various explanations which have been suggested by
scholars, the student should consult : Brugmann's Kurze
 50 Accidence i§§ 316-17
vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen ;
Streitberg's Urgermanische Grammatik ; and Kluge's 'Vorge-
schichte der altgemanischen Dialekte ' in Paul's Grundriss der
germanischen Philologie, vol. I.
I. First Weak Conjugation.
$ 310. T h e verbs of this conjugation are sub-divided into
two classes :-(I) verbs with a short stem-syllable, as nasjan,
to save ; or with a long open syllable, as stijjan, to judge ;
( 2 )verbs with a long closed syllable, as sijkjan, to seek;
and polysyllabic verbs, as glitmunjan, to shine.
T h e two classes only differ in the 2 and 3 pers. sing. and
the 2 pers. pl. of the pres. indic. and in the 2 pers. pl.
imperative. Class ( I ) has -ji., but class (2) -ei.. See
$6 153-4.
$ 317. The full conjugation of nasjan, stijjan, s6kjan
will serve as models.
a. Active.
Present.
INDICATIVE.
Sing. r. nasja stijja sijkja
2. nasjis stijjis sijkeis
3. nasjip stijjip s6keip
Dual I. nasj6s stijjijs sijkj6s
2. nasjats st6jats sijkjats
Plur. I . nasjam st6jam sijkjam
2. nasjip stijjip s6keiP
3. nasjand stijjand sijkjand
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Sing. nasjlu
I. stijjlu sijkjlu
nasjfiis
2. stijjfiis sOkjl i s
3. nasjli stijja sijkjiii
Dual I. nasjiiwa st6jAiwa sijkjfiiwa
2. nasjfiits stijjiits sijkjfiits
Plur. I. nasjhfma stijjgima sijkjfrima
2. nasjfrip stiijPip siikjfrip
3. nasjPina stijjiina s6kjfrina
IMPERATIVE.
Sing. nasei
2. 'stauei sijkei
3. nasjadgu stiijadfru siikjadgu
Dual 2. nasjats stiijats siikjats
Plur. I. nasjam stiijam siikjam
2. nasjip stbjip siikeip
3. nasjandPu stZijandAu siikjandgu
INFINITIVE.
nasjan stiijan siikjan
PARTICIPLE.
nasjands stcjands sijkjands
Preten'te.
INDICATIVE.
Sing. nasida
I. stauida sijkida
nasides
2. stauidcs s6kidiis
, 3. nasida stauida siikida
Dual I. nasidedu stauidedu sijkidedu
2. nasideduts stauidbduts sijkid&duts
Plur. I. nasidedum stauidedum siikidedum
2. nasidedup stauideduj, sbkidedup
3. "asidedun stauidedun siiWd6dun
SUBJU~~TIVE.
Sing. I. nasidcdjfru stauidedjtiu sbkid5dj&u
nasidedeis
2. stauidedeis siikidedeis
3. nasidedi stauidedi siikidedi
Dual I. nasidedeiwa stauidcdeiwa siikidiideiwa
2. nasidbdeits stauidedeits sbkidedeits
Plur. I. nasidbdeima stauidiideima sijkidiideima
2. nasidEdeij, stauidbdeip sijkidbdei),
3. nasidedeina stauidbdeina siikidiideina
 b. Passive.
Present.
1 NDICATIVE.
Sing. I. nasjada st6jada siikjada
3. nasjaza st6jaza s6kjaza
3. nasjada st6jada s6kjada
Plur. I. 2. 3. nasjanda st6janda s6kjanda
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Sing, I. nasjAidhu st6jhidin s6kjAidhu
2. nasjiizhu st6jhiziu s6kjMziu
3. n a s j i i d i u stiij8idAu s6kjhidPu
Plur. I. 2. 3. nasjiindhu sti5jiinddu siikjiindiu
N o ~ ~ . - - ostijjan
n beside stauida, see $$ 80-1.
3 318. Like nasjan a r e conjugated the foIlowing and
many other verbs : arjan, to plortgh ; gatamjan, to fame ;
hazjan, to praise ; huljan, to hide ; kukjan, to kiss ; lagjan,
to lay ; matjan, to eat ; natjan, to wet ; satjan, to set ;
pragjan, lo rrsn ; waljan, lo clroose ; warjan, to forbid;
wasjan, to clothe.
310. Like st6jan are conjugated the following verbs
which change iu, Au back to iw, a w before a following
vowel (8 150): aria-niujan, to velicw ; ga-qiujan, to give Lfe
to ; siujan, fo sew ; *strhujan (pret. strawida), to strew ;
tdu&sn> to do.
NOTE.--Here would also belong *af-mGjan, to fntiggte, *af-
dijjan, f o f a f b e ,but of these two verbs only the nom. pl. masc.
of the pp. occurs once, af.mauid&i, afqdauidli, cp. 8 80.
Q 320. Like s6kjan a r e conjugated the following and
a great many others: and-bahtjan, to serve; iugjan, to
slzow ; diiljan, to deal out ; dAupjan, to bapbie ; diupjan,
to put to death ; d6nljan, to judge ; dragkjan, to give bo
drink ; driibjan, to froteble; falirhtjan, to fear; fiidjan,
lo feed; fra-wardjan, lo destroy ; ga-brannjan, to b u m ;
p.lPubjan, to believe ; gw-niitjan, fo meet ; gbumjan, 50
pwcerve ; glitmunjan, io shsize ; g6ljan, to greet ; hiiljan, to
heal; hiusjan, to Itear; hnitiwjan, to abase ; hrginjan, to
make clean; huggrjan, to ittrrrger; 16isjan, lo tcncia ;liistjan,
to follow ; liuhtjan, to grve l r 9 t ; miidjan, to fals$fv;
mafirprjan, to ntttrdrr ; mPljan, to wn'te ; mgrjaxn, toprrnclz,
proc/attn ; mikiljan, to nzagnz;iy ; namnjan, to ttanfe; agjan,
to ten7;fy ; riisjan, lo rnise ; sijdjan, fo sfleak ; sipijnjan, to
be a rtiscl;b/e; sniumjan, lo ltasten ; swijgatjan, to sigh ;
palirsjan, to tlzirst ; wandjan, to turn ; wsnjan, to /tope.
fr 321. A certain number of verbs belonging to Class I
formed their pret. and past participle already in prim.
Germanic without the medial vowel -i-, cp. pret. Goth.
pHhta, 0.Icel. pZitta, OE. piihte, OS. thZihta, OHG.
d8hta ; pp. Goth. pihts, OE. ge)6ht, OHG. gidiht. The
following Gothic verbs belong to this type except the pp.
kaupatips. See 9 340.
In.. . Pret.
briggan, to bnng brPhta
briikjan, to use briihta
bugjan, to buy balihta
gaggan, to go iddja
kAupatjan, to bufet kiupasta
pagkjan, to think pzhta
pugkjan, to seem piihta
walirkjan, to work walirhta
NOTE.-I. On the consonant changes in the pret. forms
(except iddja), see fr 138. On the vowel-lengthening in brzhta,
PHhta, see 8 59, and Piihta, 62. The pp. PHhts, Piihts occur
only in compound adjectives, anda-Piihts, cautious, vip.lant;
h&uh+iihts,high-mirided.
2. gaggan ($ 313, note I) is properly a reduplicated verb, the
154 Accidence I§
322
pret. of which, gaigagg, has been lost. The extant forms of
iddja (f 156) are inflected Iike nasida (4 317); in one instance
a weak pret. gaggida also occurs.
3. The present briggan is a strong verb ofthe third class (8 303).
The regular weak present *braggjan (= OE. breng(e)an, 0s.
brengian) has been lost. Cp. also OHG. bringan, pret. brEhta
beside the rare strong form brang.

$ 3 2 a . T h e first class of weak verbs contains partly

causative and partly denominative verbs a s in the other
Indg. languages, as Skr. b h a r i y s m i (Gr. +opio), I cause
to bear; Skr. vartfiyzimi (Goth. fra-wardja), I cause to
turn; Goth. nasjan, to save, rfiisjan, fo ra2'seI beside
Skr. bh6rCimi, Gr. +Epo, I bear; Skr. vhrtami, I turn,
Goth. wairpa, I beco??te; ga-nisan, to be saved; ur-reisan,
fo anse. Gr. Sa~pGw, I weep, &vopaivw, I name; Goth.
diiljan, to deal out; hfiiljan, to heal; namnjan, to yzame;
beside Gr. Sd~pu,tear; Bvopa, Pzatne; Goth. d6ils, partiort ;
hails, whole ; nam6, name.
Irrespectively of the nature of the stems of the nouns
and adjectives from which denominative verbs were
formed, the two kinds of verbs had come to have the
same inflexional endings already in prim. Germanic. I n
the parent language the endings of the pres. sing. and
pl. of the causative verbs were : Sing. -6j6, .6jesi, -4jeti ;
-4jomes, (-mos), -6jete, -6jonti. Thus-
1)d;. 1')-ilrz. Germ.
'nosej6 nazijij
" nos6jesi * nazijizi
*nos4jeti *nazijibi
'nos6jomes " nazijamiz
*nosejete 'nazijidi
*nos4jonti 'nazijandi
 The -ij- = Indg. -r;tj- regularly became j before guttural
vowels, whence Goth. nasja, sbkja; nasjam, nasjand,
nasjands, nasjan, 8% see $6 162, (3), 167. The com-
bination -iji- regularly became .i- after long closed stem-
syllables and after unaccented syllables, but -ji. in other
cases (6 153), whence Gcth. sbkeis, sbkeip, beside nasjis,
nasjip. On the imperative forms nasei, sbkei, see $ 154.
Apart from the farms with -ei-, -ei, and the indic. pret.
sing. all forms of the finite verb have the same endings
as the corresponding tenses and moods of the strong
verbs ($$ 287-97). On the indic. pret. singular, see $ 315.
Past participle nasips, sskips, prim. Germanic *naziUaz,
*siikidaz, Indg. -it&.
5 323. 2. Second Weak Conjugation.
a. Active.
Present.
INDIC. SUBJ. IMPERATIVE.
Sing. salbb, 1 anoivt
I. salbij -
2. salbbs salbbs salbb
3. salbbp salbij salbbdAu
Dual I. salbbs salbbwa
2. salbbts salbbts salb6ts
Plur. I. salbbm salbbma salbijm
2. salbijp salbbp zalbbp
3. salbbnd salbbna salbijndAu
INFIN. PARTICIPI.E.
salbijn salbijnds
Preterite.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I.salbbda salbijdBdj&u
2. salbbdes salbijdgdeis
[&c. like nasida] [Sic. like nasi.di5djAuI
 A ccidence C§ 324

b. Passive. Present.
INDIC. SUSJ.
Sing. I. salbiida salb6dbu
2. salb6za salbiiz&u
3. saIb6da salb6dau
Plur. I. 2. 3. salb6nda salbiindiiu
4 324. The second class of verbs is denominative and
originally belonged partly to the athematic and partly to
the thematic conjugation Q ( 280). The first pers. sing. of
the former ended in -Hmi and of the latter in -%j6. The
i% became -6 in the prim. Gernianic period Q ( 42). In
Gothic the -6 became extended to all forms of the verb.
The Gothic and OHG. pres. indic. belongs to the athematic
conjugation and OE. partly to the one and partly to the
other. The prim. Germanic forms corresponding to the
Gothic and OHG. were : Sing. *salBij-mi, *sallj6-zi,
I *salBij-bi; dual *salBij.(w)iz, *saltjij.biz ; P1. 'salBB-miz,
*salb6.di, *salb6.ndi ; from which the corresponding
Gothic forms were regularly developed except salbijts
(on which see $§ 287, 292) and the first pers. singular
which would have become *salb6rn as in OHG. The
form salb6 presents difficulties. It was probably a new
formation with -a from the other classes of weak verbs
and then *salba became salbij with 6 from the other
forms of the present. The cause of the new formati011
was doubtless due to the fact that the first pers. sing and
pl. would otl~erwisehave been alike.
The pres. subjunctive is an old conjunctive (not optative
as in Class I) and corresponds to the pres. subjunctive
forms in the OHG. Franconian dialect: salbo, salbGs(t1,
salbo; salbcm, salbct, salb6n. The prim. Germanic
forms were : Sing. *salBB.m, *salt)ii-z,*salBii (Indg. .t) ;
dual *salBii.w2, *saltjij.biz; PI. *salB6-m%, *salb6.%i,
*salb6-n (Indg. -nt). In Goth. the first and third pers.
sing. would regularly be *salba. The -6 in salbij was
due to levelling out the 6 of the other forms. On salbBts
see 85 as7, aoa. The -a in salb6na was from the first
pers, plural as in all the other classes of verbs.
The regular form of the imperative second pets. singular
would be *salba (with .a from older -6 = Indg. -9, cp.
Gr, Doric ~ $ 6 ,hofzour l/zote ; Lat. am9, love tlzozr), but here
again the 6 in the other forms was levelled out. The
other forms of the imperative have the same endings as
in Class I (§ 317).
The pret. indic. and subjunctive and the passive have
the same endings as in Class I.
Past participle salbijps from prim. Germanic *sal'b6das,
Indg. -%t6s(Gr. Doric ~ T ( ; s ,Lat. -2ltus).
$825. Like salbiin are conjugated the following and
several others : Bihtron, to beg for ; BirinBn, to be a nvs-
senger; awiliudijn, to thank; dwalmijn, to be m a d ; fagi-
nijn, to rejoice; flskcn, to jish ; frLujinGn, to be lord or
king; frijijn, lo love; g&un6n, fo la~rzrnt; ga-leikijn, to
!iken ; hatizijn, to hate ; h616n, to treat wif/t vtolence ;
hrarbijn, to g o about; Idreigiin, to repent; karijn, to care
for ;, kbupijn, to trafic ; lapGn, to invite ; lustijn, to deszi-c ;
rnitijn, to consider ; reikiniin, to rule ; sid6n, to practise ;
skalkinon, to serrte; spilliin, to narrate; sunjijn, to justfy;
swiglGn, to Pt$e ; ufar-munnon, to forget.
8 326. 3. Third Weak Conjugation.
a. Active. P?-esent
INDIC. SUBJ. IMPERATII~E.
Sing. I. haba, I have habbu -
2. habhis habitis habbi
3. habhip habfii habadfin
Dual I. habbs habkiwa -
2. h a b a t s habfiits habats
Plur. I. habam hab&ima habam
2. habiiip habiip habfii!
3. haband habbina haband fiu
 Accidence
TNFIN. PARTICIPLE.
haban habands
Preterite.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I.habhida habhidedjtin
2. hab4idEs habftidEdeis
[&c. like nasida] [&c. like nasidEdjiu]

b. Passive. Present.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I. liabada habhidPu
2. habaza habftiz6u
3. habada habhidiu
Plur. I. 2. 3. habanda habaindhu
5 327. A!ost of the verbs belonging to the third class
were originally primary verbs like Lat. habe-re, to have.
In prim. Germanic there were at least two stem-forms of
haban, viz. present *xaB5j- and pret. *xa8-. In Gothic
as in the other Germanic languages the different types
became mixed, which gave rise to many new forrnatiofs.
In OHG. the stem-form of the present was extended to
all parts of the verb, as pret. habGta, pp. gihabGt, but
OE. hzfde, gehzefd, OS. habda, gihabd. In Gothic the
stem-form of the present was extended to the pi-eterit~
and pp. just as in OHG. The prim. Germanic forms of
the pres. intlic. were : Sing. *xabSj6, "xab;jitjizi,*~aDSjidi;
dual "Xab5jti.(w)iz(5 2871, *xa'LSi%ji&iz ; P1. *XaBi&jamiz,
*Xa85j:jidi,*Xab5jandi; from which with the loss of inter-
vocalic -j-($$ 78,162) were regularly developed the second
and third pers. sing. habiis, habhip and the second pers. pl.
habhip. The other forms of the present would have become
in Gothic *habaia; *habaitis, *hab4ips ; *habaiam, *hab-
aiand, see 9: 78, But the whole of the pres. indic.
(except the forms habAis, habhip), the pres. subjunctive,
the imperative (except habai, habgip), the infinitive, the
pres. participie, the passive indic. and subjunctive, were
formed direct from the stem-form *xaB. + the endings of
the first Class of weak verbs. The imperative forms
hab&i, habiip were regularly developed from prim.
Germanic "XaB5j(i),*XaBCkQ)id(i).
5 328. Like haban are also conjugated : i i s t a n , to
reverence; ana-silan, to be srlent; and-staiirran, to murmur
against; arman, to pi& ; bauan, fo dwell; fastan, tofast,
hold firm ; fijan, to hate ; ga-geigan, to gazn ; ga-kunnan,
to recognize; hatan, lo hate ; jiukan, to co~ztelzd;leikan, to
please; liban, to live; liugan, to marry ; maurnan, to
mourn ; munan, to consider ; reiran, to tremble ; saGrgan,
lo sorrow ; sifan, to rqbzce ; skaman (sik), to be aslzamed;
slawan, to be silent; trauan, to trust; swgran, to honour;
pahan, to be siletzt ; witan, to watch, obserwe.
NOTE.-I. On the stem-vowel in bauan, trauan, see fi 80.
2. bauan belonged originally to the reduplicated verbs (cp.
O.Ice1. biia, to dwell, pret. sing. bj6, pp. biienn), and the strong
form is still regularly preserved in bauip, the 3 pers. sing. pres.
indic. 3. Beside hatan there also occurs twice hatjan.
4. It cannot be determined whether bnauan ($ 80),to rub, of
which only the pres. participle occurs, belongs here or to the
reduplicated verbs.
4 32Q. 4. Fourth Weak Conjugation.
~'~PSCIZ~.
I NDIC. SUBJ. IMPERATIVE.
Sing. I , fullna, I becoine full fullnau -
2. fullnis fullnais fulln
3. fullnip fullnhi fullnaddu
Dual I. fulln6s fullniiiwa -
2. fullnats fullnhits fullnats
Plur. I. fulInam fullnhima fullnam
2. fullnip fullniip fullnip
3. fullnand fullniina fullnandiu
 A ccidence
IN~N. PARTICIPLE.
fullnan fullnands
Pntmle.
Sing. fullnbda
I. fullniidEdjiu
2. fulln6dEs fulln6dGdeis
[&c. like nasida] [&c. like nasidEdjiu]
NOTE.-All verbs belonging to this class are intransitive, and
accordingly have no passive voice.
830. The verbs of the fourth class are partly denomina-
tive and partly deverbative, and denote the entering into
a state expressed by the simplex, as fullnan, to 6ecomefuIf ;
and-bundnan, to become unbound, as compared with fulls,
full; and-bindan, to unbind. They correspond in meaning
with the inceptive or inchoative verbs in Latin and Greek.
They belonged originally to the athematic conjugation(P280)
and contained in the pres. indic. the formative suffix .n6- in
the singular and -na- in the dual and plural, as in Skr. Sing.
badh-&mi, I bind, badh-n64, badh-nk-ti; dual badh-ni-
vBs, badh.ni.th&s,badh-ni-tSs; PI. badh.nl*m&s,badh-ni-
th4, badh-n-Anti (= Indg. bhndh-ndnti with vocalic n in
the stem). Such verbs had the weak grade form of the
stem (like the pret. pl. and pp. of the first t1;ree classes of
strong verbs) owing to the accent being on the n6- in thr
singular and on the ending in the dual and plural. The
-n&, .na. became -n& ($ 42)) -na. ($41) in prim. Germanic.
T h e prim. Germanic forms corresponding to the Skr.
were : Sing. *8undn6mi, *bundn6si, *bundn6pi; dual
*bundnawCs, *8undnadCs ; PI. 'bundnamCs, *bundnadC,
*bundnin);i; from which the first pers. pl. Goth. -bundnam
is regularly developed. All the other forms of the pres.
indic. were new formations formed direct from the stem-
form bundn., fulln., &c. +
the endings of strong verbs;
and similarly with the pres. subjunctive, imperative, infini-
tive and pres. participle. The pret. was formed from the
original stem-form of the pres. sing. bundn8., fullnii-, &c.
+ the endings of the first class of weak verbs.
g 331. Like fullnan are conjugated the following verbs
and a few others: af-dumbhan, to hold one's peace ; af-
dhubnan, to become deaf; af-tarirnan,to be torn awayfronr ;
and.bundnan, to be unbound; bi-Auknan, to becor~zelarger ;
dis.skritnan, to become t o m ; fra-lusnan, to perish ; Tra-
qistnan, to penilt ; ga-batnan, to proft ; ga-blindnan, to
become blind; ga-dAupnan,to die ; ga-haftnan, to be attached
to; ga-h&ilnan,to become whole ; ga-qiunan, to be made
alive ; ga-skiidnan, to become parfed; ga-PaGrsnan, to d t y
up, wither away ; ga.waknan, to awake ; in-feinan, to
be moved with contpasslon: mikilnan, to be magnrped;
tundnan, to take fire ; ufar-hafnan, to be exalted ; us-
geisnan, to be aghast ; us-gutnan, to be porrved out; us.
hhuhnan, to be exalted ; us-luknan, to become unlocked;
us-mErnan, to be procloiijred; weihnan, to beconze holy.

A. PRETERITE-PRESENTS.
4 83% These verbs were originally unreduplicated per-
fects which acquired a pres. meaning like Skr. vida, Gr.
oQa, Lat. niivi, I k~tow, to which a new weak preterite (see
6 840), an infinitive, and a pres. participle were formed in
the prim. Germanic period. They are inflected in the pres.
like the preterite of strong verbs. The following verbs,
most of which are very defective, belong to this class :-

g 333. I. Ablaut-series.
wAit, 1 know, z sing. whist (Q 1381, 1 pl. witum, subj.
witjbu, pret. wissa (8 138), subj. pret. wissCdjiu, pres.
part. witands, infin. *witan.
1&s, I k ~ o w . This is the only form extant.
1187 I
 Accidence
5 334. 11. Ablaut-series.
daug, it is goodfor, profits. T h e only form extant.

kann, f know, 2 sing. k a n t (kannt), I pl. kunnum, pret.

indic. kunpa, pret. subj. kunpEdjAu, infin. kunnan, pres.
part. kunnands, pp. kunps.
N o T E . - T ~ ~pret. and pp. of this verb presents difficulties in
all the Germanic languages. The pp. kunps, O.Icel. kiipr
(kunnr), OE. ciiP, 0s. kGp, 0.Fris. khth, OHG. kund (4 127,
Table I), all go back to prim. Germanic *ktinpaz, Indg. *gnt6s
(with vocalic n). The regular prim. Germanic form would have
been *kund&s,but the separate languages show that the accent
must have been shifted from the ending to the stem some time
prior to the operation of Verner's law, and that then a preterite
was formed direct from the base kunp-+ the endings .6n,(-Sn),
-Ss, 25, &c. ( 5 315),whence Goth. kunpa, 0.Icel. kunna from
older 'kunpa, OE. ciipe, OHG. konda. See $ 340
parf, I need, 2 sing. parR, I pl. pafirbum, subj. pafir-
bjku, pret. indic. patirfta, infin. *pafirban, pres. part.
patirbands, pp. patirfts, necessary.
ga-dars, I dare, I pl. ga-datirsurn, subj. ga-dafirsjau,
pret. indic. ga-dalir~ta,infin. ga-da6rsan.

$336. IV. Ablaut-series.

skal, I shall, owe, 2 sing. skalt, I pl. skulum, subj. skul-
jgu, pret. indic. skulda, pret. subj. skuldCidjku, infin.
"skulaa, pres. part. skulands, pp. skulds, owifzg, lawful.
man, f think, I pl. munum, subj. munjku, pret. indic.
munda, infin. munan, pres. part. munands, pp. munds.
bi-nah, it is permitted or l a ~ f u l ga-nah,
; if sufices, pp.
bi-natihts, suficient, infin. *-nauhan. Other forms are
wanting.
 Verbs
0 33:. V. Ab1aut.series.
mag, I can, may, 2 sing. magt for *maht, dual magu,
maguts, I pl. magum, subj. magjBu, pret. indic. mahta,
pret. subj. mahtedjhu, infin. *magan, pres. part. magands,
pp. mahts.

5 338. VI. Ablaut-series.

ga-miit, I find rooitr, I pl. *ga-miiturn,subj. gam6tjBu,
pret. indic. ga-mBsta, infin. *ga.m6tan.
iig, Ifear, I pi. *tigum, subj. Cgjiiu, pret. indic. Bhta;
imperative 2 sing. ijgs, from prim. Germanic "63i2, is
originally an injunctive form. 2 pl. BgeiP (properly subj.),
infin. "iigan. T h e pres. part. of the real old infin. still
survives in unagands,fefearless.
5 339. Aih, I have, probably belonged originally to the
seventh class of strong verbs (5 311), I, 3 sing. 6ih (7) and
gig (I), plural I. Qigum (2) and Qihum (2), 2. AihuP (I),
3. Bigun (2),subj. 3 sing. iigi (2), plural 2 pers. Qigeik (I),
3. Aigeina (I), pres. part. Qigands (5) and Bihands (I),
infin. Bihan ( I ) occurring in the compound fair-Bihan, to
partake of; pret. indic. I, 3 sing. Bihta, 3 pi. AihtEdun, subj.
2 sing. &ihtZ.deis.
NOTE.-In the pres. h was regular in the x, 3 pers. sing. indic.
(5s 136-7),and g in all other forms of the present. But in a few
cases we find h where we should expect g, and in one case g
instead of'h. The figures in brackets give the number of times
h and g occur in forms of the present.
5 340. It should be noted that the ending of the past
participle of all vcrbs belonging to the preterite presents
goes back to Indg. 4 6 s (not -it6s a s in the first class of
weak verbs, 5 322), a s kunps (§ 335 note), munds, skulds
= prim. Germanic *kilnpaz, *mun&&s,"skuldBs, lndg.
*gntds, *mntds, *skltbs; and similarly with the other
past participles. This is no doubt the reason why the
preterites d o not have the n~edial-i. which is found in the
M a
164 Accidence [QS 341-1
preterites and past participles of the first class of weak
verbs, as nasida, s6kida, pp. nasips, sokips ; and similarly
with the preterites baGhta, brlhta, &c. (8 321).

341. Only scanty remains of the athematic verbs have

been preserved in Gothic. These are the pres. indicative
and subjunctive of the substantive verb, and the verb will.

I. The Substantive Verb.

4 34a. The substantive verb forms its present tense from
the root es-. The other parts of the verb are supplied by
wisan ($ 308).
Present.
1NDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. a. im, I am sijfiu
2. is sijfiis
3. ist sijfii
Dual I. siju 'sijfiiwa
2.*sijuts 'sij4its
Plur. I. sijum sijfiima
2. siju), sijfiip
3. kind sij6ina
INFIN,wisan PARTICIPLE
wisands

Preteriie.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I. was wesjtiu
2. wast weseis
[&c. like nam,§ 2861 [&c. like nemj6u]
PARTICIPLE wisans
NOTE.-I. For the imperative the subj. forms sijais, kc., are
used.
 -
a. Observe the elision of the vowel in nist ni ist, patist
pata ist, karist = kara ist.
-
3. Beside sijum, sijuf, there also occur sium, siup, which
points to a weak articulation of the intervocalic .j-.
The original forms of the pres. indic. were : Sing. *&mi
(Skr. Asmi), *Csi beside *Cssi (Skr. Asl, Homer Looi), *Csti
(Skr. Bsti, Gr. h i ) ; dual *sw6s (Skr. svAs), *stes (Skr.
sthbs); PI. *sm& (Sltr. smfts), *st6 (Skr. sthg), 'sknti
(Skr. sAati). Beside the accented there also were un-
accented forms just as in the pronouns ($ ase). *&mi
regularly became im through the intermediate stages
*izmi, *immi, *imm. i s from *isi, * h i ; ist from *isti ; sind
from "sindi. siju, sijum, sijup with sij- from the pres.
subjunctive and the endings of the pret. of strong verbs
($ 202), cp. the same endings in 0.Icel. erum, we are,
erup, eru (OE. earon); OI-IG. bir-urn, bir-ut; OE. sin-
don, 0s. sindun.
The original forms of the pres. subjunctive were : Sing.
*s(i)j&m (Skr. syhm), *s(iU$s(Skr. s y i s ) , *s(ilj6t (Skr.
syht); PI. "simf, *site, *sijknt, which would have beconle
in Gothic *sija, *sijOs, "sija; *seima (OHG. sim), *seip
(011G. sit),*sein (OHG. 0s. sin). In Gothic the original
sij. of the singular was extended to the plural and then tlie
whole tense was remodelled after the analogy of the pres.
subjunctive of strong verbs ($ 288).

2. T h e Verb ' wiN'.

Q 343. The present tense of this verb was originally an

optative (subjunctive) form of a verb in -mi, which already
in prim. Germanic came to be used indicatively. T o this
was formed in Gothic a new infinitive, present participle,
and weak preterite. The endings of the present are those
of the pret. subjunctive ($203). The existing forms are ;-
I 66 A ccidence [§ 344

Presevrl,
Sing. wiljPu
I. Plur. I. wileima
2. wileis 2. wileip
3. wili 3. wileina
Dual 2. wileits
I NFIN. wiljan PARTICIPLE
wiljands
Preferite.
INDIC. SUBJ.
Sing. I. wilda wild5djiu
[&c. like nasida, Q 3171 [&c. like nasidEdjAu]

CHAPTER S I V
ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND CON-
JUNCTIONS

$ 344. Most adverbs of manner are formed from adjec-

tives by means of the s u 6 x .ba, the origin of which is
uncertain. Some scholars regard it as an instrumental
cn,ding, representing an Indg. *-bhE o r *-bh6. Examplcs
a r e : bairlltaba, bridztly; bkitraba, bitlel-ly; hiuhaba,
h<yIz(y; lvassaba, sharply ; mikilaba, greally ; raihtaba,
r<gh#&; ubilaba, evilly. sunjaba, fru[v. ana-laugniba,
secretly ; ga-tEmiba,fit(y. agluba, with d$'7;clrlfy; harduba
beside hardaba, grievously ; manaTuba,in readiness.
T h e original ablative of adjectives (Indg. .8d, -Gd, OE. .a,
OS. OHG. - 0 ) was often used adverbially, a s and.Augj6,
openly ; ana-leikii, in like manner; ga-leik6, lGe ; glaggwB,
dikently ; sinteinii, conhizually ; sniumundii, quickly ;
s p r h t 8 , quickly ; piubj6, secretly ; pridj6, for the third
 Adverbs
time ; iihteigi5, in season. The same ending also occurs in
aftarii, behiitd ; afnftti,perhaps, surely ; missti, one another ;
sundrii, asunder; ufarii, above ; undar6, beneath ; siml6,
once.
p 346. The comparative degree of adverbs generally
in -is, cis (see d 243), as &iris,ea?,licr; fafirpis, bFfore-
hand; framis, ftcs ii'lar; haldis, rather ; hhulis, htgj~er;
mfiis, more; nE.lui~,nearer; mins from *minniz, less ;
wairs from *wirsiz- worse ; aljaleikos, oilte~wue; sniu-
mundGs, with l ~ r P~jzfzste.
i
Of the superlatrl p degree two examples only are extant :
frumist,f;rsf of ail; mhist, at most.
tj 346. The gens case is sometimes used adverbially, as
allis, in general, zisknily ; and-wairpis, over against; nahts,
at night ; rafhtis, Anzueve?; indeed.
$347. Adverbs o f time are expressed either by simple
adverbs, as fiir, eat:y ; hran, when ; ju, already ; nu, noztl;
pan, then ; or by the oblique cases of nouns and pronouns,
as himma daga, to-&Y ; gistra-dagis, du maGrgina, to-
nlowow; dagis hrizuii.. ring by drry ; ni Biw, nPz,rr ; fram
himma nu, Itenc@orth.
8 348. Adverbs of place denoting rest in a place have
the ending .r or .a (cr. the .r in Lat. ciir, zeiiy, Liti~.Iru?,
where. The -a is itr lginally an instruments! endin ;), as
agar, elsexliere ; her, hrre ; bar, where ; jhinar, y o i . { / ~,r
par, there ; afta, bplrz>z(f; faiira, bffore ; inns, wztlzrt~; iupa,
above; Eta, wiflzout ; dalapa, bclozw.
Those denoting motion to a place have either no suffix
or one of the suffixes -p(md), -drE. The -P (-d) goes back to
an Indg. particle *-te, denoting ttzotion to a place, and is also
preserved in Greek in words like ~ d s u efrorn * ~ d - ~ whither;
t,
BAAo-ue, elsewlitthcr. -dre represents an original ablative
ending *-trzd. Examples are : aljap, i n another dtvection ;
dalap, down ; Evap, lvadre, whither; jaind, jaindre, ihitlrer ;
samap, to the same place ; hidre, hither.
 Those denoting motion from a place have either the
suffix -pr6 o r -na, where -pr6 represents an original ablative
ending *-trbd and is related to the -tra in Skr. words like
tA.tra, there ; any&-tra,elsewhere ; and -na from an original
particle -nE denoting motionfrom a place, cp. Lat. super-ne,
from above. Examples are : aljaprij,from elsewJtere ; alla.
prb, from all directions ; dalapr6, from below; fairrapr6,
from afar; innapr6, innana,from within ;iupana, iupaprb,
from above ;jAinpr5, thence ; hrapr6, whence ; papr6, thence ;
iitaprb, iitana, from without ; aftana, hindana, from
behind,
5 349. The affirmative and negative particles are ja, jAi,
yea, yes ; ni, not ; nG, nay, no.
T h e interrogative particles are u,which is attached encli-
tically to the first word of its clause, as skuldu (=skuld-u)
ist?, as it lawful?; in compounds having a prefix it is
attached to the prefix, as gauliiubjats ? (= ga-u-lfiubjats?),
do ye t-mo believe ? ; niu (= ni-n), rlot ; an, nuh, then ; jau
(= ja-u), whetlzer; Pfiu (in the second of two alternative
questions), or; ibiii, which like Gr. p4, Lat. num, requires
a negative answer, cp. St. Mark ii. 19. See Q a97.

(I) With the accusative : and, alo~tg,flzro~~ghout, f~wards;

fatir,for, b(fore ; inuh, wif/zout; pairh, tJu-oug/z,by ; undar,
under ; wipra, against.
(2) With the dative : a f , of;from ; alja, except ; du, to ;
fatira, before ;fram,from ; mip, with ; nehra, nigh to, near ;
undarb, under ; us, out, out of.
(3) With accusative and dative : afar, after, according to ;
ana, on, upon ; at, at, by, to ; bi, by, about, around, against,
according to ; hindar, belzind, beyond, among; uf, under;
ufar, over, above ; und with acc. until, up to, with dat. for.
(4) With accusative, dative, and genitive: in with acc.
in, into, towards, with dat. in, into, among, with gen. on
accorrrrt of.

(I) Copulative : jah, and, also ; u h (enclitic), and ; nih,

not ; jak . .. jah, both . .. and ; ni patAinei .. .
ak jah, not only .. ...
. but alsn ; nih ak jah, not only . ..
but also.
(2) Disjunctive : aikphu, o r ; andizuh , .. aipl-Au, ~illrer
.. o r ; jappl!.. . japka, wheil~er ... o r ; ni (or nih)
.. . ..
ni (or nih), trci//zer . nor.
(3) Adversative : a k (after negative clauses), but; akei,
btrt ; ip, pan, appan, b14t, hozccvrv.
(4) Conclusive: nu, nunu, nuh, pannu, panull, paruh,
eipan, dupb (duppe), therr~ire.
(5) Concessive : phu, in that case ; PButljabAi, even tlzough;
swQAuh, indeed, howeuer.
(6) Causal : allis, Auk, raihtis, unts, jor, Irecause; (ni)
peei, (not) because ; pandi5, iirasnrzcch as.
(7) Final : ei, patei, peei, pei, fltat; dupe, duppe ei, du
pamma e i to the end that, because ; ei, swaei, swaswe, so
&at; i b s (iba), lest, that... not.
(8) Conditional : jabhi, tf; nib& niba, unless, i;T ...
not.
(9) Temporal : swE,jrrsl as; pan, pande, Z O ~ N0.c Z , 101g
as ; hip, mippanei, wltilst ; sunsei, as soon as ; faGrpizei,
before that ; untl!, und patei, pands, unttl, rinf11 tlznt, as
long as.
(10) Comparative : lvfriwa, how ; swe, as ; s w a s w l ,
SO as.
 Word-Formation [§§ 352-4

CHAPTER XV
WORD-FORMATION
$362. By far the greater part of the word-forming
elements, used in the parent language, were no longer felt
as such in Gothic. In this chapter we shall chiefly confine
ourselves to those word-forming elements which remained
productive, such as prefixes and suffixes.

$ 353. Nouns may be divided into simple, derivative

and compound. Exan~ples of simple nouns are : abba,
father ; ahs, ear ofgraiiz ; &ips, oath ; bafirgs, city ; da gs,
day ; fGtus, foof ; fisks, fish ; gulp, gold; hahrn, horn ;
hreila, trme; juk, yoke; nahts, niyltt; stgins, stone;
waGrd, word; wulfs, W O ~
364. Derivative nouns are formed in a great variety
of ways :-
I. From adjectives, as brhidei, breadth; drugkanei,
n'rurzkeizness ; laggei, kiz~fiz
; managei, mtlltikide ; siukei,
sickness (5 212); mildipa, ~~tilcf~zess;
niujipa, ncwncss ($191);
managdiips, a6mu'unce ($ 189) ; manniskiidus, Izunranity ;
barniski, cl~t/dlzood.
2. By means of various sr~ffixesmost of which were no
longer felt as such in Gothic, as fugls, fowl, bird; stikls,
cup ; tagl, itair ; bagms, tree ; mhipms, treasure ; a k r s ,
field ; tagr, tcnr ; briipar, broflzer ; daGhtar, dazrgizter ;
figgrs, finger ; baGrgja, citizen ; gudja, priest ; fislcja,
fisher ; biikareis, scrzbe ; miitareis, to//-tafier; IEkinassus.
healing. Diminutives, as barnilij, little child ; magula,
Itttke boy ; mawii6, litfle girl.
3. From strong verbs with and without a prefix, as
I s b a , remnant; IU-rists, res:irrection ; un-witi, ignorance ;
drus, fall; ga-gusts, test; nuta, fislter ; saithts, sickness ;
bandi, band ; bandja, przsonrr ; dragk, dt-zitk ; ga-filh,
buPl'al; ga-munds, venzmlbrarrre : fulhsni, secret ; sagqs,
sinhi&; saggws, song; u r n i n s , mntrirzg out; parba,
poverb ; barn, child ; balir, so?r ; bGrusjiis, parents ; ga-
taitra, renf ; ga-qumps, asse~~zbiy ; q u n s , advent ; skula,
debtor; bida, prayer; gabei, r;'ches ; giba, g$f?; ga-nists,
salvalion ; ga-qiss, co~tsent; filifkus, ilzief; mahts, might ;
wists, sz~bstancc; wraks, persecutor ; frapi, underskanditzg ;
ga.skafts, creation ; sladhts, slarr~Izfer;staps, place ; us-
wahsts, growth ; iihts, ProFsrfy ; ga-hiit, promrse.
4. By means of various prefixes. Some of the forms
qiven as prefixes below a r e in reality independent words
forming the first element of compounds. T h e y h a r e been
included among the real prefixes for pureIy practical
purposes. I t should b e noted that the examples given
below include both nouns and adjectives :-

356. af. fi-om *ab. (0.1cel. 0s.at-, OE. EX- (unaccented

form of-), OHG. ab, Indg. *ap6 beside *&PO, Gr. dr6, 5x0,
off, frorn, a.rc!ayfrom), as af-drugkja, drunkard ; af-etja,
;yi'~icfion; af.gudei, zc~r_p.odIiitess
; af-gu)ts,godk.ss ; af-Iageins,
ret~tission; af-l@ts,fr)~giz~e~zess ; af-stass, n fnlhgr nzrlny.
$350. afar- (0.Icel. afar-, O I I G . avar-, a deriv. o f
Indg. *Ape + the comparative suffix -er-os, aJrler, cp. Skr.
Bparas, the Zntler; adv. aparPm, later), a s afar-dags, the
?text day ; afar-sabbatus, tlze $rst day after tlte Sabbath.
5 367. ana- (0s. an., OHG. ana-, OE. an-, accented form
of on-, Gr. dvd, Cva, on, iicponf, a s ana-bGsns, contnznnd; ana-
filh, tradition ; ana-lageins, a laying on ; ana-minds, sup-
position ; ana-qiss, blaspltemy ; ana-siuns, visible ; ana-
stijdeins. beginning; ana-wafrps, future.
172 Word-Formation [I§ 358-67
5 368. and-, mostly in verbs, anda-, only with nouns
and adjectives (0.Icel. and., OE. and., ond-, 0s. and-,
ant., OHG. ant-, ent-, int-, cp. Skr. Anti, Gr. hvd, opposile,
against, Lat. ante, before), as and-hugi,face; and-huleins,
revelation ; and-wairpi, presence.-anda-bahhts, ransom ;
anda-hafts, answer ; anda-nems, pleasant; anda-nahti,
cvening ; anda-stapjis, adversary; anda.PHhts, cii-ct~rizspect;
anda-wgurdi, answer.
$ 369. at. (O.Ice1. 0s. at-, OE. set-, OHG. ag., at, to,
Lat. ad, to), only in at-apni,year; at-witgins, observatibn.
360. bi. (OE. OS. be., OHG. bi., the unaccented form
of OE. 0s. OHG. bi, by), as bi.faih6, covetousness; bi-
hgit, strfe ; bi-mgit, circumcision ; bi-sitands, neiglzbour.
Q 361. dis- (probably borrowed from Lat. dis., apart,
asunder), only in dis-taheins, dispersion ; dis-wiss, disso-
lution.
$ 362. fair- (ONG. fir-, far., NHG. ver-, Skr. pgri, Gr.
dpr, mrpl, around, Lat, per, tlzrough), only in fair-weitl,
spectacle.
363. falir- (OE. 0s. for, OHG. furi, for, bcfore), as
falir-balihts, r-edenrption ; fa6r-hB11, curtain ; falir-lageins,
a Zayirzg before ; falir-stasseis, chzef ruler;
$ 364. faGra- (OE. fore, 0s. OHG. fora, before, for),
as faiira-dauri, street ; falira-gagga, steward ; falira-hsh,
curtain ; faGra-mapleis, ruler; faura-tani, sign, wonder.
Q 365. fra- (OHG. fra-, 1-at. pro., Gr. sp6, before), as
fra-gifts, gqt, protrrise ; fra-qisteins, zuaste ; fra-lusts, loss ;
fra-waurhts, sin ; fi-a-weit, revenge.
$ 366. fram- (0.Icel. OE. OS. OHG. fram-, from), as
fram-aldrs, very old; fram-gghts, progress.
5 367. ga- (OE. ge., OS. gi-, OHG. ga., gi.), originally
a preposition meaning togell~er,which already in prim.
Germanic was no longer used as an independent word.
It was especially used in forming collective nouns, but at
a later period it often had only an intensive meaning or
 no special meaning at all, as ga-barirps, bri-tlt ; ga-bruka,
fragment ; ga.d6fs, heconzing, .fit ; ga-filh, bra7'al; ga-gups,
pious ; ga-hugds, tlzon~glzt; ga-juk, n pair : ga.kusts, pt oof;
g a m a n , /2//0a.-mnn ; ga-munds, renrembr nriic ; ga-qumps,
assenrb& ; ga-skafts, crcafion ; ga-wafirstwa, /; iioru-uforkcr.
5 368. hindar. (OE. hinder, O I I G. l ~ i n t a r , bc~hind),
only in hindar-weis, decetLful; iiindar-weisei, d~cei!fitlness.
$ 369. id- (OE. ed., 01-IG. ita-, it-, back, ngoitz, r e ) , only
in idweit (OE. edwit, OIIG. ita-wiy, itvwfyl, re/woach.
$ 370. in. (OE. 0s. OHG. in, O.Lat. en, later in, Gr.
i v i , Ir, in), as in-ahei, soberness ; in-ahs, saber; insgardja,
orre 3JfIze same lzousehold ; in-il6, e.rcuse ; in-kunja, country-
Ifran ; in-miideins, exchange ; in-winds, kr-tred asrrf~.
$ 371. inna- fO.Icel. OE. inne, OHG. inna, wiflzin),
only in inna-kunds, of flze same houselzold.
$ 372. missa- (OE.mis-, OI-IG. missa,, missi-, Indg.
mitto., originally a participial adjective meaning lost), as
mis~a-d&Ps, misdeed ; missa-leiks, various ; missa-qiss,
ciiscord.
$ 373. m i p (OE.0s. mid, OIIG. mit, wiflz, Gr. p t ~ d ,
;cv'/lt, u n d ~ r betweeit),
, as miP-gardi-waddjus,partifion zuall;
xnip-ga.ainpa, travc//ing co~~zpartion ; mip-wissei, conscience.
§ 3'74. uf. from *uB- (Sltr. 6pa, Gr. Gxo, up, under), as
uf-iipeis, unrt'er air onilz ; uf-blijteins, e ~ f r e n t yuf-hhuseins,
;
vbedicizre ; uf-kunpi, k n o z u / e ~ ~ .
Q 375. ufar- (OE. ofer, O S . oBar, OIIG. ubar, Gr. irat'p,
Skr. upiiri, over, above), as ufar-fullei, ove~zillness;ufar.
fulls, oz*erftrll; afar-gudja, chiif priest ; ufar-mi%, super-
scra$fion.
j 376. un- (OE. 0s. OHG. un-, Lat. en-, Gr. b, a
negative particle, un-, sometimes used intensitively with
the meaning bad, evil, &c.), as un-agei, fearlessness; un-
bafrands, barren ; un-fagrs, utrfit ; un-fr8dei, without
understanding ; un-hhili, disease ; un-hulpa, mil spirrt ;
un-mahts, injirnli2y ; un-wghs, blameless.
 4 377. US- from *uz- (OE. or-, OS. OHG. ur-, oici), as
us-filh, buvial ; us-fcdeins, food ; us-fulleins, jullness ;
us-kunps, well-known ; us.qiss, accusahon ; us-stass,
resurrection ; ur-rists, resurrection, see $ 176 note 3.
1378. wipra- (OE. wiper, OHG. widar, against), only
in wipra-wairps, opposite.

SUFFIXES.
8 370. -and- (OE. -end, -nd, OS. -and, -nd; OHG. .ant,
a t ) , originally the ending of the present participle (5 217),
used in forniing nomina agentis, as bisitands, ne2hbour;
frijijnds, fn'end; fijands, cnelny; nasjands, saviour.
See Q 218.
$ 330. -arja- (OE. -ere, OHG. -?id, Lat. -8rius),
originally used to form nomina agentis from other nouns,
and then later from verbs also, as bckareis, scn'be;
lasareis, teacher ; liupareis, singer ; rnijtareis, toll-taker ;
Gkareis, disputer. See F 185.
1381. -assu- from "attu-, Indg. .ad-tu- (cp. 5 138), the
first element of which is the same as the -at. in Goth. -atjan,
OE. settan, OHG. .amen, Gr. -&?,crv, in verbs like Goth.
lahhatjan, OHG. lohazzen, to lighfen. hlostly extended
to -inassum with -in- from verbs like frAujin6n1to mle over;
gudjin6n1 to be a priest (4 415); as ibnassus, evenness ;
ufarassus, o w ; blotinassus, service, worsh$ ;
drairhtinassus, wcirfnre ; gudjinassus (formed from stem
gudjin-, nom. guclja, priest), ofl~ceof a priest; b6rinassus1
n d u / t ~ l y; IEkinassus, I~eahng; skalkinassus, service ;
piudinassus, s ~ ~ v z;c waninassus,
e want.
§ 382. -diiPi., forming fem. abstract nouns, cp. Lat.
juventus, youtlz, gen. juventGtis, Indg. -tGti-,as ajukdups,
eterizz& ; rnanagdii)~~, abzrlrdanre ; mikildiips, greatness ;
gamhindiips, cotnnit~rzion. See 4 199.
4 383. -in-, embrac~ngfem. abstract nouns formed from
adjectives, as ftudagei, 6/~ssrd11ess ; b&itrei, brtffl-tzess;
bleipei, mercy ; brhidei, breadth ; diupei, depth ; giidei,
good~ess; handugei, wisdom ; laggei, length ; liutei, deceit ;
mikilei, greatness ; siukei, sickness ; swinpei, strengII1.
See $212.
Q 384. .ips (OE.-Po, -P, OHG. .ida, prim. Germanic -iP6
with .is from ja- and i-stems, lndg. -tB), used in forming
fern. abstract nouns from adjectives, as aggwipa, a q p i s h ;
aglipa, tribulation ; dAubipa, denfness ; diupipa, dt.ptlz ;
dwalipa, foolishness ; gAuripa, sorrow ; ka6ripa, werg/tt ;
manwipa, preparation ; mEripa, fame ; mildipa, tnitdness ;
niujipa, newness ; swcripa, honour; swiknipa, purity ;
weihipa, holiness. See 8 191. -ipa generally became -ida
by dissimilation when t h e preceding syllable began with
a voiceless consonant, a s Bupida, desert; wairpida,
worthiness.
fj 385. -6Pu- (OE. -ap, .op, OEIG. G d , Lat. 4 t u - , Gr.
Doric - G T ~ - ) , used in forming masc. abstract nouns from the
second class of weak verbs, a s gAun6pus, mourning;
gabafirjb~us,pIeasu?-e. -6)~u-became -6du- by dissimilation
when the preceding syllable began with a voiceless con-
sonant, as adhjodus, tumult ; manniskGdus, hunzanity ;
wrat6dus, jorcrney.
fj 386. .ubni, .ufni (see 4 158 note), prim. Germanic
-uSnja-, Indg. -mnjo- uith vocalic m, as fastubni, obc~r-
vance ; frfiistubni, tenzl5tation ; witubni, R~zo.iel/c.tke;
waldufni, power ; wundufni, zuozin~J.
$ 387. - p w a (prim. Germanic "pw6, Indg. .twZ), as
fijapwa, fiapwa, hatred; frijapwa, love; salipwijs, pl.,
dwelling, nzat~sion.
Q 388. -eini-, prim. Germanic -i(j)ini-,Indg. -ejeni. ; -6ni-,
Indg. -iini. ; "Aini-, prim. Germanic -%(j)ini-, Indg. .Sjeni. ;
used in forming verbal abstract nouns irom the first three
classes of weak verbs, as lhiseins, doctrine; lap6ns, invr-
tation; libfiins, lge. See § 200.
 Word-Formation
COMPOUND NOUNS.
4 889. I n compound nouns formed by composition the
second element is always a noun, but the first element may
be a noun, adjective, or a particle. T h e declension and
gender of compound nouns are determined by the final
element.
T h e final vowel of the first element generally remained
in the pure a-stems, but there are many exceptions which
it is difficult to account for. Examples are : a h - t u n d i ,
thornbush ; tiina-bafu, jirst-born ; Biza-srnipa, coppersmith ;
arma-hafrtei, mercy ; da6ra-wards, door-keeper ; dwala-
waGrdei, foolish talk ; figgra-gulp, finger-ring ; garda-
waldands (but see 8 1Q7),~nasterofthehouse; hunda-faps,
centuvion; hunsla.staps, altar; lagga-miidei, long-sufering ;
1Buna-wargs, unthankful person ; liusa-waiirdi, emply
falk ; lukarna-stapa, candlestick ; wafla-dGps, benefit ;
wa6rda=jiuka, a strrfe about words ; weina-gards, vzne-
' yard; weina-triu, vine. But on the other hand : Bin.
falpei, simpltcify ; all-waldands, the Ahnigh& ; gud.hiis,
temple ; g u ~ b l i i s t r e i sworsh$per
, of God; hals-agga, neck ;
1 4 ~ s - h a n d u s (adj.), cmpfy-Jzanded; manag-falps (adj.),
rnan$oId; sigisliun, prize ; wein-dmgkja, wine-bibber.
The -a remained in the short ja-stems, but disappeared
in the long, as midja-sweipiins, tJze Jood ; niuja-satips,
novice ; wilja-halpei, respect of persons ; but frei-hals,
freedom. arbi-numja, heir ; agliiti.waGrdei, indecent
hnguage.
T h e final vowel of the first element regularly remained
in the ii-, jij-, i., and u-stems, as miita-staps, toll-place.
piisundi-faps, leader of a thousand men. gabaGrpi-waGrda,
genealogy ; mari-sttiws, sea ; mati.balgs, wallet ; nttudi.
bandi, fefter ; but briipfaps, brzdegroom. asilu.qairnus,
mill-stone ; faihu-gafrnei, covetous~zess; filu-waGrdei, much
talking ; fiitu-balird, footboard ; grundu-waddjus, founda.
lion ; hardu-hairtei, hard-heartedness.
$8 390-41 Wotd-Fot-mafion 177
p i u p q i s s instead of 'pupa-qiss, blessing.
The n-stems have a, as Buga-daftrii, window; mana-
~eps,mankind ; but man-leika, image ; staua-stiils, judg-
ment seat.
Examples of consonant sterns are : baftrgs.waddjus,
town-wall; brbpru-lub6, brotherly love, beside the new
formation b r 6 p - a - h b b ; nahta-mats, supper, formed on
analogy with the a-stems.
ADJECTIVES.
4 390. Adjectives, like nouns, may be conveniently
divided into three classes : simple, derivative, and com-
pound. Exanlples of simple adjectives are : Bins, one ;
ails, all ; bafrhts, bvkht ; blinds, blind ; diubs, dead ;
diups, d e ~ p; fagrs, fair ; fulls, full; hiils, whole ; hardus,
Irard ; ibns, even ; juggs, young ; kalds, cold; mikils,
great; rafhts, right ; siuks, sick ; ubils, evil.
§ 301. Derivative adjectives often have the same prefixes
as nouns (58 356-781, as af-gups, godless; ana-siuns,
visible ; anda-nEms, pleasant ; fram-aldrs, ve)y old ; ga-
gups, pious ; missa-leiks, various; un-fagrs, unfit; as-
kunps, well known.
SUFFIXES.
8 392. -aga- (OE. -ig, OHG. -ag, prim. Germanic .a36-,
Indg. -0q6-, cp. Skr. - a k a , as fiudags, blessed; grgdags,
hungry ; mbdags, angry ; un-hunslags, willtout ofJee,.in~ ;
wulpags, glorious.
3 303. -aha- (prim. Germanic -frxa-, fndg. -6qo-, cp.
Skr. -Aka-, the same suffix as the above with difference of
accent), as Binaha (weak decl.), only ; niu-klahs, under
age ; stiinahs, story ; un-barnahs, childless ; waurdahs,
verbal; and similarly bairgahei, hiN counfry, from *bair-
gahs ; brGprahans, brethren, from *braprahs.
384. -eiga- (OE.-ig, OHG. -!g, prim. Germanic -is&-,
Indg. *-iq6-, cp. Skr. -iki-), as andamemeigs, koldrirgfast;
1187 N
 Word-Formation
ansteigs, gvncious ; hrcpeigs, victorious; Iiiseigs, apt
to teach ; listeigs, cunning ; mahteigs, migltty ; sineigs,
old ; Piupeigs, good ; us-beisneigs,long-suferti2.q; watirst-
weigs, efective.
4 396. .eina- (OE. -en, OHG. .in, prim. Germanic -ins-,
= Lat. -inu-s), used in forming adjectives denoting the
material of which a thing is made, a s airpeins, earthen;
iiweins, eternal; barizeins, of barley ; filleins, leathern ;
gulpeins,golden; gumeins, male,qineins,female ; stiineins,
ofstone ; paclrneins, thorny; triweins, wooden.
,$ 396. Siska- (OE. -isc, OHG. -isc, -isk, Lat. -iscu-s,
Gk. -LUKO-s),generally connoting the quality of the object
denoted by the simplex, a s barnisks, childislt ; funisks,
fiery ; gudisks, godly ; mannisks, Izuman ; *piudisks,
whence piudiskij, after tlze manner of Gentiles ; iudaiwisks,
Jezuish, formed from Iudaius, J e w ; hbipiwisks, wild,
with w from iudaiwisks.

$ 397. I n compound adjectives formed by composition

the second element is always an adjective o r used as an
adjective, but the first element may be a noun, adjective,
verb, o r particle. T h e final vowel in the first element of
t h e compound follows tile same rule a s in nouns (4 389),a s
akrana-lbus,fn~ifless ; gijda-kunds, of good onkin ; guda-
ltius, godless ; himina-kunds, hea7,efziy; wit6da-lius, law-
less ; iin-falps, sirrzple ; mikil-piihts, hrglz-minded. andi-
l i u s beside anda.lius, endless, with a from the pure
a.stems. airpa-kunds, born of Lke earth ; hreila.hrairbs,
transitory. nfiudi-PaGrfts, needy. faihu-gafrns, covetous;
handu-wabrhts, made by hands. gums-kunds, male ; qina-
kunds,fenzale ; silba-wiljis, wii1i~f.qof oneself.
398. In addition to the class of compound adjectives
given above, the parent language had a class, the second
element of which was originally a noun. Such compounds
8s 399-4021 Word-Formation I79

are generally called bahuvrihi or possessive compounds, as

Lat. longip8s, having a long-foot, lorzg-footed; Gr. Svapcv+,
having an evil nzind, /tostile ; Gothic alja-kuns, belotzging to
another race, foreign ; arma.hafrts, nzcrcQui ; hfiuh.hairts,
proud, /tar@& ; fbna-leiks, equal ; laus-handus, emp&-
handed; ltrusa.walirds, talhitzg vainly ; ubil-walirds, evif-

8 399. From a morphological point of view, all verbs

may be divided into two great classes: simple and com-
pound. Simple verbs are sub-divided into primary and
denominative verbs. T o the former sub-division belong
the strong verbs and a certain number of weak verbs, and
to the latter the denominative verbs. T h e simple primary
verbs are here left out of further consideration, as their
formation belongs to the wider field of comparative
grammar. Compound verbs are of various ltinds : (I) those
formed from simple verbs by means of separable or
inseparable particles, (2) those formed from nouns and
adjectives with verbal prefixes o r sufixes.
$400. Simple verbs are formed direct from nouns and
adjectives or from the corresponding strong verbs, as
dsljan, to deal out; fijdjan, to feed; namnjan, to narlze ;
wenjan, fo hope; f i s k h , to j s h ; kariin, to care f o r
hfiiljan, to heal; hrginjan, to mnRc clcum; mikiljan, to
magnlfj,; weihnan, to bbecoure holy. lagjan, lo l a y ; nasjan.
to save ; raisjan, to raise ; satjan, to set ; wandjan, to turn.
$ 401. Compound verbs are fbrmed from simple verbs,
nouns, and adjectives, by means of various prefixes. See
below. On the accentuation of the prefixes in verbs see
qg 33-4.
PREFIXES.
9 402. af. (9 355), as af-Aikan, to dclay; af-dfiupjan, to
hill; af-gaggan, togo away ; af-letan, to dismiss; af-mgitan,
to cut o f ; af-slahan, to tzill; af-tiuhan, to di-niu away.
N 2
I 80 Word-formation [§§ 403-13

4 403. afar- (5 366), as afar-gaggan, to follow; afar-

liistjan, tofollow afler.
4 404. ana- (4 357), as aria-iukan, to add to; ana-biud-
an, to command ; ana-hhitan, to caN on ; ana-hneiwan,
to stoop down ; ana-lagjan, to lay o n ; ana-stijdjan, to
begin.
$ 405. and. (8 358), as and-bindan, to unbind; and-
hafjan, to answer; and-huljan, to uncover; and-niman,
to receive; and-sakan, to dispule; and-standan, to with-
stand.
Q 406. at*(g 350), as at-dugjan, to show; at-giban, to
give up ; at-hafjan, to take down ; at-lagjan, lo lay on ;
at-sailuan, fo take heed ; at-tekan, to touch ; at-wairpan,
to cast down ; at-wcpjan, to call.
Q 407. bi- ($ 360), as bi-iukan, to add to; bi-gitan, to
find; bi-leiban, to remain; bi-rinnan, to run about; bi-
sitan, to sit about ; bi-swaran, to adjure.
4 408. dis. ($ 3Bl), as dis-dkiljan, to share ; dis-sitan, to
settle upon; dis-tahjan, to waste; dis-tairan, to tear asunder ;
dis-wilwan, to plulzder.
§ 409. -du- (of unknown origin), as du-at-gaggan, to g o
to ; du-ginnan, to begin ; du.rinnan, to run to ; du-stcdjan,
to begin.
410. faiir- (5 363), as faiir-biudan, to forbid; faiir-
gaggan; to pass by ; faiir-qipan, to excuse ; fabr-sniwan,
to hasten before.
$ 411. faiira- ($ 384), as fa6ra-gaggan, to go bcfore;
falira-gateihan, to infovtn beforehand; faha-standan, to
govern.
g 412. fra- ($ 305), as fra.giban, to pve ; fra-itan, to
devour; fra-letan, to liberate ; fra-liusan, to lose ; fra.
niman, to receive ; fra-qistjan, to destroy ; fra-wardjan,
to destroy.
5 413. ga- (originally added to verbs to impart to them
a perfective meaning, see $ 367), as ga-bairan, to bring
firth ; ga-bindan, to bijtd ; ga-dliljan, to divide; g a - a h a n ,
to seiee ; ga-fulljan, to f i N ; ga-bhitan, to call togetizer ; ga-
kfusan, to apprme; ga-liubjan, to believe ; ga.lisan, to
together ; ga-nasjan, to save ; ga-rinnan, to hasfen
together ; ga-tairan, to destroy ; ga-wandjan, to turn rotitid.
$ 414. hindar. ($ 368), only in hindar-leipan, to go
behind.
8 415. in. ($ 370), as in-brannjan, to put in the fire ; in-
saian, to sow i n ; in-saiivan, to look at ; in-sandjan, to snrd
forth ; in-widan, to rgect.
$ 416. twis- (OE. twi-, 01-IG. zwi-, Lat. bi., Gr. St-
from *6Fi-, fwo), denoting separation, only in twis-standan,
to departfianz one.
$ 417. uf- ($ 374), as uf-blesan, to blow u p ; uf-brikan,
to reject ; uf-dhupjan, to baptize ; uf.h&usjan, to szibnitf ;
uf-kunnan, to recognize ; uf-ligan, to lie under.
8 418. tuz- (OE. tor-, Gr. &us-), only in tuz-wgrjan,
to doubt.
$ a e . pafrh- (OE. purh, OHG. durh, I/~rorigh),as pafrh-
bairan, to carry fhl-orlgit ; pairh-gaggan, to g o t h r o u d ;
pafrh-saihran, to see Ii~~ozrgh; iafrh-wisan, to vetwarn.
$ 420. ufar- ($ 3751,as ufar-gaggan, to transgress ; ufar-
meljan, to wrzte over ; ufar.munnGn, to forget ; ufar-
skadwjan, to oversizadow ; ufar-steigan, to tnoir~ztup.
$ 421. und- (OE. oh., OHG. unt-, u p f o ) ,a s und.greipa11,
10 setze ; und-redan, to grant ; und-rillxian, /o I rill lo 0 1 1 ~
unpa- (OE. GP-, OIIG. int-,f i - O I J(~i~cv),
~, only i n 11nJ-a-
PIiuhan = OIIG. int-fliohan, to escape.
$ 422. us- ($ 377), as us-anan, to e.xpire; us-beidan, to
await ; us-dreiban, to drive out ; us.giban, to give out ; us-
kiusan, to choose out; us-lgubjan, to perinit; us-qipan, to
proclatm ; us-tiuhan, to lend out. ur.riisjan, to rozrse ztp ;
ur-reisan, to arise ; ur-rinnan, to proceed. See $175note 3.
$ 423. wipra- ($ 378), only in wipra-gaggan, wipra.ga-
miitjan, logo to meet.
I 82 syntax [PS 424-6

5 424. .atjan (OE. .ettan, OHG. .amen, cp. 8 381), used

in forming intensitive verbs, as laGhatjan, to lighfen;
kaupatjan, to buffet ; swbgatjan, to st$, groan.
8 426. -in6n (with .in. from verbs like gudjinGn, b be a
priest, formed from the stem gudjin-, nom. gudja, pnkst;
ga-figiniin, io take possession of, from Ugin, proper&), and
similarly frAujin6n, to rule over; raginiin, to be governor.
T h e -in-then came to be extended to verbs like skalkin8n,
to sewe, from skalks, sewant ; and similarly drafihtintin,
to wage war; faginiin, to rejoice; hiiriniin, fo commit
adultery ; l&kiniin,to heal ; reikiniin, fo govern.

CI-IAPTER XVI
SYNTAX

8 426. Accusative. Transitive verbs govern the accu-

sative as in other languages : ga-safhrip pana sunu mans,
ye shall see the son of man ; akran bafran, to bearfruit ; &c.
A few verbs take an accusative of kindred meaning, as
Ghtedun sis agis mikil, lit. theyfenredgrentfcar for ihem-
selves, //fry feared exceedingly ; hQifstei Pii g6d6n hfifst,
jight (thou) the good fight; similarly huzdjan huzda, to
(reasure up treasures ; w aurkjan w a h s t w a , to work
7uorks.
An accusative of closer definition occurs very rarely in
Gothic : urrann sa diupa gabundans handuns jah fotuns
faskjam, the dead man camefodh bound as to hands andfeet
with bandages ; standkip nu ufgaiirdanii hupins izwarans
sunjAi, stand fherefoue, girt as to your ioim wi'th huth.
 An accusative of the person is used with the impersonal
verbs grEd6n, to be Iiur~gry;huggrjan, to hanger; Paiirs.
jan, to thirst; and also with gen. of the thing kar(a) ist,
is a care, it co;icet-as, as ni kar-ist ina pizb lambe, he
careth plot for the sheep.
The space and time over which an action extends are
expressed by the accusative, as qemun dagis wig, they went
a day's journey; jabhi h a s Puk anantiupjhi rasta hina,
gaggiis mip imma twijs, f anyople (whosoever)shaN cornpel
thee to go a mile, go with Izirn two ; salida twans dagans,
he abode two days.
Iiisjan takes two accusatives, one of the person, and one
of the thing taught, as liisida ins in gajukijm manag, he
taught them many a iltigrg in parables. The following verbs
and a few others have a double accusative in the active,
one of the external object, and one of the predicate :-
ffiujan, as luana puk silban tBujis pu? whom makesf thou
thyself ? ; waitrkjan, as raihtijs wafirkeip stfiigBs gups
unsaris, make ye sfrakht the paths of our God; briggan, as
sij sunja frijans izwis briggip, ihe truth sltaN ntakeyou
free ; dijmjan, as garaihtana dijmidEdun gup, they jusfz3ed
God; kunnan, as kunnands ina wair gardhtana jah
weihana, knowing hiin (to be) a just andholy nran ; bigitan.
as big6tun pana siukan skalk hhilana, tlleyjoupld the sick
sematzt zuhole ; qipan, as izwis ni qipa skalkans, I call you
notsemants ; namnjan, as janzei apaGstaiiluns namnida,
whorrz he called apostles; rahnjan, as triggwana mik
rahnida, Ire courtled me jaitItful; hhitan, as Daweid ina
friujan hhitip, David calls him L o r d ; iihan, as a t t a n
Bigum Abraham, we have Abya/za;~zasjuther.
8 427. Genitive. Many verbs govern the direct or
indirect object in the genitive, as hilp meiniizbs un-
galiubeinhis, he& thou my unbelief; fraihna jah ik izwis
Binis waurdis, I will also ask you one word; saei allis
skamitip sik meina aippitu meinAiz6 wahrde, pzuh
184 Syntax [§ 4 ~ 7
sunus m a n s skam&ip sik, for wlrosocvm shall be ashamed
of me or m y words, of him shall the son of man be ashamed.
Other examples are briikjan, to use; fulljan, lo fill;
fullnan, to becomefuN; gafmjan, to longfor; ga-hriinjan,
to make clean ; ga-parban, to abstain from ; ga-weisiin,
to visit ; hiiljan, to make whole ; lustiin, to desire ; niutan,
to enjoy ; pahrban, to need; &c.
T h e gen. is also governed by certain adjectives, as
ahmins weihis fulls,full of the Holy Ghost; frija i s t Pis
witiidis, she is free from that law; similarly filu, much;
l i u s , empty, void; wans, lacking, wanting; w d r p s ,
worthy; &c.
The gen. is often used in a partitive sense, especially with
ni, n i wafhts, t h e interrogative and indefinite pronouns;
also with the cardinal numerals pfisundi, tafhuntehund,
t w a hunda, &c., and those expressing the decades (twfti
tigjus, &c, p 247). Examples are : j a h ni w a s im barnti,
they had no child; ni wafht warpigiis, nothing of (= no)
condemnation ; hras izwara, which one of you ; hr8
mizd6n5, what reward; hrazuh abni5, every man ; sums
mann$ a certain man ; ni Binshun piwti, no servant; all
bagme giidiizti, every good tree ; hrarjis pizb wafrpip
qEns, oywhich of these shall she be w$e ; wEsun Buk s w 8
fimf piisundjiis wafrt?, for there were about five thousand
nttn ; tafhuntEhund IambE, a huvdred sheep ; twPim
hundam skattE hlbibcs ni gan6hbi sind pbim, two
hundred pe~znyworfh Of bread is not sz~ficrkntfor ilzent ;
dagz fidwiir tiguns, f r i i s a n s fram diabulhu, b e k g forty
days templed of the devi/. A partitive gen. is also some-
times used with verbs, as insandida skalk ei n i m i
akranis, he sent a servant that he tnght receive (some) of
the fruit.
The gen. is also sometimes used adverbially, as ni allis,
not at aN; rafhtis, indeed; filius, much, very much ; landis,
over the land, far away; gistradagis, to-morroztt ; dagis
f 4281 Genitive and Dative Cirses 185
bizah, day by day; nahts, by n k h t ; usleipam jAinis
&adis, let u s pass over to the ofher side; insandida ina
hiipjiis seiniizbs, he sent him into hisfield. The following
of place govern the gen. when used preposition-
ally :-hindant$, from behind, beyond; innana, from within,
wifhin ; iitana (iitaprii), jrom without, out o f ; ufar6 (also
the dat.), over, above.
Amongst other exampIes of the use of the gen. may be
mentioned: in S a r a i p t a Seidoniis, unto Sarepfa (a city)
of Sidon ; T y r e j a h SeidijnE land, the land of the T e n s
and Sidonians = Tyre and Sidon ; gag@ s u m s manne
fram pis fahramapleis synagiigeis, there corneth a certain
man from (the house) of the ruler of the synagogue; gasahr
Iak6bu pana Zafbafdaiius, he saw James the (son) of
Zebedee; Iudan (acc.) IakBbius, Judas (the brofher) of
James; w a s huk jer6 twalibE, for she was (of the age)
of lwelvr years.
§ 428. Dative. The following verbs and several others
take a direct object in the dative case : afwafrpan, to cast
trway, put away ; andhagan, to answer; bafrgan, to h e p ,
preservt ; balwjan, to torment ; frabugjan, to sen ; fra-
liusan, to lose; fraqiman, to spend, consume ; frapjan, to
understand; frakunnan, to despise; ghumjan, to perceive;
idweitjan, to ttpbraid ; kukjan, to kiss ; tekan, attekan,
lo touch ; ufarmunnon, to forget. The verbs fraqistjan,
usqistjan, and usqiman, to destroy; wairpan, to cast;
uswairpan and usdreiban, to cast out, sometimes take the
dative and sometimes the accusative without a distinction
in meaning. A few other verbs take the dative or accu-
sative with a change of meaning, as anahhitan, with dat.
to scold, with acc. to invoke ; uskiusan, with dat. to rqect,
with acc. ioprove, test.
Many adjectives take a dative, as aglus, daficult; anda-
neipa, Irostrle; ansteigs, gracrous; azetizij, easier; briiks,
trsefirl; giips, good; hulps, graciotls ; kunps, known ; liufs,
186 Syntax I§ 429

dear ; miidags, angry ; rapizb, easier ; skula, guil&, liable

to ; skulds, owing ; swhrs, honottred; swikunps, manr;fest;
unkunps, unknown ; wiprawairps, opposite.
T h e dative together with wisan or wafrpan often has
the same meaning as haban, as ni w a s im barn& they had
no chifdren ; saGrga mis ist mikila, I have great sorrow ;
wafrpip pus fahGt;s, thou shalt have joy ; ei uns wairpiii
pata arbi, that we may have the inheritance.
T h e dative is often used reflexively, as l e i h a n sis, to
borrow; rijdida sis &ins, he spake within himself; ni iigs
pus, be (thou) not afraid; ni fahrhteip izwis, be (ye) not
a#nghtcd; frawaGrhta mis, I have sinned ; pankjan s i s
o r mitBn sis, to thznk to oneseg
T h e dative also discharges the functions of the old
ablative, instrumental, and locative, as wijpida IEsus
stibnbi miltiiki, Jesus cried with a loud voice ; slijhun i s
h&ubip riiusa, they smote his head with a reed. After the
comparative where we should use than together with a
nominative, as sa afar mis gagganda swinpijza mis ist,
he that co)~z~th after vte is n?&htier than I ; niu skiwala
mAis i s t EdeinAi jah leik wastjijm, is not the l$e nzol-c
than meat, and the body than vaintent; swegnida ahmin
IGsus, Jesus rejoiced in spirit; nnht j a h daga, by nigJii
and day.
For the dative absolute, see $ 438.

Q 429. Adjectives agree with their nouns in number,

gender, and case not only when used attributively, but also
when the adjective follows tlie noun, either predicatively
or in apposition. To this general rule there are a few
exceptions.
(I) An adjective accompanying managei, people, nzztlti-
hrde, and hiuhma, crowd, mostly occurs in the masculine
plural, as jah w a s n~anageibeidandans Zakariins, and
!he people waited for Zacharias ; j a h alls hiuhma w a s
manageins beidandans, and the whole crowd of the people
was waiting (the Gr. has ~rrpocrrv~d.pevov, prayi?zg)).
(2) Grammatical feminines are occasionally treated as
masculines, or even when denoting things as neuters;
and grammatical neuters (when suggesting persons) as
masculines, as ei kannip wEsi handugei gups, that !lie
zuisdonz of God nzt'gJ~t he Rnowrt ; ni wairpip garaihts
ainhun leikE, no rtzatt (lit. 1 2 0 orze of bodies) 6ecotrtetJ~
):'st.
(3) When the same adjective refers both to masculine
and feminine beings, it is put in the neuter plural, as
wssunuh pan garaihta b a in andwafrpja gups, and
they (Zacharias and Elisabetlt) zcetTe6ootll righteous before God.
t5430. The strong and weak forms of adjectives are
t-mployed in much the same manner as in the other old
Germanic languages ; that is, adjectives used without the
definite article follow the strong declension, and those
with the definite article follow the weak declension, a s
w a s d r u s is mikils, great was thefall of it; ni mag bagms
Piupeigs a k r a n a ubila gatBujan, a good free cannot
produce mil f m i l ; hairdeis sa goda, fhe good shepherd ;
untg baGrgs ist Pis mikilins Piudanis, for it ak the city of
the great king.
The pronominal form of the noni. ncc. neut. of strong
adjectives ($ 2 2 0 ) is never used predicntively.
All cardinal numerals, the ordinal numeral anpar,
second, the possessive pronouns meins, nry ; peins, thy ;
kc., the pronorxlinal adjectives sums, some; alls, aN;
;Bins, that; swaleiks, sz~c/z;Src., as also the adjectives
fulls, full ; ganijhs, enozida ; halbs, half; midjis, middle ;
are always declined strong.
All ordinal numerals (except anpar), all adjectives in
the comparative degree, all the old superlatives ending in
-ma,as fruma, first ; aftuma, last ; the present participle
I 88 Syntax I§
431

(except in the nom. sing. masc., see 5 239), and sama,

same; sflba, seif; are always declined weak.

5 431. T h e nominative of the personal pronouns IS

generally omitted, except when the person is to be men-
tioned with special emphasis. When a pronoun stands
for two substantives of different genders it is put in the
neuter plural, as mippanei p6 wesun jhinar, while they
(Joseph and Mauy) were tlzere ; is is somc times used where
we should expect sa, as ip i s dugann mErjan filu .. . .
swaswE i s ni mahta in ba6rg galeipan, but he (the leper)
began to publish it widely ... . so that he (Jpsus) could not
enter into the city ; saei bigitip shiwala seina, fraqistei]?
izPi, jah saei fraqisteip sAiwal&i seinPi in meina, bigitih
pii, he that jndeth his lye shall lose it, and he tiiat loseth iris
I f e l o r my sake shallfind it.
The reflexive pronoun always relates to the subject of
its own sentence, as nih Sa61a6m6n in allamma wulphu
seinamma gawasida sik swE gins pizE, not even Solomott
in all his glory was clotired like one of tlrese; s w a lagga
hreila s w 6 mip s i s haband briipfad, ni magun fastan, as
long as they [sunjusf have tire bri&,-oorn with them, they
cannot fast; jah [Iesus] gawa6rhta twalif d u wisan mib
sis, and [Jesus] appointed twelve to be wzflr Iizln ; jah suns
ufkunnands IEsus ahmin seinamma patei s w a pai rnitd-
dEdun sis, qap du im, and i~anediaieiyJesus, p e ~ ~ e z ~ l lIlijzg
his spif-it that they so reasoned within themselves, said to
them.
The manner in which the possessive pronoun of the
third person is expressed has already been stated in
Q 283, examples are :-qipa izwis patei haband mizd6n
seina, 1 tell you that they have their reward; urrann sa
saiands du s a i a n frhiwa seinamma, the sower went forth
to sow his seed ; dhupidiii wesun allhi ...... andhhitan-
1 4311 Pronouns 189
dans frawafirhtim seiniim, they were all baptized. ...... .
confcsstng their sins; pugkeip im fiuk ei in filuwaurdein
seinsJ andhiiusjfiindfiu, for it seems to them that ihey will
be heard for their much talking. On the other hand we
have : afiMiP mannam missadEdins izE, ye jorgive men
their sins ; j a h [qinb] bap ina ei P6 unhulp6n uswa6rpi
u s datilitr izi5s, and [the won?a~z]Begged flznt he ~tlot~ld
cnst
firth the devil out of her daughter; j a h qimands I ~ S U S in
garda Paitrbus gasalu swaihrbn i s ligandein j a h in
heitbm jah attait6k handPu izbs, and Jesus cornzng into
the house of P ~ r f r he
, saw has mother-in-law lying and in
u fever and he iorrched her hnitd.
sama, same, as substantive and adjective, is used both
with and without the article, as niu j a h mtitarj6s pata
-amti thujand? do not even the publicans the same ? ; in
) amma samin Ianda, in the same country; ei samti hug.
jaima jah sam6 frafjaima, fliai we may think the same
~l~tizg and mind fjie same fhtrzg; sijhina pti t w a du Ieika
samin, they two (man and wrfr) slzaN become the sameflesh.
silba, self; is always either actually or virtually apposi-
tional, as silba atta, the fntlter himself; i k silba, I nly-
self; nasei puk silban, save thyself; i k gabairhtja imma
mik silban, I will manfest myself to him; silba fa6ra-
qimi), he himself shaN come before. The genitive of silba
used with possessive pronouns agrees in number and
gender with the noun, as peina silb6ns shiwala
PafrhgaggiP hairus, a sword shnll pierce ihrne own soul;
walirstw sein silbins kiusai hrarjizuh, each man s/iou/d
test his own work.
The reciprocal pronoun is expressed by means of the
personal pronouns and the adverb missb, recz$roca&, o r
by using anpar twice, as ni panambis nu u n s miss6
stbjfiima, let us not therefoue judge one another any more ;
jah qOpun du sis missb, and tlzey said one fo a n o t h ~ r ;
untO sijum anpar anparis lipus, for we are mmzbers one of
I 90 Syntax 18 432
another; where lipus is in the singular agreeing with
anpar.
The antecedent to a relative pronoun is sometimes
omitted, the relative may then be either in the case
required by the verb of its own clause or in that required
by the verb of the principal clause, as hra wileip ei t4ujbu
pammei (for pamma panei) qipip piudan IudaiE? what
lrlill ye that I do to kivt whom ye call king of the Jews?;
w4it atta izwar bizei (for pata pizei) jus paGrbup, your
fat'her knows ofwhatye kacv ?teed. Instead of the conjunc-
tion patei, that, properly the nom. acc. sing. neut. of saei,
there occurs fiammei or pizei when the verb of the
principal sentence governs the dative or genitive, as ip
Bins piz$ g4umjands pammei hrtiins warp, but one of
them, perceivinp. that he was cleansed; lhisari, niu k a r a
(ist) puk pizei fraqistnam ? master, carest thou not that we
pen'sh ?
On the genitive governed by the interrogative and
indefinite pronouns when used partitively, see 8 427.

5 432. Tenses. The future simple is generally ex-

pressed by the present, as gasaihrij, pana sunu mans, y e
shall see the son of man ; inuh Pis bileipgi manna attin
seinamma jah tiipein seingi, for tltz's reason a mala slznN
leave his fallzer and his nzotlzcr. The future is sometimes
also expressed by the present tense forms of skulan,
shall; haban, lo have; duginnan, to b ~ p n together
; with
an infinitive, as saei skal st6jan qiwans jah dAupans,
who shall jud&e llze qttl'ck and the dead; parei i k im, paruh
sa andbahts meins wisan hab4iP, wltere I am, Ihere shaN
also niy scrva~ztbe ; gduniin jah @tan duginnip, ye shall
rltotrrn alzd zueep.
The simple preterite is used in Gothic where we in Mod.
English use either the preterite, perfect, or pluperfect, as
j& stibna qam u s himinam, and there came a voicefronz
/gemen ; ni jus mik gawalidi?du), a k i k gawalida izwis,
~v have not chosen nze, but I have clzosen you ; managans
8uk gahfiilida,for he had healed mony. A present parti-
ciple along with the preterite of wisan, to be, is sometimes
used, as in Mod. English, to express a continuative past
tense, as wa.; I6hannCs daupjands, John was baptizrng;
wesun sipiinjos fastandans, the disc$les alrre fizsliil~.
$ 433. Voices. Sprcial iorms of the pzissive voice are
extant in the present tensc o f the indicative and subjunctive
only, as ddupjada, he is iinbtized; jah pu, barnilo, prali.
E t u s h6uhistins hditaza, andthou, cliild, shalt be called tlie
prophet oftlte Highest ; afletanda pus frawalirhteis Peincs,
thy sins areforgiuen ilzee ; ei andhuIj6indhu u s manag6im
hairtam mitijneis, that the thoughts of m a n y hearls may be
revealed. The other fornts afthe passive voice are expressed
by the past participle and one of the auxiliaryverbs wiszn,
to be ; wafrpan, Lo becor~t~ ; as gamEliP ist, it is zcv-itlen ;
appanizwara jah tagla hPslbidis alla garapana sind, but
the very hairs ofyour head are ail arumbc~-ed; qam IEsus jah
dfiupips w a s fram I6hann5, Jestcs came and was bnjtzzed
by John ; gahiwiskiips wafrpa, I shall be aslzamed ; sab-
bate in m a n s w a r p ga-kapans, thf sa65af/z was t~rndefiv
man ; gamarziddi walirlun irn yamma, fhcly WCYP o$)adrd
at h2i12.
$ 434. Subjunctive. The suljunctive is used very often
In principal sentences to express a wish or command, as
ni brigg8is uns in fr8istubnj6i1lead us not into kmpfatton ;
Jiafrhgaggtiima ju und Beblahaim, jah safhrhima waiird
pata wa1irpan6, let us g o now into Bethlelzem, and see this
flung (lit.word)which zs come to pass ;a k hkitadftu IiihannEs,
but he shall be called John ; w6inei PiudanBdCdeiP, would
thatye reignedas kzngs. It is also used in direct dubitative
questions, as h a qijhu ? what shall i say ?; hrkiwa
meinurn wahrdarn galinbj&iP? how shall ye believe my
WOY& ?; b a s panu sa sijhi? who llren can this be?
The most important cases in which the subjunctive is
used in subordinate sentences are :-
(I) In indirect or reported commands o r entreaties, a s
a n a b i u p im ei mann ni qepeina, he comma~tdedthem that
they should not tell any man ; wiljdu ei mis gibiis h6ubiP
IGhannis, I will that fhou give me the head ofJohn.
(2) I n reported speech when the principal sentence is
negative or subjunctive or is a question implying uncer-
tainty, as ni galiubidedun patei i s blinds wEsi, they did
rtot belicve that he had been blind; jah jabfri qEpjj4u patei ni
kunnjdu ina, sijfiu galeiks izwis liugnja, and $1 were to
say, Iknow him nol, I shall be a liar like you ; iua wileis ei
tiujfiu pus? what u*tlttJrorr that I dofor flree 1
(3) In indirect propositions governed by verbs of hoping,
trusting, supposing, and the like, a s wenja ei kunneip,
I hope that ye know ; pfiiei trauiiidedun sis ei wiiseina
garafhai, who trusted in themselves that f/iey were uzghtcous;
jiiinfii hugidedun patei i s bi slEp qE?Pi,they strpposed that
ize was speaking about sleep.
(4) In statements reported at second hand, a s weis
hhusidEdum a n a wit6da patei Xristus sijhi du biwa, we
have heard out of the law that Clznst abdetlt for evn,.
(5) In indirect questions, as frehun ina skuld-u sijfri
mann qGn afsatjan, they asked him whether it was laxfir'
for a nzan to p~rtaztlny his w$e ; ni wissa lua riididedi,
he knew rzot zultaf Ize slzotcId say ; ni haband hsa matjAina,
they have nothing to eat.
(6) In a relative clause attached to an imperative or
a subjunctive clause, as atta, gif mis sei undrinniii mis
d&il gigins, father, gizfe me the porfion of proper& w/zzc/z
falleth to me ; saei habdi Busijna du hdusjan, gahiiusjii,
he that hath ears to hear, let him hear. The verb in a
relative clause is also in the subjunctive when the principal
clause is interrogative or negative, as b a s sa ist saei
frawahhtins afletii 3 whc ti this who forgivetlz sins .? ;
nib allis ist hra fulginis patei ni gabairhtjhidhu,for thcre
is nothing hid, whicdz s/ta/l not be manfested.
(7) I n conditional clauses implying hypothesis o r uncer-
tainty, a s jabii b a s mis andbahtjhi, mik lhistjhi, any
man serve me, let hh-fopbllozu me; nih qGmjhu jah riidided-
jhu du im, frawahrht ni habhidedeina, f I had sot come
and spoken to them, they would not have had sin.
(8) Frequently in adverbial clauses which express a
reason, a s ni manna giutip wein juggata in balglns
fairnjans, ibhi &aft6 distafrhi wein pata niujo pans
balgins, no man poatreth new wrne into old bnttes, lesl
perchance the neur w b e burst the bottles.
(9) To express purpose, as attahhun pat& barn, ei
tawidtideha bi biCihtja witbdis, they brought the child that
they mr;eht do accordraeg to the cuslom of the law ; fraward-
jand andwairpja seina, ei gasafhriindfiu rnannam
fastandans, they di.$gut-e i%eirfaces, that ilwy tnay ajj$eal-
unto men tofasf.
(10) T h e temporal conjunction faurpizei is always
followed by the subjunctive, a s w6it atta izwar pizei jus
pahrbup, fahrpizei jus bidj6ip ina, your Jatlter k~~owetlz
what ye need before ye ask him.
4 435. Infinitive. T h e infinitive o r a clause containing
an infinitive is often used as the subject o r object of a finite
verb. ( I ) A s subject :-ni giip ist niman hlaf barnE jah
wairpan hundam, it is not good to take the children's bread
and to cast it to dogs ; warp afsl6ujnan allans, it came to
pass that they were all amaeed; warp pafrhgaggan imma
pairh atisb, it came to pass that he went through the ~ 0 1 7 1 -
fields. (2) A s object :-bhtedun fraihnan ina, thryfeared
lo ask him ; s6kidEdun attekan imma, they soughf to touc/z
him; qipand usstass ni wisan, they say that there is not
any yesuwection.
1187 0
 Syntax
The infinitive with and without du is also used to express
purpose, as q6mun safhran, they came lo see; gagg puk
silban atPugjan gudjin, go, show thyseIj to the priest; sat
du PihtrBn, he sat for the purpose ofbegging.
The passive infinitive is variously expressed. (I)
Generally by wafrpan and a past participle, as skal sunus
m a n s uskusans wairpan, the son of man shall be rqected.
(2) Not unfrequently by the active infinitive, as qemun pan
m6tarj6s dhupjan, then came the publicans to be baptized;
qgmun h&Qan sik saGhti3 seinhizb, they came to be healcd
of their infrntitr'es. (3) Occasionally by m a h t s wisan,
skuld wisan, along with an active infinitive, as maht w s s i
frabugjan, it mrght have been sold (lit. it werepossibk to sell) ;
hrhiwa pu qijis, patei skulds ist ushfiuhjan sa sunus
m a n s ? how sayest thou, that the son of man must be
l$ted up 7
$ 430. Participles. The past participle of intransitive
verbs has an active meaning, as in garda qumans, bezng
tn the house; hta wGsi pata waurpan6, what it was fitat
had come to pass ; arid similarly with the pp. of diwan, lo
die ; drigkan, to drztzk ; fra-wdrpan, to corrupt; ga.leikan,
to take PIeaszrre in ; ga-qiman, to assetnble ; ga-rinnan, to
run ; us-gaggan, to go out.
The nom. of the pp. is rarely used absolutely, as in j a h
walirkans dags gatils, and a jilting day being come. See
note to Nark vi. 21.
The dative of the participles is often used absolutely
like the ablative in Latin, and the gen. in Greek, as jah
usleipandin IEsua in skipa, gaqgmun sik manageins
filu du imma, atzd Jesus Izaving passed over in the shrp, there
come together to hrm a p e a t multztude ; dalap pan atgagg-
andin irnma af fairgunja, 1PistidBdun afar imma
iumj6ns manages, when he was come down from the
mountain, great multtfudesfollowed after hint.
i
 TEXT
ULFILAS
ULFILAS(Gothic Wulfi!a) was born about the year 3 1 I A.D.,
but where his birthplace was in the wide tract of country then
inhabited by the Goths is not known. Although Ulfilas was
born and grew up among the Goths, he was of Cappadocian
descent. According to the testimony of the historian Philostor-
@s, the parents, or perhaps rather the grandparents, of Ulfilas
were natives of Sadagolthina, near the town of Parnassns in
Cappadocia, who had been carried off as captives by the Goths,
during an irruption made by this people into the northern parts
of Asia Minor in the year 264.
I n the year 336 he accompanied an embassy to Constantinople,
where he remained until 341. In the latter year he was conse-
crated bishop of the Goths dwelling North of the Danube. For
seven years (341-8) he laboured zealously among the Goths
in Dacia, and won over a great multitude of them to the
Christian faith. But the persecution and oppression, which
Ulfilas and his converts sufered through Athanaric, hecame
so great that he applied to Constantinus in 348 for permission
to lead his converts into Roman territory. Constantinus readily
granted the request, and Ulfilas accordingly led a gr-eat num1)er
of his people across the Danube, and settled near Nicopolis in
Moesia, at the foot of the Balkan mountains, ~vheret ~ epreached
and laboured until his death, wllich took place in 383 while on
a visit to Constantinople.
By far the most important source of our knowledge of the
life and work of Ulfilas is found in the account of him given by
Auxentius, from which we extract the following passage (for the
full accouut the reader must be referred to the work: 'Uber
das Leben und die Lehr-e des Ulfila,' by G. Waitz, Hannover,
I 840).
' E o ila pracdicante et per Cristum cum dilectione deo patri
gratias agente haec et his similia exsequente, quadraginta annis
 Text
in episcopatu gloriose florens, apostolica gratia grecam et latinam
et goticam linguam sine intermissione in una et sola eclesia
Cristi predicavit,. quia et una est eclesia dei vivi, columna et
firmamenturn ventatis, et unum esse gregem Cristi domini et dei
nostri, unam culturam et unum aedificium, unam virginem et
unam sponsam, unam reginam et unam vineam, unam domum,
unum templum, unum conventum esse Cristianorum, cetera
vero omnia conventicula non esse eclesias dei, sed synagogas
esse satanae adserebat et contestabatur. Et haec omnia de
divinis scribturis eum dixisse et nos describsisse qui legit intelligat.
(2ui et ipsis tribus linguis plures tractatus et multas interpre-
tationes volentibus ad utilitatem et ad aedificationem, sibi ad
aeternam memoriam et mercedem post se dereliquid. Quem
condigne laudare non sufficio et penitus tacere non audeo; cui
plus omnium ego sum debitor, quantum et amplius in me
laborabit, qui me a p ~ i m aetate mea a parentibus meis discipi-
ium suscepit et sacras litteras docuit et veritatem manifestavit
et per misericordiam dei et gratiam Cristi et carnaliter et
spiritaliter ut filium suum in fide educavit.'
Sokrates expressly mentions that Ulfilas invented the Gothic
alphabet, and that he translated the whole of the Scriptures into
Gothic, with the exception of the four books of Kings, which
he is said to have onl~ttedso as not to excite the warlike spirit
of his people. The latter remark was no doubt a pure invention
on the part of Sokrates, because the books of Joshua and
judges would have even been more likely to stimulate the
Gothic passion for fighting than the books of Kings. T h e
probability is, as Bradley points out, that UIfilas did not live to
finish his translation, and that he intended to leave to the last
the books which he thought least important for his great
purpose of makirlg good Christians.
The Manuscripts, containing the fragments of the biblical
translation which have come down to us, are not contemporary
with Ulfilas; but were written in Italy about the year 500. It
is highly ~mprobablethat Ulfilas was the author of the frag-
ments of a commentary on the Gospel of St. John, first
published by Massmann under tile title : Sheireins aiztagi~Ons
,bai'rh J8hann&z, hlunich, 1834. See also : BCe Bruchsfiirke
der Sheireins herausgegeben und erlautert von E. Dietrich,
Strassburg, 1903.
'The Manuscripts, containing the fragments of Gothic which
have come down to us, are the following :-
 I. Codex argenterrs in the University library of Upsala.
The codex contained originally on 330 leaves the four f;ospels
in the order Matthew, John, Luke, Mark ; of which 187 leaves
are still preserved.
11. Codex Carolinus, :i codex rescriptus, in the library of
Wolfenbiittel. This, consisting of four leaves, contains about
forty-twoverses of Chapters xi-xv of the Epistle to the liomnns.
111. Codices Ambrosiani, five fragments (codices rescripti),
in the Ambrosian library at hiilan.
Codex A contains on iiinety-five leaves fragments of the
Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, Galatians,
Philippians, Colossians, 72hesqxionians,to Timothy, 'Titus, and
Philemon ; and a small fragment of a Gothic Calendar.
Codex B contains on seventy-seven leaves the second
Epistle to the Corinthians complete, and fragments of th-.
Epistles to the Corinthians (first Epistle), Galatians, 1i:phesians.
Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, to Timothy, and to
Titus.
Codex C, consisting of two leaves, and containing fragments
of Chapters xxv-xxvii of St. Matthew.
Codex D, consisting of three leaves, and containing frag-
ments of the book of Nehemiah.
Codex E, consisting of eight leaves (three of which are in
the Vatican at Rome), and containing a fragment of a com-
mentary on St. John. See above.
IV. Codex Turinensis, in Turin, consisting of four
damaged leaves, and containing fragments of the Epistles to
the GaIatians and Colossians.
V. Codex Gissensis, formerly in Giessen, now destroyed,
discovered in Egypt near the ancient town of Antinot!. It
consisted of a double sheet of parchment containing fragments
from St. Luke in Latin and Gothic from a bilingual gospel.
For other fragments of Gothic which have come down to us
see the article 'Gotische Literatur ', by E. Sievers, in Paul's
Grundriss der germanischen Philologic, vol. ii, pp. 69, 70.
The following short list of books and articles wlll be useful
to students wishing to pursue a further study of Gothic :-
(I) T h e h i s t o r y of the G o t h s a n d t h e life of Ulfilas.
r Leben und die Lehre des Ulfila, by G. Waitz, Han-
~ b e das
nover, 1840. Ober das Leben des Ulfilas und die Bekehrung
der Gothen zum Christenturn, by W. Bessel, GiSttingen, 1860.
Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goths, by Ch. A. A. Scott, Cambridge,
1885. The Goths, by H. Bradley, London, 1890. Die gotische
Bibel, by W. Streitberg, pp. xiii-xxv, see ( 2 ) .
(a) Editions. Ulfilas, by H. C, VOII der Gabelentz and
J. Loebe, 2 vols., Altenburg und Leipzig, I 836-1846. Volume i,
containing the text, Latin translation, and critical notes, is now
antiquated. But vol. ii, co~~taining the glossary and grammar,
is very valuable, especially for the accidence and syntax.
Ulfilas, by H. F. Massmann, Stuttgart, 1857, containing also
a Latin and a Greek text, notes, glossary, grammar, anci
historical introduction. For a faithfully printed copy of the
various Manuscripts all later editors of Ulfilas are especially
indebted to the edition by A. Uppstrom, which appeared in
parts, Upsata, 1854-1868 (Codex Argenteus, 1854; Decem
codicis argentei rediviva folia, 1857; Fragmenta gothica selecta,
1861; Codices gotici ambrosiani, 1864-1868). Vulfila, oder
die gotische Bibel, by 2. Bernhardt, Halle, 1875, containing
a most valuable introduction, Greek text, and commentary.
The first Germanic Bible, translated from the Greek by the
Gothic bishop, Wulfila, in the fourth century, and the other
remains of the Gothic language. With an intsorluction, a
syntax, and a glossary, by G. H. Balg, Milwaukee, Wis., 1891.
Ulfilas, by M. Heyne, ninth edition, Paderborn, 1896, contain-
ing also a grammar and glossary. It is frotn this edition that
our specimens have been taken. The eleventh edition appeared
in 1908 under the title: Stamm-Heyne's Ulfilas, oder die uns
erhaitenen Denltnl5ler der gotischen Sprache: Text, Grammatik,
Worterbuch neu herausgegeben von Fried. Urrede. Die gotische
Bibel herausgegeben von Wilhelm Streitberg, Erster Teil: Der
gotische Text und seine griechische Vorlage mit Einleitung,
Lesarten und Quellennachweisen sowie den kleinern Denkmslern
als Anhang, I-lcidelt~erg,1908.
For a fairly complete list of the various editions of Uffilas, see
the introduction to Bernhardt's edition, pp. Ixii-lxv.
(3) Glossaries. Gothisches Glossar, by E. Schulze, Magde-
burg, 1847; this is the most complete Gothic glossary.
Vergleichendes Worterbuch der gotischen Sprache, by L. Die-
fenbach, vols. I, 2, Frankfort, 1851. A Moeso-Gothic Glossary,
with an introduction, an outline of Rloeso-Gothic grammar,
and a list of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English words
etymologically connected with Moeso-Gothic, by W. W. Skeat,
London, 1868. A Comparative glossary of the Gothic Language,
by G. H. Balg, Mayville, 1887-1889. Kurzgefasstes etymo-
 Text 199

logjsches W ~ r t e r b u c hder gotischen Sprache, by C. C. Uhlenbeck,

Amsterdam, I 896. Etymologisches Worterbuch der gotischen
Sprache mit Einschluss des sog. Krimgotischen, bearlteitet von
S. Feist, Halle, 1909. Cp. also (2) above.
(4) Grammars, kc. Die gotische Sprache, by L. hfeyer,
Berlin, 1869. Altdeutsche Grammatik, by A. Holtzrnann,
Leipzig, 1870-1875, containing the phonology of the old
Germanic languages. Gotische Grammatik, by W. Braune,
seventh edition, Halle, 1909. Kurzgefasste gotische Grammatik,
by E. Bernhardt, Halle, 1885. An Introduction, phonological,
morphological, syntactic, to the Gothic of Ulfilas, by T. le
RIarchant Douse, London, I 886. Gotisches Elemental buch,
by W. Streitbers, Heidelberg, 1897, third edition, 1910.
Einfiihmng in das Goiische, von F. von der Leyen, Miinchen,
1908. See also (2) above. Die Aussprache des Gotischen
zur Zeit des Ulfilas, by W. Weingartner, Leipzig, 1858. ~ b e r
die Aussprache des Gotischen, by F. Dietrich, Liarburg, 1862.
Geschichte der gotischen Sp~ache, by E. Sievers, in Paul's
Grundtiss der germanischen Philologie, vol. i. pp. 407-16.
(5) For a list of other works and articles relating to Gothic,
see K. Goedeke's Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen
Dicbtung, second edition, Dresden, 1884, vol. i. pp. 7-1 I ;
Braune's Gotische Grammatik, pp. 108-14; and the two articles
by E. Sievers mentioned above.

See also Supplementary Bibliography on pp. 382-3.

 JO P A ~ R HMAPPAIU
A~WAGGEL

CHAPTER VI
I Atsafhrip armai6n izwara ni tiujan in andwafrpja mannZ du
saihrah im; aqpdu ldun ni habdip fram attin izwaramma
b m m a in himinam.
2 Pan nu tdujdis armaidn, ni ha6rnjLis fabra pus, swaswe
pdi liutans tdujand in gaqumpim jah in garunsim, ei hduh-
jSrind6u fram mannam ; amZn qijm izwis : andnzmun mizd6n
seina.
3 Ip puk t6ujandan armaibn ni witi hleidumei peina, hra dujip
, talhswb pins, - e
4 ei sij6i sii armahafrtipa F i n a in fulhsnja, jah atta pins aaei
safhrip in fulhsnja, usgibip pus in bafrhtein.
5 Jah pan bidjiip, ni sijiip swaswe BSri liutans, untO frij6nd in
X
gaqumpim jah wafhstam plapjb standandans bidjan, ei gdum-
jfiind6u mannam. Amen, qipa izwis pate; haband mizd6n
seina.
6 Ip pU pan bidjiis, gagg in hEpj6n peina, jah galakands
habrddi peinAi bidei du attin binamma pamma in fulhsnja,
jah atta peins saei safhrip in fulhsnja, usgibip pus i l l
bafrhtein.
7 Bidjandansup-pan ni frluwadrdjSriP, swaswB pdi piud6 ; pugk-
eip im 6uk ei in filuwaGrdein seindi andh6usjSrindSru.
8 Ni galeikijp nu v i m ; wait Auk atta izwar pizei jus padrbup,
fabrbizei jus bidjSriP ina.
9 Swa nu bidjiip jus: Atta unsar pu in himinarn, weihndi
namb b i n .
r o QimSri piudinassus peins. Wafrpdi wilja p i n s , swE in himina
jah ana afrpli.
 E'YAI'I'EI\ION KATA MATOAION

CHAPTER VI

r [ T p o u ~ e r*vt IActlpooiv7v 6piiv ,u$ ~orc'ivi p ~ p o u B c vr t v

6yBpdawv ~ p d srh OcaBijvai aCrois. el 65 pdyc, p i a 0 ~ vOCK
CXwe sap& r+ ~ a r p 16pGv r+ 2v TO%06pavoCs.
2 'Orav oirv ~ o r $ sI A c q p o ( ~ 6 v p ~;~~,uaA7~krgsi p ~ p o o B uov,
~v
d a ~ c p01 irvo~plraiaorolju~v2v rais mvaywyais ~ a 2v i raCs
$6pars, 8 ~ w sZio[auOiiutv Gad TGV d v B p d ~ w v . d p j v Aiyw
;p'iv, ~ P I ~ O V rdv
U L p i u B ~ va h i j v .
,j &CoO 81 ~orolvror2Aeqpodvgv, p$ yvdro 4 dp~o-reppduov ri
Pol€? 'i i c f 1 i uov,
4 o"irws 3 uov $ 2Acqpowvq Zv r@ ~ p v m + ,a .1 d *anjp uov
3 p ~ i ? r o v8v r e ~pvn-r@dxo8duer uor Iv r+ +avcp@.
5 Ka1 8rav ~pouct-;)(qu6c, o6rr t!ufuee (F;u~cp01 h o ~ ~ i r a k ,
o"rr +rAoCoOaiv tv raLs ovvaywyais rrar 2v ra'is yoviars rCjv
nAarc&v 2urOrcs ~ ~ o u ~ c c r B Gaos a c , dv 9avGur rois i v -
Opi~ors. dp$v AEyw irpiv, &L dnixovui rhv pcuBhv a6rGv.
6 8; 82 Grav ~ p o u t i x g , E~UCABC ~ l sr6 raprcidv uov rrai
~ h c k r a sG v 66pav uov spducvfai T @ aarpi crov r @ Jv T @
~ p v m $ , ~ a di aar$p crov 6 /3ACnwv 8v r@ ~ p v a r @&xo8dacr
nor 2v r$ +avep$.
7 ITpoucv~dpcvor
..
8; pij B a ~ r o A o ~ u ~6aaep rr oi 2Bvr~ol.
Go~oGuiy&p GTL 2v rfj nohvhoyig a h O v c ~ u a ~ o v u ~ ~ u o v r a r
8 Jf$ d v BporoBijrc a6rob- oacu yhp 6 P a d p GpGv 4 v
ypciav ixcrc nph ro6 3pZs alriiua~ahdv.
9 O&os oi7v ~pocrrt;)(cuO~ 6pcis. ndrcp $piiv 6 Iv rois 06pavoIs,
hyrauO$ro rd dvopd uov.
1o'EAOir~i j BaurXria uov- ycvrlB$rw rb BdAqpd aov &s 2v
oirpav+ ~ a 2ri l rijs yijs.
I I Hlajf unsarana pana sinteinan gif uns himma daga.
I2 Jah aflEt m s Ntei skulans sijhima, swasws jah weis aRetam
pPim skulam u n s d i m .
13 Jah ni briggftis uns in frAistubnj&i,ak liusei uns af pamma
ubilin; unte peina ist piudangardi jah mahts jah wulpus in
Iriwins. Amen.
r 4 Unte jab& aflzti) mannam missadEdins izE, afletip jah izwis
atta izwar sa ufar himinam.
r 5 Ip jab% ni afletip mannam missadzdins izE, ni Po atta izwar
aflEtip missadzdins izwarijs.
I6 APpan bipE fasthip, ni wairpBij, swaswZ PPi liatans gBurii ;
frawardjand buk andwafrkja seina, ei gasafhrbind6u mannam
fastandans. AmEn, qib izwis, patei andn5mun mizdijn seina.
I7 Ip PU fastands salb6 hbubip b i n , jah ludja peina pwah,
1 8 ei ni gasafhrPizIru mannam fastands, ak attin peinamma
parnma in fulhsnja, jah atta peins saei safhrip in fulhsnja,
usgibip pus.
19 Ni huzdjbip izwis huzda ana afr)Bi, parei ma16 jah nidwa
frawardeip, jah parei piub6s ufgraband jah hliiand.
20 IP huzdjiip izwis huzda in himina, parei nih ma16 nih nidwa
frawardeip, jah parei Piubijs ni ufgraband nih stiland.
z I Parei 6uk ist huzd izwar, Paruh ist jah hdrtij izwar.
22 Lukarn leikis ist hug6 : jab& nu hug6 pein ginfalp ist, allata
Ieik Jxin fiuhadein wafrpip ;
23 ip jab% Bug6 pein unsCl ist, allata Ieik pein riqizein wafrpip.
JabPi nu liuhap pata in pus riqiz ist, pata riqiz hran fiiu !
24 Ni manna mag tw6im fr6ujam skalkinijn; urite jab& fijPip
Binana, jah anparana frij6p; a q p i u Binamma ufhBuseiP,
II Tbv Z;prov $pGv rdv Inrov'urov 86s $piv rrjyrpov.
rz Kal &+rs dpiv rh d+cihipara jpCv, &s ~ a jlrtCs l d+i~pcv
rots d+rAdrais $pEv.
r 3 Kai pa r l a c v i y ~ p$p&s
~ rls zripaupdv, dhhh @rai $ . & s6nb
706 novqpos, STL u06 &JTLV $ /3aw~Acia sai $ Gv'vapts ~ a $l
8dta €19 ro;s a6vas. 6p4v.
r 4 'Ehv yhp &+{re rois dvt?p&rors r h aapamdpara air&,
B+Tju~t~cai6pCv d aarip &pGv d o&p&vios.
15'Ehv 62 p i 6$ijrc roLs 6vBpdsois r h napaxrdpara aCrGv,
0682 6 nar;lp ipGv h+ljuci rh napasrdpara 6p.G~.
rG"0rav 82 ~l]urcdqrr,p i ylvtuec Liusrp oi 6 s o ~ p i r a~~K V -
Bpwzoi. d+avi~ovuiyhp rh npdrwsa ahGv, o"xos +avGai
TOTS hv$pi)sois ~ o - r d o v r r s . &p$v ACyw 3piv Zri 6xlxovot
rbv ptu6bv a&Ov.
I 7 53 62 vqareiwv d;hrr+ai uov T$V rr+aA+v ral rb ?rpduwadv
uov vlqai,
IS Gmos p$ $avps rots dvt?pd~ois~ u r d w &Ah ~ , r+ narpi
aov r @ dv r$ rcpvxr@, xai 6 aanjp (TOU 6 BAlnwv Zu T+
K ~ T bao6dutb
$ nor.
19 M$ Bquaupi<rr6 3piv dqaavpo3s Ini rijs f i r , Znov 4 s
~ a pp$uis
l &+avI<ci, ra1 OCsov ~ h i m a cGiopduuouuw ~ a i
~h~zrovaiv.
zo Bqwavpi&rr 68 irp5 Bquavpo;~ Iv oipav+, Saov oirc 4 s
O&E @p&is d+avI<ci, ~ a 16a0v ~hi;rrac06 Gtopv'uaovorv
0682 ~ ~ i m o v a r v .
2 1 *Ozov ydp 2urrv 6 6qaavpAs &pDu, Brrai ~ a $l ~aphla
6pGv.
2 2 ' 0 Xv'xv~s roe udpards Iariv d d+t?ahpds. 2hv o8v 6
d+BaApds uou bxAoGs 5, ZAov rd aEpd uov +orccv6v
c'urat.
2 3 ahv 62 d d+BaApds uov n o v ~ p 8 s fi, ~ A O V 76 d p h (TOV
arortivdv iurai. rl oiv 76 +Gs rb Iv U O ~( T K ~ T O S* U T ~ V ,rd
?rd~ov;
U K ~ ~ O S
2 4 O68cls Bv'varai 6vul ~ u ~ i o6ovAcdciv.
rs 4 yap rbv &a piuiurit
 ip anparamma frakann. Ni magup g*a skalkinbn jah
mamm6nin.
~5 D U ~ qiba P izwis : ni maGrndiP siiiwaI& izwariii hra matjdip
jah hra drigkaip, nih leika izwaramma hr9 wasj6iP; niu
saiwala mQis ist f6deindi jah leik wastjdm ?
26 I n s a h i p du fuglam himinis, pei ni saiand nih sneipand,
nih lisand in banstins, jah atta izwar sa ufar himinam f6deip
ins. Niu jus miiis wulprizans sijup paim ?
27 Ip h a s izwara madrnands mag anaaukan ana wahstu seinana
aleina dins?
28 Jah bi wastj6s hra saGrg6iP ? Gakunndip hldmans hBipjBs,
hrdiwa wahsjand ; nih arbaidjand nih spinnand.
29 Qipuh pan izwis ptei nib Sa6laGmBn in allamma w1.11~6~
seinamma gawasida sik swe Bins PizE.
30 Jah P n d E pata hawi hdipjds himma daga wisandd jah gistra-
dagis in aGhn galagip gup swa wasjip, M i w a mais izwis leitil
galiubjandans ?
3I Ni malirnGp nu qipandans : hra matjam a @ P u lua drigkam,
a@piiu lu9 wasjiiima?
32 All duk pata pud6s s6kjand; wdituh pan atta izwar sa ufar
himinam patei pa6rbup - -
c h , vi. 25-3a] E6ayydX~ov ~ a r dMa.r@a?ov 205

Kairbv hrpov dya.rrjotr, 4 ivds &Bd(cra~ ~ a TOG 1 hipov

Kara$pod~€k. 06 8v'vauBc 8€$ 80lJh€6€6v ~ a pia p v $ .
2 5 Arb TOGTO Aiyw 6pTv, fl;l pcprpv6rc rfi #ux+ Sp&v r l $Jytpr

Kalr i ~ f q r cpq82
, r+ udparr Sp&v rl Iv8v'cn)aBr. o;xl I j JluX$
aAcTdv ~ m r v6 s rpo+jls ~ a rb l &pa ro6 2v8v'pros;
2 6 'QpAi\l/arr cis r h ?rmcwh 106 ol;pavoD, &r 06 u?rcipovuiv
0682 Bcpi(ovurv o$6h ovvdyovurv rls ~ T o O ? ~ K C L S ,~ a 6l .rrarip
6p&v d 06pdvios rpi+cr a6rd. o6x 6pcis p&Mov b~ac$4~cre
ahOv;
2 7 T i s 82 It 3pOv prpipvGv 81;varar ?rpou8riirai In1 ?;/v
jhrnlav a6roc 4 x v v fva;
28 Kal ?rep; ivfiv'paros r i peprpviirc; ~arapdr8crr rh ~ p i v a
roc Zypoc 7 6 s a6fcivcr- 06 ~ o x i Q0682 vj8cr.
2 9 Adyo 62 6@u &L 0662 BoAop(L;v IV .rrdq riJ ad& a6ro6
?rcPicpdAcro6 s t v rov'rov.
3 0 El 82 rbv xdprov 706 dypo6 o-$pcPov. &a ~ a iaipiov
cls ~ h i p a v o v ~ a A A d y w o v 6 Bcbs o&ws dp+i~vvuaw, 04
TOM+@Mov 6@s, bAiyd.rriaror ;
31 M i oirv pcPipVfjcn)rc A ~ ~ O V T rl E S+&ywpcv
. $ r l .rrioprv 4
r i .rrrpipaAdpcBa ;
31 ITdna y&p ra&a r h I ~ i ( ~ r c ioacu
. yap 6 ?ra&lp
6pGv d oip&vws arc wip!j(rrc. . . ..
206 Afwagg840 pairh MaHaiu Ich. viii. I - r 2

CHAPTER VIII

I Dalap pan otgaggandin imma af fafrgunja, laistid5ddff afar

imma iumjdns managbs.
z Jah sii, manna Priitsfill habands durinnands inwbit ina
qipands: friuja, jabii wlleis, magt mik gahrhinjan.
3 Jah ufrakjands handu attaitdk imrna qipands : wiljbu, wairp
hrBins I jah suns hriin warp pata Priitsfill is,
4 Jah qap imma IEsus: safhr ei mann ni qiPQis, ak gag& puk
silban atiugei gudjin, jah atbair giba P6ei anab6up M6sEs du
weitwbdrpbi im
5 Afaruh b n Pata inn atgaggandin imma in Kafarnaum, duat-
iddja imma hundafaps bidjands ina,
6 jah qipands: friuja, Piumagus meins ligip in garda usliP'1.
harduba balk7 it.;.
7 Jah qap du imma IFsus : ik qimands gahailja ina.
8 Jah andhafjands sa hundafaps qap : frluja, ni im wafrp ei uf
hr6t mein inn gagg&is, ak Patdinei qiP waiirda jah gahQilnip
sa Piumagus meins.
9 Jah Buk ik manna im habands uf waldufnja meinamma ga-
dralihtlns, jah qipa du hamma : gagg, jah gaggib ; jah anpa-
ramma: qim, jah q ~ r n ~ ; pjah du skalka meinamma: tawcl
pata, jah thujip.
10 Gahbsjands pan ICsus sildaleikida, jah qap du pBim afar-
llistjandam : amCn, qipa izwis, ni in Israzla slvaliuda galiu-
bein bigat.
X I A P h n qipa izwis patei managdi fram urrunsa jah saggqa
qimand, jah anakumbjand mtp Abrahama jah Isaka jah
Iak6ba in Piudangardjiii himine :
I a ip pBi sunjus Piudangardjas uswairpanda in riqis pata hindu-
mistti; j6inar waftpip grCts jah krusts tunpiwz.
r3 Jah qap Iesus pamma hundafada : gagg, jah swaswi? galiiu-
bidzs w a l r p i pus. Jah gahiilnbda sa Piumagus is in jlinii
hreilii.
.
1 4 Jah qimands IEsus in garda PaftrBus, gasahr swafhrbn is
.Egandein jah in heitbm.
1?, Jah attaftbk handiu izbs jab aflaflbt ija sb heitb ;jah urrgis
jah andbahtida i m m a
I 6 At andanahtja pan wadrpanamma, atberun du imma daimb-
narjans managans, jah uswarp pans ahmans wacrda, jah
allans pans ubil habandans gahgilida,
r 7 ei usfullnbd~dipata gamelid6 pafrti B s a ~ a npralif~tuq i p n d a n :
sa unmal~tinsunsatiis usnarn jah salihtins ushar.
18 Gasafhtands P&n Iesus managans hiuhmans bi sik, hafl~iit

gaIeiPan sipdnjans hindar marein.

I g Jah duatgaggands Bins bdkareis q a p du imma : liisari, liistja
puk, Pishraduh padei gaggis.
2 0 Jah qap du imma IEsus: fa6hbns gr6bbs Bigun, jah fuglbs
himinis sitlans, ip sunus mans ni habbip hrar IlAubiI, sein
anahniiwjii.
2 I Anparuh pan sip6nji5 is qap d u imma : frBuja, usliubei mis
frumist galeipan jah gafilhan attan meinana.
2 2 It, Issus q a p du imma: liistei afar mis, jah let pans diupans
filhan seinans diupans.
2 3 Jah inn atgaggandin imma in skip, afar iddjPdun imma
sipBnjbs is.
2 4 Jah s&i, wegs mikils warp in marein, swaswe pata skip
gahulip wafrpan fram wegirn ; ip is sai4ep.
25 Jah duatgaggandans sipiinjds is nrrAisidPdun ina q i p n d a n s :
friuja, nasei unsis, fraqistnam.
26 Jah qap du im lesus: hra fafirhteip, leitil gallubjandans !
Panuh urreisands gasbk windam jah marein, jah warp wis
mikiL
2 7 IP )hi mans sildaleikidedun qipandans htileiks ist sa, ei jah
wind% jah marei ufhiusjand imma?
28 Jah qirnandin imma hindar marein in gduja Gafrgaisaine,
 gambtidEdun imma twdi daimbnaj6s us hlhiwasnbm rin-
nandans, sleidjBi filu, swaswt ni mahta manna usleipan pafrh
pana wig jiinana.
29 Jah sBi, hrbpidcdun qipandans : hra uns jah pus, IEsu, s u d u
@ps ? qamt her fadr mtl balwjan unsis ?
30 Wasuh pan fairra im halrda sweinE managdizt haldana
31 Ip pb skBhsla Mdun ina qipandans: jab% uswafrpis uns,
uslfrubei uns galeipan in halrda sweint.
32 Jah qap du im : gaggip I IF eis usgaggandans galibun in
halrda sweinz; jah sfri, run gawafirhtedun sis alla d hafrda
and driudn in marein, jah gadfrupnbdEdun in watnam.
33 IP Pii haldandans gaplafihun jah galeihndans gatahun in
badrg all bi pans daimbnarjans.
34 Jah sdi, alla s6 balirgs usiddja wipra IOsu, jah gasafhrandans
ina E d u n ei uslipi hindar markbs izL

CHAPTER XI

I Jah warp, bipE usfullida IEsus anabiudands pfrim twalii

sipbnjam seiniim, ushbf sik jfrinprb du I6isjan jah merjan and
bafirgs izE.
z Ip Ibhannts gahiusjands in karkarBi wafirstwa Xristius,
insandjands bi sipbnjam seinliim qap du imma:
3 PU is sa qimanda pgu anparizuh beidAima?
4 Jah andhafjands IEsus qap du im: gaggandans gateihik
Ibhanne patei gahauseip jah gasailvip.
6 Blindlii ussa&and, jah haltlii gaggand, ~riItsfill6ihrAinj6i
wairpand, jah bfrudfri gahbsjand, jah diuphi urreisand, jah
unlEdii waflamerjanda :
6 jah Budags ist lwazuh saei ni gamarzjada in mis.
7 At pfrim pan afgaggandam, dugann IOsus q i p n pliirn mana-
geim bi IbhannFn : h a usiddjtdup ana iupida safhran ? rBus
fram winda wagidata?
~ h xi.. 8-15] Aiwagg&@ paiuiz Mappaiu 209

8 Akei hra usiddjtdup salhran? mannan hnasqjiim wastjiim

gawasidana ? Sbi, PSiei hnasqjiim wasid& sind, in gardim
PudanE sind.
g Akei hra usiddjPduP saflvan ? pralifetu ? Jii, qipa izwis :
jah managizii pralifetpu.
1 0 Sa ist Auk bi b n e i gamelip ist : srii, ik insandja aggilu mei-
nana faGra pus, saei gamanweip wig p i n a n a falira pus.
I I Amen, qipa izwis : ni urrgis in balirim qinijnii miiza Iijhanns
b m m a diupjandin ; ip sa minniza in piudangardj6i h i m i n ~
miiza imma ist.
1 2 Framuh fmn piim dagam Iijhannis pis diupjandins und hita
Piudangardi himine anarnahtjada, jah anamahtjandans frawil-
wand p.
I 3 Alldi Auk prahfeteis jah witiip und IBhannP faliraqepun :
1 4 jah jabii wildedeip rnip niman, sa ist Helias, saei skulda
qiman.
15 Saei habhi dus6na RduJiandcka, gal~&usj&i.
 A~WAGGELJOPA~RHMARKU

CHAPTER I
r Anastcdeins alwaggClj6ns Iesuis Xristius sunius gups.
2 Swe gamelip ist in Esa~inpraCfetlu : sli, ik insandja aggilu
meinana facra pus, saei gamanweip wig p i n a n a faira PUS.
3 Stibna wijpjandins in iupidhi : manweip wig friujins, rafht6s
wadrkeip stiigijs guPs unsaris.
4 Was IiihannEs diupjands in BuPiddi jah mzrjands diupein
idreig6s du aflageinii frawahrhte.
' 5 Jah usiddjedun du imma all Iudaialand jah Ialrusadlymeis,
jah diupidiii wesun aliPi in IatirdanE ahrii fram imma,
andhPitandans frawairhtim seinPim.
5 Wasup-pan 16hannFs gaffasips taglam ulbanddus jah gafrda
filieina bi hup seinana, jah matida pramsteins jah milip
h&ipiwisk,
7 jah msrida qipands : qimip swinpijza mis sa afar mis, pizei
ik ni im walrps anahneiwands andbindan skiudariip sk8hG is.
8 Appan ik diupja izwis in watin, ip is diiupeip izwis in ahmin
weihamma.
9 Jah warp in jPiniim dagam, qam Iesus fram NazaraQ Galei-
iaias, jah ddupips was fram Idhanne in IairdanE.
ro Jah suns usgaggands us pamma watin gasahr uslukanans
himinans, jah ahman swE ahak atgaggandan ana ina.
r r Jah stibna qam us himinam : pu is sunus meins sa liuba, in
puzei wafla galeik8ida
 E T A I ' ~ E I Z I O N K A T A MAPKON

CEIAPTER I

I 'ApX$ roc c6ayyehiov 'IqaoG XpiaroO vlot roc 19~00.

2 ' a s yiypamai Zv r+ 'I-laaiLq 2 4 vpo+ljm. isoh ly&
d.rroardAAo rdv 6yycAdv pov v p d vpoad?iov aov, 8s rcura-
o~cvdoecn)v dsdv uov ij*n-poaOIv UOV.
3 @wv$ poSvros Iv r?j Zprjpy i r o r p ~ a a r r4 v b8Av iwpbv.
rittlcias aoicrrc rThs ~pi@ovsairoG.
q 'Ey4uero 'Iohuvqs j3a7iriCou i v T $ 8pfipy ~ a ' c rtqpduuwl.
/3dariapa p~ravoias(1s d+euiv &papriLiv.
5 Kal ~ & n o p ~ 6 0 v rrpbs
o airbv v6cra ?) '1ov8afa X d p a ~ a i
ol 'Icpoaohvp~rar,real ~ j l a m ~ ~ o ua&urcs
ro i v r$ ' ~ o p ~ & v
xorap4 in' a6roO Ifopohoyoipez~oir h s dpaprlas a6rLiv.
6'Hv 62 'Iocivvqs I u S ~ 8 v ~ ' u o spixa as ~aprjAov rai (dqu
Bepparivqv aepl r$u do+Dv air06 rai Za5iov d~pitias~ a i
p&i &ypiov.
7 Kai h~iipvnarvA6ymv. ipxrrai d i a ~ v ~ d r r p dpov s clvlaw
pov, of O ~ Kd p i l ~ a v d s rci+as hGaa~ TAU iphvra TGI.
i n ~ & ~ p d r airoc.
wv
8 ' E y A phu ijjdxrraa i p & s Jv GBarr, airbs 82- /3amlncr
&$is i u nvciparr iryly.
9 Ka'L Jyivcro i v ~rclz.air raPs $pipais $@EU '17uoss &a6
Nacap26 rijs r d d a l a s tcai @an-ridq &rd 'Iwcivuov cis
rdv '10~ddvqv.
10 Ka1 ri6iws dua/3aIuou 21( TOG G8aros CBSUu X t ~ o p ~ u o
ro3s 06pavo6s ~ a rd i n~lrcpa 6 s srcpto~ephv xara/3aivov
In' airdv.
1 1 Kal $wv$ Iydvrro I K 791 otpauLiv. & e i d vids pot1 d
dyaqrds, Ju r48drcqua.
12 Jah suns sbi, ahma ina ustBuh in liupida.
1 3 Jah was in Piz6i BupidQi dage fidw6r tiguna fraisans fram
Satanin, jah was mip diuzam, jah aggileis andbahtidedun
imma
14 Ip afar b t e i atgibans warp I6hannEs, qam Iesus in Galeilaia
mErjands afwaggElj6n Piudangardj6s gups,
15 qipands patei usfullnijda pata mEl jah atnEhrida sik Piudan-
gardi gups : idreig6P jah galiubeik in afwaggElj6n.
1 6 Jah tuarb6nds faGr marein Galeilaias gasahr Seim6nu jah
Andraian brijpar is, Pis SeimGnis, wafrpandans nati in marein :
wbun buk fiskjans.
I 7 Jah qap im Iesus : hirjats afar mis, jah gatauja igqis wafrpan
nutans mannE.
I 8 Jah suns aflftandans P6 natja seina laistidedun afar imma

I 9 Jah jbinpr6 inn gaggands framis leitil gasahr Iakijbu pana

ZafbafdaiQus jah IGhannB brcpar is. jah pans in skipa
manwjanddns natja.
2 0 Jah suns hathait ins. Jah afletandans attan seinana Zaf-
bafdaiu in pamma skipa mip asnjam, galipun afar imma.
a I Jah galipun in Kafarnaum, jah suns sabbat6 daga galeipands
in synagbgen 15isida ins.
2 2 Jah usfilmans \sarirpun ana Pizdi IAiseinAi is ; untE was
1Qisjands ins swS naldufni habands jah ni smaswE phi
b6karjiis.
23 Jah was in piz% synag6gEn izE manna in unhriinjamma
ahmin, jah ufhr6pida
2 4 qipands : fralet, hta uns jah pus, Iesu Naz6rEn6, qamt fra-
qistjan uns? Karin puk, h a s pu is, sa weiha guks.
2 5 Jah andbait ina IEsus qipands: PahBi jah usgagg iit us
pamma, ahma unhr4inja.
26 Jah tahida ina ahma sa unhrbinja, jah hr6pjands etibnbi
mikil5i usiddja us imma
1s Hal 72) 71vrGpa a&hv ?rp&Urr cls G v zp'ptlpv.
13 Kal qv Jv rfi Jp&y @&pas rrauapdrrovra ~cr~aCdprvos
&d roc aaravZ, rtal qv pcrh TOV BqpCov, ~ a iEiyyrho~
G ~ ? ~ K O V O Vu~?T@.
V
r4 Mcrh 62 rb lrapa6oBijvai ' I ~ d v v q v$ABcv 'IquoGs rls r$u
rahrXaiav, ~?pv'aawv r6 r$ayyAiov rGs @audc(as 706
Ocoij,
1 5 A i ~ o v8rr n r ~ h ~ ~ w rd a rratp;s
r rrai $ y y i ~ r v paui.kcfa
706 Bro3. pcravocirr KU? riarrv'trc Jv r{ tGayycAiy.
16 Kal ~ a p & ~ o nap&
v ri)v Bdhauaav 6 s raXthaiar r?Gcv
Bfpova ~ a 'i A ~ i 3 ~ l arhv v d6rh$civ a6ro3, rol Zipovos,
&iAAovras 6p+f/3A7crpov JP r: B a h & a q qaav yhp
Mtcis.
1 7 Kal rilrrv aho;s 6 'Iqaoi.s* ~ E & C dniuo ~ O U ,~ a \ P( O L $ U ~

ipGs yrviu6ai &ALESdvepdnwv.

18 Kai &f%os d+ivrcs r h 8iKrva a h D v {~oAov'f?quavair&
1 9 Kal wpo/3&s JrtciBrv dhfyov ri6cv ' l & ~ o / 3 o r;v v TOG Z t / 3 ~ -
Gaiov icai 'Iwivzqv r6v d8ch$6v ahoG, ~ a ia&ro;s 31.
r$ wholy ~ a r a p r i f i v r a sr h hirrrva,
2 0 xal ciBios ~ K & L X C U C Vairo6s. rrai & ~ & V T € B rdv nardpa
a h i j v Zc@ri3aZov Jv r$ nhoiy pcrh rGv pia8wr8v drijh-
Bov dniao ah-00.
2 1 Kal ilcmoptv'ovrai cls Ka~cpvaoip* ~ a cGOdos i r o k a@-
/3aarv cinrA0Av cis d v auvayor;iv 28iijacracv.
2 2 I(& J.$nA<rrrrovro ?xi rfi 616aXfi a6roG. $ 1 ~ y&p 6ibdarrwr.
airo&s As i[ouaiav ZXov, ~ a OGX i &s oi ypappartis.
23 Kal fiv l v r1j ovvayw)?j atrEv 6v0pwnos dv wvcu'parr
dKa8dPryJ ~ a civl~pa&v i
24Adyov. <a, r i ip?v rral ooi, 'Iquoi? Na<aptlv€; ~ A B r s
dnohiuar fipa^s. oi6d aa ris ti, d &yios roO BcoG.
2 5 Kal J z t ~ i p q o c v a&@ d 'IquoGs Adywv- +iPG9qri ~ a l
i&rA0c 26 airoG.
2 6 K d o?rap@av a h b v rh w & p a rb drtdflaprov rtal r p i f w

+ ~ u f ipcyMg J&A0cv ahoG.

 Afwagge@ pafrh Marku [ch. 1.97-42
'

27 Jah afsliupniid~dunallii sildaleikjandans, swaei siikidedun

mip sis miss6 qipandans: h a sijdi pata? hr6 s6 liiseinb
sii niuj8, ei mip waldufnja jah ahmam Pbim unhriinjam
anabiudip jah ufhhsjand imma?
2 8 Usiddja pan meripa is suns and allans bisitands Galeilaias.

29 Jah suns us Pizii synagiigen usgaggandans qFmun in garda

Srimdnis jah Andrafins mip Iakiibfru jah I6hannFn.
30 Ip swafhrii Seim8nis lag in brinn6n : jah suns qepun imma
bi ija.
3 r Jah duatgaggands urr6isida undgreipands handu iz&, jah
aflaff6t @ s5 brinn6 suns, jah andbahtida im.
32 Andanahtja pan waitrpanamma, pan gasaggq sauil, bFrun du
imma allans b n s ubil habandans jah unhulp6ns habandans.
33 Jah s6 ba6rgs alla garunnana was at dadra.
3 4 Jah gahiilida managans ubil habandans missaleik6im sabhtim,
jah unhulp6ns managiis uswarp, jah ni fralafl6t r d j a n P6s
unhulpiins, untE kunpedun ina.
35 Jah bir iihtw6n usstandands usiddja, jah galiip ana aupjana
stap, jah jainar bap.
36 Jah galBistans wadrpun imma Seimiin jah pai mip imma.
37 Jah bigiiandans ina qepun du imma patei aliBi puk siikjand,
38 Jah qap du i m : gaggam du F i m bisunjan, h5imiim jah
bahrgim, ei jah jbinar mErj6u, untE dupe qam.
39 Jah was mFrjands in synagiigim iz6 and alla Galeilaian jah
unhulP6ns uswafrpands.
4 0 Jah qam at imma priitsfill habands, bidjands ina jah kniwam
knussjands jah qipands du imma patei jab% wileis. magt mik
gahrkinjan.
4 1 IP I ~ S Uinfeinands,
S ufrakjands handu seina attaftiik imma
jah qap imma : wiljku, walrp hrgins.
4 2 Jah biPB qap pata IBsus, suns pata Priitsfill aflBiP af imma,
jah hrbins warp.
2 7 Kal ~8aP@-rj8qcrav~ c i v r r s i u r r crv~jrciv nphs iaurois
Adyov~as. r i & r ~ i vTOCTO;ris $ 816ax;I x a i ~ ~ ia/ h ? ,
brl ~ a r ' 2(0uuiav ~ a i70% nvcipaoiv rois bxa8i.iprors
Jxrri.iaocr, ~ a Sna~o6ovarv
i ah@;
~8'EfijAOev 62 6 6x04 a;roG r18hs cis o"Aqv r;]v prpiXwpov
7jjs r d l h a l a s .
2 9 Ka1 c$O&os Z K 6 s ovay(oyljs 2[chOdvr6s jhOov 62s r$v
oi~(fAvZbwvos xai 'Av8pCov per& ' I a ~ c l 5 ~ oxai v 'Iw&vvov.
30'H 64 n~vBc,p&SIpwvos xarixccro mpCuuovua, xal cG0;ws
~ l ~ o v ao h~+v ncpl airrijs.
31 Kai zpoo~ABAv ;iyripci~a;r$v x p a ~ $ n a sn i s Xctp6s aCrfs
rai & $ ~ K E U a$r;/v 6 7~lpcrhsc$Oiws, xai Biv~OIvriaGrois.
32 'O$Cas 82 ycuo~~ivqs, Srr i8v 6 tjhios, i$cpov np;s a$r6v
advras rohs K ~ K & ixovras xai rohs 8 a ~ p o v i ~ o p i v o ~ s .
33 Kai $ .rrdAts r;h? i n t c r v i ~ ~ qv ~ ~nphs
i v ~r$u 86pav.
34 Ka'c i8cpdacvcrcv ?;o~Ao;sxax&s iXol~rasi ~ o i ~ ~ hVa~ iCsT O L S ,
rai Ga~pdvra iroAAh ifkfiahcv, ~ a OLK i $ $ i ~ v AaAeCv r h
6aipdvia, &ri $6riaav airrdv.
3 j Kal npwt &vvXov Aiav &vamhs i&Aen, ~ a irnijA8ev i ris
ipqpov rpdxov ~ a 1xct i ?;pouqiXrro.
36 Kal icarc8lo&v airr6v d Z i p v ~ a 02i p r ' a4roG.
37 Kal rSp6vr~s a h h v Adyovcriv a&$ O ~ T L n(tvrcs ue ii-
rov^crrv.
3s Ka1 Ai'y~i a.irroCs* B y ~ p wrIs rap Ixopc'vas ~ w p o ~ d h c i s ,
Iva xai JxeT xqpi[w- cis roCro y&p ? & ~ ~ j ~ t ' i ) a .
39 Kai jv qp6acrov i v rais ovvaywyais a6rGv cis o"hqv d l v
rahrhalav ~ a rlh Gaipdvia I x p b ~ h w v .
4 0 Kai ~pxrrai zpbs a4rbv hcnppds, aapaaahGv adrbv ~ a l
yovuncrliv ail-6v ~ a Aiywv l a h $ , &ri i&v OdAys, Gv'vaual
pc ~a0apluai.
4 1 ' 0 ar 'Itlaoijs u ? r A a y ~ v ~ a 8 cZ~KsT E I V ~ S r;lv ~ c i p aah08
f$aro a h 0 6 ~ a hiycr l ah+. OdAw, rtaBapicr8qrr.
1 2 K d E ~ T ~ V T O a$roG
S dOdws dnijAOrv hz' a6roG 4 At%rpa ~ a l
J~a0apicrO~.
43 Jah gahrijtjands imma suns ussandida ina,

4 4 jah qap du imrna: salhr ei mannhun ni qiPdjs wafht ; ak

gagg puk silban atdugjan gudjin, jah atbafr fram gahrBineinPi
peinBi patei anab4up MijsEs du weitwbdipbi im.
4 5 I p is usgaggands dugann m5rjan filu jah u s q i h n pata waGrd,
swaswT: is jupan ni mahta and4ugjb in baGg galeipan, ak iita
ana 6upjAim stadim was ; jah iddjtdun du imma allaprb.

CHAPTER I1
I Jah galdip aRra in Kafarnaum afar dagans, jah gafrehun
patei in garda ist.
2 Jah suns gaqcmun managfii, swaswZ j u F n ni gambst5dun
nih at dadra, jah rcidida im wadrd.
3 Jah qtmun at imma uslipan bafrandans, hafanana fram
fidwbrim.
4 Jah ni magandans nelua qiman imma fafira manageim, and-
hulidedun hrbt F r e i was Iesus, jah usgrabandans insdilidedun
pata badi, jah fralaflijtun ana pammei lag sa usIipa.
5 G a s a h n d s pan IEsus galdubein izE qap du P m m a uslipin :
barnilb, afletanda pus frawadrhteis hinds.
6 Wesunuh pan sum% Fizz bdkarjF jBinar silandans jah pagk-
iandans sis in hafrtam seinpim :
7 hra sa swa rbdei), nsiteinins? hras mag afletan frawafirhtins,
niba dins gup?
8 Jah suns ufkunnands Iesus ahmin seinamma patei swa pdi
mitijdtdun sis, qap du im : duhre mit6b pata in hafrtam
izwardim ?
9 hrapar ist azttiz6 du qipan pamma uslipin : aflttanda pus
frawafirhteis peinijs, Pdu qipan: urreis jah nim pata badi
])einata jah gagg ?
I o ;\&an ei witeip patei waldufni habiip sunus mans ana airphi
afletan frawafirhtins, qap du pamma uslipin :
4 3 Kal €p/3prpqsdpcvos a h $ ci6dos €f@aXcv a h &
4 4 ~ a lhdyct a&+* 6pa pqbcvl pq8kv c b p s , irM& h a y c
acavrbv 6 t i f 0 ~r+ icpc; Kai npoudv€y~c ncPi roij ~ a 6 a p l -
u p i j uov h npoudra&v Muoijs cls paprdpiov ahois.
45 '0 62 I(EA~&V,jp(aro ~ ~ p d u a c noroMh w ~ a l8ia+vpl@iv
rbv hdyov, buTc pq~drr a h b v 8dvauBar $avcp&s cis adArv
ciucAdc5, &A' Iv 2 p ~ p . 0 1 ~rdnors tjv. K C L ~ tjpXovro
~ $ 9a h h v ~ a v ~ a x d e c v .

CHAPTER I1
I Kd cIo$Ade~ n A r v cls Kancpvao;p 81' $pcpGv ~ a i
i ~ o d a & l87'1 C ~ S0iKdV 2 0 7 1 ~ .
a Rat d 6 d u s a ~ v < ~ 6 ~ sohhoi,uau $arc p l l ~ i r rx u p ~ i viyqGt
rh npds 6 j v Odpav, ~ a 2AdArr l a h o i s ~ d Adyov.
v
3 Kal tpxovrar wpbs a h b v n a p d w r ~ b v+&ovrrs alpdpevov
h b rcuudpuv.
4 Kal p3 L;1vvdp~voinpoucyykrai a&@ 6rh TAU Gxhov, ctncuri-
yauav 7Sjv m i m v 6n0v jv, ~ a i[opi[avrcs i xaAGuiv rdv
KPd~aTT0~, I+'4 6 ~FQPQALJ~LKBS K~T~KC~TO.
5 'IG&v 82 6 'JquoGs r;lv w l m w a h G v Agycr r+ ~apahvrc~i$.
rircvov, &+iuvrai roc ai b p p r l a i aov.
6'Huav 6d rivcs rGv YPa~parCuv€ K C : ~aB<pcvor~ a hl a -
Aoyr~dpcvor Iv raEs ~ap8farsa6rGv.
7 'I'i ofros o&ws AaAcr /3ham+qp[as; ris Givarar d4tc'~sac
Lpaprias cl pq rts 6 Bcls;
8 1Cai c66dus 2nryvo;s 6 'IqaoOs T$ nvcipari a6roG &i
o h o s ah02 Brahoyiiovrac Iv iavrois, cincv a6rols- r l r a k a
GiaAoylica6c Ev rats ~ap8iarsdp3v;
9 TI Jmtv d ~ o s d r c p o v clsciv r+ napaAvri~$. &+lovrar
aor a[ bpaprlar, 4 eincb. gycipa ~a\rapov rdv ~pd@arrdu
uov ~ a ncpindrci;
l
loeIva 82 cl8jjrc 8rr Ifovufav ZXct d vids roli dv6pdnov id
6 s yfis d+rivai bpaprlas, Alycr r$ aapahvrr~?
2 18 Alwaggdljj pairla Marku [ch. 11.
" 11-21

II pus qipa : urreis nimul~pata badi pein jah gagg du garda

peinamma
I2 Jah urrdis suns jah ushafjands badi usiddja faGra andwafrpja
alliize, swaswi5 usgeifn6dEdun a116i jah h6uhidEdun mikil-
jandans gup, qipandans patei Biw swa ni gasehrun.
13 Jah gal6iP aftra fafir marein, jah all manageins iddjedun du
imma, jah ldisida ins.
1 4 Jah hrarb6nds gasahr Lafwwi pana Alfaiiius sitandan at
mdtdi jah qap du imma : gagg afar mis. Jah usstandand>
iddja afar imma
15 Jah warp, bipe is anakumbida in garda is, jah manag5 md-
tarj6s jah frawaiirhtPi mip anakumbidsdun ICsua jah sip6njam
is ; wesun Auk managli jah iddjedun afar irnma.
I6 Jah Pfii b6karj6s jah Fareisaieis gasaihrandans ina matjandan
mip Piim mdtarjam jah frawaGrhtiim, qepun du piim sip6n-
jam is : hra ist patei miP mGtaiam jah frawahrhtiim matjip
jah driggkip?
17 Jah gahdusjands IEsus qap du im : ni pa6rbun swinpiii Ekeis,
ak pdi ubilaba habandans; ni qam lapdn uswa~irhtans,ak
frawahrhtans.
I8 Jah wFsun sip6nj6s Ibhannis jah Fareisaieis fastandans ; jah
atiddjsdun jah qFbun du imma: d u k e sip6njds IrShannes jafi
Fareisaieis fastand, ip pAi peinBi sip6njds ni fastand ?
1 9 Jah qap im ISsus : ibBi magun sunjus briipfadis, und patei
mip im ist briiJ&aps, fastan? swa Iagga hreila swG mip sis
haband briipfad, ni magun fastan.
20 Appan atgaggand dag6s pan afnimada af im sa briipfaps, jah
pan fastand in jdinamma daga.
ax Ni manna plat fanins niujis siujip ana snagan fafrnjana; ibdi
afnimdi fulldn af parnma sa niujapamma fahnjin, jah wairsiza
gatahra wafrpip.
Ch. ii. I I-a I] E3ayyCX~ov ~ a Mciprcov
~ h 21g
xoi Adyo, dycipc ica; dpov rdv rrpbparrdv uov ral Gaayc
rbv oirdv UOV-
I a KaJ iydpOq c6Odos rral &pas rbv rpd/3anov h@~Orv2vav-
ndvrov, G m c Z&mauBai advras ral 80(&Cccv rbv
Bedv, ~ d ~ o v r a&is o;6ixore oCros ~ZGopcv.
r g Kal 2EijhOru ndhtv aaph r;!v 8ciAauuav. rtal a&s 6 6xAos
4 p X c r np'pds
~ airdv, rai ~ 6 ~ 6 a u a6roCs.
~rv
1 4 Kai aapdyov ci&v Acvi rAv TOO 'AA+aiov ~ a 8 ~ p e v oh i
v
T ; TEA&V$OV, rtai Adyar a&$. 8 ~ 0 h 0 6 6 PO&.
~t ral Bvauriis
j~oA&&lcrcv a h $ .
1 5 Ka; i y i ~ f ~ 2vo TI$ rtarartrTu6ai a6r;v ?V rfj otrtlq aho0,
r;ai aoAAo> rrhDva~ ~ a &aproAoi
i uvvavd~ccvroTI$ 'IqaoO
~ a rois
l pa0qrals a6roG. 4uav yap aoMoi rai rjrtoAoC8quav
ah?.
I 6 Ka2 ot ypapparcrs rral 01 cPapraaTor, ~ B ~ U T Ea&rbu S 1)uOiovra
pcrh rBv TEAWVOVlcai &paprwABv, h e y o v r o k paOqraPs
ahoii. r i &r prrh rGv rrhovGv rtal &paprwAGv Z U O ~ C L
~ a afvrr;
i
1 7 Iiai broduas 6 'IqaoGs Xlycc ahois* 04 ~ p c l a v +ovcrrv
ol laXdovrcs ZarpoO &M' oi K ~ K G &ovrcs. S o6rc 4hOov
;t;d&a &t~alovs,d M h bpaproAov's.
18 Iiai ijuav oi paOqrai 'Io&vvov ~ aoli cPaprcraior vqmdovrcs.
ra'c dpxovrai rai Aiyovuiv a&+. 8ih 71 oi paBqrai 'to&vvov
~ a ioi TOV cPapiualwv V ~ U T C C O U ~ L oi V , 82 a01 pa6qral 06
vqmr6ovaiv;
1 9 Kal ciarv atrois d 'IquoOs. p;l Gu'vavrac oi vtol TOG vvp-
+Ovos, 2v 4 5 vvp+ios pcr' a6rOv 4oriv, qur&arv; o"aov
~pdvov pcd' 2avrGv ~ X o v a ~rbu v mp$iov, 06 bv'vavrac
vqmfv'clv.
zo'EArdaovrai 62 tjpdpai 5rav BnapOyi &a' a6rCv d vvp+ios,
~ a rdrc
i qcrrcv'uovaiv i v h ~ r i v trfj
~ $pipB.
2 1 O66rls JaiPAqpa $&rrovs &yv&+ov 2ncp&.rrrri 2al iparly
adar+. cl 6; p i , afpcc rA ?rAipopa bn' a h o Q rA rtaivhr
ro3 naAaio6, ~ a xcipov
l oxlapa yivarar.
2 20 Atwagg8g0 p a t h Marku [ ~ h ii.. a a-iii. 4

2a Ni manna giutib wein juggata in balgins fafrnjans ; ibPi d u f t ~

distairdi wein k t a niuj6 pans balgins jah wein usgutnip, jah
pPi balgeis fraqistnand; ak wein juggata in balgins niujans
giutand.

23 Jah warp pafrhgaggan imma sabbatb daga pafrh atisk, jah

dugunnun sipijnjijs is skiiwjandans rdupjan ahsa.

24 Jah Fareisaieis qcpun du imma: sPi, hn tAujand sip6nj6s

F i n d i sabbatim patei ni skuld ist ?

25 Jah is qap du im: niu ussuggwuP Piw hra gatawida Daweid.

pan pahfta jah gredags was, is jah Pdi mip imma ?

26 M i w a galtiip in gard guPs uf Abiapara gudjin jah hltiibans

fadrlageindis matida, panzei ni skuld ist matjan niba dintiim
gudjam, jah gaf jah ptiim mip sis wisandam ?

P? Jah qap im : sabbatij in mans warp gaskapans, ni manna in

sabbata dagis ;

28 swaei frduja ist sa sunus mans jah pamma sabbat6.

CHAPTER I11

r Jah galtiip aftra in synagdgen, jah was jainar manna gapalir-

sana habands handu.
2 Jah witbidcdun irnma hdilidtdiu sabbatij daga, ei wr6hide-
deina ina.
3 Jah qap du pamma mann pamma gapa6rsana habandin
handu : urreis in midumii.
4 Jah qap du im : skuidu ist in sabbatim PiuP tlujan aQptiu
unpiup tdujan, sdiwala nasjan afppdu usqistjan? I p eis
pahgidedun.
21 Kal &ds ~ ~ O?VOU
c U ~ cO V C / S &uro$s ~ d a ~ o i t s ci
b
82 p$, $uacc 6 oivos d vies TOGS ~ U K O ~ ~S ,a 6i oivos
IrcXcirar ~a\r02 dartoi d?roAoGvrar, hMh oivov vCov cis
&UK&S racvo2s /3hqrdov.
0 3 Kai ZyCvcro ?rapanop&cueai a h d v i v rois udfi@auiv d&
~ 6 u?ropfpwv,
v rtal ijp[avro ol pa6qral a h 0 9 66o~oicCv
rihhovrcs ro3s cnaixvas.
2.q Kal oi @apioa7oi iAcyov air?. Bc r i noroGuw TOTS ud@-
pauiv 8 o h Z&UTLU;
2 3 Kai a h b s €Acycv a&ois. o68inort hviyvwrc r i tinoiqucv
Aavcl8, &E p c i a v iuxcv rtai Zacivaucu, airrbs rtal 01 per'
airros;
26 ~ E cto+jA6cv
s cts rbu O ~ K O U TOG Be06 tipi 'A@cd%ap&pXec-
~ i w s~ a iTOGS Bprovs rijs ?rpoO~urws&$aycv, 06s o h
:&uriv $aye> el pa rois irpeGu~v, rtal ~bortcv ~ a rois i
d v a h @ 03uiu;
27 Kal ikeyrv airroCs rA uh&3arov brir rdv hv8porov iyivcro,
o h 6 b6pwnos b h rb olrp~arov,
28 G m c d p i d s Imw 6 vlbs TOG iur%@?rov ~ a lroij c a p -
@drov.

CHAPTER III

r Kai cl&jXOcv ndXiv cis r;lv avvaywyjv, ~ a ltjv Zmi

dvBpwnos =Z[vpappCvqvixwv r;lv xcipa.
2 Kai ?rapc~poGvro a h d v , €1 rois ud/3/3auiv Bcpancv'uci

airrdv, tva rarqyop7juouiv a&oG.

3 Kal Aiycr r$ dvOpdny r+ Ifqpawdvqv ~ X O U T Lr i p xcipa@
lyc1pc €19 rd piuov.
4 Kai hiyce ahoip. r*~co-~iv Iv rois uh@/3auw &ya%oaorij-
uai 4 ~artonoi~uai,$ux$v u6iuar 4 h?ro~~civai;oi 82
Iurdnwu.
222 AfwageQa pa frh Marku . 5-18
[ ~ h iii.

6 Jah a s s a h n d s ins mip m&Ia, gdurs in d d u b i p s hairtins

iz5 qap du barnma mann: ufrakei pa handu peinaf Jah
ufrakida, jah gastbj, aftra sb handus i s
6 Jah gaggandans pan Fareisaieis sunsfiiw mip pdim Her&
dianum gariini gatawidEdun bi ina, ei imma usqcmeina.
7 Jah Iesus aflfiip mip sipbnjam seinfiim du marein, jah filu
manageins us Galeilaia liistidcdun afar imma,
8 jah us Iudaia jah us Iafrusalilymim jah us Idumaia jah
hindana IarirdanLus ; jah PBi bi Tyra jah Seiddna, manageins
filu, gahfiusjandans Ivan filu is tawida, qEmun at imma.
g Jah qap Pfiim sipbnjam seinfiim ei skip habfiij, wEsi at imma
in piz6s manageins, ei ni praiheina ina.
10 Managans Quk gahfiilida, swaswe drusun ana ina ei imma
attaftbkeina,
II jah swa managdi swZ habiidcdun wundufiljbs jah ahmans
unhrAinjans, PCtih pan ina g a s E h n , drusun du imma jah
hrdpidedun qipandans patei pu is sunus gups,
Iz Jah filu andb6it ins ei ina ni gaswikunpidedeina.
I3 Jah ustfiig in fafrguni jah athahiit panzei wilda is, jah galipun
du imma.
s 4 Jah gawalirhta twalif du wisan mip sis, jah ei insandidedi ins
mErjan,
1 5 jah haban waldufni du hiiljan sa6htins jah uswairpan un-
huIpdns.
I6 Jah gasatida Seim6na namb Paftrus;
I 7 jah Iak6bfiu pamma ZaibafdaiLus, jah Ibhanne brdpr Iak6-
bPus, jah gasatida im namna BaGanafrgafs, patei ist : sunjus
peihrbns ;
18 jah Andrafan jah Filippu jah ,Barpalilafimaiu jah Matpaiu
jah Pbman jah Iakbbu pana Alfaifius, jah Paddaiu jah
Seimbna pana KananeitGn,
Ch, iii. 5-r 81 Et3ayyiA~ov~ a r hM c t p ~ o v 223

5 Rat ~c~ipAftCrOiprv09~ & o & s d p f l s , ~VMVAO~~CLFYOS

Zal rjj awpduri rijs rapsias a6rOv Adyci T+ &vOpi)ny'
i ~ r r r v o vr$v Xc'ippd UOV. ral I[&civcv, ral &acrarccrr&Oq
6 xcip ahoii.
6 Kai I[cAOdvrcs ot @apiaaibr c;Olws prrh TGU 'tJpwBiauGv
~ ~ p p o d A w<aoiovv
v rar' atroij, o"nws a h 6 v &noAiuwaiv.
7 Kal 6 'IquoOs &vrxdpqacv pcrh TGV pa8q~Gva h 0 5 npds
T$V Ohhaauav, ~ a noAB i ?rhijOos &nh rijs raALhaias $ K O -
hodeqaav ai?rG* ~ a &nb 1 rijs 'IovSalas
3 ~ a bad i 'Icpouohv'pwv ~ a dab i rijs 'IGovpaias ~ a ?rdpav l
roc 'Iop8dvov rtal oi n ~ p T6pov i ~ a ElGGva,
i zhijOos n o h i ,
drodaavrcs 6aa Jnolci, ;jh8ov npds atrdv.
y Kal ciarv ro'is paOqra'is a6rov" Iva nAotdp~ovnpou~aprcp$
a h + 81h rbv 6xAov, h a p;1 BAi/3wuiv a h d v .
I O FIoA~o4syhp 20cp&ncvucv, &urc ixtnlmccv a h + h a a h 0 6
8jrwvrai. ral Zuor ciXov pOisriyas
I I ~ a rl h mc6para r h &rtd@apra,6rav aCr6v iOcdpei, npoud-
aimrv ral c!~pa[cv Adyovra i;ri ah c? d vibs roc
ecoc.
r z Iiai aoAAh G s c ~ i p a aGrois fva p$ $cwcpbv atr6v not<-
uwu1v.
1 3 Kal dvapalvcr cis rb @OS, ~ a apou~ahr'irar l 08s rj%chcv
a.irrds, ~ a cirrfiA8ov
i np6s a h d v .
I t Kai 2no1qucu 6 4 6 6 ~ ah a 2 a i v per' aGroii, ~ a h l a &no-
crrihhg a6robs ~ ~ ~ v ' u u c t v
1 j ~ a i X e ~ vi&uuiav Ocpa7icv'civ r h s vduovs ~ a i~/3dhhciv l
~h 8a~pdvia.
16 Ital ini6qrev r@ Zipwvt hops ITdrpov*
1 7 Ka1 ' I d ~ w p o vr6v TOG Zc@c8a{ov ~ a 'Iwdrvvqv i T ~ VbBch+6v
roc 'Iardpov ~ a ZndBqrrv i a$rois dvdpara Boavepyds, b
l u r i v viol ,f?povrijs.
' 8 Kal 'AvGpdav rai @iAinnov ral BapOoAopaiov ~ a MarBa'iov i
cai @w@v rai ' I d ~ w p o vr6v roc 'AA+alov ral OaFGaiov
~ a Zipova
i r6v Kavavi~llv
22 3 Aiwagg~gbp a i h Marku [Ch. iii. 19-33

19 jah Iudan Iskaribth, saei jah galtwida ina.

20 Jah atiddjtdun in gard, jah garddja sik managei, swaswE ni
mahtedun nih hlQif matjan.
2 I Jah hBusjandans fram imma Wka j b s jah anpar4i usiddiedun
gahaban ina ; qepun Buk patei usg5isiPg ist.
21 Jah bc3kajbs p i af IairusaGlymii qimandans qEpun patei
Bafaflzafbul habfiip, jah patei in pamma reikistin unhuipbn6
uswafrpip piirn unhulNm.
23 Jah athiitands ins in gajukBm qap du im: hr6iwa mag
Satanas Satanan uswafrpan ?
2 4 Jah jabii Piudangardi wifira sik gadiiljada, ni mag standan
sb Piudangardi jdina.
25 Jah jab& gards wipra sik gadiiljada, ni mag standan sa
gards jiins.
26 Jah jabii Satana usstdj, ana sik silban jah gadhilips warp, ni
mag gastandan, ak andi hab6ifi.
2 7 Ni manna mag kasa swinpis galeipands in gard is wilwan.
niba faiirpis pana swinpan gabindip ; jah pan pana gard is
diswilwii.
28 AmEn, qifm izwis, patei allata aflotada fmta frawadrht~
sunum mannF, jah niitein6s swa managbs swaswt waja-
merjand ;
29 appan saei wajamereifi ahman weihana ni hal;riiP fralet iiw,
ak skula ist Qiweinjiziis frawalirhtSis.
30 UntE q+un : ahman unhrjinjana habiifi.
31 Jah qtmun pan iipei is jah br6prjus is jah ata standandbna
insanciidedun du imma, hiitand6na ina.
32 Jah sEtun bi ina managei ; qtpun pan du imma: sii, iipei
p i n a jah brbprjus fieinbi jah swistrjus pein6s iita s6kjand
Puk-
33 Jah andhbf im qipands: hrb ist s6 Biki meina afppin pRi
brbprjus meinii I
'9 xa1 ' I d h v 'Iu~apcdrqv, 8s rtal napjbwxcv airrdv. Kal
ipXovrar ds o t o v .
Kd avvipxcra~ xcfhiv d zxhos, 6 u r c iL;I 86vacrOar aCrohs
p+c Bprov +aycB.
2 I Kal d ~ o d a a w c s01 nap' atroc J[qheov ~parccrar aiirdv.
& q o v yhp Gri i f d q .
2 2 Kal oi yppparcis 01 ' I ~ ~ o o o h v ' p or va r a ~ b r e siAtyov
&rLBccAic/3o;A ixct, ~a\ro"rr Zv s$ hpxowr rGv Baipoviwv
Jx@hMcr r b Gaipdvia.
23 Kal T ~ O U K ~ ~ € U & ~ €aitro;s
VOS i v napa/3oha?s &tycv ahois.
n&g tidvarac uasav&s uaraviiv ~ x P & ~ E w ;
2 4 Kal bhv @acrLXcia 29' iat&p pcp~adfl,06 Gv'varai ura0ijvai
;I paorhela i ~ c l v q .
a 5 Kal bhv olrtla b$' iavr$v pcp~a09, 06 Gv'varac oradijvai
.r) olxla bxcivr].
26 Kai €1 d craraviis dvdarq b+' iavrAv xal prpt'pearai, 06
atharat uradijvac, AM& rihos ZXci.
a 7 Otbris 8dvarai sh crrtev'~ roli iqvpoii cirrchOAv cls r$v
olxlav aikoii 6eapxduat, bhv p;I rpGrov rbv iuxvpbv Gjal,
xai rdrc rfiv otxiav ats& 8tapndcrg.
2 S ' A p i ~ Xiyo 6pPv 017~ nhvra &+cdTjocrai r h & p n p r ~ p a r a
sois ulois TGV dvBpd~wv,K ~ \ L @Aau+qpiac, bcras Bv @ha-
u$qll7jowo1v.
2 9 8 s 8' &V @hau4rlp4flDels s6 ~ v c p p ar6 67io~1, O$K ixri
B$cuiv CIS r6u aic;jua, M A ' $uoXds i m ~ u a i ~ u i o v&pprTj-
paros.
30@OrriAcyov. .rrvcFpa &rth6aprov Zxci.
r a i 6 p$rVP a6roG ~ a loi d8ch+oi aboij, xai
3 1 ~ E ~ ~ o v ozv
Z(o isrGrrs driurcihav npds aLr6v +wvoiivres atrdv.
3 2 Kai i ~ d 0 q r oscpi a h d v 6xhos, cixov 82 atr@ 1604 4
p 4 q p crov xa\c oi dSrA$oi uov xai a1 d&cA+ai crov i t w
cqroiioiv ac.
33 Kal dr.rrrrtp[8q airois Adyou. ris ~ L Vp < q p pow q oi
d8eh+oi pov;
1x87 Q
226 Az~oagge'gdpairti Marku [Ch. iii. 34-iv. II

34 Jah bisafhrands bisunjanZ pans bi sik sitandans qap: sfii,

iiPei meina jah pii brB],rjus meintii.
35 Saei allis wa$rkeip wiljan gups, sa jah brdpar meins jah
swistar jah iipei ist.

CHAPTER IV
I Jah aftra IPsus dugann lfiisjan at marein, jah galesun sik du
imma manageins filu, swaswE ina galeipandan in skip gasitan
in marein ; jah alla s6 managei wipra marein ana stapa was.
2 Jah lfiisida ins in gajuk6m mnnag, jah qap im in Iiiseinfii
seinfii :
3 hiuseip I Sli, urrann sa saiands du saian fi6iwa seinamma.
q Jah warp, mippanei safs6, sum rafitis gadrfius fatir wig, jah
qcmun fuglds jah fr5tun pata.
5 Anparuppan gadrlus ana stiinahamma, parei ni habfiida
airpa managa, jah suns urrann, in pizei ni habBida diuplizbs
afrp6s ;
6 at sunnin pan urrinnandin ufbrann, jah untE ni hablida
waGrtins gapa1hsn6da.
7 Jah sum gadrius in pafirnuns ; jah ufarstigun P8i bdrnjus
jah afhrapidOdun pata, jah akran ni gaf.
8 Jah sum gadrilus in afrpa g6da, jah gaf akran urrinnand6
jah wahsjand6, jah bar 8in .I. jah fiin *j*jah gin .r.
9 Jah qap : saei habBi aus6na hiusjandGna, gahiusjfti.
to IP biPG war], sundrb, frGhun ina pii bi ina mip paim twa-
libim piz6s gajuk6ns.
II Jah qap im : izwis atgiban ist kunnan riina Piudangardjds
gups, ip jtiinfiim pAim 3ta in gajuk6m allata wafrpip,
~ hiii.. 34-iv. r X] E6ayyQ~ov KUT; Mdptcov 22 7

34 Kai a c p ~ j 3 h ~ d l r c v oKs ~ K ~A0 ;~s xcpl a h d v rtaellPEvovs

Adycr. lbc i p 4 r ~pou ~ a 01i QBrA+oi pov.
3 5 A 0 s yhp Bv noi$ug rd OihVpa rot7 Brot7, o h s &8cA$ds pov
&6th++ rai prjrqp ioriv.

CHAPTER IV

I Kai x d h w $p&ro 6~dhnrtcbv nap& rijv Bdhauaav. ~ a i

avu<x8q zpds a6rhv 5xhos xohv's, 6 m r a;rdv ipELpivra CIS
rd ~ h o i i v~adiju0ardv rfi Bahiaug, x&s d &Aos ~ p b s
T;IV Odhaocrav i x i rijs yijs qv.
2 Kal I6i6acrr.a~ a&ro&s i u ~ a p a ~ 3 o A a isohhd,
s rtai fArycto
a6rois i v 7 0 GrbaxiJ a6roG.
3 ' A ~ o k r r . 1604 Lw&hOcv d useipov roc axcipar rdv cmdpov
a$rot7.
4 Kai iylvcro i v r+ osclpciv 8 p1v ixcacv ~ a p h r;lv d6dv,
uai $ A ~ c vr h xcrcivh ~ a ~ia r i + a y c va6rd.
5'AhAo 61 ixcvev ;xi r6 scrpGGcs, 6 x 0 ~o h cfXcv yiiv
.iiohh$v, ~ a cG8iws
i I[avirr~Aev 6ch r6 p;I €xccv PdBos
Y~S.
6 7jhiov 62 Ervarrihavros hnaupariu8q, nai 6th rh p$ Zxrcu
$<av ?[qp&rOq.
7 Ka1 &Xho ixt.acv cis rhs &x$~/bas,~ a 6vi/?tlnav l ai i i ~ a v 8 a ~
ua; nvvixv;[av atrd, rta? ~ a p i i 3 1O;'K ~ i8wrtcu.
8 Kai &AAo Fxt.uev ris r;ju 7 i j ~T~; L ~ ~ a h + ~ rtal
u i8;iiov rtapnbv
dva/!Iai~*ovra ~ a aifdvovra,
l ~ a EY+rPrv
i Iv rpr&rtovra ~ a ilv
i&rtovra nal 21, Irtaro'v.
9 I(a? ihcyev. 8s i X c i &a ~ K O ~ ~ &~ov&w. L V ,
' 0 6 0 r c 62 iyivrro ~ a r hpduas, fipdrquav a h d v 01 ?repi a h d v
U ~ U rois 6d6erta r$v xapa/30h<v.
1 1 Kal ehcycv a t r o i s i p i v 6i6orac yvijvar rd pvarrjpiov rfis
,Ra~rXrias703 6 ~ 0 3 L, ~ K E ~ V O L S 62 rois €to Lwv napaELpoha?s r h
r i v r a yivrrar,
Q 2
r l ei safluandans s a h l i n a jah ni g6umjGna, jah hiusjandans
hbusjiina jah ni frapjlina, nibbi b a n gawandjdina sik jah
aflE6indbu im frawadrhteis.
'3 Jah qap du im: ni witup pii pajukiin, jah hr&iwa allas pas
gajukiins kunneip ?
r 4 Sa saijands wa6rd saijip.
15 APbn pbi wipra wig sind, parei saiada pata wadrd, jah pan
gahgusjand unkarjans, suns qimiP Satanas jah usnimip waGrd
bata insaianii in hafrtam izc.
IG Jah sind samaleikii pQi ana stfiinahamma saianans, Piiei pan
h6usjand pata walird, suns mip fahcdli nimand ita,
17 jah ni haband wadrtins in sis, ak hreilshrafrbli sind ; paprah,
biPE qimip aglG aIPPlu wrakja in Pis wadrdis, suns gamarz-
janda.
1 8 Jah pBi sind P6i in padrnuns saianans, pli waGrd hius-
jandans,
£ 9 jah safirg.6~Pizds libainlis jah afmarzeins gabeins jab Pii bi
pata anpar lustjus inn atgaggandans afhrapjand @ta wairrd
jah akranalius wairpip.
20 Jah psi sind p6i ana airp6i pizBi gadan saianans pliei hius-
jand F t a walird jah andnimand, jah akran bafrand, lrin -1.
jah &in.j. jah Bin .r.
2I Jah qap du im : ib6i lukarn qimip d u p ei uf mElan satjlidiu
afPplu undar ligr 1 niu ei ana lukarnastapan satjPid8ul
za Nih allis ist hra fulginis patei ni gabairhtjiidlu: nih warp
analBugn, ak ei swikunp wafrpbi.
23 JabBi hras habfii lusiina hlusjandana, gahiusjbi.
34 Jah qap du im : safhrip hra hiuseip! I n pizbiei mitap mitip,
mitada izwis jah biBukada izwis Piim galiubjandam.
25 Untc pishrammeh saei habaip gibada imma; jah saei ni
hkbtiip jah F t e i habbip afnimada imma.
ch. iv. xa-a5] EGayyEAwv ~ a r dM C ~ ~ K O V 229

r 2 ba P h k o v r ~ JQhl~wuiv
~ ~ a 2p$l S8wuivY KUI &KO~OYT~S
& K o d ~ a i v~d p$ ovveGuiv, &YOTP d ~ r u r p l \ l / ~ u c ~v a i
&+$g a6ro'is r h bpapw$para.
ra Kal hkytr ahors. O ~ Kol6nrc 4 v aapapoh$v radrlv, ~ a i
nhcras rhs ~ a p a p o h h sy ~ ~ d u e u 9 r ;
14 ' 0 aneipov rdv ad yo^ U ' I T F ~ ~ E L .
15 O h o r 62 cloiv oi nap& T$V &bv dnou anclprrai 6 Adyos,
Kai &av drtoGuwurv, c69ios 2pxrrar d uarav&s rtal aiprr
rbV hdyou rbv Zurrappdvov Iv rals ~ap6iarsa ~ h % v .
15 Kal o h o l ciurv 6poios ol ici r& serpd6q oseipdprvoi,
ol 8rav &~odawcrrv hdytrrt, ~ 6 9 i o sp r h xa@s ha/@&-
V O U U ~ Vairdv,
I 7 ~ a Oi ~ K~ X ~ v u :i{av
iv &J iawois, MA& z p d r ~ a i ~ clrrv. oi
cTra yevopdvvs BAI+Fws q GrcrtypoG 61h TAU hdyov c69iws
u~av8aAi~ovrar.
18 Kal o%oi clacv ol cls rhr Ir~dv@asmcipdpcvoi, ol rhv
hdyov daodovrcs,
19 ~ a al i pipiPvar rev^ aiGvof roGrov rai t j dahrq roc
nhodrov rtal al ncpl r h horn& 4nr9vpia~ elonop~vdpcvac
uupnvlyovurv rbv Adyov, nai d ~ a p s o syivcrar.
20 Kal oi7rol t k i v oi h i r$v yijv r$v raA;/a u ~ a p l v r c s ,

ofrrves d~odovarvrdv hdyov ~ a ' raapa8CXovra~,~ a Kapno- i

@opo&~wi v r p i d ~ o v r a~ a 6v i ; f $ ~ o v r a~ a iiv 2~ardv.
2 1 Kal i h q c v ahols. pjrc d h4xvos i p x ~ r a c'iva itad TAU
pd6wv rc$j 4 bab r;lv rthlqz~; o h tva dnl r;,v hvxl~lav
see$;
22 0 6 ydp 4mlv re ~pvnrbv8 Ihv p$ @av~po8ij-0482 c'yt'z-cro
d z d ~ p + o v ,Mh' b a rls $avcp&v FAOy.
23 ES zrs $FC b r a dr~odctv,irtouirw.
e 4 Kal ihcycv a6ro'is* /3Ad.rrerc T I ducov'crc. Iv $ pirpy
pmpeirc, perpq$jurrar Gpiv, ~ a 7rpourcBrjacrai
l 3p7v rois
d~odovow.
1 5 ' 0 s yhp hv ix,, 800$ucrar a h @ rtat 8s O ~ KdXcr, rd
8 &cry dp&jucrai d ~ aho7. '
qo Aiwaggeljii paid Marku [ch, iv. 26-40

26 Jah qap: swa ist Piudangnrdi gu'ps, swaswe jabfti manna

wafrpip frdiwa ana afrpa.
2 7 Jah sltpik jah urreisij, naht jah daga, jah pata frdiw keinip
jah fiudip swE ni wdit is.
29 S i l E i u k afrpa akran bafrip: frumist gras, PaPr6h ahs,
paprBh fulleip kadrnis in pamma ahsa.
29 Panuh bipE atgibada akran, suns insandeip gilpa, untt atist
asans.
30 Jah qap : hrt galeik6m Piudangardja gups, aQpiu in hrileikii
gajukbn gabafram ?
3 I SwZ kafirnb sinapis, h t e i pan saiada ana afrpa, minnist
alMiz5 frftiwE ist pize ena afrkii ;
3 2 jah @n saiada, urninnip jah wafrpip alldizt grasE miist, jah
gatiujiP astans mikilans, swasw5 magun uf skadiu is fugl6s
himinis gabauan.
33 Jah swaleik6im managdim gajukbm r6dida du im pata wadrd,
swaswe mahtcdun h6usjBn.
34 IP inuh gajuk6n ni r6dida im, iP sundr6 sipijnjam seindim
andband allata
35 Jah qap du im in jdinamma daga at andanahtja pan wadr-
panamma; usleipam jdinis stadis.
36 Jah afletandans P6 managein andncmun ina sw5 was in
skipa ; jah pan anpara skipa wesun mij, imma.
37 Jah warp skiira windis mikila jah weg6s waltidedun in skip,
swaswe ita jupan gafulln6da.
38 Jiih was is ana n6tin ana waggarja slPpands, jah urriisi-
dEdun ina jah qepun du imma: Iftisari, niu kara puk 'pizei
fraqistnam ?
39 Jah urreisands gasdk winda jah qap du marein: gaslawdi,
afdumbn I Jah anasiliida sa winds jah warp wis mikil.
40 Jah qap du im : duhrz faGrht6i sijup swa? hriiwa oi naGh
habftip galftubein ?
~6 KaI gAcycv. oerws ? m l v 6 BacriAcia roc dcoii, As &v.
G v ~ ~ ~ T@ATI ~ o sT&V ( Z H ~ ~ O17: V T ~ ySi s ,
27 Kai ~a0ev'Bg ~ a iyt.ipqraii v i ~ r a~ a iplpav,
i ~ a di undpos
@ ~ a c r r a ' ~v ~a piq ~ i v q r a i ,h s o 6 ~oi8t.v a6rds.
28 ~ 6 ~ o p dyhp +~
~ q ~apao+opci; zpGrov ~ d p r o v ,cSra
,TT&XW, cira 7rA7jptl ail-ov Zv TG crrdXvi'.
zgb0rav Bh Trapa8G 6 ~ n ~ n d cir6lws s, ciaooriAAci rh 6pi-
navov, 8rr a a p i o r q ~ c vJ Brpiapds.
30 Kai iAryrv. ~ i v i6poiduwpcv &)v f3aurAriav roc BcoG,
4 Iv ~ o l gaapa@oAij aapa/3~Awpcua6rrjv;
31 'as K ~ K K O V aivdxcws, as Zrav uTrap9 I x i rijs yijs, p r ~ p d -
T€pOS T ~ ~ V T W VTGV u ~ T € ~ / J . ~ T J~UvT ~ V TGV 2 ~ T1 ~ fir,
S
3 2 ~ a i8rav crxap9, hvapaivcr ~ a iylvcrai ~ d v r w v ~ d v
~ a ~ d v opcicwv,v rtal xoic; ~Ad8ovs I*c'JdAovs, $ U T E 66-
vaoeai irxh r i v U K L ~ V a 6 ~ 0 5 ~h pcrcrvh roc 06pavoG
~aracr~qvoGv.
33 Kai ~oradrais mpa@oXaLs aohAa?s IAdAcc atrois rhv
hdyov, ~ a 6 & s&6vavro h ~ o v ' c ~ v .
34 Xwpis 6; aapaf3oAijs O ~ K<AdArt aCrois, K ~ T 'Biav 88 rois
pa0qrais a6roC inihvcv ndvra.
35 Kai Adycr a h o G Iv I ~ c i v prfj $pip$ dqias ycvopdvqs.
B~lAOwycvrls ~h ?;ifav.
36 Kal h$bivrcs ~ h v6xAov aapaAop~dvovcrivabrhv As J v Iv
T+ nAoiy, rtal hAXa 62 ~ A o d p t a,jv pcr' a&~oii.
3 7 Kal yivcrar Au'iha\Cr hvipov pey&Atl ~ a Tl ; I ~ i p a r a2 x i -
@aAAcv cls rh ~AoYov,&rrc a6rA $fill ycyi(t,r0ai.
38Kai Gv a&r& rij ?r,16pvp 6x1 T & ~;poa~e$dhaiov
~a6ci8wv. ~ a i8i~yripouuiv a6rdv K Q ~ A i Y o ~ u ~ a&r@ v
6i6&a~aAc,06 piher croi &i hxoAA6pc8a;
39 Kai 6 u y c p 8 ~ i si n r ~ l p q a c v14 hvc!py rai cincv ~ f @ahdo- j
ug. cridxa, aq%pouo. K U ~B~d?raarvd Burpas, rra) ? y d v c ~ o
yaA4uq p ~ . c ~ d A ~ .
4 0 Kai cincv a6roEs. s i 8ciAoi IOTF ~ G r w s ; TGS 0 t h J X r ~ r
niurrv;
 3
2 2 Aiwaggd&ii pa frh Marku [ch. iv. 41-v. 13

4 1 Jah Cihtedun sis agis mikil, jah qPpun du sis miss5 : hras
pannu sa sijdi, unti jah winds jah marei ufh6usjand imma ?

CHAPTER V
r Jah qemun hindar marein in landa GaddarZnE.
2 Jah usgaggandin imma us skipa suns gam6tida imma manna
us a6rahjbm in ahmin nnhrdinjamma,
3 saei baudin habaida in a6rahjdm: jah ni ndudibandjbm
eisarneinfiim manna mahta ina gabindan.
4 UntE is ulla eisarnam bi fbtuns gabugandim jah ndudiband-
jdm eisarneiniim gabundans was, jah galdusida af sis Pbs
niudibandjbs, jah J% ana fotum eisarna gabrak, jah manna
ni mahta ina gatamjan.
5 Jah sinteinb nahtam jah dagam in atrahj6m jah in fafrgun-
jam was hr6pjands jah bliggwands sik stBinam.
6 Gasahrands pan IEsu fafrraprb rann jah inw&t ins, ,

7 jah hrbpjands stibnii mikilai qap: hra mis jah pus, ISsu,
sundu p p s pis hhhistins? biswara puk bi gupa, ni balw-
jiis mis I
8 Unt8 qap imma: usgagg, ahma unhrdinja, us pamma
mann l
9 Jah frah ina: hra nam6 pein? Jah qap du imma : namb
mein LafgalBn, unti? managpi sijum.
ro Jah bap ina filu ei ni usdrebi im us landa.
r r Wasuh pan jainar hafrda sweinE haldana at pamma fafr-
gunja.
r a Jah E d u n ina all& p s unhulp5ns q i w d e i n s : insandei
unsis in pb sweina, ei in p6 galeipgima.
I 3 Jah uslhubida im Iesus suns. Jah usgaggandans ahmans pfii
unhrdinjans galipun in Pb sweina, jah rann 96 hafrda and
driusbn in marein ; wssunup-pan sw8 twbs Piisundjbs, jah
afhrapn6dedun in marein.
4 r Kal i+o/3$6qaav @dpov p<yavJ ~ a 2ZAryov rpds MAi$ovs-
riS Bps o k d s Jnrrv, iirr rtai d &vrpos gal 4 O&anua
inrartoiovow a h { ;
CHAPTER V
I Kal +Bov cis 7.6 ~c'pav rijs BaAiuuqs cls r;lv ~ d p a v
r&v ra8ap1?uGz~
a Kal J(cAedvrt a h + ?K ro6 ~rhoiov ~ 6 O i a s d m j v q n r v
a h + J K rGv pvqptl(ov hv0poaos ?V 7~vcipart&rta6dpr?,
3 as T ~ V~ a r o i ~ q a icixcv
v Gv rois pv7jpau~v, KO? OGTE bhd-
ncarv oi8cls 28ivaro air& Gijnar,
4 8th rd aCrdv ' I F O A A ~ K ?rj&acs
L S ~ a Miucurv
i drdc'u6at rtal
8tcuaiuOat 3n' TOG rhs Miacrs rtai rhs d 8 a s ouvrc-
rpk+ear, rtal oi8cis iuxvcv a h d v 8apduar.
5 Kal 8 r a ~ a w d sv u ~ r d s~ a jpipas
i 2v TOTS p v ~ p a o wrtai zv
6pcurv qv rtpdcwv rtai ~ a r a ~ d m oiavr6v v Aieois.
6'IGhv 82 rdv 'ItluoOv pa~pdecv i8papcv ~ a ~i p o a r ~ 6 v q n e v
atrdv,
7 rtai K ~ ~ & s$ J o v f ipcydAg €?P€v' rl zp01 Kill U O 'Iqff06 ~

via 706 BCOG TOG &jrturov; dprtlS; ur rhv Ocdv, pr

panavings.
8'EAtyrv yhp a&+. i&het, rb .rrvri;pa r), B~LBaprov, ?K
ro6 & v ~ ~ ; x o v .
9 Kai hrqpdra airdv. rC &oPd cot; ~ a ihiyri a h + .
hrychv o'vopd pot, o*rt zohhoi l u p ~ v .
10 Kai ~ a p r ~ d h cat6 r b zohhh iva p$ & H O U T Ca6rohs ~A~
6 j s xdpas.
1 I ' H v 82 2 ~ 6 ;dyiAq x ~ i p pourtopCvrl
~v r p h s T+ 6prc.
1 2 ~ a l ~ a p r r t k c u a v a6rdv rdvrcs oi 8afpoves ~Cyovrrs.
nip+ov $$is cis roLs Xoipovs, fva rls aCro;s cluCAOwprv.
1 3 Kal inirpqbcv a h 0 5 cirOCos d 'IquoOs. rtai ?(rABdvra
r h r v d p a r a r h IrtdBapra claijheov rls TOGS xoipovs, ~ a i
ippqacv 4 dyiAtl ~ a r hTOG rpqpvoii cls 4 v 8llhaucrw,
jaav 8& Bs b r u ~ h ~ o~r ,a inviyovro
i i v rfi BaAfruug.
14 Jah Phi haldandans Pb sweina gapladhun, jah gatafhun in
balirg jah in hiimbm, jah qemun salhran hra wesi pata
walirpanb.
I5 Jah atiddjFdun du IPsua, jah gasahrand pana wadan sitandan
jah gawasidana jah frapjandan pana saei habitida lafgdbn,
jah BhtEdun.
16 Jah spillbdEdun im Piiei gasehrm, hraiwa warp bi pana
wbdan jah bi Pii sweina.
I7 Jah dugunnun bidjan ina galeipan hindar markas seinBs.
18 Jah inn gaggandan ina in skip bap ina, saei was wbds, ei
mip imma wesi.
x g Jah ni laflbt ina, ak qaf, du imma : gagg du garda beinamma
du PeinPim, jah gateih im, hran filu pus frAuja gatawida jah
gaarmPida puk.
20 Jah galPif, jah dugann merjan in Dafkapahlein, hran fiiu
gatawida imma I ~ S U Sjah
; all% sildaleikidedun.
2I Jah usleipandin Iesua in skipa aftra hindar marein, gaqEmun
sik manageins filu du imma, jah was fadra marein.
2a Jah ssi, qimip Qins pizF synag6gafadE namin Jaeirus; jah
saihrands ina gadrhus du fiitum Iesuis,
23 jah bap ina filu, qipands patei da6htar meina aftumist habLip,
ei qimands lagjais ana p6 handuns, ei ganishi jah libhi.
2 4 Jah gal6ip mij, imma, jah iddjedun afar imma manageins
filu jah prafhun ina.
2 ;Jah qinbnd suma wisandei in runa bl6pis jPra twalif,
26 jah manag gapulandei fram managPim lekjam jah fraqim-
andei allamma seinamma jah ni wafhtii biitida, ak miis
wairs habiida,
27 gahLusjandei bi ICsu, atgaggandei in managein aftana attaftbk
wastjii is.
28 Unte qap patei jab51 wastj6m is atteka, ganisa.
I.+ Kai of t9durtovrcr TO$S ~ ~ ( p o C+vyov
vs rtal bn$yyciAav els
ndhtv xai cls robs bypo4o. rtal jj~Oov 16cb r l ZUTIV
,+;/II

&1v4.' ~ a ?repi
i rGv xoipwv.
17 Kai $p(auro z a p a ~ a h e ba h d v bncXUcb Gab rGv 6piov
airrGv.
iS Kai 2p@6vros a h 0 5 E ~ Srd ~ A o i o v napcn&hcr air& 6
Gaipov~uBcisb a per' a4roG Tj.
r g Rai at?^ dc+ij~cv a;rdv, dhX& hiyci air$. Gnayc CES TAU
ohcdv uov npbs ro6s uo$s ~ a &vdyycihov i airrois 8ua a o ~6
K ~ ~ H ~ BOP SO ~ ~ K~~ aV t ij ~ i ' ~ u 4UC.
v
20 Kai &nfih0ev xal Ijp(aro ~-r?p&crucrv iv tij Acxandhc~8rra
Znoiqucv a4rG 6 'ItpoGs, rtal ndvres ZBa&pa(ov.
2 r Kal Gia?rcpduavros TOG 'I7po9 c?v ry^ ?rAoiy n&cv cis rc'i

~ i ~ a uvvljX6q
v, ~ X A O S noA6s l?r' airdv, ral ;jv ?rap&r i v
Ohauuav.
2 2 Kai /Go3 ipxcrai err r&v L p ~ ~ u v v a y i y odvdparr v, 'I&c~pos,
~ a l6Au
l a6rAv ninrci ?rpAs T O ~ S.trdSas a h 0 3
23 ~ a l?rapcrt&Aci a6rc'iv ?roXA&,A E ~ W V 6ri rA Ovy&rpidv pov
iux&rws ZXc~,&a iAOAv ZntOijs a6rfi rhs xci:pas, 6 a awe$
~ a {$ug.
i
2 4 Kai d7ifiAdrv per' airoG, rtai rj~oAov'Bcia&-$ 6xAos nohl;s,

nai av~~i8ht/3ov a&-:-rc;u.

25 Kal y u d ~ris ocua i v bdcrci arparos i r q & & c K ~ ,
26 rtal T O M & ?raOoGaa Snd nohAGv larpGu rtai danavrjuaaa
rh ?rapy atrijs ndvra ~ a pvbhv l &+cAvBe8a &Ah p&Mov
F E S rd xcOpov ?hBoGoa,
2 7 (i~oduaua~ e p lr o i 'IvaoG, 2XOoGaa l v 74 5xAy Oirt~Ocv
$$are TOO ipariov aGroG.
2 8 ZA~ycvy8p 871 K&V TGV ipariwv airoi itll/wpai, U W O $ U O ~ ~ L .
29 Jah suns4iw ga~a6rsnBdasa brunna bidpis izas, jah ufkunpa
m a leika patei gahdilnada af pamma slaha.
30 Jah sunsliw Iesus ufkunpa in sis silbin us sis maht
usgaggandein ; gawandjands sik in managein qap : hras mis
taftbk wastjbm ?
31 Jah qepun du irnma sipiinjBs is: sail& managein
Preihandein puk, jah qikis : hras mis taftbk?
3"ah wlditbda salhran p6 pata tdujandein.
33 IP sb qin6 Bgandei jah reirandei, witandei patei warp bi ija.
qam jah drdus du imma, jah qap imma alla PB sunja,
34 IP is qap du izbi : dairhtar, galiubeins peina ganasida puk,
gagg in gawalrpi, jah sijdis haila af pamma slaha peinamma.
35 Nafihpanuh imma rBdjandin qGmun fram pamma synag6-
gafada, qipandans jntei dalihtar peina gaswalt : hra panamdis
draibeis pana ldisari ?
36 IP IPsus sunsdiw gahbusjands fYdta walird rBdiP, qap du
pamma synagijgafada: ni fahrhtei; kat6inei galiubei. ,
37 Jah ni fralailbt fiinrjhun izO mip sis afargaggan, nibdi
Paftru jah Iakbbu jah fbhannen b r 6 k r Iakijbis.
38 Jah galdip in gard Pis synagbgafadis, jah gasahr afthjijdu
jah gretandans jah wiifairhrjandans filu.
39 Jah inn atgaggands qap du im : hra alihj6p jah gretiP ? pata
barn ni gadiupnijda, ak slGpiP.
40 Jah bihlijhun ina. IP is uswairpands all9irn ganimip attan
pis barnis jah BiPein jah pans mip sis, jah galhip inn parei
was pata barn ligandb.
4 1 Jah falrgriip bi handdu pata barn qapuh du iz5i: taIeipa
kumei, patei ist gaskeirip : mawil6, du pus qipa : urreis.
4 2 Jah suns urr6is s6 mawi jah iddja; was i u k j e a twalibE;
jah usgeisnrjdedun falirhtein mikil6i.
4 3 Jah anabLuP im filu ei manna ni funpi pata; jah halhlit
iz6i giban matjan.
29 Kal c;%iws 2(qPhvOq $ ~ $ TOG
1 atparoo ahijs, xal iyvw
r4j g$pari &I tarar an6 rijs ~ I ~ U T L ~ O S .
30 Kai E;&!WS 6 ' I ~ u o ~ s ~ L Y V O & S JV ?am$ r j u 1( a h 0 6
i$vapw Z[cA%ot'aav, 2aimpa+cis ZP T$ 5xAy iAryev. ris
pov $y!raro TGV ipariwv;
3 1 Ka1 ZAcyov oi pa%qra> aho6. /3Aincrs rbv 6XAov
~ y 8 h l p o v r &ac ~ a hiyers.
i ris pov fqaro;
31 Kal n ~ ~ i c p h d n c r28eiv
o d v TOGTO xoc~aauav.
33 'H 82 yvvj +opq%efua xal rpipovaa, elbvih 6 yCyovev in'
a&,:, tfhecu xal npocriaeucv a h + xal rirrtv a h $ niiuav
T$V &i$kiw.
3 4 ' 0 62 cinev a&$* Ov'yarcp, $ 7rfurrs oov a i u o x i v or.
i;?raye cls cipjv?v nai ia8i +L$S d x h 6 s pdur~ydsUOU.
3 j f E r r a h 0 6 AaAo6vros ~pXovrardnb roij d p x ~ a v v a y i y o v
r c s4 8vydrqp aov dniBavev, r l ZTL accdhi~rsrhv
~ ~ ~ o v o"rr
8r8draxaAov;
36 '0 62 'Iqao6s C ; % ~ W S &xo~;aasrbv hdyov AaA06~cvouAdyci
r+ &pXtwvaydyy. pi +0po6, prdvov ~ i u r c v e .
37 Kai o h d+ijxev oirsiva a h 4 uwamhov%ijaar rl p: ndrpov
rial 'Ihxwpov xai ' I w d v q v rdv (ibeh4bv 'Iaxdpov.
38 Kai ipxcrai cls rbv oixov ro3 dp~iovvaydyov,~ a eeope'i i
Bcfpvpov ~ a dalovras
i xai MaAd(ovras n o M i .
39 Kal cioeAO&v Akycc shots. 71 Bopv~eioOcra'r xhaie~c; rb
nar8fov oirx bn48avev &Ah ~aOci8ci.
4 0 Kal xar~yiAwvaho6. d 68 2xPaA;v ndvras ~ r a ~ a ~ a ~ ~

TAU narioa roij narsiov ~ a r;/v i pqripa xai ro&s per' airroc,
xal cioaoprderar Snou 4v rd rarsiov Avaxcipcvov.
4 1 Kal xoanjuas rjjs xc~pds TOG 7rat8iov Aiyri a&$. rdieh
xodu~i,o" Jsrrv yc8rppqvevdptvov* rd xopdtriov, uo1 h i y o ,
Ivcroc.
4 2 Kal c;Oiws d v i m q 76 xophuiov rral rrptmcircr. 4v yhp
~ T & bisexa.
V xai ~ & o q u a v8~srdruerpcy&g.
43 Kal 6icurcAaro atroLs noAAh lva pqbcts yv+ roGo, xai
tiacv 8oOijvai air* +aycTv.
 CHAPTER VI

I Jah usst6fi jhinpr6 jah qam in landa seinamma, jah ldistidcdun

afar imma sipbnjiis is.
2 Jah bip5 warp sabbat6, dugann in synag6gE Iiisjan, jab
managfti hftusjandans sildaieikidEdun qipandans : hrapr6
pamma pata, jah lvti 56 handugeinti s6 giban6 imma, ei
mahteis swaleik6s Pafrh handuns is wairpand I
3 Niu pata ist sa timrja, sa sunus Marjins, ip brbpar Iak6ba
jah IiisC jah Iudins jah Seimiinis? jah niu sind swistrjus
is hCr at unsis? Jah gamarziddi walirfiun in pamma.
4 Qap pan im fCsus pate; nist praitfetus unsvvErs, niba in
gabadrpfti seinfti jah in ganipjam jah in garda seinamma.
5 Jah ni mahta jiiinar iiin611un maht5 gatgujan, niba fawhim
siukiim handuns galagjands gahbilida.
6 Jah sifdaleikida in ungairiubeindis izE, jah bitbuh weihsa
bisunjanE ISisjands.
7 Jah athaihhit pans twalif jah dugann ins insandjan twans
hranzuh, jah gaf im waldufni ahmans unhrBinjliz5.
8 Jah fa6rbiuP im ei wafht ni n5meina in wig, niba hrugga
Bina, nih matibalg nih hljif nih in gaird6s Aiz,
9 ak ga-kdhii suIjiim: jah ni tvasjiib tw6im p6idiim.
I o Jah qap du im : Pishraduh pei gaggBiP in gard, par saljSip,

unte usgagggip jftinpr6.

r I Jah swa managrii swe ni andnimftina izwis ni hftusjaina izwis,
usgaggandans jSinp16 ushrisjBiP mulda P6 undar6 f6tum
iz\var6im du weit\tGdik,ii im. Amen, qipa izwis : sutiz6 ist
Salida6mjam aQbiu Gairmalirjam in daga stau6s pftu Pizdi
baurg jftiniii.
I a Jah usgaggandans mPridEdun ei idreig6dCdeina.
I 3 Jah unhulpijns manag6s usdribun, jah gasalb6dEdun alswa
managans siukans, jah gah6ilidedun.
r 4 Jah gahftusida piudans Elerbdes, ssikunp allis warp nam6
ch. yi. 1 ~ - l 7 ] AiwaggGgb Faid Marku 239
is, jah qap patei I6hannis sa daupjands us dbrupaim urrdis,
duppe wahrkjand )6s mahteis in imma.
'5 Anparhi pan qtit)un patei Helias ist; anpardi pan qEpun
palei prariEtes ist swE gins PizE pra6fEtB
16 Gahlusjands pan HFrbdes qaf, patei parnmei ik hiubif,
afmaim6it IBhannC, sa ist : sah urrdis us dBupBim.
Sa 6uk raihtis H m d e s insandjands gahabiida 16hanntn
jah gaband ina in karkar6i in HalrBdiadins qEn8is Filippius
br6prs seinis, unts P6 galiuggida.
18 Qa) luk I6hannFs du HerBda patei ni skuld ist pus haban
qen br6prs peinis.
rg It) s6 HEr6dia niiw imma jah wilda irnrna usqiman, jah
ni rnahta:
20 untE HGrCidis ijhta sis IijhannEn, kunnands ina wair garaiht-
ana jah weihana, jah witBida imma, jah hiusjands imma
rnanag gatawida, jah gaba6rjaba irnma andhlusida.
21 Jah warirpans daps gatils, pan HErBdis mela gabairpriis
seinbiz6s nahtamat wa6rhta Pfiim miistam seiniize jah
piisundifadim jah PAim frumistam Galeilaias,
22 jah atgaggandein inn dalihtr HGrBdiadins jali plinsjandein
jah galeikandein Her6da jah Pftim mik anakumbjandam,
qat) Piudans du Pizli miujii: bidei mik Pishrizuh pei
wileis, jah giba pus.
23 Jah sw6r izii patei pishrah pei bidjiis mik, giba pus und
halba piudangardja meina.
2.t It) si usgaggandei qap du lipein seinai : hris bidj6u ? IJJ
si qap : hsubidis I6hannis his d8upjandins.
25 Jah atgaggandei sunsiiiw sniumund6 du p m m a piudana bap
qipandei : wiljlu ei mis gib8s ana mesa hlubi) IBhannis
pis dlupjandins.
26 Jah glurs wadrpans sa Piudans in pi26 8 i p jah in PizE mip
anakumbjandane ni wilda iz6i ufbrikan.
27 Jah suns insandjands sa Piudans spafkulltur, anabdup
briggan h6ubiP is. IP is galeipands afmalmlit imma hiubip
in karkarii,
240 Afwagg~Qdpaid Marku [a.
vi. 18-vii. 7

28 jah atbax pata hhubip is ana mEsa, jah atgaf ita Pizdi nhujli,
jah s6 mawi atgaf ita dipein seindi.
zg Jah gahdusjandans sip6nj6s is qFmun jah usnZmun leik is
jah galagidedun ita in hlfiiwa.
30 Jah gayddjedun apalista6leis du Iesua jah gatafhun imma
allata jab swa filu swE gatamidedun - -
53 -- jah duatsniwun
5 4 Jah usgaggaridam im us skipa, sunshiw ufkunnandans ina,
55 birinnandans all pats gawi dugunnun ana badjam pans ubil
habandans bafran, Padei hdusidEdun ei is wbi.
56 Jah Pishraduh Padei iddja in hdim6s afPpfiu bafirgs aQpin
in weihsa, ana gagga IagidEdun siukans jah bedun ina ei pbu
skduta wastj6s is attaft6keina; jah swa managai sw% attaf-
t6kun imma, gancsun.

CHAPTER VII
r Jah gaqemun sik du imma Fareisaieis jah sumhi Pizt WhrjE,
qimandans us Iafrusalilymim.
2 Jah gasafhrandans sumans Piz5 sip6njE is gamdinjaiim han-
durn, pat-ist unpwahan6im, matjandans hl6ibans ;
3 ip Fareisaieis jah alfii Iudaieis, niba ufta Pwahand handuns,
ni matjand, habandans anafilh PizP sinistane,
q jah af mapla niba diiupjand ni matjand, jah anpar ist manag
patei andnemun du haban : dkupeinins stikle jah abrkje jah
katiIE jah Iigri? ;
5 papr6h pan frehun ina Pffi Fareisaieis jah Pdi b6karj6s:
d u b s P4i sip6njBs peinii ni gaggand bi parnmei anafulhun
Pii sinistans, ak un~wahankimhandum matjand hlAif?
6 I), is andhafjands qap du im patei wafla praliEtida Esa~as
bi izwis pans liutans, sw5 gamelip ist : s6 managei wafrilam
mik swerhip, 9 hafrtb izE fafrra habdip sik mis.
7 1)~ swart mik bldtand, ldisjandans IAiseinins, anabusnins
manne ;
ch. vii. 8-23] Afwaggdgd pal& Marku 241

8 afl~tandansnfhtis anabusn gups habdip patei anafulhun man-

naris, ddupeinins a6rkj5 jah stikle, jah a n b r galeik swalei-
kata manag tbujip.
Jah qab du im : wafla inwidip anabusn gups, ei pata anafulh-
an6 izwar fastdip.
10 M6sEs duk ralhtis qap: swErBi attan peinana jah dipein
peina; jah saei ubil qipii attin seinamma afppbu bipein seindi,
d i u p u afdhpjiiddu,
1 1 Ip jus qipip: jabdi qipdi manna attin seinamma afppiu
iipein: kairrba, patei ist mbipms, pishrah patei us mis
gabatnis,
12 jah ni fraletip ina ni wafht tdujan attin seinamma afPpiu
Bipein seinbi,
1 3 blbupjandans waGrd gups Pizfii anabusndi izwarii, p e i
anafulhup ; jah galeik swaleikata manag tbujip.
1 4 Jah athiitands alla pti managein qap im : hbuseip mis alldi
jah frapjiip.
15 Ni wafhts ist atapr6 mans inn gaggandij in ina patei magi
ina gambinjan ; ak pata iit gaggandb us mann pata ist pata
gamiinjandb mannan.
I 0 Jabii b a s habii iusbna hdusjand6na, gahgusjii.
I ; Jah pan gal6ip in gard us P i d i managein, frEhun ina sip6n-
jbs is bi Pt5 gajuk6n.
18 Jah qap du i m : swa jah jus unwitans sijup? Ni frapjip
pammei all pata iitaprd inn gaggandb in rnannan ni mag ina
gam6injan :
1 9 unte ni galeipip imma in hafrtd, ak in wamba, jah in urrunsa
usgaggip, gahriixleip allans matins.
2 0 Qapup-pan patei pata us mann usgaggandij pata gam&ineip
mannan.
2 1 Innapr6 Auk us halrtin manni? mittineis ubiltis usgaggand :

kalkinassjus, hdrinassjus, mahrpra,

2 2 Piubja, faihufrikeins, unseleins, liutei, aglbitei, Bug6 unsel,
wajamcreins, hbuhhafrtei, unwiti.
23 P6 alla ubil6na innaPr6 usgaggand jah gagamdinjand mannan.
1187 R
242 Arwaggzgo pafrh Markg [ch.vii. 24-37

24 Jah jiinprb usstandands gal6ip in markbs Tyre jah SeidGniS,

jah galeibnds in gard ni wilda witan mannan jah ni mahta
gaiiugnjan.
2 j Gahausjandei rafhtis qinii bi ina, biziizei habiida daGhtar
ahman unhrfiinjana, qimandei drlius du fotum is.
26 Wasup-pan sii qinb hbipnd, Saiirini fynikiska gababrgi, jah
bap ina ei pa unhulpbn uswaitrpi us daithtr izBs.
2 7 Ip Icsus qap du izfii; Bt fadrpis sada wafrpan m a , unte
ni g6P ist niman hlfiib barns jah wafrpan hundam.
28 IP si andh6f imma jah qap du imma : jii friuja ; jah Quk
hundiis undarii biuda matjand af draithsn6m barn&
29 Jah qap du izlii: in pis waitrdis gagg, usiddja unhulp6 us
tlaithtr peinfii.
30 Jah galeipandei du garda seinamma bigat unhulp6n usgagg-
ana jah )~iidaithtar ligandein ana ligra.
3 1 Jah aftra galeipands af markiim Tyrs jah SeidBnE qam at
, marein GaleilaiB mip tweihn&im markiim DafkapaGlaiGs.
32 Jah &run du imma bhudana stammana, jah bgdun ina ei
lagidtdi imma hand&.
33 Jah afnimands ina af managein sundr6, lagida figgrans
seinans in 6us6na imma jah sptwands attaftbk tuggbn is,
34 jah ussafhrands du himina gaswbgida, jah qa), du imma:
afffapa, patei ist uslukn.
35 Jah suns6iw uslukn6dedun imma hliurnans jah andbundnbda
bandi tuggiins is jah r6dida rafhtaba.
36 Jah anabiup im ei mann ni qepeina. hran filu is im anabiuk,
mSis pamma eis mtridsdun,
37 jah ufarassiu sildaleikidedun qipandans: wafla allata gata-
wida, jah bhudans gatSujiP gahbusjan jah unrbdjandans
rbdjan.
ch. viii. 1-1 41 A twaggegd patrll, Jlarku 243

CHAPTER VIII
I In jdindim pan dagam afira at filu manag% managein wisan-
dein jah ni habandam haa matidsdeina, athfiitands sipijnjans
qapuh du im :
2 infeinijda du Pizii managein, unti; ju dagans prins mip mis
wesun, jah ni haband hra matjlina ;
jah jab& fraleta ins Itiixsgif.rans du garda izE, ufligand ana
wiga ; sumii rafhtis iz6 fafrrnfarii qemun.
Jah andbiifiln imma sip6rijBs is : hraprij pans mag hras
gas6pjan hilibam ana QufiidSi?
5 Jah frah ins : hran managzns habiip hldibans ? IP cis qepun :
sibun.
5 Jah anabiup Pizli managein anakumbjan ana afrpii; jah
nimands pans sibun hl611,:ins jah awiliudijnds gabrak jah
atgaf sipbnjam seiniim, e i atldgidedeina f a ~ ;rjah atlagidBdun
fadr P6 managein.
7 Jah habiidtidun fiskans fawans, jah pans gapiupjands qap
ei atlagidedeina jah pans.
8 Gamatidedun pan jah sad& wadrpun; jah usnemun Ibibijs
gabruk6 sibun spyreidans.
1) Wesunup-pan P&i matjandans swF Gdwbr piisunctj6s; jah
fralafldt ins.
1 3 Jab galjip sunsgiw in skip mip sipijnjam seinlim, jah qam
ana Era hIagdalan.
I r Jab urrunnun Fareisaieis jah dugunnun mip sijkjan imma

sijkjandans du imma tlikn us himina, frlisandans ina.

t a ]ah ufswbgjands ahmin seinamma qap : h a pita kuni tiikn

s6keip? Amen, qipa izwis: jab& gibPidQu kunja pamma

titknc.
13 ]ah afletands ins, galeipands aftra in skip usl6iP hindar

marein.
1 4 Jah ufarmunnijdGdun niman hliibans jah niba iinana hiiif

ni hab6idedun mip sis in s k i p .

R 2
 244 Afwagggg~p a i ~ hMarku [a.
viii. 15-r9

15 Jah anabdup im qibands: safhrip ei atsafhrip izwia Pis

beistis FareisaiE jah beistis Htrddis.
16 Jah PahtEdun mip sis miss6 qipandans: untZ hlQibans ni
habam.
r 7 Jah frapjands IEsus qap du im : hra paggkeip untE hldibans
ni habbip? ni narih frapjip nih witup, untE ddubata habOip
halrtd izwar.
18 Augiina habandans ni gasaihrip, jah (iusdna habandans ni
gahhseip, jah ni gamunup.
rg Pan pans fimf hlQibans gabrak fimf piisundjtjrn, b a n ma-
nag& tdinjdns fullds gabruk6 usn2mup ? Qepun du imma :
rwalif.
20 Appan pan pans sibun hlAibans fidw6r Pilsundjdrn, hran
managans spyreidans fullans gabrukb usnEmup ? Ip eis
qepun : sibun.
2 r Jah qap du im : hrliwa ni naGh frapjip?
; 2 2 Jah qtmun in Bepaniin, jah berun du imma blindan jah
bedun ina ei imma attait6ki.
2 3 Jah fairgreipands handu Pis blindins u s t h h ina Btana weihsis
jah speiwands in QugBna is, atIagjands ana handuns sein6s
frah ina ga-u-ha-sEhii ?
1 4 Jah ussafhrands qap: gasafhra mans, patei swG bagmans
gasafhra gaggandans.
25 Paprdh aftra galagida handuns ana Pb Qugbna is jah gata-
wida ina ussafhran ; jah aftra gasatips war], jah gasahi
bafrhtaba allans.
26 Jah insandida ina du garda is qipands: ni in pata weihs
gagglis, ni mannhun qip6.i~ in pamma wehsa.
2 7 fah usiddja B s u s jah sip6nj6s is in wehsa Ibisarias piz6s
Filipplus : jah ana wiga frah sipdnjans seinans qipands du
im : k a n a mik qipand mans wisan ?
18 Ip eis andh6fun : IdhannEn pana diupjand, jah anparii
HElian : sumBih pan Binana pra6Ett.
29 Jah is qap du .im : appan jus, k a n a mik qiPiP wisan?
rindhafjands pan Paftrus qap du imma : pu is Xristus.
30 Jah fa6rbSup im ei marlnhun ni qEpeina bi ina.
31 Jah dugann idisjan ins patei skal sunus mans filu winnan
jab uskiusan skuids ist l t am P&im sinistam $11 )aim a611u-
mistam gudjam jah bakarjam, jah usqiman jah afar prins
dagans usstandan.
32 Jah swikunpaba pata vvafird rijdida; jah aftirahands ina
Paftrus dugann strdbeitan ina ;
33 if, is gawandjands sik jah gasalhrands pans sip6njnns seinans
andbiit Paitru qipands : gagg hindar mik, Satana, u n d ni
frapjis P&im gups, ak P6im mannt.
34 Jah athiitands p6 managein mip sipanjam seiniim qap du
im : saei wili afar mis Ilistjan, inwidii sik sitban, jah nimii
galgan seinana jah lPistjPi mik.
35 Saei allis wili sbiwala seina ganasjan, fraqisttaip izii : ip saei
fraqisteip siiwalfii seinii in meina jah in pizds afwagg61j6ns,
ganasjip p6.
36 hra Quk Kteip mannan, jabii gageigiip pana fatriuu allana
jah gasleipeip sik siiwalii seinii f
37 AQPdu hra gibip manna inmiidein siiwalds seiniizijs 7
38 Unte saei skamiip sik meina jah wahd8 rneinClizS in ga-
bafirpii PizPi h6rinGndein jah frawalirhtan, jah sunus mans
skamiip sik is, pan qimip in wulpiu attills seinis mtf7
aggilum pBim weiham.

CHAPTER I X
I Jah qap du im: amen, qipa izwis patei sind sumsi PizE hEr
standandane, P&i ixE ni kiusjand dBupius, untZ gasafhrand
piudinassu gups qumanana in mahtiii.
2 Jah afar dagans safhs ganam IEsus Paftm jah Iakbbu jah
IGhannEn, jah ustBuh ins ana fafrguni hiuh sundr6 iinans :
jah inmiidida sik in andwairpja ize.
3 Jah wastjbs i s waGrPun glitmunjandeins, hreitbs swE snbiws,
swaleikbs swE wullareis ana afrpii ni mag gahreitjan.
 4 Jah atitugips warp im Helias mip RI6sE ; jah wesun r6d-
jandans mip IEsua.
5 fah andhafjands Paltms qap du Iesua : rabbei, g6p ist unsis
hEr wisan, jah gawaGrkjam hlijans prins, pus 6inana jah
M6s6 Qinanajah iinana HElijin.
6 Ni Auk wissa hra ri5didCdi ; wesun fiuk usagidii.
7 Jah warp milhma ufarskadwjands im, jah qam stibna us
pamma milhmin : sa ist sunus meins sa Iiuba, pamma
h6usjliP.
8 Jah anaks insahandans ni panaseips Bin6hun gasFhrun, alja
Iesu Binana mip sis.
9 Dalap pan atgaggandam im af pamma fafrgunja, anab6up
im ei mannhun ni spilI6di;deina patei gasehrun, niba bipe
sunus mans us d6up8im usst6pi.
r o Jah pata walird hab6idedun du sis miss6 s6kjandans: hra
ist pata us dluj,Qim usstandan ?
r I , )ah frehun ina qipandans : unt6 qipand p6i tSkarj6s patei
flelias skuli qiman falirpis?
I 2 I p is andhafjands qafi du im : HElias swEPBuh qimands
falirpis aftra gabiiteip alla; jah b8iwa gamelip ist bi sunu
mans, e i manag winnli jah frakunj,~wafrpgi.
1 3 Akei qipa izwis fiatei ju Ilelias qam jah gatawidedun imma
swa filu sw6 wildedun, swasue gamelip ist bi ina.
r 4 Jah qimands at sipijnjam gasahr filu manageins bi ins, jah
b6karjans siikjandans mij, im.
t 5 Jah suns& alla managei gasafhrandans ina usgeisnBdEdun,
jah durinnandans inwitun ina.
I 6 Jah frah pans bakarjans : h a s6keiP mip pftim ?

I 7 Jah andhafjands Qins us Pizii managein qap : IAisari, brPhta

sunu meinana du pus habandan ahman unr6djandan.
r 8 Jah pisluaruh pei ina gafship. gawafrpip ina, jah hrapjip jah
kriustip tunpuns seinans, jah gastalirknip ; jah qap sipijnjam
beindim ei usdreibeina ina, jah ni mahtsdun.
19 Ip is andhafjands im qaj, : 8 kuni ungaliubjand6 I und hra
at izwis sijiu? und hra pullu izwis? Bafrip ina du mis.
ch. ix. 20-351 Atwaggdjo )at& Marku 247
2o Jah br8htldun ina at imma. Jah gasafhrands ina sunsaiw
sa ahma tahida ina ; jah driusands ana afrpa walwis6da
hrapjands.
21 Jah frah pana attan is : b a n lagg me1 ist ei pata warp
irnma? IP is qap: us barniskja.
2 2 Jah ufia ina jah in fdn atwarp jah in wati5, ei usqistidedi

imma; akei jabii mageis, hilp unsara, gableikjands unsis.

23 11) IEsus qap du imrna pata jabii mageis galiubjan ; allata
mahteig pamma galbubjandin.
24 Jah sunsiiw ufhrdpjands sa atta Pis barnis mij, tagram qap :
galiubja; hilp meinbiz6s ungalBubeinPis I
25 Gasaikrands pan IFsus pate; samak rann manage;, gahr6tida
ahmin pamma unhriinjin, qipands du i~nrna: pu ahrna, pu
unrGdjands jah bBups, ik pus anabiuda : usgagg us pamrna,
jah panaseips ni galeipiis in ina.
26 Jah hr6pjands jah filu tahjands ina usiddja; jab warp swP
diups, swaswE managBi qepun patei gaswalt.
2 7 Ip Jesus undgreipands ina bi hand6u urriisida ina; jah

ussti5p.
28 Jah galeiFndan ina in gard, sip6nj6s is fr2hun ina sundr6
d u b e weis ni mahttdum usd~eibanpana?
29 Jah qaj, du im : pata kuni in walhtii ni mag usgaggan, niba
in bidii jah fastubnja.
30 Jah jiinprci usgaggandans iddjedun Pafrh Galeilaian, jah 11i
wilda ei h a s wissedi,
3 1 untl Iiisida sip6njans seinans, jah qap du im patei sunus
mans atgibada in handuns marine, jah usqimand inma, jah
usqistips Pridjin daga usstandip.
32 IP eis ni frdpun w m a waiirda, jah 6htCdun ins frafhnan.
33 Jah qam in Kafarnaum, jah in garda qumans frah ins: hra
in wiga mip izwis miss6 mit6dGclup?
34 IP eis slawiidEdun; du sis miss6 andrunnun, hrarjis miists
wlsi.
35 Jah sitands atwcpida pans twalif jah qap du im: jabii hras
wili frumists wisan, sijii alliiz5 aftumists jah alliim andbahts.
248 Afwagpbd pairh Marku [Ch. ix. 36-50
36 Jah nimands barn gasatida ita in midjhim im, jah ana armins
nirnands ita qap du im :
37 sati din pize swaleiklize barn5 andnimip ana namin mei-
namma, mi% andnimip; jah sahrazuh saei mik andnimip, ni
mik andnimip, ak pana sandjandan mik.
38 Andh6f pan imma I6hannEs q i b n d s : ldisari I sEhrum sumana
in peinarnma namin usdreibandan unhulpdns, saei ni llisteip
unsis, jah waridedum irnrna, unt5 ni lhisteip unsis.
39 IP is qap: ni warjip irnma; ni rnannahun Buk ist saei tfiujif,
maht in narnin meinamma jah magi sprSut6 ubilwadrdjan
mis ;
4 0 untg saei nist wipra izwis, faGr izwis ist.
4r Saei 4uk allis gadragkjli izwis stikla watins in narnin rnei-
narnma, untZ Xristdus sijup, amEn qipa izlvis ei ni fraqisteip
mizd6n seinii.
4 a Jah sahrazuh saei gamarzjhi Qinana PizL leitilanz pizE galdub-
. jandanE du mis, giiP ist imma mftis ei galagjQidluasiluqafrnus
ana balsaggan is jah frawadrpans wEsi in marein.
43 Jah jab5 marzjhi Puk handus peina, afmdit p6; g6P pus
ist hamfamma in libam galeipan, Plu twas handuns habandin
galeipan in gafafnnan, in f i n pata unlvapnand6,
4 4 parei mapa izC ni gaswiltip jah f6n ni afhrapnip.
45 Jah jabgi f6tus peins marzjtii puk, afmQit ina; gi5P bus ist
galeipan in lib5in haltamma, p5u twans fotuns habandin
gawafrpan in gafalnnan, in f6n pata unhrapnand6,
4 6 parei mapa iz6 ni gaswilti), jah f6n ni afhrapnip.
4 7 Jah jabii Qugd pein marzjii buk, uswafrp imma; g6P pus
kt hlihamma galeibn in Piudangardja guks, PBu twa 6ug6na
habandin atwairpan in gafafnnan funins,
4 8 b r t i mapa izE ni gadBu)niP jah f6n ni afhrapnip.
4 9 hrazuh Quk funin saltada jah b r j a t d h hunsle salta saltada.
.3o G6P salt ; ip jab4i salt unsaltan wafrpip, hrE supiida? Habhip
in iewis salt, jah gawairpeigaii sijhip mip izwis miss6
 CHAPTER X
r Jah jbinpd usstandands qam in markBm Indaias hindar
Ialirdanitu ; jah gaqPmun sik aftra manageins du imma, jah,
sws bi-fihts, aftra 15isida ins.
2 Jah duatgaggandans Fareisaieis frehun ina, skuldu sij&imann
qcn afsatjan, frgisandans ina.
3 Ip is andhafjands qap: tua izwis anabliup M W s 2
q 1) eis qepun : M6sEs usl5ubida unsis b6k6s afsateiniis mEljan
jah atletan.
5 Jah andhaljands IEsus qafi du im : wipra harduhafrtein izwara
gamelida izwis P6 anabusn.
6 If) af anast6deinlti gaskaftAis gurnein jah qinein gatawida
PUP.
7 Inuh pis bileipgi manna attin seinamma jah Bipin seinii,
8 jah sijaina P6 twa du leika samin, swasmE Fnaseips ni sind
twa, ak leik bin.
g h t e i nu gup gawap, manna pamma ni skiiidii.
ro Jah in garda aftra sipijnj6s is bi pata sam6 frehun ina.
I r Jah qap du im : salvazuh saei*atli;tip qOn seina jah Iiugliip
anpara, h6rin6p du Piz6i.
I a Jah jabbi qin6 aflFtiP aban seinana jah liugada anparamma,
h6rinBP.
I ,j Panuh atbcrun du imma barna, ei attaft6ki im : iP f 6 i sip6njds
is sijkun PAim barrandarn du.
1 4 Gasafhrands pan Iasus unwErida jah qap du im: letij, fiii

barna gaggan du mis jah ni warjip Pij, unte fiize ist Piu-
dangardi gups.
1 5 Amen, qiPa izwis : saei ni andnimip Piudangardja guPs swZ
barn, ni PSuh qimip in izii.
r 6 Jah gaPlPihands im, lagjands handuns ana piupida im.
1 7 Jah usgaggandin imma in wig, duatrinnands bins jah knuss-

jands bay ina qipands : lBisari piupeiga, hra tbujSu ei libiinllis

6iweinBns arbja walrpbu ?
18 I'p is qap du imma : hra mik qipis Piupigana ? ni hrashun
piupeigs, alja Bins gup.
I 9 Pbs anabusnins kant : ni hbrinbs ; ni malirprjftis ; ni hlifgis ;
ni sij6is galiugaweitwbds ; ni anamahtjftis ; sw6r6i attan
peinana jah &iPein Peina.
2 0 h u h andhafjands qap du imma : Iftisari, j,b alla gafastgida
us jund6i meinai.
z I Ip Iesus insahrands du imma frijbda ina jah qaf, du imma :
Binis pus wan ist ; gagg, swa filu sw6 habftis frabugei jah gif
parbam, jah habsis huzd in himinam ; jah hiri lftistjan mik
nimands galgan.
2 2 I p is ganipnands in pis nalirdis galftip gfturs; was (iuk habands
fathu manag.
23 Jah bisaliuands I ~ s u sqaj, sip6njam seinftim : sBi, hrairva
agluba PBi fall16 gahabandans in piudangardja guPs galei-
pand.
24 I p k6i sip6nj6s afsl6upnbdEdun in walird6 is. Paruh IEsus
aftra andhafjands qap im : barniIGna, hrliwa aglu ist PBim
hugjandam afar faihlu in Piudangardja gu'ps galei'pan.
25 Azitizii ist ulbandftu Pairh pairk6 nOpliis galeipan, p6u gabig-
amma in Piudangardja goPs galeipan.
2 6 Ip eis m6is usgeisnddedun qipandans du sis miss6 : jah b a s
mag ganisan ?
2 7 l n s a h n d s du im Iesus qaj, : fram mannam unmahteig ist,
akei ni fram gupa; allata Auk mahteig ist fram gupa.
2 8 Dugann pan Pailrus qipan du imma: sfti, weis aflail6tum
alla jah lliistidcdum puk.
zy Andhafjands im IEsus qap: amen, qiPa izwis : ni hrashun
ist saei aflallbti gard a+P&u bbr6t)runs atpF6u liipein a$f78u
attan a@pftu qFn aij,pBu barna aQp6u hAirnbj,lja in meina
jah in pizijs aiwaggGljiins,
30 saei ni andnimLi .r. falp nu in pamma mela gardins jah
brbj,runs jah swistruns jah attan jah ftipein jah barna jah
hftimiiplja mip wrakiim, jah in ftiwa pamma anawairpin
libiin ftiweiniin.
3l Appan managdi wafrpand frumans aftumans, jah aftumans
frumans.
32 W~sunup-pan ana wiga gaggandans du IafrusarilymAi jah
fafirbigaggands ins Iesus, jah sildaleikidcdun jab afarl6ist-
jandans falirhtdi walirpun. Jah andnimands aftra pans twalif
dugann im qipan PBei habi$idEdun ina gadaban.
33 Pat& sBi, usgaggam in Iairusalilyma jah sunus mans atgib-
ada H i m ufargudjam jah bdkarjam, jah gawargjand ina
d6upB~,- -
34 jah bildikand ina jah bliggwand ina, jah speiwand ana irla
jah usqimand imma, jah pridjin daga ustandip.
3.5 Jah athabPidEdun sik d u imma Iakiibus jah Ifihannss, sunjus
Zafbafdaiiius, qipandans : ILisari, wileima ei jatei puk bidj6s,
t6ujdis uggkis.
36 IP IEsus qap im : hra wileits tBujan mik igqis ?
37 IP eis qepun du imma : fragif ugkis ei &ins af tafhswdn peinPi
jah Bins af hleidumein pein6i sitiiiwa in wul)x5u peinamma.
38 IP IFsus q a j u h du im : ni wituts h i s bidjats : magutsu
driggkan stikl panei ik driggka, jah d6upein8i pizliei ik
diupjada, ei dtiupjaindiu 7
39 IP eis qEPun d u imma: m a g . IP IEsus qakuh du i m :
swElpkuh pana stikl panei ik driggka, driggkats, jah Pizli
daupeinii pizdiei ik daupjada duuplbnda ;
40 ip pata clu sitan af taihswBn mein6i afpp6u af hleidumein
nist mein du giban, alja Piiimei rnanwip was.
4 I jah gahBusjandans p&itaihun dugunnun unwsrjan bi Iakiibu
iah IGhannEn.
4 2 1 j ) is athlitands ins qap d u im : witup )>at&b6it.i puggkjand

reikinlijn PiudGm, gafrAujin8nd in], ij, FAi mikilans izi:

gawaldand im.
43 IP ni swa sijii in izwis; ak sahrazuh saei wili wafrpun mikils
in izwis, sijki izwar andbahts ;
4 4 jah saei wili izwara wafrpan frumists, sijji aIIBim skalks.
45 Jah Buk sunus mans ni qam at andbahtjam, ak andbahtjan
jah giban s6iwala seina fa6r managans lun.
 5
-1 2 A twagg@d pafrh Marku [Ch. x. 46-xi. 2

46 Jah qemun in Iafrik6n. Jab usgaggandin imma jfiinpr6 mip

sip6njam sein6im jah managein ganShAi, sunus Teimaidus,
Barteimaifius blinda, sat faljr wig du Bihtrdn.
4 7 Jah gahCiusjands patei Jesus sa Nazdraius ist, dugann
hrepjan jah qipan: s u n h Daweidis, Itsu, a m i i mik 1
48 Jah IudtidEdun imma managfii ei gaphfiidgdi; ip is filu
mdis hrijpida: sunQu Daweidis, armdi mik I
49 Jah gastandands Iesus halhhit atwSpjan ina. Jah wdpi-
dedun pana blindan, qibandans du imma: prafstei puk ;
urreis, wdpeip puk.
50 IJIis afwafrpands wastjei seinsi ushlfiupands qam a t IEsu.
5 1 Jah andhafjands qap du imma IEsus: hra wileis ei tfiujdu
pus? IF sa blinda qap du imma: rabbaunei, ei ussafhrfiu.
5 2 Ip IPsus qap du imma: gagg, galdubeins peir~a ganasida

puk. fah sunsdiw ussahr jah Ifiistida in wiga IEsu

CHAPTER XI
I Jah bike nZhm wgsun IaJrusal6m, in BEJsfagein jah Bibaniin
at falrgunja altwjin, insandida twans sipiinje seinfiizc,
2 jah qak do im: gaggats in h6im Pd wiprawalrpn iggqis,
jah sunsdiw inn gaggandans in pii baljrg bigitats fulan
gabundanana, ana pammei na6h Unshun mann2 ni sat;
andbindandans ina attiuhats.
3 Jah jabhi hras iggqis qipfii: duhre pata tfiujats? qipits :
patei fr6uja pis gafrneip ; jah sunskiw ina insande.jP hidre.
4 Galibun pan jah bigctun fulan gabundanana a t dadra iita
ana gagga; jah andbundun ina.
5 Jah sumbi p i 6 jfiinar standandan5 qgpun du im : hra tdujats
andbindandans pana fulan?
6 I p eis q€pun du im swaswE a n a b h p im IEsus, jah lafldtun
ins.
7 Jah brshttdun pana fulan at IEsua; jah galagidEdun ana
wastj6s sein6s, jah gasat ana ina.
ch. xi. 8-2 3) AiwaggZg~jaiyh Marku 253
g &Ianag& pan wastj6m seinhim strawidtdun ana wiga; sumfii
astans mafmsitun us bagmam jah strawidcdun ana wiga.
Jah PQi fadragaggandans hr6pidEdun qipandans : b a m a ,
piupida sa qimanda in namin frQujinsl
Io Piupidd $6 qirnandei Piudangardi in namin attins unsaris
Daweidis, 6sanna in hiuhistjam I
I 1 Jah galdip in Iafrusa6lyma Itsus jah in alh ; jah bisafhrands
atla, at andanahtja jupan wisandin hreilSi usiddja in Bepanian
mip pAim twalibirn.
1 2 Jah iftumin daga usstandandam im us Bepaniin grtdags

was.
1 3 Jah gasafhrands smakkabagm fafrraprii habandan lluf atiddja,
ei iuft6 bigeti hra ana imma; jah qimands at imma ni
wafht bigat ana imrna niba 16uf; ni Qukwas mEl smakkant.
I J Jah usbafrands qap du imma : ni panaseips us PUS Qiw
manna akran matj6i. Jah gahinsidedun Phi sip6njbs is.
I j Jah iddjgdun du IafrusalilymPi. Jah atgaggands Itsus in
alh dugann uswafrpan pans frabugjandans jah bugjandans
in alh, jah mEsa skattjane jah sitfans pize frabugjandanc
ahakim uswaltida.
I 6 Jah ni laflijt ei has pafrhbtri kas Pafrh p6 alh.
I 7 Jah ldisida qipands du im : niu gamelip ist patei razn mein
razn bid6 hiitada allhim piudijm? iP jus gatawidtdup ita du
filigrja w8idPdjanE.
18 Jah gahhusidedun pii b6karjbs jah gudjane a6humistans jah

s6kidEdun, hrQiwa imma usqistidedeina: BhtPdun 5uk ina,

untG alia managei sildaleikidedun in IAiseinQisis.
I 9 Jah biPE andanahti warp, usiddja at us PizQibadrg.
20 Jah in malirgin fadrgaggandans gasehrun pana smakkabagm
padrsjana us wabrtim.
2 I Jah gamunands Paftrus qa? du imma : rabbei, sQi, smakka-
bagms panei fraqast gapafrrsnbda.
2 2 Jah andhafjands Izsus qap du im: habQiP galhubein guPsl

23 Amen i u k qiPa izwis, Pishrazuh ei qiPii du P m m a fafr-

gunja: ushafei puk jah wafrp pus in marein. jah ni tuzwerjii
254 Afwagdgd j a f ~ hMnrkzt [Ch. xi. 24-xii. 2

in hafrtin seinamma, ak gal5ubj6i pata, ei patei qiPip gagagg-

ip, wafrpit, imma pishrah jlei qipij,.
24 DuPpE qipa izwis : allata Pishrah pei bidjandans sakeip,
galiubeit, patei nimip, jah wafrpif) izwis.
25 Jah pan standiip bidjandans, afletaip, jabtii hra habiip
wipra htana, ei jah atta izwar sa in himinam aflEt6i izwis
rnissadedins izwarbs.
26 Ip jab5i jus ni afletit,, ni Ptiu atta izwar sa in himinam
aAetiP izwis missadEdins izwar6s.
27 Jah iddjTdun aftra du IairusaGlymtii. Jah in aIh hrarbsndin
imma, atiddjedun du imma p&i a6humistans gudjans jah
b6karj6s jah sinistans.
28 Jah qgjlun du imma : in hramma waldufnje pata tPujis? jah
hras pus pata waldurni atgaf, ei pata tiujis l
29 IP I ~ S Uandhafjands
S qaj, du im: fralhna jah ik izwis Sinis
wali~dis jah andhafjik mis, jah qipa izwis in hramma
maldufnje pata tituja
30 DPupeins 16hannis uzuh himina was PBu uzuh mannam?
andhafjip mis.
31 Jah jlshtedun du sis miss6 qipandans, jabii qit,am: us
himina, qipip : appan duhre ni galbubidEdup i ~ n m a?
32 Ak qipam : us rnannam, iihtcdun PB managein. Alldi auk
alakj6 habfiidedun 16hannS.n patei bi sunj6i prahfetes was.
3.; Jah andhafjands qepun itu Issua: ni witum. Jah andhaijand<
Iesus qap du im: nih ik izwis qiPa in lwamma waldufnje
pata tauja.

CHAPTER XI1
I Jah dugann im in gajukdm qipan: weinagard ussatida
manna, jah bisatida ina fap6m, jah usgr6f dal uf mesa, jal~
gatimrida kelikn, jah anafaIh ina walirstwjam, jah aflfiij-
aljap.
2 Jah insandida du p5im walirstwjam at mEl skalk, ei at p8im
wa6rstwjam nemi akranis pis weinagardis.
ch. xii. 3-1 71 Aiwaggcljii pat'?-h Markzr
Ip nimandans ina usbluggwun jah insandidedun 1611s-
handjan.
Jah aftra insandida du im anparana skalk; jah pana
&inam wafrpandans gaiiwisk6dedun jah hiubip wundan
brghtedun, jah insandidedun ganiitidana.
5 Jab aftra insandida anparana; jah jiinana afsldhun, jah
managans anparans, sumans usbliggwandans, sumanzuh
pan usqimandans.
6 Panuh nalihpanuh Binana sunu Bigands liubana sis, insandida
jah pana du im spedistana, qipands patei gaiistand sunu
meinana.
7 If, jiinii p i i wahrstwjans qEj7un du sis miss6 patei sa ist sa
arbinumja; hirjip, usqimam Imma, jah unsar wafrpip pata arbi.
8 Jah undgreipandans ina usqemun, jah uswa6rpun imma iir
us pamma weinagarda.
9 tva nuh tiujii friuja Pis weinagardis ? Qimip jah usqisteip
pans walirstwjans, jah gibip pana weinagard anpar61m.
1 0 Kih pata gamelid6 ussl~ggwuP: siiins pammei uswahrpun
Pii timrjans, sah warp du hiutrida wafhstins I
I I Fram friujin warp sa, jah ist sildaleiks in iugam unsarbim.
I 2 Jah sdkidedun ina undgreipan, jah dhtedun P6 managein ;
fr6pun Buk patei du im PB gajukdn qap. Jah afletandans
ina galipun.
1 3 Jah insandidedun du imma sumii pize Fareisaie jah Her&

dianE, ei ina ganuteina wa6rd:l.

1 4 Ip eis qimandans qepun d u imma: IBisari, n itum patei
sunjeins is jah ni kara ].uk manshun; ni Auk safhiis in
andwafrpja manne, a k bi sunjii wig gups liiseis: skuldu
ist kaisaragild giban kaisara, p8u niu gibAima?
1 5 Ip Iesus gasafhrands ize liutein qap du im : hra mik friisip?
atbafrip mis skatt, ei gasafhrh.
16 I p eis atberun, jah qal, du im : hris ist sa manleika jah s6
ufarmEleins ? IP eis @pun du imma : kaisaris.
1 7 Jah andhafjands Iesus qap du im : usgibip pd kaisaris kaisara
]ah pd guPs gupa. Jah sildaleikidedun ana pamrna.
I8 Jah atiddjcdun Saddukaieis du imma p&iei q i b n d usstass ni
wisan, jah frehun ina qipandans :
rg Ldisari, M6ses gamelida unsis patei jab6i hris br6Par ga-
diupnii, jah biieipii qEndi, jah barn6 ni bileipdi, ei nimii
br6par is P6 qSn is, jah ussatjdi bama brBPr seinamma.
20 Sibun br6prahans wesun; jah sa frumista nam qtn, jah
gaswiltands ni bil6iP fr&iwa.
aI Jah a n b r nam ;jah gadiupniida, jah ni sa biliib frgiwa.
Jah pridja samaleik6.
zz Jah n6mun p6 samaleik6 pdi sibun, jah ni bilipun friiwa.
Sptdumista all4izE gaswaft jah sb qEns.
23 I n Pizdi usstasshi, pan usstandand, hrajamma izE wafrpip
qens ? Pii auk sibun Bihtedun P6 du qEnLi
24 Jah andhafjands ISsus qap du im : niu d u p afrzjBi sijup, ni
kunnandans mela nih maht gups?
25 Allis pan usstandand us dftupiim, ni liugand ni liuganda, ak
sind swE aggiljus pii in himinam.
26 Appan bi dSupans, patei urreisand, niu gakunngidedup ana
b6kiSm M6sgzis ana ailvatundj6i, hriiwa imma qap gup
qipands : ik in1 gup Abrahamis jah gup Isakis jah Iak6bis ?
27 Nisi gup dPupdizS, ak qiw6izZ. APPan jus filu afrzjii sijup.
28 Jah duatgaggands &insPizE b6karj6, gahiusjands ins samana
dkjandans, g a s a h n d s patei wafla im andhaf, frah ina:
hrarja ist alIlizB anabusnS frumista I
29 IP IESUS andh6f imma patei frumista allPiz6 anabusns :
hftusei Israel, friuja gup unsar frftuja gins ist.
30 Jah frijas frdujan gup peinana us allamma hafrtin peinamma
jah us all& siiwalki Peingi jah us allii gahugdii peinPi jah us
all% maht6i peindi. S6 frumista anabusns.
31 Jah anpara galeika Piz6i: frij6s nCihndjan peinanaswe puk
silban. Miizei pkim anpara anabusns nist.
32 Jah qap du imma sa b6kareis: waila, Ilisari, bi sunjii qast
patei &ins ist, jah nist anpar alja irnma ;
33 jah Jmta du frijijn ina us allamma hafrtin jah us allamma
frapja jah us a116 s6iwalAi jah us all& mahtPi, jah pata du
ch. xii. 34-xiii. a31 Aiwagg~Qiipaid Marku 257
frijiin n E h n d j a n swF sik silban managizB ist alliim Piim
alabrunstim jah sBudim.
34 Jah IEsus gasalhrands ina patei frijdaba andhtjf, qap du
imma: ni falrra is Piudangardjii gups. Jah Binshun panaseips
ni gadalirsta inn frafhnan.
35 Jah andhafjands Iesus qap liisjands in alh: hriiwa qipand
PBi b6karjbs patei Xristus sunus ist Ilaweidis ?
36 Silba Auk Daweid qap in ahmin weihamma: qiPiP friuja du
frliujin meinamma, sit af tafhsw6n rneinii, unte ik g a l a ~ j a
fijands peinans ffitubaurd f6tiwe peiniize.
37 Siiba rafhtis Daweid qiPiP ina friujan, jah hraprb imma
sunus ist? Jah alla so managei hiusidedun imma gn-
ba6rjaba.
33 Jah qap du im in laiseinii seinhi: saihrip L16ra b6kar-
jam - -

CHAPTER X l I I
I 6 - - wastja seina.
17 ApPan wSi Piim qipuhaftiim jah daddjandeim in jiiniim
dagam.
I 8 A@an bidjiip ei ni wafrpii sa plalihs izwar wintrliu.
19 U'airfiand huk p i i dag6s j6inii aglii swa!eika, swF ni was
swaleika fram anastbdeinlii gaskaftiis p6ei ga&p gu),, und
hita, jah ni wallpip.
2 0 Jah ni fr6uja gamalirgidedi pans dagans, ni j79uh ganesi
Qinhun leikE ; akei in PizZ gawalidane panzei gawaiida,
gama6rgida pans dagans.
2 1 Jah pan jab6i b a s izwis qiPii: sbi, her Xristus, af&gu s8i,
jiinar, ni galgubjiip ;
2 2 unte urreisand galiugaxristjus jah galiugapraitfeteis, jah
giband tAiknins jah faitratanja d u afairzjan, jabAi mahteig
sijii, jah pans galva I'd
I ans.
23 IP jus sailvip, sii, fafiragatliih izwis allata.
1187 s
24 Akei in jlinans dagans afar Pii agI6n jiiina sauil riqizeip jah
mena ni gibiP liuhap sein.
25 Jah stafrn6ns hirninis wafrpand driusandeins jah mahteis J J ~ S
in himinam gawagjanda
26 Jah pan gasafhrand sunu mans qimandan in milhmam mip
mahtii managhi jah wulpiu.
2 7 Jah pan insandeip aggiluns seinans jah galisip pans gawali-
dans seinans af fidwdr windam fram andjam afrpds und andi
himinis.
28 APPan af smakkabagma ganimip p6 gajuk8n. Pan pis jupan
asts plaqus aairpip jah uskeinand Ihubb, kunnup patei nelua
ist asans.
Z Q Swah jah jus, pan g a s a k i p pata wafrpan, kunneip patei

-
nEhra sijup at --
CHAPTER XIV
4 - -frayriteins pis balsanis warp ?
5 Maht wPsi i u k pata baIsan frabugjan in managizij p5u
prija hunda skatte, jah giban unleddim. Jah andstaur-
riidedun pii.
6 IP IESUSqatp: 1Ptip P6 ; duhre iz&i uspriutip? pannu gap
walirstw wadrhta bi mis.
7 Sinteinii 6uk pans unlcdans habiip mip izwis, jah pan wile+?
magub im wafla tdujan; ip mik ni sinteind hab8iP.
8 Patei habdida s6 gatawida; fadrsniu salbdn mein leik du
usfilha.
9 AmEn, qiPa iz~vis: Pishraruh p i mPrjada s6 alwaggZIj6 and
nlla manasep, jah patei gatawida s6 rddjada du gamundii
iz8s.
t o Jah Iudas Iskaridteis, gins Pize twalibe, galsit, du piim
gudjam, ei galewidedi ina im.
I I I)J eis gahiusjandans faginddedun jah gahafh6itun imma
fafhu giban ; jah s6kida hrBiwa gatilaba ina galZwidEdi.
I 2 Jah parnma frumistin daga azymE, pan paska salidedun,
ch. xiv. 13-53) Afwagg~lj6pafyh Marku 259
@pun du imma pbi sip6njbs is: h r wileis ei galeipandans
rnanwjiima, ei matj6is paska ?
rg Jah insandida twans sip6njG seiniize qapuh du im : gaggats
in P6 ba6rg, jah garn6teiP igqis manna kas watins balrands :
gapgats afar pamma,
1 4 jah padei inn galeipdi, qij,8its pamma heiwafr6ujin b t e i
l6isareis qipip : b a r sind salipwbs parei paska mip sip6njam
meiniim matjdu ?
15 Jah sa izwis tBikneiP kelikn mikiiata, gastrawip, manwjata ;
jnh j6inar manwjBij, unsis.
16 Jah usiddjjedun pBi sip6njGs -
41 - sBi, galFwjada sunus mans in handuns frawa6rhtbizi
4 2 Urreisit), gaggam ! SBi, sa 1Ewjands mik atnehrida.
4 3 Jah suns6iw na6hpanuh at imma r6djandin qam Iudas, sums
PizE twalib0, jah mip imma managei m ~ phafrurn jah triwam
fram PBim alihumistam gudjam jah bdkarjam jah sinistam.
44 Atuh-pan-gaf sa lewjands im bandwbn qipands : pammei
kukjgu, sa ist : greipip pana jah tiuhij, arniba.
45 Jah qimands sunsAiw, atgaggands du imma qap: rabbei,
rabbei I jah kukida imma.
46 IP eis uslagidPdun handuns ana ina jah undgripun ina.
4 7 1) gins sums piza atstandandane imma usliikands hafru
sldh skalk a6humistins gudjins jah afsioh imma Bus6 F t a
talhsw6.
48 Jah andhafjantis I ~ S U Sqnp du im : swE du wiidedj~n
urrunnup nlip hafrurn jah ~riivamgrcipan rnik.
49 Daga hrammeh was at izwis in alh 1Pisjands jah ni gripup
mik : ali ei usfulinddEdeina Wk6s.
50 Jah afletandans ina gaplatihun allgi.
5 1 Jah Bins sums juggaliups liistida afar imma biwdibips leina
ana naqadana ; jah gripun is pii juggal6udeis.
5 2 IP is bileipands pamma leina naqaps gaplPuh faera im.
53 Jah gata6hun I&su du alihumistin gudjin; jah garunnun
mip imma atihumistans gudjans allBi jah P6i sinistans jah
Mkarjbs
s a
260 Aiwaggdljd p a i d Marku [Ch. xiv. 54-69

54 Jah Paftms fairraprii ldistida afar imma, untE qam in garda

pis alihumistins gudjins ; jah was sitands mip andbahtam
jah warmjands sik at iiuhada.
55 IP PAi a6humistans gudjans jah alla s6 gafalirds sbkidedun
ana IEsu weitw6dipa du afd6upjan ina ; jah ni bigEtun.
56 Managdi Buk galiug ~seitu~bdidEdun ana ina, jah samaleikbs
P6s weitw6diPbs ni wCsun.
57 Jah sumSi usstandandans galiug weitw6didZdun ana ina
qipandans :
58 patei weis gahAusidEdum qipandan ina patei ik gatafra alh
P6 handuwacrhtbn, jah bi prins dagans anpara unhandu-
wadrhta gatimrja.
59 Jah ni sma samaleika was weitwbdiba iz@.
6 0 Jah usstandands sa ahhumista gudja in midjSim frah IEsu
qipands: niu andhafjia wafh:, hra Phi ana puk weitwbdjand?
61 Ip is pahSida, jah wafht ni andhbf. Aftra sa alihurnista
gudja frah ina jah qap d u imma : pu is Xristus sa sunus
pis piupeigins?
62 Xp is qapuh : ik im ; jah gasafhrip pana sunu mans af tafh-
swBn sitandan mahtiis, jah qimandan mip milhmam himinis.
6 3 Ip sa alihumista gudja disskreitands wastjbs seinijs qap : hra
banam& pafirbum weis weitwbdF ?
64 HiusidEdup p6 wajamerein is: hra izwis PugkeiP? Paruh
eis all$ gadbmidedun ina skrllan wisan dLup8u.
65 Jah dugunnun sumrii speiwan ana wlit is jah huljan and-
tvairpi is jah kdupatjan ina, jah q@un du imrna : pradfetei !
jah andbahtbs gabalirjaba 16fam sldhun ina.
66 Jah wisandin Paftrtiu in r6hsnSi dalapa jah atiddja Bina Piujb
pis alihumistins gudjins,
6 ; jah gasafhrandei Paftru warmjandan sik, insafhrandei d u
imma q a p : jah pu mip IEsua pamma NazbreinSu nast.
68 IP is afafiik qipands : ni wtiit, ni kznn hra pu qibis. Jah
galdip falir gard, jah hana wijpida.
69 Jah piwi gasafhrandei ina aftra dugann qipan bi5im fa6ra-
standandam, patei sa Pizei ist.
70 Ip is aftra liugnida. Jah afar ieitil aftra p i i atstandandans
q@pundu Paftriu: bi sunjii, pizei is; jah 9uk razda peina
galeika ist.
7I I F is dugann afiikan jah swaran patel ni kann pana mannan
panei qipip.
72 Jah anparamma sinpa hana wiipitla. Jah gamunda Paftrus
pata wa6rd, swe qap imma IEsus, batei fa6rpizE hana hrukj6i
twiim sinpam, inwidis mik prim sinkam. Jah dugann
greitan.

C H A P T E R XV

I Jah sunsdiw in ma6rgin gariini tdujandans p5i alihumistans

gudjans mip p6im sin~stamjah bdkarjam, jah alla s6 gafa6rds
gabindandans Iesu brBhtedun ina at PeilPtiu.
2 Jah frah ina Peilatus : pu is piudans Iudai? ? I p is andl~af-
jands qap du imma : pu qipis.
3 Jah wrdhidedun ina PBi achumistans gudjans filu.
J I p Peilstus aftra frah ina qipands: niu andhafjis ni waiht f
s5i, fvan filu ana puk weitw6djand.
5 Ip E s u s panamiis ni anithbf, swasws sildaleikida Peil3tus.
6 Ij, and duIP barj6h fralaflijt im Pinana bandjan panei bi;dt~n.
7 Wasuh pan sa hditana Barabbas mip piim mip imnia d161)-
jandam gabundans, Piiei in a6hj6dilu ma6r)r gatawi~ictlnn.
8 Jah usgaggarldei alla managei dugunnun bidjan, s\laswG
sinteind tawida im.
9 Ip Peilztus ancliliif im qipands : wilcidu fraleitan izwis pana
piudan Iudai@?
ro Wissa Buk patei in neipis atgebun ina P6i a6humistans
gudjans.
I I I p p9i adhumistans gudjans inwagidEdun pb managein ei
mPis Barabban fralafldti im.
I a Ip Peilztus aftra a~?dhafjandsqap du i m : hra nu wileib ei
t6uj6u pammei qiPiP piudan IudaiE ?
262 A fwaggebb'paid Marku [ch. XV. 13-31

73 If) eis aftra hr6pidedun: ushramei ina.

I 4 Ij, Peiliitus qap du im : hra allis ubilis gatawidal Ip eis
miis hr6pidGdun : ushramei ina.
I 5 Ip Peiliitus wiljands PizBi managein fullafahjan, fralaflBt im
pana Barabban, iP IEsu atgaf usbliggwands, ei ushramips
wesi.
16 Ip gadrahhteis gatahhun ina innana gardis, patei ist praf-
t6riabn, jah gahafhhitun alla hansa,
1 7 jah gawasidedun ina padrpurii, jah atlagiddun ana ina

pahrneina wipja uswindandans,

r 8 jah dugunnun gBljan ina : hiils, Piudan Iudai5 !
I 9 Jah sldhun is hfiubip riusa, jah bispiwun ina, jah lagjandans

kniwa inwitun ina.

2 0 fah bipe bifafldikun ina andwasidPdun ina Pizfii pahrpurgi,
jah gawasidedun ina wastj6m smes6im, jah ustalihun ina ei
ushramidetleina ina.
z r Jah undgripun sumana mannE, Seimiina Icyreinaiu, qi-
mandan af akra, attan Alafksandrius jah Ruf6us, ci nEmi
galgan is.
2 2 Jah attaGhun ina ana Gadlgadp stap patei ist gaskeirip

hralrneins staps.
2 3 Jah gebun imma drigkan wein mip smyrna ; ip is ni nam.
24 Jah ushramjandans ina disdiiljand wastjiis is wafrpandans
hlguta ana Pi%, hrarjizuh hra nerni.
2 5 UTasuhpan lveila Pridj6, jah ushramidedun ino.
2 6 Jah was ufarrnSli fairin6s is ufarmPliP : sa piudans IudaiE.

2 7 Jah mij, imma ushramidedun twans ~Bidetljans, Binana af

tafhsw6n jah Binana af hleidumein is.
28 Jah usfulln6da pata gamelida pata qipan6: jah mip unsib-
jiim rahnips was.
29 Jah pfii fadrgaggandans wajamEridEdun ina, wipdndans
hiubida seina jah qipndans: 6 sa gatafrands P6 a h jah bi
prins dagans gatimrjands P6,
30 nasei puk silban jah atsteig af pamma galgin!
3 1 Samaleik6 jah phi adhumistans gudjans bil6ikandans ina mip
ch. xv. 32-46] Afwuggd&d pairh Marku 263
sis miss6 mip Pfiim biikarjam qZpun : anparans ganasida,
ip sik silban ni mag ganasjan.
32 Sa Xristus, sa Piudans Israelis, atsteigadiu nu af pamma
galgin, ei g a s a k i i m a jah galbubjBima. Jah p6i mip
ushramidans imma idweitidetiun imma.
33 Jah biPE warp hreila safhst6, riqis warp ana a116i afrp8i und
hreila niunddn.
34 Jah niund6n hreil6i w6pida IFsus stibnPi mikilgi qipands :
afl6Z aGdF, lima sibakpanei, patei ist gaskeirip : gup meins,
gup meins, d u k e mis bilPist ?
35 Jah surniii pize atstandandane gah8usjandans qFpun : sfii,
HZlian wdpeip.
36 Pragjands pan Bins jah gafulljands swamm akeitis, galag-
jands ana r h s , dragkida ina qipands : let, ei saihram qimBiu
HElias athafjan ina.
37 Ip JFsus afira letands stibna mikila uz6n.
38 Jah fa6rahBh aihs disskritnfjda in twa iupnprb und dalap.
39 Gasaflvands pan sa liundafaps sa atstandands in andwait-pja
is patei swa hrdpjands uzdn, qap: bi sunjBi, sa manna sa
sunus was gups.
40 Viesunup-pan qin6ns fairraprii sahandeins, in p5imei was
Narja s6 AIagdalPne jah RIarja Iakobis Pis minnizins jali
I6dzis Ripei jah SaldmB
41 Jah pan was in Galeilaia, jab 16istid&lun ina jah andbnh-
tidedun imma, jah anparfjs m:,nasos p6,zei n ~ i piddjcdun
imma in Iafrusalern.
jz Jah jupan at andanahtja wa6rpan:3mma, untZ was paraskaiwe,
saei ist frurna sabba~6,
43 qimands I6sEf af Areimapaias, gaguds ragineis, saei was
silba beidands Piudangardj6s gups, anartanpjands galiip inn
du Peilatiu jah baj, Pis leikis IGsuis.
44 IP Peilatus sildaleikida ei is jupan gaswalt; jah athgitands
pana hundafap frah ina jupan gad&upn6dikli.
45 Jah finpands at pamma hundafada fra?af pata leik IBsEfa.
(6 Jah usbugjands lein jah usnimands ita biu.arrd pamrna leina
264 Aizvaggeg~pairk Marku [ch. xv. 47-xvi. Ia

jah galagida ita in hl6iwa patei was gadraban us stlina, jah

atwalwida st6in du daitra pis hl6iwis.
47 IP Marja s6 Magdalene jah Marja IijsEzis sEhrun hrar gala-
gips w b i .

CHAPTER XVI
I Jah inwisandins sabbat? dagis Marja s6 nIagdal5nZ jah
hIarja s 6 Iak6bis jah Saldme usba6htedun arijmata, ei
atgaggandeins gasalb6dEdeina ina.
z Jah filu 8ir pis dagis afarsabbatc atiddjedun du pamma
hlliwa at urrinnandin sunnin.
3 jah qPPun du sis missij: hras afwalwjai unsis pana st6in af
dalir6m pis hliiwis ?
4 Jah insahandeins gQumidedun pammei afwalwips ist s a
stgins; was 6uk mikils abraba.
5 f a h atgaggandeins in pata hfiiw gasehrun j u p g a l i u ~sitandan
in tafhsw6i biwQibidana wastjsi hreit6i ; jah usgeisnadedun.
6 Paruh qap du im : ni fafirhteip izwis, Iesu s6keip Naz6raiu
pana ushramidan; nist her, urriis, s6i pana stab parei gala-
giclEdun ina.
7 Akei gaggip qipiduh du sipijnjam is jah du Paitriu patei
falirbigaggij, izwis in Galeilaian ; Paruh ina gasailuip,
swaswe qap izws.
8 jah usgaggandeins af pamrna hliiwa gaplafiliun; diz-uh-
pan-sat ijas reii-6 jah usfilmei, jah ni qepun mannhun
waiht; 6htPdun sis Quk.
9 Usstandands pan in malirgin frumin sabbat6 attiugida frumist
nIarjin piz6i MagdalGnZ, af Piziiei uswarp sibun unhulp6ns.
1 0 Sah gaggandei gatLih piim mip irnma wisandam, qiin6n-
dam jah gretandam.
r r Jah eis h6usjandans patei libdip jah gasafhrana warp fram
izii, ni gal6ubidEdun.
r z Afaruh pan pata - -
 ~f WAGGEL ~6 P A ~ R HLUKAN
.
CHAPTER I1
I Warp pan in dagans jiinans, urrann gagrtfts fram kaisara
Agustiu, gamPljan allana midjungard.
SGh pan gilstrameleins frumista warp at [wisandin kindina
Syriiris] ragindndin Salirim Kyreinafh.
Jah iddjtdun all%, ei melidii wtseina, iuarjizuh in seindi
balirg.
4 Urrann pan jah 16sFf us Galeilaia, us baGrg Nazarafp, in
Iudaian, in badrg Daweidis sei hhitada BEplahafm, d u p ei
was us garda fadreiniis Daweidis,
r, anamEljan mip Mariin sei in fragif~imwas imma qeins,
wisandein inkilpbn.
6 Warp pan, mippanei p6 wesun jiinar, usfullncidEdun dagds
du bairan iz6i.
7 Jah gabar sunu seinane pana frumabadr, jah biwand ina,
jah galagida ina in uzetin, unt5 ni was im riimis in stada
parnma.
8 Jah hafrdjcis wesun in pamma samin landa Pafrhwakandans
jah witandans wahtw6m nahts ufar6 hafrdii seinii.
g Ip aggilus friujins anaqam ins jah wulpus frjujins biskiin
ins, jah iihtedun agisa mikilamma.
ro Jah qap d u im sa aggilus: ni iigeip, untt sji, spill6 izwis
faheid mikila, sei wafrpip a l l 5 managein,
I I patei gaba6rans ist izwis himma daga nasjands, saei ist

Xristus f r h j a , in badrg Daweidis.

I z Jah pata izwis tiikns : bigitid barn biwundan jah galagid in
uzetin.
13 Jah anaks warp mip pamma aggilfiu managei harjis himina-
kundis hazjandane gup jah qipandane :
1 4 wulpus in hLuhistjam gupa jah ana afrpii gawafrpi in man-
nam gcidis wiljins.
15 Jah warp. bipt galipun fafrra im in himin pii aggiljus, jah
266 Atwagg@d pa frh Lzckan [Ch. ii. 16-30

pii mans plli hairdjbs qepun du sis miss6: Pafrhgaggiirna

ju und BEPIahafm, jah safhrPima wa6rd pata wa6rpan6:
patei frduja gakannida unsis.
16 Jah qemun sniumjandans, jah bigetun Marian jah Ifisef, jah
pata barn ligandb in uzttin.
1 7 Gasafiuandans pan gakannidedun bi pata wa6rd patei
rddip was du im bi pata barn.
I 8 Jah allii pdi gahdusjandans sildaleikid5dun bi P6 rddidbna
fram pdim hafrdjam du im.
rg Ip Naria alla gafastdida kd walirda, pagkjandei in hafrtin
seinamma.
z o Jah gawandidedun sik p5i hafrdjds mikiljandans jah haz-
jandans gup in allbiz& pizzei gahiusidEdun jah gasebun
swaswe r6diP was du im.
2 1 Jah bipe usfulnddStiun dag6s aht6u du bimBitan ina, jah
hPitan was namb is Iesus, pata qipan6 fram aggiliu, fa6r-
pizei ganumans wSsi in namba.
2 2 Jah bipe usfuln6dedun dag6s hrdineinsis izE bi witdda
M6sezis, brahtedun ina IalrusalPm, atsatjan fa6ra frgujin,
2 3 swaswE gamelid ist in witijda fr8ujins: patei hrazuh gu-
makundBizF usltikands qiPu weihs fuiujins hdikada,
z q jah ei gebeina fram imma hunsl, s\vaswE qiPan ist in wit6da
frkujins, gajuk hrbiwadiibdnd affipbu twds juggdns ahakE.
2 5 Paruh was manna in Iafrusalem, pizei namd Symafdn, jah
sa manna was garafhts jah gudafadritts, bcidands lap61l:iis
Israelis, jah allma weihs was ana irnnla.
26 Jah was imma gatafhan fram ahmin pamma weihin ni safhran
d$u]~u,fadrpizei s6hri Xristu fdtujins.
2 7 Jah q a n ~in abmin in pizbi alh; jah rnippanei inn attadhun

bt;~usjuspata barn Iesu, ei tawidedeina bi biiil~tjawit6dis

bi ina,
2 8 jah is andnam ina ann armins seinans, jnhpiupida gupa jah qap:
2 9 nu fraleit6is skalk peinana, frbujin6nd frtiuja, bi wadrda
peinamma in gawairpja ;
3 0 band? sehrun Rugijna meina nasein peina,
ch. ii. 3 ~ - 4 6 ] pn frh Lukan
A twagg~&~ 267
31 p8ei manwidZs in andwafrpja allgizb manageln6,
liuhap du andhulein6i Piuddm jah wulpu managein pein6i
fsraela.
33 Jah was fbsCf jah fripei is sildaleikjand6na ana p6im p e i
rbdida wFsun bi :na,
3 4 jah piupida ina Syrnaf8n jah qap du Mariin, iipein is : s&i,
sa ligip du drusa jah usstassii managiize in Israsla jah du
tiiknii andsakanP1.
?; Jah pan peina silbans s6iwala pafrhgaggip hafrus, ei and-
huljiiud6u us rnxnas"am halrtam mitiineis.
36 Jah was Anna pradfFteis, dalihtar FanuZlis, us kunja AsEris ;
sbh framaldra daqF managtiize libandei rnip abin jEra sibun
fram magapein se~ihi,
37 sbh pan widuwb jPlc ahtdutehund jah fidwijr, s8h ni afiddja
fafrra alh fastubnjam jdh biddm bldtandE friujan nahtam jah
dagam.
38 S6h Pizdi hreilii atstandandei andhahiit frAujln, jah r6dida
bi ina in aIl5im piim uibeidandam lapan Iafrusafilymas.
39 Jah bipE usta6hun allata bi wit6da friujins, gawandidedun sik
in Galeilaian, in ba6rg seina Nazarafp.
lo Ip pata barn wdhs jah swinpndda ahmins fullnands jah
handugeins, jah ansts $ups was ana imma.
$ 1 Jah wrat6dCdun P6i birusj6s is jera hramrneh in 1afrusalE.m

at dulp paska.
4 2 Jah blpe w a ~ b twalibwintrus, uspnggnndam pan im in
Iafrusa6lyma b~ bilihtja dulP8is.
43 jah ustiuhandam pans dagans, mippane gawandidedun sik
aftra, gastap Itsus sa magus in Iafrusali?m, jah ni wissEdun
IdsBf jah 61Peiis.
4 + sugjand6na in gasinpjam ina wisan qErnun dagis wig jah
s6kidEdun ina in ganipjam jah in kunpam.
4 5 Jah ni bigitanddna ina gawandideclun sik in IafrusalPm
s6kjand6na ina.
4 6 Jah w a ~ pafar dagans prins, biggtun ina in alh sitandan in
midjiim 16isarjam jah hiusjandan im jah frafhnandan ins.
268 Afwaggt?@p a i d Lukan [Ch.ii.47-5a; iv. 1-8
47 Usgeisn6d~dunpan allii Pii hiusjandans is ana frbdein jah
andawa6rdjam is.
48 Jah g a s a h n d a n s ina sildaleikidedun, jah qap du imma s6
QiPeiis : magiu, hra gatawidzs uns swa ? sfti, sa atta F i n s
jah ik winnanddna sbkidedum puk.
49 Jah qaj, du im : hra patei sbkidedup mik ? niu wissEdr~Ppatei
in piim attins meinis skulda wisan?
50 Jah ija ni frbpun pamma waitrda patei rbdida du im.
51 Jah iddja mip im jah qam in Nazarafp, jah was ufhiusjands
im; jah iipei is gafastftida P6 wahrda alla in hairtin
seinamma.
5 2 Jah 1i;sus Piih frbdein jah .wahstiu jah anstii at gupa jah
mannam.

CHAPTER I V
r Ip Iesus, ahmins weihis fulls, gawandida sik fram IaGrdaniu,
jah taithans was in ahmin in Bupidfti
z dage fidw6r tiguns, friisans fram diabuliu. Jah ni matida
watht in dagam jftiniim, jah at ustaithaniim Piim dagam,
bike gredags warp.
3 Jah qap du imma diabulus: jabii sunftus sij6is gups, qiF
pamma st6ina ei wafrpii hl6ibs.
4 Jah andhtif IEsus wipra ina qipands: gamelid ist patei ni
bi hl6ib iinana lib6id manna, ak bi all wa6rde gups.
5 Jah ustiuhands ina diabulius ana fafrguni hiuhata, at6ugida
imma allans Piudinassuns pis midjungardis in stika mElis.
6 Jah qap du imma sa diabulus: pus giba pata waldufni pize
allata jah wulpu izZ, unte mis atgiban ist, jah pishrammeh
pei wiljftu, giba pata.
7 Pu nu jabii inweitis mik in andwairpja meinamma, wafrpip
pein all.
8 Jah andhafjands imma IEsus qap : gamelid ist, friujan gup
peinana inweitiis jah imma ginamma fullafahj6is.
~ hiv., Afwagqdljd p n f ~ 4Lukan 269
Papr6h gatPuh ina in IafrusalEm, jah gasatida ina ana giblin
alhs, jah qap du imrna : jabii sunus sij6is gups, wafrp puk
p p r 6 dalap ;
@melid ist Auk patei aggilum xinlirn anabiudip bi puk du
gafastan puk,
I jah patei ana handurn Pok ufhaband, ei hran ni gastagqjliis
bi st6ina f6tu peinana,
, Jah andhafjands qap i!nrna IEsus patei qipan ist : ni friiisais
fraujan gup peinana.
l 3 Jah ustiuhands all frgist6bnj6 diabulus, afst6p fatrra imrna
und mel.
1 4 Jah gawandida sik IZsus in mahtBi ahmins in Galeilaian, jah

mFripa urrann and all sawi bisitandi? bi ina.

1 5 Jah is Iaisida in gaqun~pimize, mikilids fram ailhim.
16 Jah qam in Nazarafl, parei was fijdips, jah galfiij, inn bi
biiihtja seinamma in daga sabbat6 in synagdgein, jah usstbp
siggwan b6k6s.
17 Jah atgiban6s wFsun imma b6k6s Eisaeiins prahfetus, jah

uslakands P6s bbkds bigat stad, F r e i was garnetid :

1 3 ahma friujins ana mis, in pizei gasalb6da mik du wafla-
merjan unltdgirn, insandida mik du ganasjan pans garnal-
widans halrtin,
r 9 mErjan frahunpan6im fralet jah blind6im siun, fralstan
gamaidans in gaprafstein, mcrjan jEr frPujins andanem.
2 0 Jah faifalp P6s b6k6s jah usgibands andbahta gasat. Jah
allBirn in pizsi synag6gein wesun Pug6na fafrweitjand6na du
imma.
2 1 Dugann pan rijdjan du im patei hirnma daga usfulln6dEdun
mela in Pusam izwarPim.
2 2 Jab all& alakj6 weitw6didedun irnma jah sildaleikidedun bi

P6 wafirda anstPis p6 usgaggand6na us munpa is jah qEpun:

niu sa ist sunus IGsEfis?
23 Jah qap du im : iuft6 qiPiP mis gajuk6n : pu leiki, h&ilei
puk silban; hran filu h&usid&dumwaGrpan in Kafarnaurn,
tawei jah hEr in gabafirpai peinai.
2 70 Aiwagg~djcSpaiyh Lukan [Ch. iv. 24-38

24 QaP pan : amen izwis qipa, B t e i ni ilinshun pra6fEtE. anda-

nZms ist in gaba6rpii seinii :
z g appan bi sunjii qipa izwis F t e i managiis widuwans wesun
in dagam Heleiins in Israela, pan galukniida himins du
jeram prim jah menaps saihs, swE warp hiihrus mikils and
alla airpa :
26 jah ni du SinBihun pizb insandips was HOlias, alja in Saraipta
Seidoniis du qiniin widuw6n.
2 7 Jah manag5i priitsfillii wesun uf Hafleisaiu pra6fetAu in
IsraEla,jah ni iinshun ize gahrtiinids was, alja Nafman sa Sa6r.
23 Jah fullii wa6rpun a116i miidis in Piz5i synagbgein hius-
jandans pata.
29 Jah usstandandans nskusun imma iit us ba6rg jah brahtedun
ina und airhmistii pis fafrgunjis ana parnmei balirgs izE
gatimrida was, du afdrhsjan ina paprii.
30 Ip is PafrhleiPands Pafrh midjans ins iddja.
31 Jah galiip in Kafarnaum, ba6rg Galeilaias, jah was liisjand5
ins in sabbatim.
32 Jah sildalrikidedun bi pd lBisein is, unte in waldufnja was
aaGrd is.
33 Jah in pizii synagiigein was manna habands ahman un
hulpiins unhrSinjana, jah ufhriipida,
34 qipands : l&t ! hra uns jah pus, Iesu NaziirSnu ? qamt fra-
qistjan unsis? kann puk, h a s i:, sa wcrha gups.
3.5 Jah gahrbtida imma IEsus qij-ands : afdbb~ijnh usgapg us
pamma. Jah gawafrpands ina sa unhulpa in mit1jAlm urralur
af imma, ni wafht6i gaskapjands imma.
36 Jah warp afsliupnan allans, jah rbdidedun du sis miss6
qipandans : hra waiirdc pata, patei mip waldufnja jah mahtii
anabiudip PQlm unhriinjam ahmam jah usgaggand ?
37 Jah usiddja meripa fram imma and allans stadins pis
bisunjane landis.
38 Usstandands pan us biz% synagiigii galdip in gard Seirn6nis.
Swafhr6 pan Pis Seimiinis was anahabiida brinniin mikilii,
jah bedun ina bi pa
ch.iv.39-44; xiv.11-171 Afwagg~@patrhLukan 271

39 J& atstandands ufar ija gas6k piz6i brinniin, jah aflailat ija.
Suns6iw pan usstandandei andbahtida im.
4 0 31ippanei pan sagq sunn6, a116i swa managQi swE hab6idEdun
siukans sa6htim missaleikiim, br%htedun ins at imma : iP is
6inhrarjammeh ize handuns anatagjands gahBi1ida ins.
I UsiddjEdun pan jah rrnhulpiins af managftim hr6pjandeins

jah qipandeins patei pu is Xristus, sunus p),s. Jah gasa-

kands im ni lafl6t ~ G rijdjan,
S untP wissEdun silban Xristu
ina wisan.
4 2 Bipgh pan war), dags, usgaggands galsip ana ftukjana stad,
jah manageins sdkidedun ma jah qemun und ina jah gaha-
biidedun ina, ei ni aflipx fafrra im.
43 Paruh is qap du im jah pBim anFrftim ba~rgirn
waflamerjan ik skal bi kiudangardja guks, untZ dup5 mik
insandida
4 4 Jah was mcrjands in synagegim Galeilaias.

CHAPTER XIV
Iz Qa),uP-pan jah pamma hftitandin sik : pan wa6rkjBis
unda6rnimat alPpBu nahtamat, ni hQitlis frijonds peinans
nih br6pruns peinans nih nipjans peinans nih garasnans
gabeigans, ibBi iuftii jah eis aftra hiitftina puk jah wafrplp
pus usguldan ;
1 3 ak pan wahrkjdis dahht, hdit unledans, gamdidans, haltans,
blindans.
84 Jah Qudags wafrpis, untG eis ni haband usgildan pus; us-
gildada Qukpus in usstassli pize uswaiirhtane.
15 Gahiusjands pan sums Pi25 anakumbjandans pata qap du
imma : ftudags saei matjip hlEiif in piudangardjii gups.
r 6 Paruh qap imma frCuja : manna sums gawaitrhta nahtamat
mikilana jah hafh6it managans.
r 7 Jah insandida skalk seinana hteilfii nahtamatis qipan Paim
hfitanam : gaggip, unte ju manwu ist allata.
2 72 Aiwagg6@pat~hLukaiz [ ~ hxiv.
. I 8-26 ; xv. r-5

18 Jah dugunnun suns fafirqipan allbi. Sa frumista qap : land

bafihta, jah parf galeipan jah saihran pata ; bidja puk, habOi
mik falirqipanana.
9 Jah anpar qap : juka alihsna usbalihta fimf, jah gagga kausjan
pans ; bidja puk, habbi mik fafirqipanana.
zo Jah sums qap : qEn IiugQida,jah dupS ni mag qiman.
2 1 Jah qimands sa skalks gatOih friujin seinamma p t a .
Panuh pwairhs sa gardawaldands qap du skalka seinamma :
usgagg spr6ut6 in gatw6ns jah st6igds balirgs, jah unledans
jah gamdidans jah blindans jah haltans attiuh hidre.
2 2 Jah qa) sa skalks : friuja, warp swO anabbst, jah nahh stads
ist.
23 Jab qap sa frliuja du pamma skalka: usgagg and wigans jah
fap6s, jah ntiupei inn atgaggan, ei usfuln6i gards meins.
2 4 QiPa allis izwis patei ni Binst~unmann5 j6inPizE pizE fali~a
hiitanan5 kduseip pis nahtamatis meinis.
2 5 Mip iddjedun pan imma hiuhmans managli, jah gawand-
jands sik qap du im :
26 Jabli b a s gaggip du mis, jah ni fij6ip attan seinana jah
Bipein jah qen jah barna jah brijpruns jah swistruns,naiihup-
pan seina silbins s8iwala, ni mag meins sipdneis wisan.

CHAPTER XV

I WSsunuIj-pan imma nehrjandans sik allbi mdtarj6s jah fra-

wafirhtbi l~ri~lsjan
imma.
a Jah birddidedun Fareisaieis jah bijkarjds, qibandans pate; sn
frawafirhtans andnimi) jah mip n ~ a t j ~im.
p
3 Qap pan du im p6 gajukdn qikands :
4 h a s manna i z ~ ~ a r6igands
a taihuntehund IambE jah fraliu-
sands Binamma Tpize, niu bileipib pii niuntEhund jah niun ana
lupidii jah gaggij, afar pamma fralusanin, unte bigitip pats?
5 Jah bigitands uslagjip ana amsans seinans faginends,
a? Jah saei ni bafrip galgan seinana jah gaggbi afar mls, ni mag
wisan meins siponeis.
a8 Izwara b a s rafhtls wiljands kelikn tirnbrjan, niu frumist
gas it and^ rahneij, rn~vwij,Ghabiiu cfu ustruhan f
29 ibii buftG, b ~ p egas&trdS.di grunduwaddju jah ni mahtedi
ustiuhan, all&\\?&i sac illvandans duginnri~nabilaikall ina,
30 qipandans patci sa n u n n a dustijdida tinlbrjan jah ni mahta
ustiuhan.
3I AQpiu hras Piudans g ~ q g a n d stigqan
s vc ]bra anparana piudan
du wigana, niu gas~tonifsfafirpis Pankelp, slbiu mahtelgs mip
taniun kiisundj6!n $-niE:jan pamma mi) r:561m tigum
piisundj6 g a g g a ~ d i qa n e sik?
3a EiPfiu [jab& nist rnnhlcigs] narihpanuh fafrra irnrna wisandirl
insandjands biru t\;djii- .~swafrpjis.
33 Swah nu hrarjizuh 1;nnra saei ni afqiPiP allzrnrna Aigin~
seinamma, ni mag ~ 1 5 ~ 3 1meins1 sipBneis.
34 Gijd salt; ij, j a b 5 salt t i a d wafrpip, hrE gasupbda?
35 Nih du afrpbi, ni du mqfhstbu fagr ist ; at uswafrpand imma.
Saei habbi ausBna gahiuslanddna, gahbusjbi.

1 ' H a a v 68 aGr+ iyyl(ofrres 7idvrcs oi rrA&vai K U ~ oi

6paproAoi & K I ? ~ € L ~ a6roL;.
2 Kai Girydyyucov oi @apiaaLo~~ a oi l ypapparcLs hr!yovrcs
jri ocros BpaprwAo6s apocr8r!xcrai ~ a avveu8icr
i a6rors.
3 Elnrv 62 rpbs aGro&s r;jv 7iapai30Ajv radrqv Alywv.
4 'l'is hv0pwnos 25 GpGy i X w v I ~ a r h trpdpara
~ ~ a 16rohdaas
Cv &$ a6rGv, 06 ~araAei.ircr r& i v e v $ ~ o v r a ivvda i u 73
? p i p y nai ~opcv'erarin1 rb &aoAwAds, 2ws cGpP aird;
5 Kai c;p&v i~;criOqmvhnl T O ~ S6pous iauro7 xaipov,
1187 T
274 Afwagge'@dpa frh Lukan [ch. XV. 6-20

6 jah qimands in garda galaptip frijbnds jah garaznans qipands

du im : faginbp mip mis pammei bigat lamb mein pata
fralusan6.
7 Qipa izwis patei swa fahgds wafrpip in himina in dinis fra-
kvalirhtis idreig6ndins Pdu in niuntehundis jah niunZ garafht-
6izE Pdiei ni palirbun idreigbs.
8 AQpdu suma qin6 drakmans habandei tafhun, jabdi fraliusip
drakrnin dinamma, niu tandeip lukarn jah usb6ugeiP razn jah
s6keiP glaggwaba, unt& bigitip ?
9 Jah bigitandei gahlitip frij6ndj6s jah garaznbns qipandei :
IaginiiP mip mis, unte bigat drakmein pammei fraliius.
10 Swa qipa izwis, f a h ~ d swafrpip in andwalrpja aggilc gups in
Binis idreig6ndins frawairrhtis.
I r Qapup-pan : manne sums aihta twans sununs.

I 2 Jah qa2, sa jiihiza ize du attin: atta, gif mis sei undrinnii
mik ddil Biginis ; jah disdgilida irn swZs sein.
1 3 Jah afar ni managans dagans brshta samana allata sa jijhiza
sunus, jah aflfiip in land falrra w1sand6,jah jriinar distahida
pata swgs seinata lrbands usstiuriba.
14 B i F pan frawas allamma, warp hiihrus abrs and gawi jiinata,
iah is dugann alaparba wafrpan.
I F, ]ah gaggands gahaftida sik sumamma balirgjane jiinis giiujis,
j ~ insandida
h h a h5iPj:jiis seinBiz6s haldan sxeina.
1 6 Jah gairnida sad itan hacrne, pGei matidedun sweina, jah
manna imnta ni gaf.
I 7 Qimands pan in sis qap : hran fiiu asnje attins meinis ufar-
assju haband hl&ibe, ip ik hiillrfiu fraqistna.
18 Usstandands gagga du attin meinamma jah qifia du imma:
atta, frawairrhta mis in himin jah in andwalrpja peinamma ;
19 ju panaseips ni im wairfis ei h6itiidbu sunus peins; gatawei
mik swE dinana asnje peinfiize.
20 Jah usstandands qam at attin seinamma. Nadhkanuh ban
Ch. xv. 6-20] &i:;cz'yyiAbov ~ a a &Ao6tcav 2 75

6 xal ~A$&v cis T ~ VO ~ K O V c r u y ~ d c ?TOGS $dAovs rtal TO&

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?fp&~ardv p v 70 B~oiwAds.
7 A C ~ W 4pTv o"rr o&wr xaph larat Iv r$ o4pavG 4%; ivl
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pial,, oGXi B m e i X 6 ~ v o v ~ a aapoi l xai firei
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hem.
ro Oikos, Adyo ip?zi, xap; yil*crar Iv6nrov rBv dndAwv TOG
$toti 6x1 i v i &paprw/h+pcravoov^vri.
r I Eilrcu 64- i ~ % ~ o . r rrrs
d s F ? ~ 660 ~ v uiods.
r z Kal e ? ~ c v d vcdrcpo~ a6rGv r$ narpl. n&rcp, ads por
r6 Ia~Pdhhov p ~ p o s6 9 oiuias. at 6rcAev a6~oTsrdzf
prov.
1 3 Ka'c per' 04 m M h s ipbpas avvayay&v aaavra d ucirepor
vids d71c6tjC11u~v cis X d p w parcpdzv, xai KC? Btcun;dp.rrtar~
r;/V O $ U ~ W ~ 6 ~ @V 0 5~U~TOS.
r4 A a a a v ~ u a v ~ o62s ahoO advra Iykvcro Atpas IuXvpbs K ~ T &
r i v xdpav irrciqv, xai a h & I;p[aro 6u~cpeioBar.
1 ii Kai ~opcuOeisI K O A A ~i % v i ~TGV TOALTGVrjjs xkpas Jxciqs,
~ a Fnep$cv
i a4rt;v els TOGS clypoirs a6roC Pdrxciv )joipovp.
16 Kal inct)&pcr ~oprau9ijuar J K riiv xcpariov Gv iju9cov oi
xoipoc, ~ a o66cis
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scptuudovurv &prov, i y & 62 ArpG dadhhvpar.
18'Avaurhs ~opc4uopar npbs rbv nardpa pov xai JpLi a&+.
a(ircp, $paprov cis TAU oipav6v ~ a Ivdxcdv i uov.
' 9 OGKE'TLclpl &ELOS rthqefivar vids uov. noiqudv pc 6 s Eva
TGV p l ~ e i ~ uov.
v
10 Kat dcaur;ls $A%rv sphs r6v saripa iat~roi?. irr 62 aGroG
T 2
2 76 Aiwagge'Fb patrh Lukan [ch. XV. 21-31

fairra wisandan gasahr ina atta is jah infeiniida, jah pragjands

drius ana hals is jah kukida imma.
a r Jah qap imma sa sunus: atta, frawaGrhta in himin jah in
andwafrpja peinamma, ju panaseips ni im wafrps ei hditiidau
sunus pins.
22 Qap pan sa atta du skalkarn sein6im : sprautb bringip wastja
P6 frumisten jah gawasjip ina jah gibip figgragulp in handu
is jah gask6hi ana f6tuns is;
23 jah bringandans stiur kana alidan ufsneipip, jah matjandans
wisam wafia ;
2 4 untz sa sunus meins ditups was jah gaqiunGda, jah fralusans
was jah bigitans warp ; jah dugunnun wisan.
25 Wasuppan sunus is sa alpiza ana akra, jah qimands atiddja
nehr ram, jah gahitusida saggwins jah 16ikins.
26 Jah athhitands sumana magiwt frahuh h a wPsi pata.
27 Pamh is qap du imma patei br6par peins qam. jah afsniip
atta p i n s stiur pana alidan, untE hliilana ina andnam.
28 Panuh m6dags warp jah ni wilda inn gaggan, ip atta ia
usgaggands iit bad ina.
29 Paruh is andhafjands qap du attin : sii, swa filu jErE skaE
kin6da pus, jah ni hranhun anabusn peina ufariddja, jah mis
ni iiw atgaft giitein? ei mip frij6ndam rneinliim biuesjiu;
30 ip pan sa sunus peins, saei fret pein swiis mip kalkjdm, qam,
ufsn6ist imma stiur pana alidan.
3 1 Paruh qap du imma : baxnil6, pu sinteinb mip mis wast jah
is, jah a l pata mein pein ist ;
3 1 wafla wisan jah fagin6n skuld was, untP br6par peins diups
was jah gaqiun6da, jah fralusans jah bigitans warp.
Ch. xv. z I -381 Ei?ayyCX~ovKUT& ho6~av * 77
o s ~ a t r b d nar3p atroii nal InnAay-
p a ~ p h vd ? ~ i ~ o v r ei6av
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2 4 0 " ~O;TOS
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3 2 E;+pav6fiva~ 88 nai xapijvat &t, 8 ~ d1 &GcA$ds oou osros
v~npdsj/v nai Bvbiqucv, nal &~oXwhAsnai dpi6q.
 CHAPTER XI1
r -- in BEkanijin, parei was Lazarus sa dPuPa, panei urrG-
sida us dduPItim I&sus.
a Paruh gawadrhttdun imma nahtamat j&inar, jah M a r b and-
bahtida; ij Lazarus was sums pizE anakumbjandane' mip
imma.
3 Ip Marja nam pund balsanis nardAus pistikeinis filugaltiubis,
jah gasalb6da f6tuns Iesua, jah biswarb f6tuns ia skufk
seinamma ; ip sa gards fulls warp ddundis Piz6s salb6nPis.
,+ Qap pan &ins pize sipiinjt is, Judas SeimBnis sa IskariGtEs,
izei skaftida sik du galEwjan ina :
;d u b 5 pata baIsan ni frabadht was in v skattF jah fradtiilip
wtsi parbam ?
6 Patup-pan qap, ni )Gei ina PizE parbane kara wEisi, ak untE
Piubs was jah arka habLida jah pata inn wa6rpan6 bar.
Qap pan IEsus : l t i ija ; in dag gafilhis meinis fast&idap t a .
8 Ip pans unledans sintein6 habtiip mil, izwis, ip mik ni sin-
teinii hab6iP.
y Fanp pan manageins fiIu IudaiB patei IFsus j&inar ist, jah
qEmun, ni in IPsrlis Itinis, ak ei jah Lazaru sehreina panei
urriiisida us d6uJxiim.
ro KTun5idedunup-pan Buk pB aGliumistans gudjans, ei jah
Lazardu usqemeina,
I I untE managPi in pis garunnun Iudait jah galPubidEdun
IFsua.
I a Iftumin daga manageins filu sei qam at dulpsi, gahtius-
jandans patei qimil, Iesus in Iafradsa6lymii,
1 3 nzmun astans peikabagme, jah urrunnun wipragamotjan
imma, jah hr6pidedun : Bsanna, piupida sa qimanda in namin
friujins, piudans Isragis.
r q Bigat pan Iesus asilu, jah gasat ana ina, maswE isf gamelip:
ch. xii. 15-301 A iwaggghd pa frh Jdhanlzgn 2 79

rg ni 6gs pus, dadhtar Si6n, sfti, Piudans peins qimip sitands

ana fulin asilius.
16 Patuppan ni k u n p d u n sipiinjds is frumist; ak biPE ga-
sw&riips was IEsus, panuh gamundedun patei pata was c!u
pamma gamelip, jah pala gatawidEdun imma.
1 7 Weitwiidida pan sij managei, sei was mip imma, t.9-D Lazaru
wiipida us hldiwa jah urrriisida ina us diiupdim.
18 DuppE iddjedun gamiitjac inlma managei, unte h&st.idedun
ei gatawidtdi pii tdikn.
19 Panuh Pii Fareisaieis qEpun du sis miss6 : safhrip patei ni
biiteip waiht ; sLi, sd n;anasFds afar imma galiip.
20 Wesunup-pan sumdi piud6 PizE urrinnandane, ei inwiteina in
PizBi dulpii.
zr Phi atiddjedun du Filippira, pamma fram BEPaeida Galeilaie,
jah bedun ina qipandans : friujn, wileima 1i;su gasahran.
z a GaggiP Filippus jah qipip du Andrafin, jab aftra Andrafas jah
Filipl)us qEPun du Iesua.
23 Ip Iesus andhdf im qipands : qam hreila ei sweriidfiu sunus
mans.
24 Amen amen qiPa izwis: nibii kalirnij kriiteis gadriusand6
in afrpa gaswiltip, silba Pinata aflifnip: ip jabii gaswiltip,
manag aliran bafrip.
25 Saei frijap siiwala seina, fraqisteip izii, jah saei fiiiib sfiiwala
seina in Lamma fairhrh, in libbinii iiwein6n bnlrgip izii.
26 Jabii lnis hras andbahtjG, mik Iiistjrii; jah pnrci im ik,
Paruh sa andbahts meins wisan hab8ip; jah jab% lvns nlis
ancih;~l~teip,
saEr6ip ina atta.
27 Nu siiwala meina gadrGbndda, jah hra qipfiu? atta, nasei
mik us Piziii hreilPi. Akei duPPE qam in PizPi heilQi.
2 s Atta, hbuhei namd peinata l Qam pan stibna us himina :

jah hduhida jah aftra hPuhja.

2 9 Managei pan sei stdP gahiiusjandei, qepun Peihriin wairpan;
sumiiih qSpun : aggilus du imma rbdida.
30 Andhiif ISsus jah qap: ni in meina s6 stibna warp, ak in
izwara
31 Nu staua ist Pizii mmanas8dii, nu sa reiks pi8 fafrhrius us-
wdrpada at.
32 Jah ik jabii ushhhjada af afrpBi, alla atpinsa du mis.
33 Patuppan qap bandwjands hrileikamrna diuf,Qu skulda
gadiupnan.
34 AndhBf imma s6 managei: weis hhsidedum ana witBda
patei Xristus sijSi du iiwa ; jah hriiwa pu qipis patei skulds
ist ushiuhjan sa sunus mans ? hras ist sa sunus mans?
35 Qap pan du im IZsus: naiih leitil mEl liuhap in izwis ist.
GaggiP Pan& liuhap habiip, ei riqiz izwis ni gafahii ;jah
saei gaggip in riqiza, ni wiit h a p gaggip.
36 PandE liuhaf, habiip, galaubeip du liuhada, ei sunjus liuhadis
wafrpiip. Pata rBdida Iesus, jah galiip jah gafalh sik
fadra im.
37 Swa filu imma tiikne gatiujandin in andwalrpja izE, ni
galiubidEdun imma,
38 ei pata wa6rd Esaeiins prarifetius usfulIn6dedi patei qap:
friuja, b a s galiubida h6useinQi unsardi? jah arms frsujins
hramma andhulips warp ?
39 D u P p ni mahtedun galiubjan ; untE aftra qap Esaeias :
40 gablindida izB Sugiina jah gadjubida iz6 hairtiha, ei ni
giumidedeina 6ugam jah fr6peina hafrtin, jah gawandi-
dSdeina jah ganasidedjiu ins.
4 I Pata qap Esaeias, pan sahr wulpu is jah rijdida bi ina.
4 2 Panuh pan swepiuh jah us pdim reikam rnanag6i galiu-
bid6dun du imma, akei fabra Fareisaium ni andhalhiitun, ei
us synag6gein ni uswarirpanii walirpeina.
4 3 Frijiidtdun i u k mais hguhein manniska P8u hiuhein gups.
4 4 IP Iesus hr6pida jah qap : saei galhubeif, du mis ni galiubeif,
du mis, ak du pamma sandjandin mik.
45 Jah saei safhrip mik, s a h i p pana sandjandan mik.
46 Ik Iiuhad in parnma fafrhriu qam, ei hrazuh saei galiubjai
du mis, in riqiza ni wisii.
4 7 Jah jabdi hras meinhim hiusjPi walirdam jah galdubjii, ik ni
st6ja ina; nih pan qam ei stGjku manasEd, a% ei ganasjdu
manastd.
.+8 Saei frakann mis jah ni andnimip walirda meina, habaid pana
st6jandan s i k Wairrd patei rddida, pata stiijip ina in
spedistin daga.
49 UntZ ik us rnis sifbin ni rddida, a% saei sandida mik atta, sah
mis anabusn atgaf - -
CHAPTER XIV
r Ni indriibnii izwar hafrtii; gal,iubei), du gupa jah du rnis
galfiubeip.
2 In garda attins meinis salipw6s manages sind; appan niba
weseina, afppiu qSpjiu du izwis : gagga manwjan stad
izwis.
3 Jah pan jabii gaggajah manwvja izwis stad, aftra qima jah
franima izwis du mis silbin, ei parei im ik, Paruh sijuP jah jus.
4 Jah padei ik gagga kunnup, jah pana wig kunnup.
5 Paruh qap imma Pdmas : frauja, ni witum hraP gaggis, jah
hrfiiwa magum pana wig k i n n a n ?
6 Qap imma Icsus: ik im sa wigs jah sunja jah lib6ins.
Ainshun ni qimi), at attin, niba pafrh mik.
7 IJJ kunpcdeik mik, afj+~iu kunpFdeiP jah attan rneinana; jah
pan fram himma kunnup ina jah gasaflvip ina.
S IF) Filippus qapuh du imma: frliuja, Bugei unsis pana attan ;
patuh ganah unsis.
9 Paruh qap i n m a IEsus: swaliud rnelis miP izwis was, jah ni
ufkunpes mik, Filippu? saei gas,~twmik, gasaiu attnn, jah
hriiwa pu qipis: riugei unsis kana atian ?
lo Niu gaidubeis patei ik in attin jail atta i n mis ist ? P6 waitrda
pdei ik r6dja izwis, af mis silbin ni r6dja, ak atta saei in mis
ist, sa tftujip pa wahrstwa.
r I GaMubeip mis patei ik in attin jah atta in mis ; ip jabhi ni,
in Piz5 walirstwe galiubeip mis.
I 2 Amen amen qiJJa izwis : saei galiubeid mis, Pii walirstwa
PBei ik tLuja, jah is taujijp jah m&izBna PAim tftujip; unte ik
du attin gagga.
1 3 Jah patei hra bidjip in namin meinamma, pats tatlja, el
hauhjitidiu atta in sun&
14 Jab5 hris bidjip rnik in narnin meinamma, ik tduja,
15 Jabai rnik frijBp, anabusnins meinBs fastiid.
I 6 Jah ik bidja attan, jah anparana parakletu gibip izwis, ei sijai
mip izwis du Qiwa,
I 7 ahma sunjbs, panei 86 manaseips ni mag niman, untE ni
safhrip ina, nih kann ina; iP jus kunnup ina, unt5 is mip
izwis wisiP jah in izais ist.
1 S Ni Eta izwis widuwairnans ; qima at izwis.
I g NaGh leitil, jah sb manaseips rnik ni Jxxnaseips safhrip ; iP
jus safhrip mik, patei ik liba, jah jus IibBiP.
2 0 I n jginamma daga ufkunngip jus patei ik in attin meinamma
jah jus in mis jah ik in izwis.
z I Saei hab6id anabusnins meinija jah fastftip pbs, sa ist saei frij6)
rnik: jah pan saei frijdp mik, frij6da fram attin meinamma.
jah ik frijii ina jah gabafrhtja imma rnik silban.
2 a h m h qap imma Iudas, ni sa IskarjbtEs : frftuja, hra warp ei

unsis muniis gabairhtjan puk silban, ip bizhi manasedai ni ?

2 3 AndhBf IGsus jah qap du imma: jabhi hras rnik fi.ij6P jah
walird mein fast6iP, jah atta meins frijdp ina, jah du imma
galeipiis jah salipwcSs at imma gatftuj6s.
2 4 IP saei ni lrijijf, mik, P6 wa6rda meina ni fastiip; jah pata
wa6rd patei h6useip nist mein, ak Pis sandjandins rnik attins.
2 5 Pata r6dida izwis at izwis wisands.
26 Appan sa parakletus, ahma sa ueiha, parlei sandeip atta in
namin meinamma, sa izwis 15,rse;p allata jah garnriuderp izw~s
allis patei qaf, du izwis.
2 7 GawafrPi bileipa izwis, gawafrpi mein giba izbris; nt swaswe
sb manaseps gibip, ik giba izwis. Ni indriibn6lna izwara
hairt6na nih falirhtjriina.
28 Hiusidedup ei ik qap izwis: galeipa jah qima at izwis ;
jabii rrijddedeip mik, afpj6u jus fagin6dedeiP ei ik gagga do
attin: untS atta meins m6iza mis ist.
29 Jah nu qap izwis, falirpizei wahrpi, ei biP5 wairpai galiubjaip.
30 Panaseips filu ni maplja mip izwia ; qimip saei Fzdi mana-
E d l i reikinbp, jah in mis ni bigitip wafht.
31 Ak ei ufkunnli s6 manasEp F t e i ik frijada attan meinana,
jah swaswe anabiud mi8 atta, swa t i u j a Urreisip, gaggam
paprh

CHAPTER XV
I Ik im weinatriu pata sunjein6, jah atta meins wahrstwja ist.
2 All tiine in mis unbafrandanz akran g6p, usnimip ita: jah
all akran bafrandane, gahriineip ita, ei managiz6 akran
bafrltina.
3 JU jus hriinjii sijup in Pis waGrdis patei rbdida du izwis.
4 Wisiip in mis jah ik in izwis. Sw5 sa weinatiins ni mag
akran bafran af sis silbin, niba ist ana weinatriwa, swah nih
jus, niba in mis sijup.
5 Ik im pata weinatriu, ip jus weinat6inbs ; saei wisip in mis
jah ik in imma, sa bafrip akran manag, patei inuh mik ni
magup tiujan ni wafht.
6 Niba saei wisijl in mis, uswafrpada a t sw2 weinatiins, jah
gapaGrsni), jah galisada, jah in fon galagjand jah inbrann-
jada.
7 APpan jabii sijup in mis, jah waGrda meina in izwis sind,
Ftahrah pei wileip, bidjiP, jah wairpip izwis.
8 In pamma hltuhips ist atta meins, ei akran manag bairltip jah
wafrpgip meinPi sipbnj6s.
9 Swaswe frij6da mik atta, swah ik frijbda izwis; wis6ip in
friapwlti meinli.
10 JabPi anabusnins mein6s fastiid, sijup in friapwdi meinii,
swaswi? ik anabusnins attins meinis fastaida, jah wisa in
friapwlti is.
11 kata rbdida izwis, ei faheps meina in izwis sijU, jah faliEds
izwara usfullj6idBu.
12 Pata ist anabusns meina, ei frijbp izwis miss6, swaswZ ik
frijbda izwis.
284 AiwaggdIJ'dp a i d J6tzatzn8n [Ch. XV. '3-17

13 MBizein pizii friapwdi manna ni habBiP, ti hras sBiwala seina

lagjiP falir frij6nds seinans.
I 4 fus frijbnds meinii sijup, jabhi tiujip patei ik anabiuda izwis.
1 5 Panaseips izwis ni qipa skalkans; unt5 skalks ni wiit hra
tdujip is friuja, ip ik izwis qap frijGnde, untE all patei hiusida
at attin meinamma, gakannida izwis.
16 Ni jus rnik gawalidedup, ak ik gawalida izwis, ei jus sniwPip
jah akran bairiiip, jah akran izwar du Biwa sijhi, ei Patahrah
pei bidjhip attan in namin meinamma, gibip izwis.
1 7 Pata anabiuda izwis ei frijdp izwis missb.
I 8 Jabii s6 manascds izwis fijPi, kunneip ei rnik fruman izwis
fijiida.
19 Jabhi pis fafrhrhus wEseip, aQpiu a6 manadds swesans
frij6dEdi; afikan untC us b m m a fafrMu ni sijup, ak ik
gawalida izwis us pamma fafrhtgu, duppE fijdid izwis sd
manasEps.
zo Gamuneip pis wadrdis patei ik qap du izwis: nist skalks
miiza frAujin seinamma. Jabii rnik wrekun,, jah izwis
wrikand ; jabhi mein wadrd fastiidEdeina, jah izwar fas-
tlina.
2 1 Ak pata allata tPujand izwis in namins meinis, untt ni
kunnun pana sandjandan mik.
2 a Nih qEmjPu jah r6didEdjBu du im, frawadrht ni habiidtdeina :
ij, nu inilijns ni haband bi frawadrht seina.
2 3 Saei mik fijPip, jah attan meinana fij6ip.
24 I j pb tvadrstwa ni gatawidEdj6u in im p6ei anpar Binshun ni
gatawida, frawalirht ni habAidedeina; i), nu jah gasehrun
rnik jah fijPidEdun jah rnik jah attan meinana.
a5 Ak ei usfulln6dSdi waGrd pata gamClid6 in wit6da i d : ei
fijlidEdun rnik arwj6.
26 APpan pan qimiP paraklttus panei ik insandja izwis fram
attin, ahman sunjBs izei fram attin urrinnip, sa weitwadeip
bi mik.
2 7 Jah pan jus weitwadeip, untE fram fruma mip mis sijup.
ch. xvii. 1-1 41 Aiwaggdg8 Pairh Jdha?z?z&z 2 8 5

CHAPTER XVII

1 Pata r6dida ISsus uzuhhbf frugbna seina du himina jah

qap: atta, qam hreila, hBuhei peinana sunu, ei sunus p i n s
htiuhjii puk ;
2 swaswE atgaft imma waldufni allBizE leike, ei all patei atgaft
imma, gibPi im Iibfrin Biwein6n.
3 Sbh pan ist s6 BiweinB lib$ins, ei kunneina puk frinana
sunjana gup jah panei insandid&, IFsu Xristu.
4 Ik puk hiuhida ana afrpBi; walirstw ustiuh patei atgaft rnis
du waGrkjan.
5 Jah nu hiuhei mik, pu atta, at pus silbin pamrna wuljbu,
panei habiida at pus, faiirpizei sa fairhrus wFsi.
6 Gabafrhtida peinata namb mannam panzei atgaft rnis us
pamma fafrhrtiu. PeinQi wesun jah rnis atgaft ins, jah pata
waGrd peinata gafastSidCdun.
7 Nu ufkunpa ei alla P6ei atgaft mis, at pus sind ;
8 untZ P6 walirda p i atgaft mis, atgaf im, jah eis n&mun bi
sunjdi patei fram pus urrann, jah galdubidedun patei P
mik insandides.
g Ik bi ins bidja; ni bi P6 manasep bidja, ak bi pans panzei
atgaft mis, unte peinai sind.
ro Jah meina aIla peina s ~ n djah peina meina, jah hLuhijls im
in Ptiim.
I I Ni pannseips im in pamma falrhriu ; ip PBi in pamma fafrlviu
sind, jah ik du pus gagga. Atta weiha, fast6i ins in namtn
peinamma, panzei atgaft mis, ei sijhina Bin swaswE wit.
1 2 Pan was mip im in pamma fafrhrBu, ik fasttiida ins In namin

peinamma. Panzei atgaft mis gafasttiida, jah frinshun us im

ni fraqistn6da. niba sa sunus fralustiis, ei pata gamelid6
usfulli~walirpi.
1 3 Ip nu du pus gagga, jah pita r6dja in manasedfri, ei hab6ina
fahed meina usfullida in sis.
1 4 Ik atgaf im walird peinata; jah s6 manaseps fijBida ins,
286 Afwaggzgi pafrli JOhan~zgn[Ch.xvii. 15-26
untE ni sind us b m m a falrhrtiu, swasw& ik as m r n a
fafrWu ni im.
15 Ni bidja ei usnimiis ins us pamma fafrhr;lu, ah ei balrg4is im
fa6ra pamma unscljin.
1 6 Us pamma fairhriiu ni sind, swaswE ik us m a fsirhr5u
ni im.
1 7 Weihii ins in aunjii; wahd pinata sunja ist.

r8 Swasw~mik insandidts in manastp, swah ik insandida ins

in manasEd.
1 9 Jah fram im ik weiha rnik ailban, ei sijiina jah eis weihii
in sunj8i.
2 0 ApPan ni bi pans bidja binans, ak bi pane galiubjandans
pafrh waGrda ize du mis,
21 ei allii fin sijiina, swasws pu, atta, in rnis jah ik in pus, ei
jah pfii in uggkis &in sijiina, ei d manadps galiubjdi patei
pu mik insandid&.
a a Jah ik wulpu panei gaft mis, gaf im, ei sijaina gin swaswE
wit &insiju.
23 Ik in im jab pu in mis, ei sijtiina ustalihanhi du tiinamma,
jah kunnei s6 manasPPs patei pu mik insandides, jah frij6dcs
ins, swaswt mik frijbdes.
2 4 Atta, patei atgaft miti, wiljtiu ei parei im ik, jah p&isijtiina
snip mis, ei sakhrjina w u l b meinana panei gaft mis, untE
frij6des mik fa& gaskaft fafrhrSus.
2 5 Atta garafhta, jah s6 manaseps puk ni ufkunpa; ip ik puk

kunpa. Jah p8i ufkunpcdun Fatei pu mil< insandides.

26 Jah gakannida im nam6 peinata jah kannja, ei friapwa Pbei
frij6des mik, in im sijfii jah ik in im.
 D U TE'fMAOPAlAU ANPARA
CHAPTER I
I Pawlus, apabstablus Iesuis Xristaus pairh wiljan guPs bi
gahBitam libdindis sei ist in XristAu IEsu,
2 Teirnadpafbu, liubin barna, ansts, armaiii. gawafrpi fram guPa
attin jah XristLu Iesu friiujin unsaramma.
3 A d i u d d gupa meinamma, pamrnei skaikinii fram fadreinam
in hrdinjhi gahugdiii, b G w a unsweiband6 haba bi puk gaminpi
in bid6m meinitim naht jah daga,
4 gafrnjands puk gasafhran, garnunands tagre peinbize, ei
iahed6is usfullnfiu,
j gamriudein andnimands Piz6s sei ist in pus, unliut6ns galfiu-
bcinLis sei bauPida fakpis in awiin pcinii L a u i 4 b i jah aikeiri
Peindi Aiwneik&i, gap-pan-traua patei jah in pus.
6 I n Pizdzei waihdis gamgudja puk anaqiujan anst N s , sei
ist in pus pafrh analagein handiwZ nleiniiz6.
7 UntS ni gaf unsis gup ahrnan faurhteins, a k mahtdis jah
FriapwBs jah inaheins.
8 Ni nunu skamii puk weitw6diPiis ir6ujins unsaris IFsuis nih
meina, bandjins is, a k mip arbitidei aiwaggeljan bi mahtPi
guP%
9 pis nasjnndins uns jah la~bntlinslap6ndi weihji, ni bi wailrs-
twam unsariim, ak I)i seinbi leikiin2ii jnh anstii sei gihana
ist unsis in Xristbu I ~ S fahr
U lrlela itiweina,
ro ip gaswikunkida nu pairh gal)n(t.l~t~in nasjandis unsaris ICsuis
Xristbus, gatairandins rafhtis dduJ~Au, ip galiuhtjandins
libdin jah unriurein pafrh aiwaggEljGn,
I 1 in p6ei gasatips im ik mGrjcinds jah aparistarilus jah Idisareis
piud6,
ra in piz6zel rairin6s jah pata winna; akei nib skama mik, untF
wdit b a m m a galbubida, jah gatraua pammei mahteigs ist
pata anafiih mein fastan in j6inana dag.
13 Frisaht habands hQilriizt wadrdD, p e i at rnis hiiusides in
galiubein6i jah friapwfii in Xristhu IEsu,
I4 pata gad6 anafilh fastdi Pafrh ahman weihana saei bauip
in uns.
I5 WQist patei afwandidtdun sik af mis allii Pdiei sind in Asili,
piz2;ei ist Fygaflus jah AfrmdgafnEs.
I 6 Gibii armaidn frduja Alineiseifaljrhus garda, untt ufta mik
anaprafstida jah nludibandjb mein6izB ni skamdida sik ;
I 7 ak qimands in RiimQiusd6udb sbkida mik jah bigat.
I8 Gibii friuja imma bigitan armahafrtein at friiujin in jiinamma
daga ; jah hran filu miis in Affafsdn andbahtida mis, waFla
pu kant.

CHAPTER I1
r h nu, barn mein walis0, inswinlei puk in anst6i Piz6i in
Xrist6u Iesu,
z jah P e i hLusides at mis F l r h rnana& weitwbdja, wadrda
gups, 'p6 anafilh triggwiiim mannam, P5iei wairjxii sijdina jah
anparans 16isjan.
3 Pu nu arbQidei swe g6ds gadralihts Xristaus TEsuis.
4 Ni Qinshun drahhtinbnds friujin dugawindip sik gawafirkjam
pizds alddis, ei galeikii pammei draljhtinbp.
5 jail pan jabQi hQifsteip has, ni weipada, niba wit6deig6
brikip.
6 Arbiidjands afr]:8s wailrstmja skal frumist akranE. andniman.
7 Frapei patei qipa; gibij, Quk pus frQuja fra'pi us alliim.
8 Gamuneis Xrisku Iesu urrisanana us dQup6im us frdiwa
Daweidis bi af\vaggCljcin meinii,
g in Pizdiei arbhidja und bandj6s sw5 ubilt6jis ; akei waGrd
gups nist gabundan.
lo Inuh Pis all gapula bi pans ga~validans,ei jah p6i ganist
gatilGna, sei ist in XristQu Iesu mip wulb6u Qiweinanlma.
I I Triggw pata walird : jab6i mip gad&ulnddE.dum,jah mip
Ebam ;
Ch. ii. 1 1 - ~ 6 ] DU Tei~zatipaiaz4Anpara 289
r a jabhi gapularn, jah mip piudanam ; jablii afiikarn: jah is
afhiki), uns ;
13 jabfii ni galiubjam, jfiins triggws wisip; affiikan sik silban
ni mag.
r q PizE garnhdei, weitwddjands in andwafrpja fr6ujins. WaGrdam
weihan du ni wafhtii dliug, niba uswalteinfii Piim hfius-
jdndarn.
I; Usdludei puk silban gakusanana usgiban gupa watirstwjan
ungiwiskana, ralhtaha r&idjandan warjrd sunj6s.
1 6 I), P6 dwal6na usweihiina 16usawarjrdja biwandei ; untE filu
gaggand du al'gudein,
1 7 jah wadrd ize swe gund wulip; pizeei ist Ymainaius jah
Filetus,
18 priiei bi sunjli uswissai usrnZtun, qipandans usstass ju waiir-
pana, jah galriubein sumriizf uswaltidedun.
19 APPan tulgus grunduwaddjus gups standip, habands siglj6
pata: kunpa friuja pans priiei sind is, jah : afstandrii af
unstlein hrazuh saei namnj& namB fr&ujins.
zo APPan in mikilamma garda ni sind PatBinei kasa gulpeina
jah silubreina, ak jah triweina jah digana, jah suma du
swergirn, sumup-pan d u unsw-5rdirn.
2 1 Appan jabai hras gahrlinjdi sik PizE, wafrpip kas du sweri-
Pii gaweihliip, briik frhujin, du allamma wa6rstwE gijdjize
garnanwip.
2 2 Appan juggans lustuns pliuh ; ij, IAistei g-arafhlcin, galBuheir~,
friapaa, gawalrpi mi)^ pAim bidlii anahlitantlarn friujan us
hr6injamma halrtin.
23 I), ),OSdwalbns jah untaldns d h i n s biwandei, witands patei
gabafrand sakjijns.
2 4 Ip skalks friujins ni skal sakan, ak qafrrus wisan wipra allans,
liiseigs, uspulands,
2 5 in qafrrein talzjands pans andstandandans, niu b a n gibfii irn
gttb id1 eiga du ufkunpja sunjc?~,
26 jah usskarjaindiu us unhulbins wruggGn, frani panl~nei
gafshanrii habanda afar is wiljin.
i 187 U
 CHAPTER 111
r &pan pata kunneis t i in spedistiim dagam atgaggand jera
sleidja,
2 jah w a f b n d mannans sik frijandans, fafhugafm4i, bih&itjans,
hluhhalrtli, wajamerjandans, fadreinam ungahrafrbhi, 1Suna-
warg6s, unalrkngi,
3 unhunslagii, unmildjli, fairinsndans, ungahabandans sik,
unmanariggwii, unseljii,
4 fralewjandans, unlilamalskbi, ufblulidli, frijijndans wiljan
seinana miis P;iu guj,.
5 habandans hiwi gagudeins, il, maht iz6s inwidandans; jah
pans afwandei.
6 UntE us plim sind p6iei sliupand in gardins jah frahunbna
tiuhand qineina afhlapana frawadrhtim, Pdei tiuhanda du
lusturn missaleikgirn,
7 sinteinij 18isjanddna sik jab ni 4iw hranhun in ufkunpja
sunjbs qiman mahtriga.
8 APpan barnma hlid6u ei JannEs jah MambrEs andstBpun
MBsEza, swa jah PBi andstandand sunjli, mannans frawadr-
pan% ahin, uskusm6i bi galaubein ;
9 akei ni Peihand du lilusn&i, unte unwiti iz&swikunp wafrpip
all*, swaswe jah j6in6izZ was.
ro Ip pu gallista is IBiseinBi mein%, usmeta, m w u , sidau,
galBubeinEti, usbeisnfii, fria)w6i, puli~nfii,
I I wrakj6m, wunnim, ivilcika mis waGr)un in AntiabkiB, in
EikariniGn, In Lystrys, hrileikds wrakds us)ulQida, jah us
allBim mik gal5usida fr6uja.
I 2 Jah ban a116i p6iei wileina gagudaba iiban in Xrist6u IGsu,
wrak6s winnand.
13 Ij, ubil6i mannans jah liutPi Peihand du wairsizin, afrzjii
jah afrzjandans.
r q Ip pu framwafrpis wislis in pQimei galCiisides puk jah ga-
traulida sind pus, witands at hramma ganamt,
I 5 jah patei us barniskja weihb bdkijs kunpes, p6s mahteigsns
puk usfratwjan du ganistai pairh galbubein PB in Xristbu Iesu.
Ch. iii. 16 ; iv. 161 DU Teimadpafau A #para 29 I
16 All b6kb gudiskdizijs ahmateinbis jah Frirftijs d u I&iseindi,
du gasahtli, du garafhteinii, du talzeinki in garafhtein,
I 7 ei ustafihans sijli manna gups, du allamma wahrstwt g i i d l i s
gamanwi)s.
CHAPTER IV
I WeitwiSdja in andwafrpja gups jah frgujins XristQus I~suis.
Saei skal st6jan qiwans jah diupans bi qum is jah Piudi-
nassu is :
a mzrei wafird, instand iihteigb, uniihteigb, gasak, gaplPih,
gahratei in alldi usbeisnii jah 16iseinii.
3 Wafrpil) mEl pan hlila liisein ni uspuland, a k du seinlim
lustum gadragand sis liisa jans, supjbndans hiusein ;
4 appan af sunjli hiusein afwandjand, iP du spillam gawand-
jand sik.
5 I p p andapHhts sijdis in allPim, arbQidei, wahrstw wadrkei
aiwaggelistins, andbahti pein usfullei.
6 APPan ik ju hunsljada jah mEl meinQiz6s diswissdis atist.
7 HBifst Pb g6d6n hbifstida, run ustQuh, galgubein gafastPida;
8 paprbh gdagips ist rnis wlips garafi~teins,F n e i usgibip rnis
frluja in jiinamma daga, s a garalhta staua; appan ni
PatPinei mis, ak jah allQim pAiei frij6nd qum is.
9 Sniumei qiman a t rnis spriutci ;
xo unte Demas mis biliip, frijdnds p6 nu ald, jah galdip du
Paissala6neikii, Xreskus du Galatiii, Teitus du Dalrnati6i.
I i Lukas ist mip rnis &ins. hInrku andnimands brigg mip pus
silbin, unte ist mis brliks du andbahtja.
1 2 APpan Tykeiku insanditla in Affafsdn.
r 3 Hakul panei bilQiP in Trauadii at I<aipiu qimands atbalr,
jah b6kds, J,ishun mafmbranans.
1 4 Alaiksantlrus Pizasn~ipa managa mis unpiupa usthiknida ;
usgildip imma friuja bi waurstwam is ;
15 pa~nmeijah pu witji, filu Quk andsrdfi unsariim wa6rdam.
16 I n frumistdn 11iein6i sunjdnii ni n~arlnaniis 111iP was, ak
allii rnis bilipun, ni rahnjiilin'u h.-- --
U 2
 NOTES
[The references refer to the paragraphs in the grammar.]

ST. MATTHEW
CHAPTER VI
I. du aafhran im - rpirr sir B~aejvaratroir, see Q 435.
3. puk taujandan, acc. gov. by witi. Two Lat. MSS.
(Vercellensis and Veronensis) of the Gospels have the same
construction ; tefacientem, the Greek version has here the gen.
absolute : aoir rroroiwos.
4. sii armahairtipa peina, a lit. rendering of seir 4 ~ ' X c ~ p o u ; ~ .
This construction is very common in the Gothic translation.
5. waihstam, gov. b y in.
7. bidjandansup bidjandans-t the enclitic particle uh. T h e
5

final h in the particles uh, jah, nih, is often assimilated to t h e

initial consonant of the following word (5 164 note). rswaswii
p&ipiudli, lit. like those of (the)healhens.
9. )m in himinam ; the Gr. has 6 Cv ~ o i roipnvois. I n addressing
a person the Gr. def. article is translated b y the personal
pronoun in Gothic.
11. himma daga, see $267.
12. aR5t uns patei skulans sijhima, forgive us whaf we are
owing, i. e. our debfs. patei, acc. gov. by skulans, see the
Glossary under skula.
13. in fritistubnjhi, into fenzp!afion. With verbs of motion the
prep. in sometimes takes the acc., sometimes the dat., cp. ahma
ina usthuh in Aupida, the spirit led him away into the wilderness,
beside qiimun in garda (dat.) SeimBnis, they came info Simon's
house.
15. ni pbu atta izwar aflEtip missadEdins izwariis, in that
case yourfather will not forgive your trespasses. For ni pbn t h e
Gr. version has o;%, and nof, nor.
23. pata riqiz b a n filu! supply ist; and on the -zin riqiz,
see 5 175 note I.
 Notes
a.+ fabki ... ..
aippAu, &thcr. or. Ulfilas seems to have read
el, if, instead o f f , either.
~ i +
25, niu n i u = Lat. nonne, where -u is an interrogative
.

; cp. such phrases as skuldu ist P is it lawful? fodeindi,

wastjGm, the dat. of the things compared, dependent upon
mhis. Cp. the similar idiomatical construction in Greek and
Latin, where the former has the gen. and the latter the ablative,
as pci(ou rob ci%ch$ob = 6 d ci8tX+ds ; major f r a t r e = major quam
frater. See 5 428.
a6. pei = patei, that. Phim, dat. pl. gov. by ir~iiis;see note
to verse 25.

CHAPTER VIII
I. atgaggandin imma = xnra@&vrt~$73, is in apposition to the
second imma. Similarly in verse 5.
g. tawei, see 94 149-50.
XI. saggqa = s a g q a (§ 17). T h e guttural nasal is sometimes
written gg before q and k.
24. swasw6 p a t a skip gahulip wairpan fram wEgim. To
indicate consequence o r result swaswG with the inf. is some-
times used, in imitation of the Greek burr with inf. ; cp. GUT* 7;
rhoiou ~aXirrrradar. In the pl. wEgs fluctuates between the a -
and i-declension ; cp. wEg6s in Mark iv. 37.
29 hra uns jah pusP lit. what (is there common) to us and fu
thee? The dat. of relationship.
30. haldana, pp. with act. meaning like the Gr. @ w r t o p i v q ,
agreeing with hairda.
31. qipandans, masc. agreeing with the natural gender.
32. hairda has the verb in the pl. because of its collective
meaning. Cp. Mark ii. 13.

C H A P T E R XI
S. bi sip5njam seinhim, instead of pairh sip6njans seinans
the Gr. dsri s i u p81yhv airo;.
3. anparizuh = anparia (gen.) +uh, see 5 175 and note 2 to i t
6. htazuh saei, see 8 276.
9. prauEtdu, see note to Matth. vi. 25.
12. und hita, see § 267.
 Notes
13. pradfEteis. T h e nom. sing. has two forms, pratiiGtEs
Gr. npo+$r7s, gen. pradEtis, nom. pl. prafifeteis, like gasteis
-
(§ 196) ; and pratiiEtus inflected like sunus ($202). Cp. verseg.
14. mip niman = andniman, to receive, accept.

ST. MARK
CHAPTER I
5. i n IafirdanE ahr81, with retention of the Gr. ending in the
proper name : i u T$ ' l o p & ~ ma&
7. swinp6za mis, see 5 428.
19. j a b pans i n s k i p s manwjandans n a t j a is a lit. rendering
of Kal ahoits ;v r+ ~ X o ~arap~i(ovrar
i ~ rh 8i~rva.
24. M a uns jah pusP see note to Matth. viii. 29.
q.mip s i s missii, see 1431. htii sB fdiseinii sii niajij P What
is this new one of doctrines ? See $9 200, 427.
32. ubil habandans, having an iihtess, a lit. translation of the
Gr. xar& Ixovras. See also ch. ii. 17.

CHAPTER I1
I. gafrhhun, see 4 308 note.
a. n i gamcsthdun, they didnotfind room, see 5 338.
7. g u p is properly neuter, and retains its old gender in the
plural nom. acc. guda, heathen gods ; in the sing.it is used for
the Christian God, and is always masculine, although it retains
its nom. voc. ace. form gup. T h e MSS. have regularly the
contracted forms: nam. voc. acc. gp, gen. gps, dat. gps. But
when the inflected forms are written in full they always have
gucl-. See also Appendix, Note H.
13. all manageins, cp. note to Matth. viii. 3%
16. driggkip = drigkip.
17. ak pai ubilaba habandans, a lit, translation of the Gr.
;AX' 0i K ~ K & S ~ X O M ~ E .
21. ibdi afnimdi fullBn af pamma, s a niuja pamma fafmjin,
lest it (the piece of new cloth) take away the filness (the piece of the
old garment lyng beneath the new piece) from it, the new (sa
niuja, in apposition to the subject) from the old (pamma
fairnjin, in apposition to af pamma). Ulfilas took rb nhjpopa
as the acc., and then translated the Gr. word for word.
 m. giutand, t h y pour, people pour.
23. warp p a r h g a g g a n imma. The Gr. has iyivcro nopanopcGr-
cr$a <IGT~Y,but after an impersonal predicate the dat. with the
inf. is far more common than the acc. with t h e inf. in Gothic.
For an example of the latter construction see Luke iv. 36.
25. niu, see note to Matth. vi. 25, and 4 349.
26, gups, see note to Mark ii. 7. uf, urzder, in the days ofi
hlaibans faurlageintiis, lit. the haves of laying forth, i. e. show-
bread. panzuh, see $ 266.
27. sabbatz, Gr. u&@fiarov, is indeclinable. The nom. form
sabbatus follows the u-declension in the sing., but the i-declen-
sion in the plural : cp. verses 24 and 28,and see pp. 361-2. in
s a b b a E dagis. Gr. dih sd oG@orov,on accocrni oftfie Sabbath day.

CHAPTER I I I
a hailidbdiu = hhilid6di +us wfielfierhewould hral. The par-
ticle u i s always attached enclitically to the first word of its
clause, and is used to indicate direct (as in verse 4 skuld + u) or
indirect interrogation, see Cj 349.
g. habtiip, pp. neut. of haban.
28. frawaxirhtz, gen. pi. gov. by allata pata.
31. standand2jnaa hbitandzna, pres. part. neut. pi., see
4! 429 (3).
CHAPTER IV.
I. swasw"ena galeikandan i n skip gasitan in marein, on
the construction see note to Matth. viii. 24.
5. anparup-pan = anpar + ull-pan.
8. On 'I', 'j',and 'r., see $ 2.
lo. frEhun, see $ 308 note, and 5 4'27.
14. saijands, saijip =. saiands, saiip.
rg. bi pat a anpar iustjus, lit. &sires concerrring the ~Ilrrrtfiing,
i. e. concetrring other tltings.
25. PishramnlEh saci, see $ 276.
27. keinip (cp. OHG. inf. kinan), properly a strong verb
belonging to the first ablaut-series (fj 299). The n beionps to
the pres, only, just as in fraihnan ($ 308 note). The regular
pret. would be *kAi, *kijum; instead of which we have a new
pret. us-keinijda (Luke viii. 8), formed aficr the analogy of
 Notes
weak verbs of the fourth class (5 329). us-kijanata, the neut.
of the old strong participle occurs in Luke viii. 6.
ag. atist, 3 sing. pres. of at wisan.
33. hdusjGn, the more usual form is hdusjan.
37. wzgiis, cp. note to Matth. viii. 24.
38. niu k a r a puk pizei fraqistnam P On the construction of
k a r a see 5 426.
CHAPTER V
5. nahtam, see 4 221.
7. hra mis jah pus, cp. note to Matth. viii. 29. sundu sunu
(8 202 note).
-
13.w E s u n u ~ p a n= wesun-ah-pan.
14. haimijm, see 3 199 note. qsmun, they (the peopk of the
vi7kages) came.
18. wiids, see 9 173 note.
23. aftumist habhip, is at the point of death, a literal transla-
tion of the Gr. 2 ~ x 6 ?~x t~~ .s After habdip supply bidja puk.
26. jah n i wafhtai biitida, a k mdis wairs habaida, a literal
rendering of ~ a r7c?lu
i &r+tX96t;rra 6hXb g h h o v tls rb xripov e'A8o;ua ;
so that bijtida and habhida are here pp. fern. sing.
41. qapuh qap + uh. taleipa kumei = Gr. T ~ X I @ &xoiper.
5-

+a w a s duk jErl twalibE, see 8 427.

CHAPTER V1
a jah hrii sii handagein6 s G giban6 immaF The Gr. has xai
r i s 4 oo$in4 8o8riua air+ ; cp. note to ch. i. 27.
15. HErGdEs qap patei pammei ik hdubip afmafmdit IijhannE,
lit. Herod said that to whom I C I I / fJ~ehead off, to john. The Gr.
has d ' ~ ~ d ~ 8t &
1 p~ t d
v r ~
bu iY& Herod said that
( ~ I T C K ~ $ J ~'I~(iuvqv,
IU[I
if isjohn whom I beheaded.
21. jah wadrpans dags gatils, and a fitting day being come.
Ulfilas generally used the dat. in such instances corresponding
to the Gr. gen. absolute, but he has here used the nom. (Q 436).
See also v. 26.
53. duatsniwun, see 3 5.

CHAPTER VII
4 anpar ist manag, lit. other (thing there) is many. The Gr.
has the pl. dhAa rroAh6. ~ ' c v .
 Notes 29 7
5. bi pammsi anafulhun ptii sinistans, according to that which
(Ar &s have handed down as a tradition.
& ip hairti5 i z l fairra habiip sik mis, tit. but their head has
itserffar from me.
XI. pishrah patei us mis gabatnis, as to rvhatsoever thou
profifest from me. Ulfilas has closely followed the Gr. 8 RV;[
i p o i P+tXs8~s which omits the apodosis t3 ixrc.
1% ni.. ..
ni waffit is a double negative like the Gr. OLK&L
oGB~u. Cp. afso ch. xv. 4.
....
31. mip tweihniiim markcm, lit. amid fhe two boundanis.
34. aiffapa = Gr. ;++nBci, open, be opened !
36. mais pamma, by that the more, so tnuch the more.

CHAPTER VIXI
ro. jabii gibtiidiiu kunja pamma tiiiknl, lit. Vfhercshould be
given o f s i p s to this generation. Bernhardt following Meyer's
suggestion supplies : so tue mir Goffdies und das. T h e Gr. has
ci 8 0 8 j a r m r rTj y c v t a sal;sg u p p r i o v .
23. frah ina ga-u-hra.slhri, he asked him whether he saw any-
firing. S e e $ 279.
-
26.27. wEhsa weihsa, see 4 5.
31. uskiusan skulds ist, is liable to be rejected, on the inf. see
4 435, Similarly usqiman.
CHAPTER IX
2. dinans, see 4 249.
18. usdreibeina = usdribeina, see 8 5.
23. allata rnahteigpan~rnagalhubjandin, cveryfhitzg [is] pas-
sible to the one who believes.
50. supiida, see $ 7.
CHAPTER X
14. untb p z l ist Piudangardi gups. H e r e pizZ is a rnis-
translation of the Gr. T&U T O ~ O ; T ( U Y ; the correct translation, pizZ
swaleikiizl, occurs in Luke xviii. 16.
ar. iiinis pus wan ist, lit. fhere is lacking'h thee of one thing.
25. azitiz6 = azCtizi5, see 5 5.
32. p6ei habiiidaun i n a gadaban, those things which were
about to happen to him, cp. the Gr. rh p;XXovra a h y o v f i a i v t i v .
298 notes

CHAPTER XI
r. alzwjin is here used adjectively agreeing with fafrgunja.
The Gr. has Bpnr rGv i h u r i v , the Mount of Olives.
10. Piupid6 5 Gr. cChov/iirll. in namin attins unsaris
Ilaweidis is meaningless, and does not correspond to either of
the Gr. readings :-roc aazpbs i p t v Aavria, or i v drdCIorr~ v p i o vr o j
narpAs {p&v Anvria. Possibly frkujins has been inadvertently
omitted in the Gothic version,
12. usstandandam im, the dat. absolute, see $ 436.
14. usbairands, answering, only occurs here in this meaning.
The Gr. has c i r o ~ p t 8 c i s .
18. gudjanE, gen. pl. dep. on althumistans.
23. Pishrazuh ei, see $276.
30. uzuh, zu?zel/~erfrom, see $175 note a
p. i i h t a n n for ijhtEdun, see 9 7.

CHAPTER XI1
z. a h a n i s , partitive gen., see 5 427.
4. hhubip, accusative of closer definition, see 8 426.
5. sumanznh = sumans uh. +
7. hirjip, atme kit/;er, an old imperative used as an interjection.
The sing. a pers. hiri, and dual 2 pers. hirjats also occur. The
i in the stern-syllable has not yet been satisfactorily explained.
See Feist, ' Etym. WGrterbuch der got. Sprache,' p. 137.
14. k a r a puk manshun, on the coilsti-uction see $426. skuldu
= skuld +u, see note to lvlatt. vi. 25.
pbu niu gibhi~na2 the Gr. has 6&prv 3 pi 8Cptv;
20. brhprahans, bvet/zren, from an adjective "br6prahs (5 393) ;
cp. such lorrns as un-barnahs, clzi2dless, beside barn.

CHAPTER XI11
a8. uskeinand, see note to ch. iv. 27.

CHAPTER XIV
p. jah duk razda peina galeika ist, after buk supply
Galeilaius i s jah. Cp. the Gr. rai raXcXaios c: rai ihdcri uov
.;,'o'd[cl.
 - CHAPTER XV

-
9 wileidu wileip+a. fraleitan = fralEtan, see 8 5.
34. ailijl aflziz, lima sibakpanei the Gr. text 'EX*; ;~@1 XcPh
ur,90X8avi.
4a. fruma sabbatij, Gr. rrpauti8Bnrav, the day b e f m the Sabbath.
CHAPTER XVI
9. frumin sabbatij, Gr. ap&rn cm@fl&rov, on the first d a y of the
week, ie. the first d a y affer the Sabbath. Cp. ch. xv. qa, where
fruma sabbatii means the day before thc Sabbath.

ST. LUKE
Before reading the chapters from St. Luke, the beginner
stlould refer to Q$ 5, 7, and the notes to $5 161, 173, 202.

CHAPTER I1
a. [wiaandin kindina Syridis], a marginal gloss, which has
crept into the text of the MS. which has come down to us.
Kyreinaibu KyrEnaitku.
4. sei, see $ 271 note 3.
5 anamZljan, on the construction see $ 435. qeins = qGns.
7. riimis, gen. gov. by ni, see Q 427.
10. fafieid = fahzp.
13. hazjandanl, hip and an^, gen. plur. agreeing with the
plurality implied in harjis.
20. pizzei, gen. pl. gov. by gahAusidZc1un.
21. usfuln6dEdun = usfulln5di.dun (cp. v. 6). Similarly in
C . 22.
q.bZrusjijs, pareztk, originally the perfect part. act. of
bairan.
-
29. fraleittiis fralEtdis.
33. sildaleikjandijna, on the gender see 429. Similarly in
w. 44%45,48.
37. blijtandG = blGtandei.
41. birusjijs bZrusj6s.
I.

48. magiu = magu.

50. ija, neut. pl., see note to v. 33.
300 Notes
CHAPTER IV
3. sundus = sunus.
5. diabuldus = diabulus.
6. pishrammah pei, see 1276.
13. frlistiibnjij = fraistubnj6.
14. bisitandE, of those that dweN round about.
17. praitfetus = prauEt8us.
25. mSnGps, acc. pl.
27. Hafleisaiu = Hafleisaidu.
36. jah warp afslaupnan allans, see note to Mark ii. 23.
40. dinfirarjrimmEh, see $ 275 note a.

CHAPTER XIV
12. q a b p p a n = qapuhepan.
19. aithsnz, see $ 208 note.

-
23. usfulnli = usfullndi.
26. naithuppan naith-uh-pan.
28. rnanwi* habdiu, whefherhe has the nccr.rsary means; where
manwip6 is the gen. pl. used partitively and dep. upon habkin
5 habli + u.
31. du wigana. The codex argenteus has wigH na. The
Gr. *is R ~ ~ ; X C Psuggests
CW that du wigana means to war, in which
case it is related to weihan, lofight.
pankeip = pagkeip.

-
si8iu for sij8i + u, whether he may be.
32 eiPdu aipphu. nist = ni + ist.

CHAPTER XV
I. wlsunup-pan t. wEsun.uh.pan. Similarly in v. 2 s
8. Instead of suma we ought to have had hr6. The translator
mistook the indef. pronoun ris for the interrogative r i ~ . drak-
mans, drakmin presuppose a nom. form drakma.
9. drakmein, the Greek case form (8paXpjv) with ei for B ; but
'
masc. as is shown by pammei.
13. bringandans briggandans.
I.

q.jah duguunun wisan, supply wafla.

 Notes

ST. JOHN
CHAPTER XI1
4. Seimijnis, see $ 427.
6. patuppan = pata-uh-pan,also in w. 16, 3.

-
kara, on the construction see 5 426.
10. mundidTdunu~pan munlidEdun.uh-pan. Similarly in
V. 20.
as. fi&iP fijhip.
.P

26. On habAip see $ 432.

29. sumAih = sumhi + uh.

CHAPTER XV
7. patahrah pei, see 4 276.
9. friaPwPi = frijapwai, also in w. 10, 13.

CHAPTER XVII
I. azuhh7jf = uzuh + hsf.
21. aggkis = ugkis.

THE SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY

CHAPTER I
5. gap.pan-traua= ga-uh-pan-traua, where ga belongs to
traua.
7. fliapwiis frijapwiis. Similarly in v. 13.
 GLOSSARY

--
sm., 8j;, am., strong masculine, &c. #. = strong verb,
pni.-pres.-
m.,W J , wn., weak masculine, &c.
preterite present.
oav. weak verb.
The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.
The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the verb
belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the paragraph
in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some peculiarity of it
is explained.
The letter lv folbws h, and p follows t.

aba, wm. man, husband, 206, af.d&upjan, wv. I, to kill, put

a08 note. 0.Icel. afe.
abraba, av. strongly, exces-
sively, very, very much.
abrs, aj. strong, violent, great,
mighty.
af; prej. c. dat. of, from, by,
away from, out of, 88, 350.
OE. af,of, OHG. aba, ab.
af-&&an, sv. VII, to deny,
to deny vehemently, 313,
402.
af-airzjan, wv. I, to deceive,
lead astray ; see airzeis,
airzjan.
afar, prep. c. am. and dat., av.
after, according to,
OH G. avar, afar.
afar-dags, sm. the next day,
3s6-
afar-gaggan,sv.VII, to follow,
go after, 313note I, 403.
afar.18istja11, wv. I, to follow
after, follow, 403.
afar-sabbatus, sm. the day
atter the Sabbath; Pis dagis
afar-sabbatz, on the first day
of the week, 356.
afaruh = afar + uh.
af.daubnan, wv. lY, to become
deaf, 331.
to death ; pass. to die, 402.
af-dGbnan, wv. IV, to be silent.
+af.dGjan, wv. 1, to fatigue, 80,
, 319 note.
af-drziusjan, m. I, to cast
down.
sf-dmgkja,wm. drunkard, 355.
af-dnmbnan, W i i IV, to hold
one's peace, be silent o r still,
33~.
af.etja, wm. glutton, 355.
af-gaggan, su. VII, to go away,
depart, go to, come, 313 note I,
402.
af.gudei, wJ ungodliness,,355.
af-gups. a]. godless, implous,
/ 355, 391. Lp. OIIG. abgot,
abgudi, idol, false god.
1 afAlapan, sv. VI, to lade, load,
310. OE. OHG. hladan.
af-hrapjan, wv. I, to choke,
quench.
af-hrapnan, wv. IV, to be
I choked, be quenched,
/ af.lageins, sf. a laying aside,
/ remlsslon, 355:
/ af-leitan = af-letan, see 8 5.
af-leipan, so. I, to go awa
( depart. OE. ripan.
lid an.
OH^:
 Glossary
d.l%an, sv. VII, to dismiss,
leave, forsake, ut away, let
I
alone, forgive, a solve, 402.
af.llts, sm, forgiveness, remis-
sion, 355.
af.lifnan, wv. IV, to remain,
be left.
af.linnan, sv. 111, to de art,
304. OE. linnan, OH$ bi-
linnan.
af.m&itan, sv. VII, to cut off,
402.
af.marzeins, sf. deceitfulness.
*af.m6jm, wv. I, to fatigue,
3x9 note. OHG. muoen,
muoan.
af-niman, su. IV, to take away.
af.qipan, sv, V, to renounce,
forsake.
af-sateins, sf. divorcement.
af-satjan, wv. I, to divorce.
af-skiuban, sv. 11, to push
aside, 286 note a, 302. OE.
sciifan, OHG. skioban.
af-slahan, sv. VI, to kill, slay,
402.
af-slaupan, wv. IV, to be
amazed, be beside oneself.
af-sneipan, m. I, to cut off,
ki1.
af-stsndan, sv. VI, to stand
off, depart.
af-stass, sf. a standing OK,fall-
ing off or away, 355.
af-swairban, sv. 111, to wipe
out, 304. OE. sweorfan,
OHG. swerban.
afta, av. behind, backwards,
348.
aftana, av. from behind, 348.
OE. zeftan.
aftarc, av. from behind, be-
hind, 344.
af-tadrnan, wv. IV, to be torn
away, 331.
af-tiuhan, su. 11, to draw away,
push off; to take, draw aside,
4-
303
aftr? av. back, backwards,
agaln, once more ; aftra
gabGtjan, to restore ; aftra
gasatjan, to heal. OE. ~ f t e r ,
OHG. after.
aftuma, aj. the following,
Poste~ils,next, hindmost, last,
246, 430.
aftumists, nj. last, aftermost,
246 ; aftumist haban, to be
at the po~ntof death, OE.
eftemest.
af-wairpan, sv. 111, to cast
away, put away, 428.
af-walwjan, wv. I, to roll away.
OE. wielwan.
af-wandjan,urv.I, toturn away.
.aga-, sufix, 392.
aggilus, sm.ange1,messenger;
the pl. fluctuates bet,wgen the
3- and u.declensfin, as =om
pl. aggileis and aggiuus, 17
OE. engel, OHG.engil,angil,
from Gr. Byyehos through Lat.
angelus.
aggwipa, -Cf. anguist, distress,
tribtllation, 384.
aggwus, aj. narrow, 17, 132,
236. OE. enge, OHG. engi.
agls ken. agisis), sn. fri ht
fear. terror. 168. 182. %ET
ege,' OHG. kgi. '
agliiitei, wf: lasciviousness,
unchastity, 212. OHG. aga.
Ieiqi, zeal.
aglaiti-waitrdei, wf: indecent
language, 389.
azllpa, sf: anguish, distress,
38f.
aglo, wJ: anguish, affliction,
tribulat~on,aI1.
1 aglvha, av. hardly, with diffi-
I Culcy, 344.
aglus, aj. hard, difficult, 2
428. Cp. OE. egle, troub e-
some.
p
1 aha, wm. mind, understanding,
i aca.
304 Glossary
-aha-, su&, 393. bins, num. one, alone, only;
ahaks, sf.(?)dove, 1 eon. indcf.fr. one, a certain one ;
ahana, SJ chaff.
OHG. agana.
82. egenu,
. . . ..
bins . fah bins. the one
and fhe othe;, 10, 44
ahma, wm. spirit, the Holy 83, 89, 24 249, a58, 390.
Ghost, 208, n 3 . OE. iin. O ~ Gein. .
ahmateins, sf. inspiration. bins-hui, indef. pr. with the
ahs, sn. ear of corn, 353. OE. neg. particle ni, no one, no,
Ear, OHG. ahir, ehir. none, 87 (r), 89, 278.
ahtlu, num. eight, 4, 11, 3 bir, av. (comp. biris), soon,
65, 90,91, 121, i d , 247.
eahta, OHG. ahto.
02: ~ a r l y ,347. OE. 6 r , OHG.
er.
ahuu-dsga, eight days birinGn, wv. I I, to be a mes-
old, IZZ Cp.8~.
'

dGgor, day. senger, 325.

ahtlutdhund, sum. eighty, &iris, av. earlier, 45.
247. airpa, s/. earth, &nd, region,
ahtuda, num. eighth, 253. 10, 67, 171, r g a OE. eorpe,
a k a , sf: river, water, 19, 36, OHG. erda.
f43, 192. OE. Za, OHG. aha. afrpa-kunds, aj. earthy, born
b ~ g m , sn. property, inheri- of the earth, 397.
tance, goods, 425. OE. Bgen, airpeins, aj. earthly, za7, 395.
OHG. eigan. birus, sm. messenger, 203.
bigum, we have, 339. 0.Icel. Zirr, OE. iir.
gih, pret.-pres. I have, possess, airzeis, at astray, erring ;
137,339. OE. Zig later i5h. airzeis wlsan or wairpan, to
bihan, pret.-pres. to have, pos- go astray, err, be deceived,
sess, 339, 426. OE. Igan, 231. OE. eorre, ierre, angry,
OHG. eigan. OHG. irri.
bihtriin, we. I1,to beg for, pray, airzjan, wv. 1, to deceive, lead
desire, 325. astray. OHG. irren, cp. OE.
bihts, sf, praperty, 199, 354. iersian, to be angry.
OHG. Eht. bistan, wv. 111, to reverence,
aika-tundi, sf: thornbush, lit. 328 Cp. OE. Pr, OHG. Era,
horse tooth, 389. Cp. OE. from *aiz6, honour.
eoh, horse, and Goth. tunpus, A F , W/ n~otiier, 6, 2x2.
tooth. HG. eldi, MHG. eide.
, only-born, 389. &ips, sm. oath, 10, 171, 180,
d i n a - b a ~snn.
binaha, w.aj. only, 393. 353. OE. lp,OHG. eid.
bin-falpei, w i simplicity, aippbu, ci. or, else ; aipplu
goodness of isposition, 389. jah, trul 10, 66 note, 256,
bin-falps, num. onefold, 351. ~ H ' e p p a ,OHG. eddo.
simple, sin le, 257, 397. OE. aiwaggclista, wm. evangelist,
Hnfeald, O ~ Geinfalt.
. Gr. eirayyshtari)~through Lat.
bin-hrarjiz-uh, indpf.pr. every- euangelista.
one, each, 275 note 2. aiwaggcljan, wv. I, to preach
-bini-, suflx, 388. the gospel.
*lidif, num. eleven, 247, 252. aiwaggi?ljii, w j gospel, Gr.
OHG. einlif. &ayyAtov.'
 Glossary
&weins, aj eternal, everlast-
ing, =7, 395.
hiws, sm. time, lifetime, age,
world, eternity ; n i &iw (347),
never; in Biwins, du Biwa,
for ever. OE. &, Sw, OHG.
Ewa.
hiz, sn. brass, coin, money, 47.
OE. 'ir, OHG. Er.
hiza-smipa, wm. coppersmith,
389.
ak, cj. but, however (after
negative clauses), 35r. OE.
ac, OHG. oh.
akei, cj. but, yet, stil1,neverthe-
less, 351.
akeit (aket), ?sn. or akeits,
?sm.vinegar. OE.eced,OHG.
e ~ q i hfrom
, Lat. acctum.
akran, sn. fruit, 182; akran
bairan, to bear fruit. OE.
aecern, acorn.
akrana-lhus, aj. unfruitful,
barren, 34, 97.
3
akrs, sm. fie d, 4, 21, 25, 36,
88,91,129, 159, 16% 175, 180,
354. OE. aecer. OHG. ackar.
ajukdcpa, sf. time, eternity,
382.
6
ala-brunsts, s burnt-offering,
holocaust HG. brunst.
alakj6, av. together, collec-
tively.
alan, m. VI, to grow, 310.
OE. alan, Lat. alere, to
nourish.
ala+arba, w.aj. very needy,
very poor.
alds, sf: age, life, eneration,
17.1. OE. ieldu, ~ H G alti, .
eiG.
aleina, sf. ell, cubit OE. eln,
OHG. elina.
alzw. sn. olive oil.
a l ~ w s ,aj. of olives; fairguni
alEwj6, Mount of Olives.
alhs, g temple, 221. OE.
ealh, HG. alah.
1187
305
alja, j. than, except, unless,
save ; prep. c. dul. except,
35".
alja-kuns, aj. foreign, strange,
3p.
alja-leik6s. av. otherwise, 345.
aljan, wv. I, to bring up, rear,
fatten.
aljar, av. elsewhere, 348. OE.
ellor.
aljap,av.elsewhere, in another
direction, 348; afleipan aljap,
to go away.
aljaprii, av. from elsewhere,
from all sides, from every
quarter, 348.
aljis, aj.other, another. 36,
OE. e l l a ( m.), else ;
ele-lande, %HG. eli-lenti,
3
foreign.
allis, av. in general, wholly, at
a!l, 46; ni allis, not at all ;
(I ?or, because, 351; nib
allis, for neither, for not ;
. .
allis .. ip, indeed . . but.
OE. ealles, OHG. alles.
ans, aj. all, everv, much, z q ,
390, 427,430. 02. call, OHG.
al.
all-waldands, sm. the Al-
mighty, 34, 218,389.
*alpan, sv. VII, see us-alpan.
k
alpeis (comp. a1 iza), uj. old,
175,231,243. 0 .eald, OHG.
ald, alt.
amen, av. verily, truly, from
Hebrew through Gr. & ~ j v .
ams. Zsm. or amsa, ? wnz.
shoulder.
an, interrog.$artick, then, 349.
Gr. dv.
ana, prep. c. acc. and dat. in,
on, upon, at, over, to, into,
against, av. on, upon.
OE. on, dE&. ana.
ana-8ukan. sv. VII, to add to.
/ 404.
ana.biudan, sv. 11, to bid,
x
306 Glossary
command, order, g1,122,127,
138, 173, 286 notes 2. 3,
301, 404. OE. bcodan, OHG.
biotavn.
ana-b.iisns, sf. command, com-
mandment, order, 1a2, 138,
199~357.
aria-filh, sn. a thing committed,
tradition, recommendation,
357.
aria-filhan, sv. 111, to commit
to, entrust, let out, hand down
a s tradition.
ana.fulhan5, PP.n. of ana-
filhan, used as a noun, tradi-
tion; pata anafrrlhano izwar,
4 v mapti8ourv JpGiv.
ana-haban, urn. 111, to take
hold of; in pass. (Luke iv. 38),
to be talcen (wit11 fever).
ana-haitan, sv. VII, c. acc. to
call on, c. dat. to scold, 404,
4*.
ana-hntiiwjan, wv. I, to lay,
lay down.
ana-hneiwan, su. I, to stoop
down, 404.
anaks, av. straightway, at
once, suddenly.
ana-kumbjan, wv. I, to lie or
sit down, sit at table, recline.
Lat. ac-cumbere.
ana-lageins, sf. a laying on,
357
anu-lagjan wv. I, tolay on,4oq.
ana-18ugni6a, av. secretly,
344.
anam18ugns,aj. hidden, secret,
234.
ana-leikii, av. in like manner,
344. MH G. ane-liche.
ana-mahtjan, wv. 1, to do
violence, injure, damage, re-
vile.
ans.mEIjan, wv. I, to enroil.
d
aria-minds s supposition, 357.
'anan, sv. I, see us-anan.
ana-nanpjan, wv. I, to dare,
have courage, be bold. OE.
nzpan, OHG. nenden.
ana-niujan, wv. I, to renew,
319.
ana.praggan, sv. VII, to op-
press, 313 note I.
anasqiman, sv. IV, to come
near, approach.
ana-qiss, sf. blas hemy, 357.
aoa-qiujan, ruv
make alive.
f, to arouse,
anassilan, unr. 111, to be silent,
be quiet, grow still, 328. Lat.
siEre.
anapsiuns, aj. visible, 234, 357,
391. Cp. OE. an-sien, face.
aria-stcdeins, sf. beginning,
357.
ana-stGdjan, wv. I, to begin,
404.
anadrimpan, su. 111, to tread
on, 304.
ana-prafstjan, wv. I, to com-
fort.
ana-wairps, aj. future, 357.
OHG. -wert, reiated to wair-
pan.
and,pt-ep. c. acc. along, through-
out, towa ,ds, in, on, amon
350. OE. and., ond-, OH^:
ant-.
-and-, sufix, 339.
anda-bauhts, sf. ransom, 358.
anda-hafts, sf: answer, 33, 19,
358.
anda-laus, aj. endless, 397.
anda-nahti, sn. evening, 358.
anda-neipa, waj. contrary,
hostile, 428.
anda-nems, aj. ppleasant, ac-
ceptable, 33,234,358,391,394.
anda-stabjis, sm. adversary,
185, 358.
anda-pahts, aj. circumspect,
321 note I, 358.
and.Hugi, sn. face, 358.
and-lugjG, av. openly, 344.
anda-waurdi, sn. answer, 358.
 Glossary
OE. and-wyrde, OFIG. ant-
wurti.
and-bahti, sn. service, minis-
try, 183,*187.
aad.bahtjan, W . I, to serve,
minister, 320.
and.bahts, sm. servant.
OE. ambiht, ambeht, OHG.
ambaht.
and-beitan, sv. I, to blame, re-
proach, threaten, charge.
and-bindan, su. 111, to loose,
unbind, explain, 330, 4 0 5
and-bundnan, wv. IV, to be-
come unbound, be loosened,
330,331.
andeis, sm. end, 185. OE.
ende, OHG. enti.
and-hafjan, m. VI, to answer,
33,405j~8-
and-haltan, su. VII, to call to
one, profess, confess,acknow-
ledge, g v e thanks to.
and.h&usjan, wv. I, to listen
to, obey, hear.
and-hulehs, sf. uncovering,
revelation, illumination, 358.
and-huljan, UJU. 1, to disclose,
open, uncover, reveal, 405.
andi-ldus, aj endless, 397.
OE. ende-1Sas.
andiz-uh . . .alp)Au, either. . .
Or, 351.
and-nirnan, sv. IV, to receive,
take. 33, 405.
and-rinnan,sv. 111,to compete
in runnlng, strlve, dispute.
and-sakan, sv. VI, to dispute,
strive against, 40
and-standan, SU. $1, to with-
stand, 405.
and-staiirran, wv. 111, to mur-
mur against, 328.
and.wairpi, sn. presence, face,
erson, 358 ; in andwaif ja,
[efore, in the presence !o
and-wairps, aj.present. OHG.
ant-weft.
X 2
307
and-wasjan, wy. I, to unclothe,
take off clothes.
and-wadrdjan, wv. I, to
answer. OE. and-wyrdan,
OHG. ant-wurten.
annij, wJ wages. Cp. Lat.
a n n h a , provts~ons,supplies.
ansteigs, aj. gracious, favour-
able, 394,428.
ansts, sf.favour race, go,112,
120, 132, 198. 0%. Est, OHG.
anst.
anpar, aj. other, second, 158,
175,253,254,258,430 ; plural,
the others, the rest; anpar
.
. .anpar, the one. . . the
other. OE. Zper. OEIG.
andar.
apa~istatilus,apalistalus, sm.
apostle; f l . nonr. .cis, gen.
.e, ncc. -uns and -ans. Gr.
b~dmoh~.
aqizi, s$ axe. OE. z x , OHG.
ackus, akis.
arbkidjan, wv. I, to work, toil,
suffer. OHG, arbeiten.
arbaips, s work, toil, labour,
199. 0L. earfop, OWG.
arbeit.
arbi, sn. heritage, inheritance,
6, I 161, 187. OE. ierfe,
OH& erbi, arbi.
arbi-numja, wnz. heir, zo8,
389. OE. ierfe-numa, 011G.
erbi-nomo.
arbja, wm. heir, 208; arbja
wairpan, to inherit.
arbj5, utf.heiress, aII.
-arja-, strfix, 380.
arjan, uru. 1, to plough, 318
OE. erian, OHG. erien.
arka, sJ. mone box, chest.
oE. earc,
Lat. arca,
OHZ; arca, from
arma.hairtei, wf: mercy, 389.
armn-hairtipa, r/pity,mercy,
charity, al~rls.
arma-hairts, aj. merciful, 398.
 OE.earm-heort, OHG. arm-
herz.
armaiii, wf. mercy, pity, alms,
10.
arman, wv. 111, to ity, have
pit on, 328.
t
to e poor.
OH^. arrnEn,
arms, snt. arm, 197. OE.
e a r n , OHG. arm.
arms, aj. oor, 227, 244. OE.
eatm, ORG. arm.
arniba, av. surely, safely.
arBmata, $I. sweet spices. Gr.
bptpara.
arwjii, av. in vain, without a
cause. Cp. OHG. arwiin.
asans, sf: harvest, summer,
199. OHG. arn.
asilu-qairnus, sf. a mill-stone,
fit. ass-mill, 389. OE. esol-
cweorn.
asilus, sfn. ass, 203. OE.
esol, OHG. esil.
asilus, sf. she-ass, 203.
asneis, sm. servant, hireling,
hired servant, 185. OE. esne,
OIiG. asni, esni.
-assue,s u m , 381.
asts, sm. branch, bou h, twig,
126 note 2,141,180. O ~ Gast. .
at, prep. C. acc. and dat. at, by,
to, wlth, of,27,170,350. OE.
e t , OHG. a3.
at-apni, sn. year, 359.
atsdugjan, wv. I, to show,
appear ; pass. to appear, 406.
at.bairan, sv. IV, to brlng,
take, carry, offer.
at-gaggan, sv. VII, to go, go
up to, come to, enter, come
down, descend, 313 note I.
abgiban, sv.. V, to give up,
give up to, g v e away, deliver
up, put in prison, 406.
at-haban, w. 111, wlth sik, to
come towards.
at-hafjan, sv. VI, to take
down, 406.
at-hiitan, sv. VII, to call to
one.
atisk, sn. corn, cornfield.
OHG. ezqisc.
at-ist, is at hand, 34%
-atjan, su/jix, 424.
at-lagjan, wv. I, to lay, lay
on, put on clothes, 4, 406.
r(ij
a t - n l b j a n , m. I, to draw
near, be at hand.
at-saihran, sv. V, to take heed,
observe, look to, 406.
at-satjan, wv. I, to present,
offer.
at-standan, sv. VI, to stand
near.
at-steigan, sv. I, to descend,
come down.
atta, wm. father, forefather,
31, 208. OHG. atto, Lat.
atta, Gr. tima.
at-tekan, sv. VII, to touch,
406, 428.
at-tiuhan, sv. 11, to pull to-
wards, bring.
at-pinsan, sv. 111, to attract,
304. OHG. dinsan.
at-wairpan, sv. 111, to cast,
cast down, 406.
at-walwjan, wv. I, to roll to.
at-wisan, sv. V, to be at hand.
at-witkins, sf. observation,
359.-
at-wopjan, wv. I, to call, 406.
appan, cj. but, however, still,
Yet, 35:.
bud age^, wJ blessedness, 212,
383.
Budags, a : blessed,
392. oI?! ladig, OHP~
kuft6 (aiiftG?), av. perhaps,
indeed, to be sure, 344.
iuga-daiirij, wn. window 21
389. OE. gag-duru, d ~ d . )
ouga-tora.
Bugjan, utv. I, to show, 320.
OHG. ougen.
tiug6, wn. eye, 11, 17, 84, 104,
 Glossary 309
168, 214. OE. Sage, OHG. bagms, sm. tree, 22, 159, 168,
ouga 180, 354. OE. bEam, OHG.
a&jGdus, sm.tumult, 385. boum.
auhjon, wv. 11, to make a bBi (acc. bans, daf. bdim, nom.
noise, cry aloud. acc. neut. ba), num. both, 255.
*a6hns, sm.oven. OE. ofen, OE. masc. bB.
OHG. ofan. bairan, sts. IV, to bear, carry,
adhsa, wm.ox, 11,32,122,125, bring forth, 10,14,25,39 note,
174,206,208 note. OE. oxa, 679% 75187-9~90Ilote, 92,
OHG. ohso. 97, 1149 1229 I24,132,136, "4,
alihuma, aj. Ihigher, high, 246. 161, 291, 305. OE. OHG.
auhumists (auhmists), ay. beran.
highest, chief, 246. OE. bairgahei, wf. hill.country,
yrnest. A derxv. of *bairgs,
buk, cj. for, because, but, also,
351 ; Auk raihtis, for. OE.
8% beorg, 013,. berg, hiU,
mountain.
Eac, OHG. ouh. bairgan, sv. IV, to hide, keep,
bukan, sv. VII, to add, in- preserve, protect, 167, 30
crease, 10, 50, 104%129, 162,
312 note, 313. OE. Sacian,
.pa. OE. bcorgan,
bergan.
OH^:
OHG. ouhhijn. bairhtaba, av. brightly,clearly,
aurahi, sf. or atirahj6, wf. 344.
tomb, grave. bairhtei, u$ brightness, 212 ;
aurkeis, sm. jug, cup. OE. in bairhtein, openly.
orc, Lat. urceus. bairhtjan, zuv. 1, to reveal.
busti, wn. ear, 11, o, 136, 137, OE. bierhtan, to shine.
214. OE. Care, JHG. Gra.
bu ida, sf. wilderness, desert,
bairhts, a?. bright, manifest,
227,390. OE. beorht, OWG.
d
'? A. berbt, beraht.
b"u$s, aj. desert, waste, 234. bhitrei, wf. bitterness, 212,383.
OHG. 6di. b&itrs, aj. bitter, 227, OE.
awiliudan, wv. 11, to thank, biter, bitter, OHG. bittar.
give thanks, 325. bajops. num. both, 255. OIIG.
awistr, sn. sheepfold, 182. OE. bEde, beide.
eowestre. balgs, sm. leather bag, mine-
aw6, wf; grandmother. Cp. skin, bottle, 197. Ok1. belg,
Lat. ava. OHG. balg.
azCts, aj. easy, 428. bals-agga, see hals-agga.
azg6, wf. cinder, ash, 167,175~ balsan, sn. balsam. OHG.
211. OE. asce, =see, 01-IG. baisamo, from Gr. flbkvapov
asca. through Lat. balsamum.
azymus, sm. unleavened bal ei wJ boldness, 212.
bread, gen. pl. azymE, Gr. O R 6 b&&.
TGV dihpov. balwian. wv. I. to torment.
plagie,.428. '
Sba, av. sufix, 344. bandi, sf. band, bond, 6, 87,
badi, sn. bed, 15,161,187. OE. 122,193,354. OE. bend,
bedd. OMG. betti. g&G. bant.
bandja, wm. prisoner, 208,354.
bandwa, sJ sign, token, 192.
bandw6, wf. sign, token.
bandwjan, wv. I, to give a
slgn, signify. 0.Icel. benda.
bansts (acc. pl. banstins), sm.
barn.
barizeins, aj of barley, 395.
From *baris, OE. bere,
barley.
barms, sm. bosom, lap, 197.
OE. bearm, OHG, barm.
barn, sn. child, 14,235, 122,158,
161,182,354; barns ussatjan,
to beget children to. OE.
beam, OHG. barn.
*barnatis, aj. see un-barnahs.
barnil& wn. little child,. son,,
3 3 214: 354-
barn~skt,sn. childhood, 354
barnisks, aj. childish, 227,
396. 0.Icel. bernskr.
batists, aj. best, 107,245. OE.
. , . OHG. bezzisto.
betfekt.
batiza, aj. better, 24 .
OE. bet(s)ra, bettra, OH&
beqqiro.
bauhins, sf; dwelling, dwell-
ing-place, abode, zoo.
bauan, wv. 111, to dwell, in-
habit, 11,8o, Ior. 200. 328 and
note I. OE. OHG. bEan.
badhta, pret. I bought, 321.
OE. bohte.
badr, sm. son, child, 122,175,
196 note I, 354. OE. byre.
*baurd, sn. board, see Gtu-
baurd.
batirgja, wm. citizen, 208,354.
baurgs, f. city. town. 87. r 58,
169, 220, 353. OE. O ~ G
burg.
badrgs-waddjus, sf: town-
wall. 389.
*baurps, sf: see ga-baurps.
baups, aj. deaf, dumb; b8u s
wairpan, to become insipis
beidan, sv. I, c. gen. to await,
ex ect, look for, 49,-173,
O~ b i d a ~ OHG.
, batan.
beist, sn. leaven.
beitan, sv. I, to bite, 6,48, 68,
93, 132, 300. OE. bitan,
OHG. biqan.
berusjos, sm. pl. parents, 5,
331 rm,354.
bi, $ref. c. acc. and dat. by,
about, concerning, around,
against, according to, on
account of, for, at, after, near,
350. OE. bi, be,, OHG. bi,
bi-.
bi-aukan, sv. VII, to increase,
add to, 407.
bi-huknan, zuv. IV, to become
larger, 331-
bida, sj. request, prayer, 192,
35+. OHG beta.
bidjan, su. V, to ask, beg,
entreat, pray, 68, 173, 286
note a, p 8 and note. OE.
biddan, OHG. bittea
bi-faih6, wf. covetousness, 360.
bi-witan, szr. V, to find, meet
w?th, 2'96 note 3, 308, 407,
426. OE. be.gietan, OHG. bi-
geiS3an.
bi.hait, sn. strife, 360. OHG.
bi-heiq.
bi-hhitja, wm. boaster.
bi-hlahjan, s v . VI, to deride,
laugh to scorn.
bi-Ihikan, sv. VII, to mock.
bi-leiban, su. I, to remain, 161,
37: 407. OE. bedifan, OHG.
blql~ban.
bi-leipan, sv. I, to leave, leave
behind, forsake.
. bi-mkit, sn. circumcision, 360.
bi:m&itan, su. VII, to circum-
else.
bi-nah, prel.-pres. it is per-
mitted, is lawful, 336. OE.
be-neah, OHG. gi-nah, it
suffices.
bi-natihts, pp. sufficient, 336.
 Glossal-y
bindan, sv. 111, to bind, 6,8,
5 , 91,93, 95, 122,
1 5 ~ 6 0 ~ 672,
124, 127, 132, 161, 172, 303.
OE. bindan, OHG. bintan.
bi-rAubijn, wv. 11, to rob, stri
despoil. 0~.be.ri.afian,0~8:
bi.roub6n.
bi.riman, sv. 1x1, to run about,
?CYL
bl.rodjan, wv. I, to murmur.
bi-saihran, sv. V, to see, look,
look round on.
bi-satjan, mv. I, to beset, set
round anything.
bi.sitan, sv. V, to sit about, sit
near, 407.
bi-sitands, m. neighbour, 218,
360,379.
bx-ske~nan, sv. I, to shine
round.
bi-speiwan, sv. I, to spit upon.
bi-stugq, sn.a stumbling, 407.
bi-sunjang, av. round about,
near.
bi.swafrban, sv. 111, to wipe,
d fy .
bi-swaran, sv. VI, to swear,
adjure, conjure, 407.
bi-tiuban, sv. 11, to go about,
visit.
bi.pC, j. whilst, when, after
that, as sc.1011a s ; ou. after,
then, afterwnrd, thereupon,
265 note I, 266 note 3, 351.
IP
bi. Sh, all. after tllat, then,
a terward, 260 note 3.
*biudan, su. 11, to oiler, bid,
order, 15, 40,- 52, 70, 72,
95,138. OE. beodan, OHG.
biotan. See ana-biudan.
biugan, sv. 11, to bend, 124,
~a , OIIG. biogan.
302.
bi-iihti, sn. custom.
bi-iihts, aj. accustomed, wont.
biu s, rm. or biup, sn. table.
3k. bgod, 0.G biot.
bi-wciibjan, wv. I, to wind
about, encompass, clotlre.
311
OE. wzfian, OHG. weibon,
to hesitate; OHG. zi.weiben,
to divide.
bl-wandjan, wv. I, .to shun.
bi-windan, sv. 111, to wra
round, enwrap, swathe. o#.
beswindan, OHG. bi.wintan.
bi.wisan, sv. V, to make
merry.
blandan, sv. VII, to mix, 313
note r. OE. blandan, OHG.
blantan.
bldu jan, wv. I, to make void,
aboksh. abrogate. Cp. OE.
bleap, OHG. blodi, timid.
bleipei, wJ. mercy, 212, 383.
bleips, a '. merciful, kind. OE.
blipe, ~ H Gblidi,
. glad.
*blesan, sv. VII, see uf-blEsan.
bliggwan, sv. 111, to beat,
strike, scourge, 17, 151, 304.
OHG. bliuwan.
blinda, wm. blind man, 223.
blinds, aj. blind, 14, 33, 89,
106, 111, 114, 120, 175, 223,
226, 237: 390. OE. blind,
01-lG. bllnt.
blijma, wm. flower, 45, 2o8
OE. bloma, OHG. bluomo.
blijtan, sv. VII, to worship,
reverence. honour, 138, 313
note 4. OE. blotan, OIIC;.
blttoqan, to s:lcrifice.
bl6tilxassus, sitz. service, wors
ship, 381.
bli3P, sn. blood, 182. OE.
blod, OHG. bluot.
bnauan, sv. VII, to rub, 80,
328 note 4. OHG. niian.
biika, sJ. sing. a letter of the
alphabet ; $I. epistle, book,
the Scriptures, 42, 192;
b6k65 afsateinais, a bill of
divorcement. OE. bGc, OHG.
buoh.
bGkareis, sm.scribe, 185,354,
380. OE.biicere,OHG buoh.
hlri.
312 Glossary
b6ta, sf: advantage, 112,192.
OE. b6t. OHG. buoza.- re-
a
medy, atonement.
batjan, wv. I, to do good, avail,
help, profit. OE. bEtan,OHG.
buoqen.
briihta, pret. I brought, 321.
OE. brGhte, OHG. brihta.
brtiidei, wf; breadth, 354, 383.
* brdips (braids), aj. broad.
OE. brgd, OHG. breit.
brakja, sf: strife, r 2.
*brannjan, wv. 4, see ga-
brannjan.
briggan, wv. I, to bring, lead,
41 177 74,969 1381 158, 166,321
and note 3,340,426 ; wundan
briggan, towound. OE. OHG.
bringan.
brikan, sv. IV, to break, quar-
rel, fight, ax, 305. OE.
brecan, OHG. brehhan.
brinnan, sv. 111, to burn, 304.
OHG. brinnan.
brinn6, wJ fever, arr.
bt6par, m,brother, 7, 28, 33,
42, 79, 87, 88, 100, 106, 108,
122, 128, 132, 161, 171, 17
215,354. OE. br6por.
bruoder.
OH^
br6prahans. m. PI. brethren,
393.
br6prn-, briipra-lub6, wf; bro-
therly love, 389.
'bruka, sf. see ga-bruka.
briikjan, wu. I, to use, partake
of, 321,427. OE. briican, sv.,
OHG. briihhan.
briiks, aj. useful, 234, 428.
OE, b d c e , OHG. briihhi.
brunji3, wJ breastplate, 2x1.
OE. byrne, OHG. brunia.
brunna, wfn. well, spring,
fountain, issue, 208. OE.
burn(n)a brunna, OHG.
brunno.
brusts, f. breast, 221. OHG.
I OE. dohtor, O ~ G tohter.
brust.
b:iir;g.,sm. bridegroom, 34,
briips, sf. bride, daughter-in-
law, 8, 28. OE. bryd, OHG.
briit.
bugjan, wv. I, to buy, 17, 138,
283, 321,340. OE. bycgan.
*daban, sv. VI, see ga-daban.
daddjan, wv. I, to suckle, give
suck, 156.
dags, sm. day, 4,159 179 33, 65,
87-9, 105-7,111, 114.117. 12a,
132,. 169, 17%275, 179, 353 ;
dagls hrammeh or hr~zuh,
day by day, 347,427 ; hirnma
daga, to-day, 267. OE. d ~ g ,
OfiG. tag.
diiiljan, un~.I, to deal out,
d~vide.share, 320, 322, 400.
OE, dglan, OHG. tellen.
dails, sf: portion, share, 199,
322.- OE. dH1, OHG. teil.
dairnonareis, sm. one pos-
sessed with a devil. From Gr.
Saipov with Goth. ending
-areis, 380.
dal, sn. dale, valle ditch ;
dal uf rncsa, a ditck) or hole
for the wine-vat. OE. del,
QHG. tal.
dalap, av. down, 348; und
dalap, to the bottom; dalapa,
below, 348; dalapr6, from
below, 33, 348.
dbubipa, sf. deafness, hard-
ness, obduracy, 33, 384.
diiufs, qj. deaf, dull, hardened.
OE. dEaf, OHG. toub.
dbug, pret.-pres. it is good for,
profits, 334. OE.dEag,OHG.
toug.
dalihtar, /: daughter, 11, 71,
94, 13% 164, 1 2, 216, 354,
dau?i.f. feast.
.
dauns s smell, odour, savour.
Cp 0 G. t o m .
d&uPeins,sf.baptism,washing,
153 and note, 200.
dAupjan, wv. I, to baptize,
wash oneself, 200, 320. OE.
*diepan, OHG. toufen.
dbupjands, m. baptizer, 218.
darir, sn. door, 25, 158, 182.
OE. dor, OHG. tor.
datira-wards, sm. door-keep-
er, porter, 389. OE. weard,
OHG. -wart.
daur5, wf. door.
*darirsan, pret.-$yes. to dare,
335. See ga-daursan.
dhupeins, sf. the erilof death.
dAupjan, wu. f
death. OE. diedan.
to put to
'dhupnan, wv. IV, see gas
dAupnan:
daups, a . dead, 390, OE.
dead, 0 G. tot.
daupus, sm. death, 11, 15. 84,
~ 3 OE. . dEap, OHG. t6d.
deigan, sv. I, to knead, form of
earth, 300.
* d g s , sf deed, r p , 19.OE.
d8d, OHG. t8t. See ga-
dE"$.arilus, diabulus, sm. devil.
dia
OE. deofol, OHG. tiufal,
from Gr. Std@oXos through
Lat. diabolus.
digans, pp. made of earth.
dis-dhiljan, wv. I, to share,
divide, 408.
dis-hniupan, su. 11, to break
asunder, 302. CP. OE. 2-
hneiipan, to . xv. 8, 9.
disditao, su. ~ I ~ : ~ ~ upon,
ttle
selze upon, 408.
dis-skreitan, sv. I, to rend,
tear, 300.
dis-skritnaa, cuv. IV, to be-
come torn, be rent apart, 175
note 3, 331.
dis-taheins,sf. dispersion,g61.
dis-tahjan, wv. I, to waste,
destroy, 408.
distairan, sv. IV, to tear to
pleces, 408.
dis-wilwan,sv. 111, to plunder,
408.
dis.wiss, s$ dissolution, 361.
diupei, wf. de th, 212, 383.
OE. dicpe, O ~ Gtiufi.
.
diupipa, sf. depth, 384.
diups, aj. deep, 23,86,105,129,
160,172,227,390. OE. dEop,
OIIG. tiof.
dius (gen. diuzis), sn. wild
beast, 175, 182. OE. dCor,
OHG. tior.
diwan, sv. V, to die, 308, 436 ;
pata diwan6, that which is
mortal, mortality.
diimjan, wv. I, to judge, 320.
OE. dEman, OHG. tuomen.
d6ms, n.judgment, know-
ledge, o inion, 45, 122. OE.
d6m, O ~ Gtuom.
.
"draban. sv. VI, see ga-
draban.
dragan,sv.Vl,tocarr ,drag, 15.
OE. dragan, OHG? tragan.
dragk,sn. adrink,354. OHG.
tranc.
dragkjan, wv. I, to give to
drink, 320, OE. drencan,
OHG. trenken.
draibjan, wu. I, to drive,
trouble, vex, 320. OE.
drkfan, OI-IG. treihen.
drakma, wm. drachma. Frorn
Gr. S p a ~ i through Lat.
drachma. See noteto Luke
dratlhsna, sj:crumb, fragn~enl.
drauhtinassus, snz. warfare,
381;
dra&tinGn, wv. 11, to war,
42s.
dreiban, sv. I, to drive, 3 ~ .
OE. drifan, OHG. triban.
drigkan, sv. 111, to drink, 17,
158, 304,.436. OE. drincan,
OlfG. t r ~ n k a n .
3 14 Glossary
driugan, sv. 11, to senre as a
soldier, 302. OE. drzogan.
driusan, sv. 11, to fall, fall
down, fall upon, press against,
crowd upon, 9, 172. OE.
dreosan.
drius6, wfi slope, 211.
drijbjan, wv. I, to cause trouble,
stir up, excite to uproar. OE.
drEfan, OHG. truoben.
drcbnan, wv. IV, to become
anxious, troubled.
drugkanei, w$ drunkenness,
212, 354.
drus, sm.fall, 175, 196 note I,
354. OE. dryre.
du, prep. c. dat. to, towards,
against,in,350; du maurgina,
to-morrow, 34 ; du panama
ei, to the end tiat, because.
du-at-gaggan, sv. VII, to go
to, come to, 409.
du-abrinnan, sv. 111, to run to.
du-at-sniwan, sv. V, to hasten
towards, 5.
*dugan, $ref.-pres.to be good
for rofit, 334. OE. dugan,
068. tugad.
du-ga-windan, sv. 111, to en-
tangle.
du-ginnan, sv. 111, to begin,
undertake, 34, 304, 4oq, 430
OE. be-ginnan, OHG. bl-
ginnan.
du-be, av. why, wherefore.
dul s, sf. feast, 221 and note.
P
0 1G. tuld.
*dumbnan, wv. IV, see af-
dun] bnan.
dumbs, aj. dumb, 161, 227.
OE. dumb, OH G. tumb.
du-rinnan, sv. 111, to run to,
409. -
du-stodjan, wv. I, to begin, qog.
du.pE, du PZ? j. therefore,
g
because, es~des,on that ac-
count, 35%; dup8 ei, to the
end that, because.
adiipi., sz@x, 382.
dwala.waurdei, #f. foolish
talking, 389.
dwalipa, sf. foolishness, 384.
dwalm6n, wv. 11, to be foolish,
.,"
225. OE. dwolma, OHG.
twalm, chaos, bewilderment,
stupefaction.
dwals, aj. foolish, 149 22
Cp. OE. ge-dwola,
ga-twola, error.
OHE..
ei, cj. that, so that, 351 ; i n k .
part. whether ; rel. part. used
as suffix, 270-2; also used
alone, for saei, soei, patei ;
du pamma ei, to the end that,
because.
aeiga-, su#x, 394.
-eina-, sic x, 395.
-eini-, SU$X, 388.
eisarn, sn. iron, 18a ; eisarna
bi f6tuns gabugana and a n a
fotuni eisarna, fetters. OE.
isen, isern, iren, OHG. isan,
isarn.
eisarneins, aj. iron.
ei-pan, cj. therefore, 351.
fadar, m. father, 15, 16, 41,
55, 65, 87, 91, 136, 158, 160,
173, 216. OE. fader, OHG
fater.
fadrein, sn. paternity ; pl. pa-
rents, 173 ; with masc. attri-
bute and& v. as PBi fadrein
is jah qGf?un,and his parents
said.
fadreins, sf, family, race, line-
age, 199.
fagin&, wv. 11, to rejoice, be
glad, 137, 32 425.- OE.
fcegnisn, OH(? faginon.
fagrs, aj. beautiful, suitable,
fit, 227, 390. OE. feger,
OHG. fazar.
faha;, SV."VII, to seize, catch,
 Glossary 315
grasp, lay hands on, 4, 5 fana, wm. bit of cloth, patch,
y2, 313. oE. Con,
fahan.
OHZ: 208. OE. fana, OHG. fano.
faran, sv. VI, to fare, go, 65,
fahzps, sf:joy, gladness, 5,137, 79, 100, 124, 160, 3'39- O L -
' 9 OIiG. faran.
faian, wv. 111, to find fault fastan, wv. 111, to fast, hold
with, 10. firm, keep, 328. OE. f e s t a n ,
faihu, s? cattle, property, 01-IG. fast&.
possessions, money, 7,8, 10, fastubni, sn. fasting, obser-
18, 88,92, 116, 128, 164, 205. vance, 158note, 18
OE. feoh, OHG. fihu. fapa, SJ hedge. Mht?iade.
faihu-frikei, wf: covetousness, -faps, srtt. master. Cp. Gr.
greed. xdorc; from *rr6~1s,husband,
fafhu-gairnei, wf: covetous- Lat. hos-pes (gen. hos-pitis),
ness, 389. he who entertams a stranger,
faihu-gairns, aj. avaricious, a host.
397. OE. georn, OHG. gern, fauho, zcfl fox. OHG. foha.
eager. faur, prep. c. acc. for, before,
fair-Aihan, $vet.-pres. to par- by, ,to, along, from, con-
take of, 339. cerning, 350 ; av. before.
fairsgreipan, su. I, to seize, faura, prep. c. dut. before, for,
catch hold. on account of, from; av.
fairguni, sn. mountain, 167, before, go, 348, 350. OHG.
187. Cp. OE. firgengiit, fora.
mountain goat. faura-dauri, sn. street, lit. the
fairluus, sm. world, 203. OE. space before a door or gate,
feorh, OHG. ferah, life. 364.
fairina, sf, accusation, charge, fnura-gagga, wm. steward,
cause. OE. firen, OHG. governor, 208,364.
firina. faura-gaggan, sv. VII, to go
fairinon. wv. 11. to accuse. before, 441.
OE. tirknian, o ~ I G .firincn. faura-gaggja, zcl?tr. governor.
'fairneis, fa.rns, (?I. oitl. 231. faura-ea.tt illan, sv. 1, to in-
fatrra, uv. far, far off; follctwed thrm brfir, clland, toretell, 411.
by &f. far from; Prep. (after faura-ilZh ~faur-hEh),sit. cur-
verbs of ntotion) from, 158. iain, veil, 74, 363, 364.
OE. feot-, 01-IG. ferro. faura-mapleis, sm. ruler,
fairraprij, av. from afar, 348. prince, chief, 185,
fair-weitjan, wv. I, to gaze faera-qipan, sv. $?to pro-
around. phesy, foretell.
fair-weitl, sn. 5pectacle. 362. faura-standan, sit. VI, to rule,
falpan, sv. VII, to fold, close, govern. stand near, 41 I.
313. OE. fealdan, OHG. faura-tani, sn. sign, wonder,
faldan. 364.
-faIps, aj. -fold ; binfalps, faur-bauhts,-sJ. . rede~nption,
* .
onefold, sim le; fidurfal s, 363.
fourfold.. ! I o .fern, OH%. faur-bi-gaggan, sv. VII, to go
-fa1t. before, precede.
fa&-biudan, sv. 11, to forbid,
command, 4x0.
fat'u-gaggan, sv. VII, to pass
by, 4:o.
faur-hah, see falira-hEh.
falirhtei, wf: fear, astonish-
ment.
f a ~ r h t j a n ,wv. I, to fear, be
afraid, 20, 428. OE. forht.
ian. ~ d ~ . . f u r h t e n .
faurhts, aj. fearful, afraid.
OE. OHG. forht.
fatir-lageins, a put-
f
ting before, ex ibiting, 363 ;
hllib6s fatirlageinkis, shew-
bread.
fa&-qipan, sv. V, to make
excuse, excuse, 410.
fat'u-sniwan,,su V, to hasten
before, antic~pate,410.
falir-stasaeis, sm. chief, ruler,
363.
faur-pis, av. first, beforehand,
formerly, 345.
falir-pizei, q. before that, 351.
*fAus (masc.pl. fawhi), a]. few,
149, 232. OE. fGa,OHG. fao,
fii.
*feinan,wv. III,see in-feinan.
E r a , sf: region, district, 77,97,
192. OHG. fGra, fiara.
fidur-d?jgs, aj. space of four
days, 257 note. Cp. OE.
dijgor, day.
fidur-falps, num. fourfold, 257.
fidur-ragineis, st)$. tetrar-
chate, 257 note.
fidwiir, num. four, 2 5 8 9 note,
134 note. 149, 158, 173, 247,
252. OE. Eower, OHG. feor,
fior.
fidwzr-tafhun, ntrm. fourteen,
247_
fidwor tigjus, nzrm. forty, 247.
figgra-gulp,sn. finger-ring,$$
figgrs, sm. finger, 17, 158,
166, 354. OE. finger, OHG.
fingar.
fijan, wv. 111, to hate, 152,328.
OE. fEog(e)an, OHG. fiEn.
fijands (fisnds), m. enem 20,
228, 379. OE. Bond,
f lant.
JHG.
fijapwa (flapwa), sf: hatred,
792, 387.
filhan, sv. 111, to hide, conceal,
bury, 18, 122, 137, 164, 304.
OE. Eolan, OHG. felhan.
filigri (fillgri), sn. den, cave,
hiding-place.
*fill, s;t. skin, hide. OE. fell,
OHG. fel, see pr5t.s-fill.
filleins, aj. leathern, 395, Cp.
OE. fell, OWG. fel, skin.
filu, neut. aj., also used adverb-
ially, great, very much, 88,
1x6, 205 note, t;7. OE. fela,
feola, feolu, 0 G. filu.
filu.ga.l&ufs (filugalkubs), aj.
very precious, costly.
filusna, sf, multitude.
filu-watirdei, wf. much talking,
389.
filu-walirdjan, w. I, to talk
much, use many words.
fimf, num. five, r6,60,88, 134
note, 160, 247, 258. OE. fif,
OHG. fimf, finf.
fimfta-, ntrm. fifth, 253.
fimf-taihun, nrm. fifteen, 247,
252.
finifta-taihunda, num. fif-
teenth, 253
fimf tigjus, nufn. fifty, 247.
finpan, s v . I1 I, to find, find out,
know, learn, hear, 28, 172,
304. OE. OHG. findan.
fiskja, wnr. fisher, 153 note,
208,354.
fiskijn, wv. 11, to fish, 325,
400.
fisks, sm. fish, 6, 38, 68, 93,
128, 180, 353. OE. OHG.
fisc.
fitan, sv. V, to travail in birth,
308.
 fra.IEwjm, wv. I, to betray.
I$. d.
tfijdus, s flood, stream, 4579,
E. fl6d, OHG. fluot.
'flijkan, sv. VII, to lament,
fra-liusan, sv. 11, to lose, 86,
105, 122, 302, 412, 428. OE.
bewail, 313 note :4 OHG. for-lEosan, OHG. fur-liosan.
fluachan, sv. fluohon, wv. to fra-lusnan, zuv. IV, to perish,
curse. go astray, be lost, 331.
fodeins, sf. meat, food.
fodjan, wv. I, to feed, nourish,
bring u I 8,320, 400. OE.
fra-lusts, sf. loss,
95, 112, 199, 365.
lust.
&F;?Z
~dan, 8~2. fuoten.
f6n, n, fire, 222.
frarn, prep. c. dat. from, by,
since, on account of, 350;
fob-baurd, sn. footstool, 389. fram himma, henceforth,
OE. fot.bord. 267 ; fram hiinma nu, hence-
fotus, sm. foot, 45, 79, 8 , roo, forth, 347. OE. from, OHG.
128. 129. 203, 353. oE. f6t, fram.
OIiG. fuoz;.
fra-bugjan, m.I, to sell, 428.
fra-dliljan, wv. I, to divide,
366. 391. &. 08.
fram-aldrs, a of reat age,
OIIG. altar, age, life.
ealdor,
distribute. fratn-gzhts, sf: progress,
fra-giban, sv. V, to give, grant, furtherance, 74, 366.
412. framis, av. further, onward,
fra-gifts, sf. a giving away, 345. 0.Icel. fremr.
es ousal, 138, 365. Cp. OE. fram-wairpis, av. hencefor-
ORG. gift. ward.
fra-hinFn, sv. 111, to capture, framiman, sv. IV, to receive,
imprison, 304 ; fra-hunpans, take, 412.
prisoner. fra.qiman, sv. IV, to expend,
fraihnan, sv. V, to ask, ask spend, 428.
questions, 308 and note, +q. fra-qisteins, sJ waste, 365.
OE. frignan, OHG. ga- fra-qistjan, wv. I, to destroy,
fregnan. 412, 428.
friiisan, sv. VII, to tempt,.31a fra-qistnan, wv. IV, to perish,
note, 313- OE. frzsian, be destroyed, 331.
OHG. frexson. fra-qipan, sv. V, to curse.
frAistubni, sf. temptation, 158 fra-slindan, st!. 111, to swallow
note, 194, 386. up, 304. OHG. fir-slintan.
fra-itan, sv. V, to eat up, frapi, sn. understanding, 187,
devour, a note, 308 note, 412. 354.
frkiw, sn. seed, 149,189 note 2. frapjan, sv. VI, to understand,
Ira-kunnan, fret.-fires. to de- perceive, think, know, 122,
spise, 34, 428. 137, 171, 3091 310, 428.
fra-kunps, pp. despised, 34. frkuja, wnr. master, lord, 208.
OE. fracop. OE. frEa, OHG. frij.
fra-Wan, sv. VII, to liberate, frbujincn, to be lord or king,
let free, leave, let down, per- rule! 3_25,381,425.
mit, 412. friiujinonds, m. ruler, 218.
fra-lZts, snt. forgiveness, re- f r a - w a i r ~ a n ,sv. I f f , to cast
mission, deliverance. away.
 Glossary
fm-wairpan, sv. 111, to COP
IuPt, 436
fra-wardjan, my. I, to destroy,
spoil, corrupt, disfigure, 137
note, 152, 153, p. 22, 412.
08. wierdan, O ~ G .far-
wertm.
frawwadrhts, s .evil-doing,sin,
E.,
199, 365. 0 for-w rht.
fk?-wa~%rhts, sinful; subs.
sxnner. OHX fra-worht.
fra-warirkjan, wv. I, to sin,
qa& OE. for-wyrcan.
fra-weit, sn. vengeance, re-
venge, 355. OE. wite, OHG.
w i q i ? punishment.
fra-wettan, sv. I, to avenge.
OHG. far-wQan.
fra-weitands, m. avenger, 218.
fra-wilwan, sv. 111, to rob,
take forcibly.
fra-wisan,sv. V, to spend, ex-
haust.
frei-hals, sm. freedom, 175,
179 note 2, 389. OE. fraols.
freis, aj. free. 1.53, % rq.
OE. frio, OHG. fri.
frijapwa (friapwa), sf. love,
3&1.
frijon, m. 11, to love, 3a5.
OE. frSog(e)an.
frijgndi, s/: friend, 89, 194.
frijijnds,rn.friend.152,217,379.
OE. frzond, OHG. friunt.
* f r i b , a/ greedy. OHG. freh.
fri-sahts, sf. example.
frcdaba, av. wisely.
frclidei, WJ understanding, wis-
dom, I?, 137,212.
friips, a wise, 227. OE.
fmd, O ~ G fmot. .
fruma, aj. the former, prior,
first, 246, 253, 254, 430;
fruma sabbato, the da
before the Sabbath.
farma.
0d
frunla.balir, sm. first-borh. see
4 175-
f m i s t n , a: first, foremost,
best, chiefl (men), n46, ' 53,
Pi.
345.
frums, sm. beginnin
fugls, sm. bird, fow, 159,
168, 180, 354. OE. fugol,
OHG. fogal.
fufa, wm. foal. OE. fola,
OHG. folo.
fulgins, q: hidden, ~aa,137,
ul,194.
fulhsni, sn. the thing hidden,
a secret, 354.
fulla-fahjan, wv. I, to satisfy,
serve.
fulla-tsjis, aj. perfect, w.
fulleips, s j or fulleik st;. ful-
ness.
fulljan, wv. I, to fill, fulfil, 427.
OE. fylfan, OHG. fallen.
fullnan, wv. IV, to become
full, *, 319,330, m.
fullii, wf. fulness, 2x1.
fulls, aj. full, 16, 56, r39, 158,
160, za7, o, 390, 427, 436.
OE. full, &G. fol.
f i l s , aj. foul, 4582. OE. OHG.
El.
funisks, aj. fiery, 396.
gas, p.pfi_~.
3% 413.
ga.blglnon, wv. 11, to take
possession of, get an advan-
ta e of,. ~ 5 .OE. Ignian,
O ~ Gexgmm.
.
ga-aistan, wv. 111, to rever-
ence.
ga-biwiskZn, my. 11, to ill-
treat, make ashamed. Cp.
OE. bwirc, disgrace.
ga-arman, wv. 111, to have
pity on, pity.
ga-bairan, sv. IV, to bring
forth, compare.
ga-bairhteins, sJ appearance,
mznifestation.
ga.bairhtjan, wv. I, to declare,
reveal, manifest.
 Glossary
ga-batnan, wv. IV, to profit,
benefit, 331.
ga-bauan, wv. 111, to dwell.
ga-balirjaba, av. gladly, will-
in 1 Cp. OE. ge-b rian,
0hg.
proper.
gi-burren, to be &ting,
ga-badrjijpus, sm. pleasure,
385.
ga-bafirpi-wafirda, sn. pl.
genealogy, 389.
ga-badrpa, s/. birth, hinh-
place, native country, genera-
tion, IV, 367 ; mS1 gabaur-
pkiq blrthday. OE. ge-byrd,
OHG. gi-burt.
gabei, wf. ricl~es,122,354.
gabigs (gabeigs), aj. rich.
ga.bindan, sv. 111, to bind, 413.
fa-biugan, sv. 11, to bend.
ga-bleipjan, wv. f ,to pity. Cp.
OE. blipe, OHG. blidi, glad,
cheerful.
ga-blindjan, wv. I, to blind.
ga-blindnan, wv. IV, to be-
come blind, 331.
ga-bijtjan, wv. I, to make use-
ful ; aftra gabijtjan, to re-
store.
ga-brannjan, wv. I, to burn,
320. OE. baernan, OHG.
brennen.
ga-brikan, sv. IV, to break.
ga-bruka, sj: fragment, 367.
OHG. brocko.
ga-bundi, sf. bond, 122.
ga-dnbsn, sv. VI, to beseem,
happen. befall, 310. Cp. OE.
ge-dafen, fitting.
ga-dhiljan, wv. I, to divide,
415
ga-dars, pret.-fires. I dare, 335.
OE. dear(r), OHG. &tar.
ga-daubjan, wv. I, to make
deaf, harden.
gaadalirsan, et.-pres. to dare,
7!, 335 ~ g * d u r r a nOHG.
, 318.
gl-turran.
ga-dauban, wv. IV, to die,
perish, 331.
ga-dEps, sJ: deed, 43, 75, 97,
122, 13%
ga-dijfs, aj. becoming, fit, 367.
ga-dijmjan, wv. I, to judge,
pronounce judgment, con-
demn.
ga.draban, sv. Vf, to hew out,
310.
ga-dragan, sv. VI, to hea
up, heap to ether, 3x0. 0%
dragan, 0 % ~tragan, . to
draw.
ga-dragkjan, wv. I, to give to
drink.
ga-dradhts, sm. soldier.
ga-driusan, sv. 11, to fall, be
cast.
ga-driibnan, WV.IV, to become
troubled, anxious.
ga-fiihan, sv. VII, to catch,
take, seize, overtake, appre-
hend as a criminal, 4, 4x3.
ga-fZhs, sm.a catch,?laul, 7 4
ga-fast-, w. 111, to keep,
support, hold fast.
ga.faiuds, sf. chief council.
ga-faurs, aj. well-behaved,
234.
ga-filh, m. burial 54,36
ga-tilban, sv. fi?, to k d e ,
conceal, bury.
ga~fraihnan,sv. V,to find out,
learn by inquiry, ask, seek.
ga.frAujinZn, wv. 11, to exer-
cise lorciship.
ga-fulljan, wv. I, to fill, 473,
ga-fullnan, wv. IV, to become
full, fill.
ga-gaggan, sv. VII, to collect,
assemble, come to pass ; also
with sik.
ga-ga-mainjan, zuv. I, to make
common. to defile.
ga.geigan, wv. 111, to gain,
gaggan, N. VfI, to go, 74.
320 Glossa9y
158, 313 note I, 321 note a ;
pret. iddja. OE. OHG. gan-
gan.
gaggs, sm. road, way. OE.
OHG. gang.
ga-grzfts, $ order, decree.
ga-gudaba, av. godly.
ga-gudei, wf. piety, godliness,
212.
ga:guF (.guds), aj. godly,
PIOUS, 367, 391.
ga-haban, wv. 111, to have,
hold, secure, possess, lay
hold on.
ga-haftjan sik, wv. I, to join
oneself to, join, 331.
ga-haftnan, wv. IV, to be
attached to. Cp. OE. heft,
OHG. haft, bond, fetter.
ga-hiihjij, av. in order, con-
nectedly, 74.
ga.hliljan, wv. I, to heal.
, ga-hlilnan, wv. ,If' to be-
come whole, be healed, 331,
ga-hhit, sn.promise, 354. OE.
ge-hM, OH G. ga-heiq.
ga-hditan, sv.. VII, to call to-
gether, promlse, 413.
ga-hlusjan, wv. I, to hear.
ga-hnhiwjan, wv. I, to lower,
abase.
ga-hriineins, sf. cleansing.
ga-hrlinjan, wv. I, to cleanse,
make clean, 427.
ga.hugds, sf. thought, mind,
conscience, 367. OE.
ge-hygc~,~H'??bi-hugt.
ga-hnljan, wv. I, to cover,
conceal.
gashratjan, wv. I, to sharpen,
incite, entice, 138. OE.
hwettan, OHG. wezzen.
ga-hreitjan, wv. I, to whiten.
OE. hwitan, OHG. hwiqen.
ga-hrijtjan, wv. I, to threaten,
rebuke, strictly charge.
gaiainna, wnz. Gehenna, hell.
Gr. yitvva.
ga-iddja, see ga-gaggan.
ghidw, sn. want, lack, 189
note a OE.giid, g M .
gyrdel, LHG.
gafrda, s. girdle. Cp. OE.
gurti~
*gafrdan, sv. 111, see nf.
gairdan.
gairnjan, wv. I, to be fain OY
willing, desire, wish, long for,
427. OE. giernan.
*gaims, aj. desirous, eager.
OE. georn, OIIG. gern.
gliru, sn. goad, sting, a05 note.
OE. gHr.
'gbisjan, wv. I, see us-ghis-
jan.
gizteins, aj. belonging to a
goat ; tuuf. gbitein, young
goat, kid. OE. g&ten,OHG
geiqin.
ghits, m. goat. OE. gHt,
OHG. geiq.
ga.juk, sn. pair, 367.
ga-juka, wm. companion, a*.
ga-juk6, w/: parable, eompan-
son, 211.
ga.kannjan, uw. I, to make
known.
ga.kiusan, sv. XI, to approve,
413.
ga.kunnan, wv. 111, to recog-
nize, observe, consider, read,
328.
ga.kunps,sf. appearance, per-
suasion.
ga-kusts, sf. test, 199, 354,
367.
ga-lagjan, wv. I, to lay, lay
down, set, place, make.
ga-kisjan, wv. I, to teach.
ga.l&ista, wm. follower; ga-
liista wisan, to follow.
ga.I&istjan, wv. I, to follow.
ga.lapEn, wv. 11, to invite, call
together.
ga-lkubeins, sf faith, belief,
200.
ga.l&ubjan, wv. I, to believe,
 Glossary
r z q 161,zw, 32.0,413. OE.
ge-liefan, OHE. gi-louben.
ga-lhugnjan, utv. I, to be hid,
lie hid.
ga.llusjan, WV. I, to loose,
loosen.
ga-leikan, wv. 111, to please,
take pleasure in, $36.
ga.leikG, au. like, in the same
manner, 344. OE. ge-lice,
OHG. qi-lihho.
ga.leikGn, m. 11, to liken,
compare, resemble, be like,
325-
ga-leiks, aj. Eke, similar, 227.
OE. ge-Kc, OIIG. gi-lih.
ga-leipan, sv. I, to go, travel,
come, 300. OE. lipan, OHG.
lidan.
ga-lzwjan, wv. I, to give up,
betray.
galga, wm. cross, gallows,
208. OE. gealga, OHG.
galgo.
ga-lisan sik, SV. V, to gather
together, meet together,
assemble, 41.3.
ga-liug, srr. Ile ; galiug weit-
wsdjan, to bear false xvitness.
ga-liugan, m.11I, to marry.
ga-liuga-praefetus, sm. false
prophet.
ga.liuga-weitwGps (-wGds),
m. false witness.
ga-liuga.xristus, sm. false
Christ.
ga.liuhtjan, wv. I, to bring to
light, illumine.
ga.lCkan, sv. 11, to shut, lock,
82,102,280,302and note. OE.
liican, 01-IG. Ilihhan.
ga-luknan, wv. IV, to be shut
UP-
ga-m&indiips, sf. community,
382.
ga-mkinjan, wv. I, to make
common, defile.
ga.ni&ins, aj. common, un-
1x87
32 I
clean. 234. OE. ge-mene,
OHG. &-meini.
ga.maips (-mtiids), aj. weak,
feeble, bruised. OE. gemedd,
OHG. gi.meit, foolish.
ga-malwjan, wv. I, to bruise.
ga-man, sn. fellow-man, coni-
panion, partner, 36
ga-manwjan, wv.
pare, make read .17; to pre-
{
ga-marzjan, mv. to ofend.
ga-matjan, wv. I, to eat.
ga-mhudeins, sf. remem-
brance.
ga-mtiudjw, wv. I, to rernern-
ber, remind.
ga-maurgjan, wv. I, to curtail,
cut short.
ga-miiljan, wv. I, to write, en-
roll ; pata gam6lid6, writing,
scripture.
ga-minpi, m. remembrance.
ga.mGt, prei.-pres. I find room,
8. OE. miit, OHG. muoq,
?%ay
~ ~ a - m i t apvet.-prcs.
n, to find
rooni, to have room, 338.
ga.mGtjan, wv. I, to meet, 320.
OE. ge-metan.
ga-munan, pret.-pres. to be-
think, remember.
ga-munds, sf. remembrance,
54, 199. 3-4, 367. OE. ge-
mynd, O ~ Ggi-munt.
.
ga-nah, @ref.-pt2es.~t sufices,
336. Cp. OE. be-neah.
ga-nditjan, wv. I, to treat
shamefully. OE. n s t a n ,
OIIG, neiqen.
ga-nasjan, wv. I, to save, 413.
ga-niman,sv. lV,to take to one-
self, take with one, conceive.
ga-nipnan, wv. IV, to mourn,
be sorrowful. Cp. OE. ge-
nipan, to grow dark.
ga-nisan, sv. V, to be saved,
become whole, recover, 137
note, 174, 175 note, ,108, 322.
Y
322 Glossary
OE, ge-neaan, OHG. gi- ga-riini, sn, consultation,
nesan. counsel, I&. OE. g e - m e ,
ga-nists, sf: salvation, health, OHG. gi-riini, a secret.
199,.354. OHG. giaist. ga.runs, sf. market-place,
ga-nipjis, sm. ksnsman. street, 199.
ga-niutan, sv. 11, to catch with ga-sahts, sf. reproof.
nets, catch. ga-saihran, sv. V, to see, be-
ga-nchs, aj. enough, suficient, hold, perceive.
numerous, 430. OE. ge.n6h, ga.sakan, sv. VI, to rebuke,
OHG. gi-nuog. reprove.
ga-qiman, sv. lV, to assemble, ga-salbzn, wv. 11, to anoint.
come together, 34, 436. ga-satjan, wv. I, to set, lay,
ga-qiss, sf. consent, 226 note, place, add, appoint, restore ;
354. - gasatjan nam6, to surname.
ga-qiss, aJ: consenting, 226 ga-sigqan, sv. 111, to sink.
note. ga-sinpja (.sinpa), wm. com-
ga-qiujan, w. I, to give life panlon, 208, OE. ge-sip,
to, 319. OHG. gi-sind.
ga-qlunan, zvv. IV, to be made ga-sitan, sv. V, to sit, sit
alive, 331. down.
ga-qumps, sf: assembly, syna- ga-skafts, sf. creation, crea-
gogue, 87, 12% 1.99,354,367. ture, 34, 138, 199, 354, 367.
ga-raihtel, wf. righteousness, OE. ge-sceaft, OHG. gx-
212. skaft.
ga-raihteins, sf. righteous- ga.skBidnan, zuv. IV, to be-
ness. come parted, 331.
ga-raihts, aj. righteous? just. ga.skapjan, sv. VI, to create,
ga.r&ips (.r&idsf, a due, make, 310. OE. scieppan,
fixed, a pointed.
rkde, ORG. d~. ge-
bi-reiti, ready.
OHG. skephen.
ga.skapjan, wv. I, to injure.
ga-rapjan, ~ i rVI,
. to count, 310. ga-skeirjan, wv. I, to make
Cp, OHG. redGn, to speak. clear, interpret.
ga-razna, wm. neighbour. ga.skijhi, slr. pair of shoes.
ga.razn6, wf. female neigh- ga-skijhs, aj, shod.
bour. ga.slawan, wv. 111, to be still,
garda, wm. yard, fold, 208. be silent.
OHG, garto, garden. ga.sleipjan, urv. I, to slight,
garda-waldands, nz. ruler or injure ; gaslei jan sik, to be
master of t h e house, 389. 2
injured in, su e r loss of.
gards, sm. house, household, ga-smeitan, sv. I, to smear,
court, 173, 197. OE. geard, 300. OE. be-sniitan, OHG.
OHG. gart. bi-smiqan.
ga-riidan, sv. VII, to reflect ga.s6pjan, wv. I, to fill, satisfy,
upon, 7 5 314. OE. rsdan, 122.
OWG. ratan, to advise. ga.stagqjan, wv. I, to dash
ga-rinnan, sv. 111, to run, against.
hasten together, come to- ga-staldan, sv. VI I, to possess,
gether, 413, 436. 31a note, 313. OE. stealdan.
 Glossary
ga-standan, sv. VI, to stand
fast. stand still, remain, be
restored.
ga-staurknan, wv. IV, to be-
come dry, dry up, pine away.
OHG. gi-storchanzn, to be-
come rigid or hard.
ga.str&ujan, wv. I, to strew,
filrnish.
gasts, sm. guest, 6, 39, 65. 87
note I, 88 and note, 91, 107,
110, 117, 128, 133, 134, :53,
E&G. 175, I+. OE. giest,
gast,
ga-sup6n, wv. 11, to season.
ga-swi-ran, wv.111, to glorify,
make known.
ga.swi.kunpjan, wv.I,to make
known, proclaim.
gaswiltan, sv. 111, to die.
ga.s_w6gjan, wv.1,to sigh. OE.
swegan, to resound.
ga:tairan, m. IV, to tear to
pieces, destroy, break, 122,
306, 4x3. OE. teran, OHG.
zeran.
ga.tamjan, wv. I, to tame, 318.
OE. temian.
ga-t~ujan,wv. I, to do, make,
perform.
ga-taura, wm. tear, rent, 122,
2 4 354.
ga-taurps, sf: destruction, 1 9 .
ga-tethan, sv. I, to tell, relate,
proclaim, make known, show,
18, 48. 69,. 300. OE. tion,
Eon, OHG. zihan, to accuse.
ga-ternlba, av. fitly, w. Cp.
OH G. ga-zimo.
ga-tilaba, av. conveniently.
ga-tilGn, wv. 11, to attain, ob-
tain. OE. tilian, OHG. zil6n.
ga-tifs, aj. fit, convenient. OE.
til.
ga-timan, sv. IV, to suit, 306.
OI3G. zeman.
ga-timrjan (-timbrjan), wv. I,
to build.
Y 2
ga.tirnrj6, wf. building, a n .
gadiuhan, sv. 11, to draw, lead,
bring, take.
ga-trauan, wv. 111, to trust,
entrust, be persuaded.
gatwb, w j street, 211. OHG.
ga3W
ga-pahan, wv. 111, to be silent.
ga-pairsan, sv. 111, to wither,
304.
ga-parban, 7nv. 111, to suffer
want, abstain from, 427. OE.
pearfian, OHG. darben.
ga-paursnan, wv. IV, to be-
come dry, d r y up, wither
away, 331.
ga-piupjan, wu. I, to bless.
ga+lBihan, .Ti]. VII, to cherish,
console, comfort, take in the
arms, caress, 313 note 2.
OHG. flEhGn.
ga-pliuhan, sv. 11, to flee.
ga-prafsteins, sf: comfort.
ga-prask, stz. threshing-floor.
ga-pulan, wv. 111, to suffer,
endure.
gkuja, zut~t.countryman ; usrd
in pl. land, region.
gkumjan, wv. I, to perceive,
see, behold, observe, 84, 320,
428. OE. gieman, OHG.
goumen.
gAunijn, wv. 11, to lament, 325.
gAunGPus, str?. mourning, la-
mentation, 385.
gkuripa, sf. sorrow, 384.
gaurs, (5j. sad,tro~:blcd,lnourn-
ful, sorrowful, 227.
ga.wadj6n. wv. 11, to pledge,
betroth. OE. weddian, MHG.
wetten.
ga-wagjan, wv. I, to stir,
shake.
ga-wairpan, s71. 111, to cast,
cast down, tllrow down.
ga-wair eigs, aj. at peace,
R
peacea ly disposed.
ga.wairpi, sn. peace, 183, z&1.
 Glossary
ga-waknan, wv. IV,to awake,
331. OE. ge-wwcnan.
ga-waldan, sv. VII, to rule,
bear rule.
ga-waljan, wv, I, to choose,
choose out.
ga-wandjan, wv. I, to turn
round, bring back ; wifh re$.
pr. to be converted, turn
round, return, 413.
ga-wargjan, WL*.I, to con-
demn. OE. wiergan, OHG.
fur-wergen, to curse.
ga-wasjan sik, wu. I, to clothe.
ga-waurki, sn. deed.
ga-waurkjan, wv. I, to make,
prepare, appoint.
ga.waurstwa, wm. fellow-
worker, 208,367.
ga-weihan, wv. 111, to sanctify.
ga-weisGn, wv. 11, to visit, 427.
OHG. wisiin.
gawi, sn. region, district, land,
neighbourhood, 187. OHG.
gewi, gouwi.
ga-widan, sv. V, to bind, join
together, 308. OHG. wetan.
ga-wigan, sv. V, to shake
down, 133, 308. OE. OfIG.
wegan.
ga-wiljis, aj. willing, 229.
ga-wrisqan, sv. 111, to bear
fruit, 304.
gazds, sm. sting, 173. O H G ,
gart.
'geisnan, wv. IV, see us"
geisnan.
giba, sf. gift, 4,87,89 and note,
go, 1x1, 1x4, 119,120, 17.5 191,
192, 354. OE. gieftc, OHG.
geba.
giban, su.V, to give, 16, 17, 65,
91,93, 12% 124, 138, 161, 167,
286 notes 2, 3, 307. OE.
defan, OHG, geban.
gibands, m. giver, a18.
gibla, wm. gable, pinnacle.
OHG. gibil.
*gifts, sf. see fra-gifts.
*gildan, sv. 111, see us-gifdan.
gilstt, sn. tribute. OHG.
gelstar.
gilstra.mGleins, sf, taxation,
taxing.
gilpa, sf. sickle.
gistra-dagis,av.to-morrow, 34,
347 27. OE. giestran-daege,
odd. gesteron, yesterday.
*gitan, su. V, see bi-gitan.
giutan, sv. 11, to pour, 302.
OE. gGotan, OtIG. gioqan.
gIaggw6, av. accurately, 89,
151, 344. CF. OE. glEaw,
OHG. glau, wise, skilful.
glaggwuba (glaggwaba), av.
exactly, diligently, 151.
glitmunjan, wv. I, to shine,
glitter, 316, 320.
g6daekunds,
- aj. of noble birth,
397-
gGdei, wj. goodness, virtue,
383.
gGljan, wv. I, to grcet, salute,
320.
gijps (gZids), aj. good, 17,16/,
1733 @ note, 227, 245, 428.
OE. god, OHG. guot.
graba, sf: ditch, 192.
graban, sv. VI, to dig, 122,161,
286 note 3, 309. OE. grafan,
OWC. graban.
gras, s#r. grass, blade of grass,
26, 182. OE. grzFs, OHG.
gras.
grEdags, aj, hungry, greedy,
227.392 OE. grSdig, OHG
griitag.
grFdijn, wv. 11, to be greedy
or hungry. 426.
greipan, sv. I, to seize, lay
hold of, take (prisoner),300.
OE. gripan, OHG. grifan.
grEtan, su. VII, to weep,
lament, 167, 314. 0.Icet.
1 g%$~. weeping.
 Glossary
gr6ba, sf. den, hole, cave, 122.
OHG, gruobs.
*grundus, srn. ground. O E .
grund, OHG. grunt.
grundu.waddjus, sin. and sf.
foundation, 392.
guda-fa~irhts,aj. devout, god-
fearing.
guda.l&us, 01.godless, 397.
gud-hiis, sn. temple, 8, 26, 82,
174, 389. OE. OIiG. hiis,
house.
gudisks, a j divine, 396.
gudja, wnz. priest, 208, 354,
381, 425-
eudiinassus. sm. office of a
"pri"est. ministration, 351.
gudjinon, wv. 11, to be a priest,
387, 4 2 5
gulp, sit. gold, 353. OE. OHG.
gold.
gulpeins, aj. golden, 227, 395.
guma, wrn. man, 33, m, 133,
134,158,167, zo8. OE. guma,
01-IG. Eomo.
guma-ktlnds, aj. male, of the
male sex, 397.
p~zrneins, aj. manfike, male,
395.
gund, sn. cancer, canker. OE.
gund, OHG. gunt, pus.
*gutnan, wv. IV, see us.
gutnan.
g;up, s u r . God, 70; neut. pl.
guda, heathen gods. See
note to Mark ii. 7. OE. god,
01-IG. got. See also Ap-
pendix.
gup.blGstreis, snz. worshipper
of God, 138,389.
haban, wv. 111, to have,
possess, hold, take, esteem,
count, consider, keep, ob-
serve, be able to do, 14, 76,
go, 112, 161, 164, 283,. 326,
327, 432; ubil and ubilaba
haban, to be ill; wairs
hsban, to be worse ; gaf&
hana haban,>o hold captive ;
p6ei hnbaidedun ina gada-
ban, what things stlould
happen unto him; aftumist
haban, to lie at the point of
death ; fairra haban sik, to
be far from ; habaip wisan
at, to be held, be ready for.
OE. habban, OHG. hahen.
hafjan, sv. VI, to raise, liR,
bear up, carry, 128, 134, 137,
164.310. O E . hebban, OHG.
heff'en.
haftjan, wv. I, to join, cleave
to, OE. hseftan, OHG. heft-
en.
'hafts, .rf., see anda.hafts.
Cp. 01-IG. haft, captivity.
h l h a n , sv. VII, to hang, 7 ,
g0.1j2,313. OE. h ~ nOM$. ,
hHhan.
hA%ius, sm. manner, way.
OE. h'id, OHG. heit.
hkifstjan, wv. I, to strive,
fight.
haifsts, sJ fight, strife. Cp.
OE. hCst, violence.
hkihs, aj. half-blind, with one
eye. c p . Lat. caecus, blind.
h&iljan, wv. I, to heal, 320,
322, 400, 427. OE. h s l a n ,
OHG. heilen.
'hailnan, wv. lV, see ga.
hailnan.
hCiils, aj. whole. sound, safe,
22, ?.3, 227, 322, 390. OE.
hll, OHG. hell.
hBimBpli, sn. hornestead,
1ar;ls. OHG. heim6dil.
haims, sf. village, town, coun-
try place, r g g note. OE. hHm,
OL 1G. heim.
hafrda, sf. herd, flock, 192.
OE. heord, OHG. herta.
hairdeis, sm.shepherd, 88,110,
XIS, 152, 153, 154, 157, 1841
 326 Glossary
185. OE. hierde, OHG. 114, 11 , 1a8, d, 207. OR.
hirti. hana, ~ H Gb.a n a
handugei,
-hairtei, wf., a deriv. of hairt6. wf, cleverness,
hafrt6, wn. heart, 7, 18,27, 67, wisdom, 383.
handugs, aj. clever, wise, 227.
87, 89, 1x4, 1x9, 128, 129, 164,
170, 6, 213. OE. heorte, handus, sf: hand, 152, zaz
OHG.herza. OE.hand, OHG.hant.
hairus, sm. sword, 203. OE. handu-waitrhts, aj. wrought
heoru. by hand, 397.
.hirit, sn. a naming, command-
ing ; a deriv. of hkitan.
Mitan, sv. VII, to call, name,
c
hansa, s multitude, com an
band o men. OE.hGs,
hansa.
&HE:
order, command, invite, 10, harduba, av. hardly, severely,
27, 33, 83, 103, 1381 282, 286 grievously.
and note 3, 3 1 1 , ~ 2313,
, hardu-hairtei, wJ hardness of
p6.
OE.hiitan, O H . heiqan. heart, hard-heartedness, 389.
h&iti, s& order, command, hardus, n '. hard, 107, 235.243,
390,. 0d. heard, OHG. hart.
hki 1, sf. field, heath, 194. h&rjis, SW. army, host, 107,
I T. hbp, OHG.heida.
0 11.5, 1 2 154, 155 1 8, 1841
hsipiwisks, a j wild, 396. 185. hi. here, OHC? heri.
haipnb, wf.a heathen woman. hatan, wv. 111, to hate, 328and
Cp. OE. hbpen. OHG. heid- note 3. OE. hatian, OHG.
an, aj. heathen. haqg.55.
hakuls, sm. cloak. OE.hacele, hatis, sn. hatred, wrath. OE.
OHG.hahhul. hete, OHG.haq. ,
halbs, aj.half; 430. OE.healf, hatiz6n,wv. 11,to be angry,325.
OHG.halp. hatjan, wv. I, to hate, 328 note
haldan, sv. VII, to hold, take 3. OHG.hezzen.
care of, tend, feed, 22, 158, hlubip, sn, head, 11, 84, 173,
173,313. OE.healdan, OHG. 181,182. OE.hzafod, OIHG.
haltan. houbit.
haldis, av. rather, more, 265 hduhaba, aa. highly, 344.
note, 345; nips haldis, not hauheins, s$ praise.
the more so, by no means. hauh-hairtei, z2If: pride, 21a.
OHG.halt. hauh.hairts,uj. proud-hearted,
halja, sf. hell, 192. OE.hell, 398. OE.heah-heo1.t.
OHG.hella. h&uhis,av. higher, 345.
hals, snz. neck, 174. OE. h8uhisti. sn. the highest.
heals, OHG.hals. height, 'highest point, hkhest
, hals-agga (for the probably heaven.
corrupt bals-agga of the hauhjan, m. I, to glorify,
manuscript), wm. neck, 3843. make high, praise, exalt, mag-
halts, aj. halt, lame, 227. OE. nifv. OHG. hbhen.
healt, OHG.halz. hauhs, a '. high, zqq. OE.
hamfs, aj.
maimed. OHG.hamf.
-
one handed, hEah, O ~ Gh6h..
hiruh-piihts, aj. having high
hana, wm. cock, &7, I&. 107, thoughts, proud, 321 note I.
 Glossary
hafirds, sf. door, 1%.
hadrn,sn. horn, skin, husk, 11,
87 note, 182,353. OE. Of4G.
horn.
haurnja, wm. horn-blower,
208.
haurnjan, tuv. I, to blow a
horn, trumpet.
hkuseins, sf. word. preaching,
report (kt. = hearing), sense
of hearing.
hbusjan, wv. I, to hear, per-
ceive, listen to, 320. OE.
hieran, OHG. hijren.
hbusjGn, wv. 11, to hear.
hawi, sn. grass, hay, 149, 187.
OE. hieg, OHG. hewi,
houwi.
hazjan, w. I, to praise, 30,
137.note, 154, 175, 318. OE.
herian.
heitij, a$ fever.
heiwa.fr&uja, wm. master of a
house. OE. hiwa, member
of a family, OHG. hiwo, hus-
band.
hZr, av. here, hither, 77, 97,
348, OE. OHG. hEr.
hepjo, ZL$ chamber, room, 211.
hidrc, av. hither, 5, 117, 348.
OE. hider.
hilms, srn. helmet, 66. OE.
OW G. helm.
hilpan, sv. 111, to help, 23, 66,
70, 93, 95, 124, 1% 280,
303, 427. OE. helpan, OtiG.
helfan.
himina-kunds, aj. heavenly,
397:
hiains, snz. heaven, 180.
hindana, fir@.c. gen. behind,
on that side of, be ond,
348, 427. OE. hindan, HG.
hintana.
8 *hl&upan,sv. VII. to leap, 84,
hindar, prep. c. ace. and dat.
behind, over, beyond, among,
350. OE. hinder, OMG.
hmtar.
327
hindar-leipan, sv. I, to go be-
hind, 414.
hindar-weis, aj. deceitful, 368
hindar-weisei, wJ dece~tful-
ness, 398.
hindumlsts,aJ. hindmost,outer-
most, 246.
*hinpan, sv. 111, see fra-
hinpan.
hiri (old imperafive used as an
znlerjction),come here ! ; dual
hirjats. come here, ye two ! ;
pl. hirjip, come ye here!
%note. See note to Mark
xrr. 7.
*his, denr. pr., prescvved in
the adverbial phrases himma
daga, on this day, to-day, 267,
347 ; und hina dag, to thls
day; und hita, und hita nu,
till now, hitherto ; frilrn
himma, from henceforth.
hiufan, sv. 11, to mourn, weep,
corn lain, 302. OE. hBofan,
8.
01% hiufan.
hiuhma, wm. crowd, multi-
tude, heap, 208,429.
hiwi, sn. appearance. OE.
hiew, hiw.
hlahjan, SI.VI, to laugh, 310.
OE. hliehhan, OHG. hlah-
hen.
hlAifs, snr. loaf, bread, 10, 18,
161,164,179, 180. 0E, hlHf,
Of IG. hleib.
hldins, sm. hilI.
hlA~w,sn. grave, tomb, 149.
OE. hlzw, OHG. hlEo.
filkiwasna, sf: totrly fozrmi in
plural), tomb.
*hlapan, sv. VI, to load, lade. t
/ OE. hfadan, OHG. (h Iadan.
313 note 5. OE. hleapan,
OHG. hlouffan.
hlkuts, sw. lot. OHG. h16q.
1 hleiduma, aj. left ; m stcbsl.fem.
I the left hand or s ~ d e246.
,
hlifan, sv. V, to steal, 88, 128,
160,308.
hliftus, sm. thief, 128, 164,203,
354.
tllijans, arc. $1. ; nont. ? hleis,
sm. or? hlija, wm. tent, taber-
nacle.
hliuma, wtn. hearing, 208.
hliitrei, wf. purity, 212.
hliitrs, aj. pure, 227. OE.
hlGt(t)or, OHG. hlGt(t)ar.
hniiiwjan, wv. I, to abase,
lower, 149, 320. Cp. OE.
h n s g a n , ONG. hneigen.
hn&iws,aj. low, humble, 149.
hnasqus, aj. soft, tender, 236.
OE. hnesce.
hneiwan, sv. I, to bend down-
wards, decline, bow, 300. 0 E.
OHG. hnigan.
* h i u p a n , sv. 11, see dis-
hniupan.
hGlijn, wv. 11, to treat with
+iolencc, deceive, injure, 325.
OE. hGlian.
hijrinassus, sm. whoredom,
adultery, 381.
hiirincn, wv. 11, to commit
adultery, 425.
hijrinijndei, pres. pcrrt. fern.
adulteress.
hers, sm. adulterer. OE. hijre,
w!.
hriineins, SJ urification.
f,
hr&injan, w i ~ . to niake dean,
cleanse, 320, 400. OlIG.
hreinen.
hriiins, aj. clean, pure, 88, 164,
233. OHG. hreini.
hrCiiwa-diib6, wf. turtle-dove.
OE. hrZw, hrSw, OHG.
hriio, corpse, carrion ; OE.
diife, OHG. tiiba, dove.
"risjan, wir. I, see us-hrisjan.
hriipjan, wv. I, to call cr
0s. hr6p.n. sv.,
hruoffen.
OH^:
hriit. sn. roof. O.Ict-I. hrit.
hrcpeigs, aj. victorious, triurn-
phant, 394. OE. hrepig.
hrugga, sf. staff. OE. hrung.
hrukjan, wv. to crow.
huggrjan, wv. I, to hunger,
95, 137, 166, 320, 4 6 . OE.
hyngran, OHG. hungaren.
hugjan, wv. I, to think, con-
sider, 72. OE. hycgan, OHG.
huggen.
hiihrus, sm. hunger, 82, 137,
203.
huljan, wv. I, to hide, conceal,
cover, disguise, 318. OHG.
hullen.
hul s, nj. gracious, 227, 428.
01. OHG. hold.
-hun, particle, 278 note I.
hund, sn.hundred, 53,134,136,
139, 143, 164, 172, 247. OE.
hund, OHG. hunt.
hunda-faps,snr.centurion, 389.
hunds, sm. dog, hound, 40,
72, 128, 143, 180. OE. hund,
0 I I G. hunt.
huns!, sn. sacrifice, 159. OE.
hiisl, Eucharist.
hunsla-staps, stir. altar, 389.
hunsljan, wv. I, to sacri!ice.
197. OE.
hups, srgt. hip, lali~~s,
hype, OIIG. huf.
*hiis, sn., see gud-hiis.
huzd, s9r. treasure, rg. 30, 70,
141,f73, 175,182. OE. hord,
OH(,. hort.
liuzdjan, wv. I, to collect
treasures, store up, hoard up.
hradrE, av. whither, r q . 348.
hrairban, sv. 111, to walk. 16 ,
304. OE. hweorfan, OH^.
hwerban.
*hralrbs,aj., seehreila-hrairbs,
and cp. hrairban.
hrairnei, wf; skull.
hriiiteis, sm. corn, wheat, 185.
OE. hwgte, OHG. hweigi.
luiiiwa, cj. and av. how, in
what way, 351. OHG. hwii.
man, av.,interrog. when, when-
ever; hefore ajs. and avs.,
how; before comparati~res,how
nluch ; rurth other particles, at
any time, 347 ; h r a a l a g g mE1,
for how long a time; nibbi
hran, test at any time ; hran
filu, how much. Cp. OE.
hwonne, OHG. hwanne.
b a n - h u n , av. ever, at any
time ; only used with neg., as
ni hran-hun, never.
*Napjan, WV. I, see af.
hrapjan.
W a p n a n , wv. IV, see af. /
hrapnan.
b a r , av. where, 348. Cp. 0 E.
hw&r, OI-IG. hwar.
hrarbcn, wv. 11, to go about,
pass by, \vander, walk, 32.5.
OE. hwear fian, OHG. hwar-
biin.
hrarjis, pr. who, which (out of
many), 274,275,427.
hrarjiz-uh, indef: pr. each,
every, 255,275.
bas, zntewog. pr: who, what,
39, 87, 88 and note, 89, 1x4,
128,134, 165, 175 note 2, 273,
275; tndep pr. anyone, 279,
427. OE. hwz.
bas-hun, irzdef. pr. with the
neg.$article ni, no one, 278.
'brass, aj. sharp. O.icel.
hvass, OHG. (h)was, cp. ga-
hratjan.
hrassaba, nv. sharply, 138,344.
e a s s e i , ZL$ sharpness, sever-
~ t y , 138. Cp. OE. llwress,
OHG. hwas, sharp.
*hratjan, wv. I, see g a -
hratjan,
iuap, av. whither, 48.
Napar, pr. w h i c t of two,
whether, 106, 165, 274. OE.
hwaeper.
hrapar-uh, tndef. pr. each of
two, 275.
hrapjan, wv. I, to foam, 130.
kuaprii, av. whence, 89, rrg,
348.
hraz-uh, iedef. pr. each, every,
89, xog, 114, 175 note 2, 275.
p 7 ; t w a n s hranzuh, two a ~ i d
two, 273 note 2.
h a z - u h saei, indrf. pr. whoso-
ever, 276.
he,av. with what, wherewith,
how,273 note I; hre galeiks?
like untowhat? hrE galeikijn?
to liken unto w h a t ? OE.
hwp, hwi.
hreila, sf, time, season, tlorir,
19, 78. 165, 192, 353. OE.
hwil, 01-IG. hwria.
hreila-hairbs, aj. inconstant,
transient, endu;ing only for a
while, 397.
'hreitjan, wv. I, see g a -
hreitjan.
lueits, a/. white, 140, 165. OE.
hwit. OIIG. hwig.
hrZ-l&ups,pr. \\hat sort of, 271.
hri-leiks, pr. what sort of; 274.
hropan, sv. V11, to boast, 19,
165 and note, 311,313, O E .
hwopan, to threaten.
hrotjan, wv. I, to threaten, re-
buke, charge.
ibhi, itzf~~~ogattve particle, like
Gr. p4, Lat. nuni; ibdi, iba,
cj. l&i, tlint. . .not. 3 19,351.
Cp. OI3G. ibu.
ibna-leiks, czj. equal, 398. OE.
efen-lic, OHG. eban-lih.
ibnassus, sin. evenness, a 3 ,
381.
ibns, nj. even, 14,22, 159, 161,
227, 390. OE. efen, efn,
OHG. eban.
iddja, pret. 1 went, 2 note I,
15, 156, 313 note, 321.
idreiga, sf. r e entance.
P
idreig6n, wv. 1, to rel~ent,325.
330 Glossary
id-weit, sn. reproach, 369.
OE. ed-wit, OHG. ita-wiz,,
id-weitjan, wv. I, to reprove,
blame, revile, reproach, 428
iftuma, aj. next, the one after,
the following, 246.
igqar, p a s . )r. of you two,
263.
ik, firs. pr. I, 6, 21, 88, 12
162,260, 261. OE. ic, OH(?
ih.
im, def. v. I am, 342.
in, prep. c. acc. In, into, to-
wards; c.gm. on account of;
c. daf. in, into, among, by,
350. OE. OHG. in.
-in-(-ein.), sufix, 383.
in-ahei, zvf; soberness, so-
briety, 370.
in-ahs, aj. wise, sober, 370.
-inassu-, sufix, 381.
in-brannjan, wv. I, to put in
the fire, burn, 415.
indrtibnan, wv. IV, to become
sad.
i n - f e i n a n , ~ IV,
. to be moved
with compassion, have corn-
passion on, pity, 331.
insgardja, w , aj. used as subst.
one of the same household,
37%
inilo, zuf. excuse, pretence,
37%
in-k1lp6,w. aj. with child.
in-kunja, wrcr. one of the same
country, countryman, 370.
in.ln&ideins, sf. change, ex-
change, 370.
in-mtiidjan, wv. I, to change,
exchange, .transfigure.
inn, av. In, witltin; inn
atgaggan, to enter, enter
into, go into ; inn gaggan, to
go ~ n enter,
, iudaiwlsks, aj. Jewish, 396.
inna, av. within, 3 .
household, 371.
f8
inns-kunds, aj. o the same
innana, azt. within ;prep. c.gen.
within, inside, 348, m. OE.
innan, OHG. innana.
innapra, av. from within, 348.
innuma, aj. the Inner, inner-
most, inmost, 246.
-inon, suJ?x, 42
in-saim, rv. d l , to sow in,
415.
in-safhran, sv. V, to look at,
look upon, look round, be-
hold, regard, ,
in-sailjan, wv. bind with
ro es, let down with cords.
0g. s s l a n .
in-sandjan, wv. I, to send,
send forth, 415.
in-standan, sv. VI, to persist.
in-swinpjan, wv. f , to grow
strong ; inswinpjan sik, to
be strong.
in.tandjan, wv. I, to burn up.
inuh, inu,prep. c. acc. without,
except, 350.
in-wagjan, wv. I, to stir up.
in-weiian, sv. I, to worship,
reverence, salute, 3m.
in-widan, sv. V, to reject,
frustrate, deny, refuse.
in-winds, a;. turned aside,
perverse,unjust,unrighteous,
370;
in-wlsan, XI. V, to be present,
be near at liand.
is, fiers. pr. he, 88 note, 114,
120, I 7 j note 2, 260,261, 263.
is, deb ZJ, thou art, 342.
-islia-,strfix, 396.
itan, sv. V. to eat, 5, 43, 66,
129, 138. 170, 280, 308 and
note. OE. etan, OHG.
ez,+n.
ip, cj. but, however, if, 351.
-+a, sztflx, 384.
iumj6, wf. multitude.
iup, av. upwards ; iupa, above,
g, 348 ; iupana, iupaprii, from
above, 3 4 8
 Glossary
iz-ei, iz-S, d.pr. masc. who, governor. OE. &sere, OHG.
which, 5, 175 note a, 271 keisar, Lat. Caesar, Gr.
note 3. Kaicrap.
izwar, poss. pr. your, 263. khisara-gild, sn. tribute-
money.
ja, jhi, av. yea, yes, verily, kalbB, w$ calf, 161,211. OE.
349: OHG. jH. cealf, OHG. kalb, sn.
jabhi, CJ. if, even if, although, kalds, a]. cold, IS, 129, 134,
351 ; jabiii .. . aippdu, either 162, 227, 390. OE. ceald,
.
. . or. OHG. kalt.
jah, cj. and, also, even, 18, kaikinassus, sm. adultery,
164, 351 ; jah . . .jah, both
.. fornication.
. . . and, 351 ; ni patairlei . kalkjij, wf. harlot.
a k jah, not only.. . but also; kann, puet.-pves. I Imow, 22,
n i h . . .ak jab, not only.. . 158 note, 335. OE. can(n),
but also. O fIG. ja. OHG. kan.
jiiinar, av. yonder, there, in kannjan, wv. I, to make
that place, 348. known, I 8 note. OE. cen-
jhind, jhindi.6, av. thither, 348. nan, O H & kennen.
jdins, dem. pr. that, yon, 268, I,ara, sf. care, anxiety, 192,
430- 426 ; ni k a r a puk, there is no
jhinpr6, av. thence, 348. care to thee, thou carest not.
jaPpCL ql and if, 265 note I ;
pappe . ..
or; 351.
jappE,
..
OE. cearu, OHG. chara.
whether.. . karkara. sf. prison, 192. Lat.
carcer.
ja-u, interrogative parficle, karijn, wv. 11, to care for, be
whether ; in inriivect quesh'ons,
- concerned about, 325, 400.
if so, so then, 349. kas, sn. vessel, pitcher. OHG.
jar, sn. year, , 20, 152, 182. kar.
08. g l a r , O ~ Gj8r. . katGls,sm. kettle, vessel for
jiukan, wv. 111, to contend, water. OE. cietei, OHG.
328. chezqil.
ju, nv. already, now, 347. kbupaijan, wz). I, to buflrt,
OI-IG. iii., ,ziG.
7 > cuff,s t r ~ k ew ~ t htlir pa1111 of
jugga.IAups, sin. a youth, the hand, 138, 321. ~ d t
young man. k&upGn, wv. 11, to trailic, 325.
juggs, aj.young, m,72,82,95, OE. cgapian, OHG. coufon.
102, 136, 137, 152, 227,. 243, kaurbzn, gift. Gr. K O ~ ~ & V .
390. OE. geong, 0HG.jung.
jiihiza, aj. younger, 137, 2.13. kauripa, sf, weight, burden,
juk,sn. yoke, 20,21,70,87,88 kaurn, 384.
note, 89,95, 129, I 2, 162,182, sn. corn, 21, 182. OE.
353. OE. geoc, ~ B G joh. . corn, OHG. korn.
junda, sf. youth. kaurnij, wn. corn, a grain of
jus, pers. pr. ye, 260,261 COri1, 214.
ju-pan, av. already; ju-pan n i kaurus, aj. heavy, 129, 146,
(or -ni), no longer. 236.
kdusjan, wv. I, to prove, test,
kbisar, sm. Caesar, emperor, taste.
 Glossary
keinan, sv. I, to bud, grow,
sprlng up ; weak pret. kein-
iida, see note to Mark iv. 27.
kGlikn, sn. tower, upper-room.
kilpei, wf. womb, 212.
kindins, sm. ruler, governor.
u s ,s cheek, 139, 162,
. cinn, OHG.
chtnni.
kiusan, sv. 11, to choose, test,
51. 84. 104, 105, 129, 137, I75
note. 280,302. OE. ceosan,
OH G. kiosan.
kniu, sn. knee, 9,zx, roj, 129,
134, 149, I 0,162, 189. OE.
cnEo(w), 3 1 3 ~knio.
. one's knees; gawair i lag-
knussjan, wv. I, to kneel ;
knussjan kniwam, to kneel.
kriustan, sv. 11, to gnash with
the teeth, grind the teeth,
302.
krusts, sf. gnashing.
kukjan, wv. I, to kiss, 318,
4A.
*kumbjan, wv. I, see ana.
kumbjan.
kumei, imper. arise !, Gr.
*0lit*€'.
.kunds, pp. born, cp. Skr.
jltds, Lat. fg)nItus, born.
kuni. sn. race. generation.
tribe, 115, 1 5 ~~' 6 2186,
% 18~:
OE. cyn(n), OHG. kunni.
kunnan, $ref.-prcs, to know,
335,426. OE. cunnan,OIIG.
kunnan.
*kunnan, wv. 111, see ga-
kunnan.
kunpa, pet. I knew, 335. OE.
ciipe, OH G. konda.
kunpi, sn. knowledge, 187.
*kunpjan, wv. I, to make
known. OE. cfipan, OHG.
kunden, see ga-swi-kunpjan.
kunps, pp. of kunnan, known,
40, 428 ; sm. acquaintance.
&E, cEp, OHG. h n d .
*kusts, sf. proof, test. OE.
cyst, Ot-IG. kust, choice, see
ga.kusts.
kustus, sm. proof, test, trial,
203. OE. cyst, OHG. kust,
choice.
lagga-madel, wf. long-suffer-
ing, 389.
laggei, wf. length, 354. 383.
laggs, aj. long, 22, 132, 158,
166, 2a7. OE. 01-IG. lang.
lagjan, wv. I, to lay, lay down,
set, place, 20, 158, 168,318.
400: kniwa kgjan, to bend
jan a n a airpa, to sen B8eace
on earth. OE. lecgan, HG.
leggen.
laiba, sf. remnant, 192, 354.
OE. lBf, OI-IG. leiba.
*lAibjan (in bi-ldibjan), W U .
I, to leave. OE. 16fan.
laigaizn, legion. Gr. Xeycitv.
lkikan, sv. VII, to leap for joy,
313. OE. IEcan, to play.
ldiks, srn. dance, dancing.
OE. IBc, OHG. leih.
lais, $ret.-pres. I know, rzz,
I379 333-
Idisareis, sm. teacher. master.
lhiseigs, aj. teachable, 394.
lkiseins, sJ doctrine, teaching,
153 note, 200,388.
ldisjan, wv. I, to teach, 22, I 7
note, 17 note, 320, 426. o$.
Isran, ~ H G 1Eren.
.
ldistjan, wv. 1, to foflow,follow
after,po. OE.lbstan, OHG.
leisten.
Idists, sm. foot-print, track,
step, 197. OE. lHst, OHG.
lesst.
lamb, sn. lamb, sheep, 14,161.
OE. OHG. lamb.
land, sn. land, country; landis,
 Glossary
over the land, far away, 427.
OE. land, OHG. lant.
lasiws, nj. weak, feeble, 23a.
fats, aj. slothful, lazy, 125,227.
OE. l e t , OHG. lay.
l a F n , wv. 11, to invite. call,
200, 325, OE. lapian, OlIG.
lad6n.
lapijns, sf. invitation, redemp-
tion, consolation, 200, 388.
*lauan, sv. VII, to revile, 313
note 4.
*iilubjan, wv. I, see ga-lilub-
ian.
liufs, sm. leaf, foliage, 180.
OE. 1Eaf. OHG. loub.
lilugnjan, wv. I, to deny, lie,
159. OE. liegn(i)an, OHG.
lougnen.
*18ngns, aj. see ana-18ugns.
lauhatjan, wv. I, to lighten,
424. OHG. lohazzen.
lhun, sn. pa reward, 22, 182.
OE. 16an, ~ H G 16x1.
. OE. liiice, 01-12'. 1iclli.
lAuna.wargs, sm. an unthank-
ful person, 389. OE. wearg,
01-IG. warch, criminal.
lilus, aj. empty, I 226 note,
427. OE. LEas, 6%~.
llusa.waurdei, wf. empty
16s.
words, babbling, 389.
Ilusa.waitrds, aj. speaking
loose words, talking vainly,
398.
laus-handja, waj. empty-
handed, 34, 38 , 398.
9
llusjan, rev. I, to oose,deliver,
free. OE. liesan, OHG.
15sen.
lhus.qiprs, aj. fasting, with
empty stomach.
*lilups, aj. being grown up,
see hr&, ju gas, swa-laups.
f
*leiban, sv. see bi-leiban.
leihran, sv. i, to lend, 48, 69,
88, 92, 128. I439 247, 298,
428. OE. lion, Eon, OHG.
lihan.
leik, sit. body, flesh, corpse,
182. 013. lic, OHG. 1ih.
leikhins, sf: liking, - -
good
pleasure.
leikan, wv. 111, to please, 328.
OE. lician, OHG. 1ihhGn.
'leikian, wv. I. see silda-
leikjan:
*leikijn, wv. 11, see ga-leikiin.
.leiks, sz!f%.~,like, similar,
equal. OE. -lic, OMG. -lib,
see ga-, hri-, ibna., missa.,
sama-, silda-, swa-leiks.
lein, sn. linen. OE. OHG.
lin.
leitils, clj, little, small, 227,245.
O.Icel. litell.
*leipan, sv. I, to go, 137 note,
205 note. OE. lipan, OHG.
lidan, see af-leipan.
leipu, sn. strong drink, aog
note. OK. lip, OI'iG. lid.
IEkeis, snr. I J ~sician, 185.
lgkinassus, snn. healing, 354,
38.'. -
liiklnon, wv. 11, to heal, 425.
OE. 18cnian, 16cnian, OHG.
lLchin6n.
lctan, sv. VII, to let, leave,
permit, suffer, 10, 33. 124,
125,314. OE. &tan, OHG.
1Hqan.
lEw, sn. occasion, opportunity,
149, 189 note 2.
lewjan, wv. I, to betra 149,
152. OE. Iswan, OF?&. gi-
1Ewen.
libains, sf. life, 200, 388.
liban, wv. 111, to llve, 161,
zoo, 328. OE. libban, OHG.
leb6n.
ligan, sv. V, to lie, lie down,
308 and note. OE. licgan,
OHG. liggen.
liers, sm. bed, couch, 159, 180.
OE. leger, OHG. legar.
'linnan, sv. 111, see af-linnan.
 Glossary

174, 292, 308. OE. OHG.

lesan.
1
lisan, sv. V, to gather, 138, *luknan, wv. IV, see ga., us.
lultnan.
lun, sn. ransom.
listeigs, aj. crafty, cunning, luston, wv. 11, to desire, 325,
wily, 394. OHG. fistig. 427. OE. lystan from 'lust-
l'sts, s craftiness, 122, 19. jan, OHG. lustGn.
OE. &G. list. still. *lusts, sJ, see fr a-lusts.
li us, sm. limb, 203. OE. lip, lustus, sm. desire, lust, 203.
lid. OE. OHG. lust.
liudan, sv. 11, to grow, spnng
UP, 302. OE. lsodan. *magan, f ref.-$yes. to be able,
liufs, aj. dear, beloved, 86,122, 17, 138, 169,337. OE. OHG.
133,226 note, 227, 428. OE. magan.
lSof, OHG. liob. magapei, ~Jvirginity, maiden-
* k g , sn., see ga-liug. hood.
liagan, wv. 111, to marry, magaps, sf: maid, 199. OE.
328. maeg(e)P, OHG. magad.
liugan, sv. 11, to lie, 302. OE. magula, wm.little boy, 208,354.
leogan, OHG, liogan. magus, sm. boy, servant, 137,
liuhadeins, aj. bright, shining, 203. OE. magu.
full of light. mahta,pret. I might, 337. OE.
liuhap, sn. light. 86, 105 182. meahte, OIIG. mahta.
OE. leoht, OHG. lioht. mahteigs, nj. mighty, abie,
liuhtjan, wv. I, to qive liqht. possible, 227, 394. OHG.
6 8 ,105,320. OE. liehtan, mahtig.
0%2. liuhten.
*liusan, sv, 11, see fra-liuqan.
mahts, sf, might, power,
strength, virtue, miracle, 27,
liuta, wm. hypocrite, 208,223. 138, 193. 354. OE. meaht,
liutei, wf. deceit, hypocrisy, miht, 6 H G . maht.
212,383. mahts, aj. possiblr, 227.
liuts, aj: hypocritical, 223. mdidjan, wv. I, to falsify, pa
liubare~s,srn. singer, 380. 0.leel. meipa, to iniure.
liupijn, wv. 11, to sing. OE. maihstus, snz. d u ~ l ~ t ~ i69. ll,
16opian ; cp. OE. lGop, OHG. Cp. OE. meox, OIIG. mist.
liod, song. maim brana, w ; ~ par-ch~nen
. t,
Efa, wm. palm of the hand. manuscript. Gr. ptpppbva.
*lubii, aif. love. 122 ; in con~p. mais, av. more, rather, 345 ;
br6pru.lub6, brotherly love. mais p&u, more than, rather
ludja, sf. face, 192. than ; filu mhis, much more ;
luftus, sm. air, 203. OE. lyft, und filu mdis, much more, so
OHG. luft. much the more ; hran filu . . .
*liikan, =. 11, to shut, close, mdis bamma. the more. so ..
125. See ga-liikan. OE. much' the more. OE. mE,
liican, OHG. liihhan. OHG. mEr.
lukarn, sn. light, candle. Lat. mkist, av. at most, 256, 345.
iucerna. OHG. meist.
Iukarna-stapa, wm. candle- maists, a$ greatest, chief, 245.
stick, 208, 389. OE. mgsta, OHG. meisto.
 Glossary
mhitan, m. VIT, to cut, hew, manwuba, av. in readiness,
313 OHG. meiqan. 344.
mhaprns, sm. gift, 22, 159, 180, manwus, aj. ready, 236.
354. OE. mirpm, mZpum. marei. wf. sea, 212. OE. mere,
mkiza, a]. greater, 30,175,245. OHG. meri.
OE, msra, QHG. mero. mari-sbiws, sm. sea, 3%.
malan, sv. VI, to grind, 310. mari-, OE. mere, OMG. m e n ;
OHG. nialan. saiws, OE. s&, OiIG. SEO.
malma, wm. sand, 208. OE. marka, sf. boundary, border,
mealm. coast. OE. mearc, OHG.
maf6, wf: moth. marca.
'malwjan, wv. I, see ga- marzjan, wv. I, to offend, hin-
malwjan. der, cause to stumble. OE.
n1amm6na, wnz. mammon, mierran, OHG. merI.cn.
riches. Gr. papwvcs. niati-balgs, sin. neat-bag, wnl-
man, $yet.-pues. I think, 122, let, scrip, 389.
336. OE. man. matjan, wv. I, to eat, feed, 318.
managdiips, sf. abundance, 89 mats, sm. meat, food, 197. OE.
note, 354, 3%. mete, OHG. maq.
managex, z~~multitude,crowd,ma a, wlin. worm. OE. mapa,
6,87! 1Io,210,354,~g1 OE.
menlgo, 01-IG. menigi.
f
0 IG. mado.
mapl, sn. market, market-
nianag-falps, nrim. manyfold, place. OE. mzepel, meeting.
25 , 389. OE. manig-feald, mapljan, wv. I, to speak. OE.
OHG. manag-falt. mzplan, mapefian.
manags, aj. much, great, rnaurgins, snz. morning, 180.
many, 106, 160,227,243,244. OE. morgen, OHG. morgan.
OE. manig, OMG. manag. *maurgjan, wv. I, see ga-
mana-ssps, sf. man kind, maurgjan.
world, multitude, 75,122, 199, maurnan, wv. 111, to mourn,
389. OE. siiid, OHG. sat, be anxious, take care for,
seed. 328. OE. nlnrnan, 01-1G.
man-leika, wm. image,picture, mornen.
389. OE. man-lica, OIIG. maurpr, sn. murder, 182. OE.
mana.1Tktho. morpor.
manna, win. man, 31,114, 158, maurprjan, wv. I, to n~urder,
206,209. OE. mann, OHG. 320.
man. mawi (gen. mbujljs), sf.
mama.hun, indef.$7. with the maiden, damsel, 104, 137,149,
neg. particle ni, no one, 278. 15'3, 194-
manniskljdus, sm. humanity, mawiilj, wf. jYoung maiden,
354, 385. 211, 354. Oh. meowle.
mannisks, aj. human, of man, meins, pass. pr. my, 263,264,
33, 396. OE. OHG. men- 430. OE. OI3G. min.
nisc. mel, sn. time, hour, season;
manwipa, sJ preparation ; fl. pl. writings, Scriptures, 22,
necessary means, 384. 158; mZl gabaur &is, birth-
manwjan. m. I, to prepare. 8
day. UE. m21, HG. =HI.
336 Glossary
mEla, turn. busheI, measure.
mEUon, wu.1, to write, 320.
OE. mglan, OHG. m?il'al%n,
mHlTin, to mark.
mena, wm. moon, 22, 43, 8 ,
158, 208. OE.mbna,
msno.
OHE.
mEnops, m. month, 89, 219.
OE.monap, OHG.m'm6d.
meipa, .f. rumour, repon,
fame, 3 4. OE- m@rp(o),
OHG.m8rida.
mBrjan, mu. to preach, pro-
claim, 3-m. OE. m s r a n ,
OHG.maren.
mErjands, m. proclaimer, 218.
*mZrs, aj. known, famous.
OE.mgre, OHG.mZri.
m2s, sn. table, dish, 77. OE.
mike, OMG.mias, meas.
*nGt, sn. measure, see
us-mEt.
, midja-sweiptlins, s j the flood,
deluge, 389,
midjis, ai. mtddle, 60,153 note,
173, 228? 430. OE. midd,
OHG.mitti.
midjun-gards, sm. earth,
world. OE. rniddan.gear6,
OHG. mitti-gart, mittin-
gart.
*miduma, sf. midst; in mi-
dumdi, in the midst.
midumijnds, nr. mediator, 218.
Cp. OE. medemian, OHG.
metemcn, to fix, measure.
mikilnba, av. greatly, 344.
mikil-dGps, sf. greatness, 199,
3.82:
mtkllei, wf. greatness, 212,
383. OHG.mihhilT.
mikiljan, wv. I, to make much
of, praise, exalt, magnify,
glorify, 153, 320, 400.
mikilnan, wv. IV, to be mag-
nified, 331.
mikils, nj. great. 227, 245, 390.
OE. micel, OHG.mihhil.
mikil- iihts, aj. high-minded,
?rou!,3q.
mddipa, sf. mildness, kind.
ness, 354, 384. OHG. mil-
tida.
*mild., aj. see un-milds.
milhma, wm. cloud.
milip, sn. honey. Cp. Gr.
p~X7\r,gen. pbAtros.
miluks, /. milk, 221. OE.
meol(u)c, OHG. miluh.
mims (mimz), sn. flesh, meat.
175 note I.
minnists a least, smallest,
245. oirC minnist.
minniza, aj. smaller, less, 139,
158 note, 245. OWG. min.
niro.
mills, av. less, 158 note, 345.
OE. OHG.min.
missa-dTps, sf. misdeed, sin,
19,372.OE.mis-dsd, OHG.
mlss~.tZt,
missa-leiks, a]. different, vari-
ous, 372, 391. OE. mis-lic,
OHG.m;r.si-1%.
missa.qiss, sf. discord, dis-
sension, 372.
miss& nu. reciprocally, the
one the other, one to another ;
always with pers. pr. 344,431.
mitan, sv. V. to measure, rzz.
170,307. OE.metan, OHG.
meqan.
mitaps, sf. measirre, bushel,
221.
miton, wv. 11, to consider,
think, ponder, zoo, 325, 428.
mitijns, sf. thought, consider-
ing, reasoning, zoo.
mip, prep. c. dnt. with, among.
together with, through, by,
near, 28,350 : mip tweihnairn
markijm, amid the two boun-
daries, in the midst of the
region ; mip ushramjan, to
crucif with ; av. with. OE.
mid. ~ H G mit.
.
mipgardi-waddjus, sf. par-
tition wall, 373.
mipga-sinpa, wm. travelling
companion, 373.
m i p d k j a n , wv. I, c. dat. to
drspute.
mippansei, ci, while, during,
when, 5,351.
mipwissei, wb conscience,
37'3.
mlzd6, zcrf. reward, 22,141,175,
211. OE. meord.
mGdags, aj. angr wrathful,
227, 392, 428. 8' E. mijdig,
OHG. muotig, proud, brave.
rnGta, sf. custoln, custom-
house, 19.Cp. OlHG. miita,
Low Lat. miita.
*m6tan, pvef.-pres. to find
room, 338.
mGtarels, sm. toll-taker, pub-
lican, 185. 354,380.
mGta-ataps, sm. toll-place, re-
ceipt ol custom, 389.
*mGtjan, wv. 1, see ga-motjan.
mops (mGds), snr. anger,
wrath. OE. mijd, OllG.
muot, courage.
mulda, sf. dust, 192. O E .
molde, OHG. molta.
munan, w. 111, to consider,
think, intend, 328. Cp. OE.
mynnan, mynian, to intend.
munan, pet.-pres. to think,336.
OE. munan.
"munds, sf.340. see ga-munds.
muns, snt. thought, intention,
122, 197.
mun S, sm. mouth. OE. miip,
J'
O G. mund.
nadrs, sm. adder, vi er. Cp.
OE. n&did)rc, OR^) n l t a i a .
n a h t a m a t s , sm.supper, even-
ing meal, 389.
nahts, f. night, 18~22,I&*158,
764, 221,.346, 353, 427. OE.
neaht, niht, OtiG. naht.
i 187
naiteins, sf. blas hemy.
*nilitjan, w. !, see a n -
nilitjan.
namnjan, wv. I, to name, 158
note, 320, 322, 400. o k .
nemnan, OHG. nemnen.
nam6, wn. name, 4, n,158
note, 214 note, 322. OE.
nama, OHG. namo.
*nanpjan, zuv. I, see a n a -
nanpjan.
naqaps, aj. naked, 146, 163.
OE. nacod, OHG. nachiTt.
nardus, sm. nard. Lat. n a r -
d u s from Gr. vcip80r, cp.
Ol-IG. narda, nartha.
naseins, $. salvation, 153 note,
200.
nasjan, wv. I, to save, 87, 88.
89 note, 19,114, 1x8. 137
note, 152, 153. 157, 173, 200.
240, 316, 322, 400. O E .
nerian, 0gt . nerren,nerien.
nasjands, m. saviour, 218, 379.
OE. ner(i)gend.
nati, sn. net, 187. OE. nett,
OHG. nezzi.
natjan, ulv.I. to make wet,
wet, 318. OI-IG. nezzen.
niludi-bandi, sf; chain, fetter,
389.
na~idi.paurfts, aj. necessary,
397.
nauh, av. still, yet ; ni l l a u t ~or
n a u h ni, n u t y e t , n o t a s yet.
01-1G. noh.
*nauhan, PI.?/.-PYPS., see bi-
nah.
nai~h.panup,n71. still yet.
naithup-pan, av, and also.
nilus, srtr. corpse, 153, I*
note I. Cp. OE. dryht-ne,
dead body of a warrior.
nkupjan, zew. I, to force, con>-
pel. OE. niedan, OIIG.
noten.
nziulps, sf. need, 199. OE.
nEad, nied, OkfG. n6t,
Z
 Glossary
nE, av. nay, no, 349. nipan, sv.V, to help, 308.
nehr, av. near, close by, 19,
3 3 . OE. neah, OHG. nHh.
nehra, prep. c. dat. nigh to,
zp.
ni jis, sm. kinsman, 185, axx.
OE. nippas, men.
nipj6, uif: female cousin.
near ; av. near, 350. OHG. niu, in/errogatrve parficle, not
n8ho. = Lat. nonne, 349; niu diw,
nehris, av. nearer, 345. never.
nehrjan sik, wv. 1,to approach, *niujan, wv. I, see ana.
draw near. OHG. nahen. niujan.
nzhrundja, wm. ne~ghbour, niuja-satips, sm.novice, 389.
208. niujis, aj. new, young, zo, 85,
neip, sn. envy, hatred. OE. 105, 229, 238. OE. niewe,
nip, OI-IG. nid. niwe, OHG. niuwi, niuui.
neiwan, sv. I, to be angry. niujipa, sf. n e F e s s , 354,384.
nGPla, needle, 192. OE. niu-klahs, aj. under age,
nLdl, &G. nEdala. young, childish, 393.
ni, av. neg. not, 265 note I, 349,niun, Mum. nine, 22, 247, 252.
.
427 ; nist = ni ist ; nl.. ak, OE. nigon, OHG. niun.
.
not.. but ; ni d j a . . .afja,
not other. ..than ; ni.. .ni o r
niunda, nrinr. ninth,253. OE.
nigopa, OHG. niunto,
nih, neither.. . nor, 351 ; ni niuntehund, num. nlnety, 247.
ananlais or panaseips, no niutan, sv. 11, to enjoy, 302,
!anger,
..
no more ; ni atainei
7
.ak jah, not on y ...but
~ 7 . OE. niotan, OHG.
nioqan.
also ; ni dinshun, no one, no, ni waihts, nothing, naught,
none, 427; ni Biw, never, 427, See waihts.
347 ; ni allis, not at all, 427. nijta, wm. stern of a ship, 208.
nibhi, niba, cj. unless, except, nu, av. now, so, consequently,
i f . ..not, 351. OHG. nibu. 34 ; aj. present, existlng ;
nidwa,sf. rust, 149,192. s u L . present time ; nu, nunu,
nih, 6 and not, not even, 351 ; nuh, au.and j.therefore, 351.
nih .... .
nih, neither .. nor ;
nih .. a k jab, neither. .. but
nuh, iirterrogatrve particle, then,
73 note, 349,351.
also, 351. 0 WG. noh. nuta, wm. fisher, catcher of
niman, sv. XV, to take, take fishes, 208, 354.
away, recerve, accept. 5, 10, *nuts (in un-nuts), nj. useful.
11, 22, 33, 65, 68, 70, 87, 83,0 E. nytt, OHG. nuzzi.
89 note, 917 93, 95, '06, 107,
108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 120, 6 , intevj. 0 ! oh !
124, 158, 175, 239, 240, 241, *ijgan,prci.-fires.to fear, 7,169,
242, 282, 286, 287, 288, 289, 428.
92, 293. 295, 296.. 297, 305 ; Gg~an,wv. I, to terrify, 7, P.
ml nlinan, to recelve, accept. -6ni-, sufi-T, 3%.
02 niman, OHG. neman. Bsanna, hosanna Gr. Iroawd.
'nipnan, zw, IV, see gas -ijpu., stiflx, 385.
nipnan.
'nisan, sv. V, see ga-nisan. paida, sf. coat, 2% 160. QE.
nist=ni ist. pld, OHG. pfeit.
 Glossary 339
paraklEtus, sm comforter. qineins, aj. female; neirf.
Gr. rrapcirAqros. foolish woman, 395.
paraskaiwe, the day of the woman, wife, 122,
preparation. Gr. .n.apaorcufi. 129,211. OE. cwene, OHG.
paska, sf. indeclirzabke, feast of *quena.
the passover, pazchal feast. qiss*d a saying, speech, see
Gr. m d q a . ga-qiss, and cp. qipan.
padrpura, sf. purple. Gr. qipan, 7' say,
rrop+Bpa. speak, 138, 163, 171,286 note
3> 307, 426; ubil qipan, to
peika-bagms, sm. palm-tree. speak evil of one ; wails
pistikeins, aj. gent!i!le, pure. qipan, to speak well of,
Gr. * L U T L K ~ S with Goth. su&x pra,,e. OE. cwepan, OHG,
-gins. quedan.
Plapja, sf. street : orgbJ occurs qipu-hafts, aj. pregnant ; qipu.
once (hlatth. vi. 5).artd is pvo- haftij, used as sb., a
bably a scrtdalerrorJ*~r*platja being with child.
frorn Lat. platea, 192. qipus, sm, body, womb. OE.
plats, sm. patch, piece ofcloth. .,ip,,
0.Bulgarian platii, *qiujan, wv. I, see ga-qiujan.
Fllnsjan, Wv- 1, to dance, a3, *qiunan, wv. IV, see ga.
160. 0.Bulgarian plqsati. qiunan.
'Praggan, sv- VII, see aria* q i ~ s ,aj. .alive, quick, living,
praggan. 10s,129,149,232.
praltGrlahn, Pret~rium. Gr. q u , s , sm. advent, 19fj note 2,
mpat~iprov. 354. OE. cyme, OHG.
pratifeteis, fm.prophetess. -kumi.
Gr. T P S + ~ ~ T L S .
prahfetjan, wv. I, to prophesy. rabbei, master, teacher. Gr.
praufiitus, p r a G t C s , sm. pro- 6apfi1.
phet. Gr. npo+'qs. ragin, sn. o inion, judgment,
pund, sn. pound, 23,160. OE.
pund, OHG. pfnnt, Lat.
decree. EP. OE. reg(e)n.
w e a r 4 mighty guardian.
pondo. ragineis, sn?. counsel1or,
governor, 153, 185
qlinijn,wv. 11, to weep, mourn, raginijn, zuv. 11, to be ruler,
lament. OE. cwHnian. 425 OE. regnian. to ar-
qairrei, wJ. meekness. range.
qairrus, aj. gentle, 236. rahnjan, wv. 1, to count,
0.lcel. kwirr. reckon, number, 426.
qEns (qeins), sf: wife, wonlnn, rkidjan, wV. 1, to determine,
5,2397, 122, 163, 199 OE. fix,order, appoint, CP. OE.
cwen. r'ldian.
qiman, sv. fV, to come, arrive, raihtaba, av. rightly, straight-
24, 122, 129, 134, 146, 163, way? 344:
306,436. OE. cuman, OHG. raihtis, q. for, because, 351 ;
queman. av. for, still, then, however,
qina-kunds, a$ female, 397. indeed, 346,427.
z2
340 Glossary
raihts, aj. right, straight, a
67, 128, 158, 227, 390.
reoht, riht, OHG. reht.
02
'rkips, sm. see skiiuda-riips.
*rbisjan, wv. 1, to raise, 20
4m, see ur-raisjan, dE:
rmran.
%lips, aj. see ga.riips.
*rakjan, wv. I, see uf.rakjan.
*rannjan, wv. I, to cause to
run, 122. see ur-rannjan.
rapiz6, aj easier, 428.
* r a p p n , szr. Vf, see ga-rapjan.
rapjo, =sf. number, account,
125,211. OHG. redia.
rhupjan, wv. I, to pull out,
pluck. OE. riepan, 01-IG.
rouffen.
rlus, sn. reed. OHG. r6r.
r i u s, aj. red, 2, 84, 133, 158
0i. r k d . O ~ Gr6t. .
razda, sf.. language, speech',
175, 192. OE. reord, OHG.
rarta.
razn,sn. house, 158,159. OE.
zem, raen-.
*rSdan, sv. VII, to counsel,
deliberate, 2 125, 311, see
g a - r a a o . 0%. rodan, OHG.
rZtan.
reiki,sn.ruIe,power, kingdom,
187. OE. rice, OHG. rihhi.
reikiniin, wv. 11, to rule,
govern, 33,325,425.
reiks, nj. mighty, powerful ;
superl. reikista,the mightiest,
prlnce. Cp. OE.rice, OIIG.
rihhi.
reiks, m. ruler, prince, 219.
reiran, wv. 111, to tremble,
328.
reirii, w& trembling.
'reisan, sv. I, to rise ; see ur.
reisan. OE. OHG. risan.
rign, sn. rain, 168. OE. regn,
OHG. regan.
rikan, sv. V, to heap up, 308.
rinnan, sv. 111, to run, hasten,
139, 158, 304. OE.
22, 122,
rinnan, iernan, OHG. rin-
nan.
riqis, riqiz, sn. darkness, 24,
129, 163, 175 note I, 182.
riqizeins, aj. dark.
riqizjan, wv. I, to become
dark, be darkened.
rijdjan, wv. I, to speak, ~ao,
428.
riihsns, sf. hall.
riims, sm. room, space, 82,
102. OE. OHG. rum.
rlina, sf. secret, mystery, 192.
OE. riin, OHG. rpna.
runs, sm. running, issue,
course, 122 ; run gawatirkjan
sis, to rush violently. OE.
ryne.
~(l2@.LaL~ dem.
pr. th~s,that, ; dc/.
art. the, 49, 87 and note, 89
and note, "4, 120,175,265.
sabbat5, indeclinable, Sabbath ;
sabbatus, sm. Sabbath; pl
fluctuates between i- and u-
declension. Gr.abP@a~ov, od$-
paras.
sa.ei, rel. pr. who, he who,
which, 271.
saggws, snr. song, music, 197,
354. OE, OHG. sang.
sagqjan (saggqjan), wv. I, to
sink, go down. OE. sencan,
OHG. senken.
sagqs (saggqs), st^. sinking,
oing down (of the sun),hence
b e s t , 354.
sah ( f e r n . sGh, neut. patuh),
dem. pr. that, this, 266.
sa-hraz-uh saei or izei,. indef.-
pr. whosoever, 276.
ski, intej. see! lo! behold!
OHG. si5, sE-nu.
saian (saijan), sv. VII, to sow,
71 10,769 $1 1001 1221 124,314
 Glossary 341
and note. OE. sswan, OHG. sama-leiks, a?. atikc, agreeing
S e n , Gwen. together. OIIG. sama-1%.
saiands, pres.part. one sowing,
sower.
saihs, nztnr. six, 247. OE.
siex, six, OHG. sehs.
saihsta, 12tr112. sixth, 24.4, 253.
OE. siexta, sixta, OIIG.
sehsto.
saihs tigjus, nttnz. sixty, 247.
saihran, s ~ , V, . to see, take
heed, rq. 19, 34, 67, 92, 1 2 4 ,
137, I.+:$, 165 note, 307. OE.
sGon, OIIG. sehan.
shiwala, ~;f. soul, spirit. life,
192. OE. s.5~01,s~wL,OI-~G.
senla, s d a .
siiiws, S N ~ .sea, lake, 197. OE.
SB, O I ~ GS. ~ O .
sakan, sv. V I to ~ dispute,
strive, rebuke, 3x0. OE.
sacan, 01-IG. sahhan.
sakj6, wf. strife, 21 I.
salckus, stiz. sackcloth, 203.
OE. saccc, 01-1G. sac, Lat.
saccus, Gr. a i ~ n o s .
salbon, m i . 11, to anoint, 14>89
note, 111, 161, 200, 240, 28
323,324. OE. sealfian,
salkon.
OH^: 271 note 3.
salbcns, sf. ointment, 200. sein (seina), poss. pr. its,
zalipwcs, sj. pl, dwelling, 264.
abode, rnansion, guest-cham- seins. $o.qs. f r . his, 78, gg, 263.
ber, 387. OIIG. selida. OE. OIIG. in.
saljan, zit:,. I, to dwell, abide: *!..rtf.s. (17'. st'(, pana-s~i!-f..
remain. s c i us, nj. tat(:, 236. OE. s q ,
saljan, W71. I, to bring an offer- f
O IG. sid, av.
ing, sacrilice. OE. sellan, s21s, nj. ggootl, kind, 234. Cp.
OHG. sellen, to surrender. OE. ssllic, OIIG. ~ B l i g ,
salt, srz. saft, 36. 158 OE. happy.
sealt, 01-IG. salz. 'sEps, .Tf. see mana.sEps.
. she, 152, 260, 261.
saltan.s7!. VII, to salt, 313 note si, ~ J P J SfJr.
I. OIIG. salzan. OI-IG. si.
sama, pr. Fame, 26, 269, 340. sibja, SJ relationship, 192.
OHG.samo. OE. sibb, OHG. sibba.
sama.leik6, av. likewise, in sibun, ntrnz. seven, 14,26 8
Iike manner, equally. OE. 136, 161, 1 4, 2!7, 258. bi!:
sam.lice, together. seofon, 0 d G . stbun.
342 Glossary
sind, tfiep are, 342. OE. sfn-
sibuntEhund, num. seventy,
241.
sidbn, wv. 11, to practise, 325.
I don. sin*. sink OHG. sint.
OHG. sit2in.
sidus, sm. custom, habit, 203.
OE. sidu, OHG. situ.
sifan, wo. 111, to rejoice, be
glad, 328.
siggwan, sv. 111, to sing, read,
17,146, 149,304. OE. OIiG.
singan.
sigis, sn. victory. OE. sige,
sigor, OHG. sign.
sigis-ltiun, An. the reward or
crown of victory, prize, 304.
sigljan, wv. I, to seal. Lat.
sigillsre.
sigljii, mn. seal, 22,2314. Low
Lar. sigillo.
sigqan, sv. 111, t3 sink, go
down, 17, 14, 116, 158. 163,
304. OE. sincan, OHG.
sinkan.
sihu, sn. victory, 205 note
sijhu, 1 - be, 342.
sijum, we are, 342.
s i k , reJ:pr. oneself, 261, 262;
silba, pr. self, 161, 269, 430.
OE. self, OHG. selb.
silba-wiljis, aj. willing of one-
self, 397.
silda-leikjan, wv. I, to marvel,
wonder, be astonished.
silda-leiks, nj. wonderf~1.OE.
seld-Iic, sellic.
silubr, sn. silver, 182. 0%.
seolfor, OHG. silabar,
silber.
silubreins, aj. silver.
siml8, av. once, at one time,
344. OE. sim(b)Ie, OHG.
simbles, always.
sinaps, sm. or sinap, sn. mus-
tard. OE. senep, OHG.
senaf, Lat. singpi, Gr.
viviim.
a j old,' 227,245,
110,
s~ni$ta,aj.oldest;anelder,z45.
sintein6, av. always, ever, con-
tinually, 344.
sinteins, aj. daily.
*sinps, sm. time, lit. a going,
258. OE. s q , OHG. sind.
slponeis, sm. pupil, disciple,
!8_5.
s~qonjan,wv. I, to be a dis-
clple, 320.
sitan, sv. V, to sit, 34,7597,
174, 308 and note. OE. slt-
tan, 01IG. sizzen.
sitls, sm. seat, chair. nest, 159,
180. OE. setl, OHG. s e g ~ a l .
siujan, wv. I, to sew, 31
OE. siowan, sEowan, OH(?:
siuwen.
siukan, sv. II, to be sick, ba
ill, 302.
siukei, wf. sickness, weakness,
infirmity, 354, 383.
siuks, aj. sick, ill, diseased,
:;%?7,390. OE.ssoc,OHG.
siuns, sf. sight, appearance,
105, 137,150, 199. OE. sien.
*siuns, aj., see a n a - s i ~ ~ n s .
skaban, sv. VI, to sllnve, 310.
OK. scafan, OIIG. skaban.
skadus, sm. shade. shadow,
116, I 50, 203. OE. sceadu,
OHG. scizto.
*skadwjan, wv. I, to cast a
shade or shadow, 29. See
ufar-skadwjan.
skaftjan, wv. I, to make ready,
prepare.
sk$idan, sv. VII, to divide,
sever, separate, put asunder,
47, 130, 312 note, 313. OE.
sc(e)Zdan, OHG. skeidan.
ska1,pret.-pres. I shall, 158,336.
OE. sceal, OHG. skal.
 Glossary
skalkinassus, sm. service, skGhs1, m. evil spirit, demon.
381. *skreitan, sv. I, see dis-skrei-
skalkinijn, wv. 11, to serve, tan.
325, 425. *skritnan, wv. IV, see dis-
skalks, sm. servant, 162, 180, skritnan.
425. OE. scealc, OHG. skuft, sn. the hair of the head.
skalk. 0.fcel. skopt.
skaman sik, wv. 111, to be skuggwa, wm. mirror, 151,208.
ashamed, be ashamed of, 139, OE. sciiwa, OHG. sciiwo,
328,427. OE. scamian,OHE. shadow.
scamen. skula, aj. owing, in debt.auilty,
skanda, sf. shame, 139. OE. 428; wm. debtor, 208, 354.
sc(e)and, OHG. scanta. OE. ge-scola, OHG. scola.
*skapjan, sv. VI, to shape, *skulan, $9-et.-pres. to owe, to
make, 138, I&. See ga. be about to be, shall, to be
skapjan. one's duty, to be obliged, must,
skattja, wtn. money-changer. 22, 336, 432 ; skulds ist, it is
skatts,s;?z. rtlonev.coin, penny. lawful, 336, 340~ 400, 428.
OE. sceatt, OIHG. scaz; 0. OE. OHG. scufan.
Bulgarian skotii, cattle. skiira, sf: shower; skiira
skapjan, szr. VI, to injure. windis, storm. OE. OHG.
130,310. OE. sceppan, OHG. sciir.
skad-n. slahan, sv. VI, to smite, strike,
sk/auda.rdips, sm. leather beat, hit, 124, 125, 137, 138,
thong, shoe-latchet. OE. rgp, 143, 292, 309. OE. slcan,
OHG. reif, rope. OHG. slahan.
skguns, a?. beautiful, 234. OE. slahs,snr. stroke,stripe,plague.
sciene, OHG. sconi. OE. slege, OHG. slag.
skfiuts, sm. the hem of a slaihts, a]. smooth. OHG.
garment, OE, scEat, OHG. sleht.
scciq. slailhts, sf: slaughter, 125,199,
skeinan, so. I, to shine, 128, 354.
300. OE. sciuan, OWG. ski- *sl&upnan, wv. IV, see af-
nan sldnpnan.
*skeirjan, wv. I, see ga-skeir- slnuan, zciv. 111. to be silent,
jan. be stlll, 149. 328.
skelrs, aj. clear, 175,234. OE. sleideis (or !sleips), 0% fierce,
scir. dangerous, perlluus. OE.
skewjan, wv. I, to walk, - go, slipe.
go along. slEpan, sv. VII, to sleep, fall
skildus, spit. shield, 203. OE. asleep, 5, 23, 97, 129, 16,
scield, OHG. skilt. r74,3r3. OE. slgpan, OHG.
skip, sn. ship, 23, 160, 182. slgfan.
OE. scip, OHG. scif. *slindan, sv. 111, see frz.slind.
*skiuban, sv. 11, see af-skim an.
ban. sliupan, sv. 11, to slip, ~ 2 9 , 3 0 2
skGhs, sm. shoe. OE. scGh, OE. sliipan, UHG. slioffan.
sc6, OIZG. scuoh. smakka, wm. fig,108.
344 Glossary
smakka.hngms, sm. fig-tree.
smals, a;. small, 227. OE.
smel, OHG. smal.
'smeltan, sv. I, see ga-smeit.
an.
smyrn, sn. myrrh; wein mi
smyrna, wine mingled wit
myrrh. Gr. apv'pva.
R OE. 01-IG. spinnan.
snaga, wm. garment, 208.
snkiws, sm. snow, 29,137~14,
188 note. OE. s n l w ,
snEo.
OHE.
sneipan, sv. I, to cut, rea
1 3 7 . 2 9 OE. snipan, OH&
snid an.
sniumjan, wa. I, to hasten,
320. Cp. OE. snSome, OHG.
sniumo, quickly.
sniumundij, av. with haste,
quickly, 344 ; CON@. sniumun-
dijs, with more haste, 345.
sniwan, sv. V, to hasten, 104,
149,150,307. OE. snzowan.
snutrs, aj. wise, 227. OE.
snot(t)or, OH?. snottar.
sijkareis, snz. disputer, 380.
szkjan, wv. I, to seek, desire,
long for, question with, dis-
pute, 7,110.118,152,153.154,
'57, '62, 283, 316, 317, 322 ;
sijkjan samana, to reason
together, to discuss. OE.
sscan, OHG. suohhen.
sGkns, sJ;search, inquiry, rgg.
'sopjan, wv. 1,see ga-sopjan.
spaikulstur, m. spy, exccu-
tioner. Lat. speculator, Gr.
mcrouXdrwp.
sparwa, rum. sparrowb;Iqe:
208. OE. spearwa,
sparo.
spaurds, J: stadiilm. furlong,
race-course, 221. OE. spyrd,
OHG. spurt.
spedumists, aj. last, 236.
*spEps, aj. late. OHG. splti.
epeiwan, i z ~ . I, to spit, 5, 128,
300. OE. OHG. spiwan.
spill, sn. fable, story. OE.
spell, OHG. s el.
spillln, tuu. 6, to narrate,
relate, bring tidings of, 325
OE. spellian.
spinnan, sv. 111, to spin, 304.
sprkut6, av. quickly. soon, 344.
spyreida, rum. large basket.
Gr. cnrupLs, gen. mupc'bs, fish-
basket.
stkiga, s ath, way. Cp. OE.
stig,0h8. stiga.
stkinahs, aj. stony, 3q3. OE.
stgniv, OHG. steinaa.
stkineilns, aj. of stone;stony,
395. OE. stSnen.
s t g ~ n s ,sm. stone, rock, 10,
83.87 note I, 103, 180, 353;
stBtnam wairpan, to stone.
OE. s t i n , OHG. stein.
stairnij, zum. star, 211. OHG.
stern, sterno.
*staldan, su. VII, see ga-
staldan.
stamms, ~ j stammering,
. with
an impediment in the speech.
OE. stamm, OHG. stam.
standan, sv. VI, to stand,
stand firm, 310. OE.standan,
OHG. stantan.
staps (ge". staclis), sm. place,
neighbourhood, 41,197, 354 ;
jkinis stadis, unto the other
side (of the lake), sic +&
aipav. OE. stede, OHG.
stat.
staps (gem stzipis), sin. land,
shore. OE. 5tit.p. OHG. stad.
staua, wm.judge, b, roI,zo8,
223.
192. ci
staua, s judzment, 11, 80,
p. OHG. stEa-tago,
the day of judgment.
staua-stGls, mz.the judgment-
seat. 389.
'stalirknan, wv. IV, see ga-
staurknan.
 Glossary
stalirran, wv. 111, see and-
staurran.
stautan, sv. VII, to smite,
push, 313 note 5. OIIG.
stsgan.
steigan, sv. I, to ascend,
mount up, 17, 48, 78, 83, 99,
103, 124. 128, 133, 168, 300.
OE. OI3G. stigan,
stibna, sf. voke, I 58 note, 192.
OE, sternn, stefn. OHG.
stemna, stimna, stimma.
stig an, sv. 111, to thrust,
,u%, make war, 304.
stikls, sm. cup, 354. OHG.
stechal.
stiks, sm. point, moment;
s,tiks melis, a moment of
tlme. OE. stice. OHG.
stih.
stilan, sv. IV, to steal, 66, 306.
OE. OHG. stelan.
stiur, sm. steer, calf. OE.
stzor, OHG. stior.
stiurjan, wit. I, to establish, 85.
OE. stleran, OHG. stiuren,
to steer.
*stGdjan, wv. 1, see ana-
st63jan.
stijjan, WV. I, to judge, 80,
81, xm, 101, 152. I 53. 316,
3x7. Cp. OE. stowian, OHG.
stouwen, to restrain.
' s t r ~ u j a n , ZLW. I, to strew,
spread, spread (with carpets),
furnisll. 319. 01.3. streowian,
01-IG. strouwen, strewen.
striks. snz. stroke. title., roo.
0116. strih.
..
suliij. wf. sole of a shoe. Lat.
soiea. '
sums, ina'ef. pr. some one, a
certain one, 53, 277,427, 430;
sums.. .sums, the one.. . the
other ; no192. pl. sum&i(h). . .
..
sumiih, some . and others.
OE. OI-IG. sum.
eundrij, av. alone, asunder,
345
apart, privately, 344. OE-
sundor, OHG. suntar.
sunja, sf. truth; bi sunjtii,
truly, verily.
sunjaba, av. truly, 344.
sunjeins, nj. true, veritable.
sunjis, aj. true, 229.
sunjGn, wv. 11, to justify, zoo,
325-
sunjons, sf. a verifying, de-
fence, zoo.
sunna, wm. sun. OE. sunna,
OIIG. sunno.
sunno, zuf. or wn. sun. OE.
sunne, OHG. sunna.
suns, nzj. soon, at once, im-
mediately ; suns-giw, au.
immediately, straightway ;
suns.ei, cj. as soon as, 351.
sunus, sttr. son, 8. 72, 87 and
note 3, 88, 93 and note, 107,
108, 113, 116, 121, 122, 150,
158, 202. OE. OHG. sunu.
supon, zav. 1 I, to season, 7.
OHG. soffijn.
s&ts, rrj. sweet, patient, peace-
able, toleraid?, 234, 243, 244.
OE. swSte, OHG. suogi.
supj3n, ztv. 11, supjan, wv. I,
to itch, tickle.
swa, swah, av. so, just so, also,
thus. OE. sw5.
swa.ei, swa.swE, cj. so that,
so as. 351.
swaihra, z c t l j r . father-in-law,
136,208. OE. SWCOI-, swehor,
01IG. swehur.
swalhrij, wfi mother-in-law,
21 I.
'swairban, sv. 111, to wipe,
14, 161, see af-swairban.
swa-]&ups,pu. so great, 274.
swa-leiks, pu. such, 274, 430.
OE slvelc, swylc, OIIG.
solih.
swalutns, sm. sponge. OE.
swanim.
swaran, st!. VI, to swear, 158,
346 Glossary
3x0 and note. OE. swerian, swinps, aj. strong, sound,
OHG. swerren, swerien. healthy, 227,243. OE. swip.
sware, av. without a cause, in swistar, f. sister, 29, 66, 93,
valn. 147,149,216. OE. sweostor,
swarts, aj. black, 227. OE. OHG. swestar.
sweart, OHG. swarz. swiigatjan, wv. I, to sigh, 320,
swa-swZ, av. even as, just a s ; 424:
cj. so that, 351. *swo_gjan, wv. I, see ga.
awG, av. and cj. like, as, just ewogjan,
as, so that, about, 5,351 ;-swe synagogs-fap, sm. ruler of
.. . swa, a s , ..s o ; swe . .. the synagogue.
jah, or swa jah, or swah, aynagijgz, j. synagogue, 2
like,. ..
so too. note 3. Gr. ouvayoyi.
sweiban, sv. I, to cease, 161,
300: 0.lcel. svifa.
sweln, sn. swine, pig, 6,44,78, tagl, sn. hair, 17, 22. 159, 18a,
99. QE. OHG. swin. OE. tzgl, OHG. zagel,
sweran, u v , 111, to honour,
328.
24:
tagr, sn. tear, 17, 28~, 159,
swerei, wJ honour.
sweripa, sf. honour, 384.
168,170, 182,354. . tear,
teagor, OHG. zahar.
swirs, a?.honoured, ~7.5,227, tahjan, wv. I, to tear, rend.
@. OE. sw*r, OHG. swsr, taihswa, sf. the right hand.
heavy. OHG. zesawa.
swzs, aj. one's own ; as sh., talhswa, w. aj.right : as noun,
possession. property. QE. zuJ taihsw6, the right hand,
s w s s , OHG. swgs. 29, 149. OHG. zeso.
swe-phuh, av. yet, indeed, taihun, num. ten, 10, 27, 67,
however, 351.
swiglja, wnz.
*.
piperv
swigion. wv. 1, to Ipe, play
the flute, 325 O ~ G awe- .
87, 92,128, ~ 2 9 136,
, 164,247,
252. OE. tien, OHG zehan.
ta~hunda, r?i,i?z. tenth, 253.
OE. tFopa, OHG. zebanto.
galon. taihuntaihund-faIps,tlum.hun-
swiknipa, sf. purity, pureness, drctifold, 257.
chast~ty,384. taihuntEliand, taihuntaihund,
swi-kunpaba, openly,1?t(l?t. hundsed, 247, 427.
manifestly. taiknjan, zov. I, to betoken,
swi-kunps, nj. manifest, evi- pointout,show. OE. tscnan,
dent, open, 428; OIIG. zeihhanen.
wafrpan, to becoiTi:n!: tkikns, sJ token, sign?wonder,
made manifest, +avephs miracle, 22, 159, 199. OE.
yiyvc&ac. tLcn, 01-IG. zeihhan.
swiltan, su. 111, to die, 146, ttiinj6, WJ a basket of twigs,
204.
0 - 7 -
OE.- sweltan. basket. OHG. zeina.
swin ei, wfi strength, power, tains, sm. twig, sprig, branch,
R
mjg t, 383. OE. tBn, OHG. zexn.
swmbnan, wv. IV, to grow *tairan, sv. IV, see gas, dis.
strohg. I tairan.
 Glossary
taler& maid, damsel. Gr. 151. 232. Cp. OE. ge-triewe,
raht0di. OHG. gi.triuwi.
talzeins, sf. instruction. trimpan, sv. 111, see ana.
talzjan, wv. I, to instruct, trimpan.
teach, 17s. triu, sn. tree, wood, staff,
talzjands, nz. teacher, 218. 9, 150, 1% note I. OE.
*tan~jan,wv. I, to tame, 170, trEo(w).
see ga-tamjan. triweins, aj. wooden, 395.
tandjan, wv. I, to light, kindle. trudan, sv. IV, to tread, 12.3
OE. on.tendan. 280, 306 and note. Cp. 06.
taui, sn. deed, work, 11,80,81, treclan, OHG. tretan.
187. tuggij, uf.tongue, 87, 89,111,
taujan, wv. I, to do, make, 104, 119, 166. 170, 206, 210. OE.
149, 150, 319, 426. Otiti. tunge, OHG. mnga.
zouwen. tulgns, aj. firm, fast, 167, 236.
'tairrnan, wv. IV, see af- tuodnan, uizs.IV, to take fire,
taurnan. 331. Cp. OIIG. zuntSn.
*teihan, sv. I, see ga-teihan. tunpus, ~ 1 1 2 . tooth, 27, 203.
tzkan, szl. VII, to touch. 282, Cp. OE. top, OHG. zan(d).
314, 42_8- Cp. O.Icel. taka tc~z-werjan,~ 1 7 1 . I, to doubt,
(pret. tok), to take. 418. Cp. OKG. zur-wlri,
'tigus, sm. decade, 136, 247. suspicious ; OE. wSr, OHG.
OE. -tig. wZr, true.
tilon, WV. 11, see ga-til6n. twaddjs, see 156, 250. OE.
"tifs, nj. fit, suitable, 227. OE. tweg(e a, OHG. zwelo.
til, see ga-tils. twai (fe~etrr.twiis, neut. twa),
*timan, sv. IV, see ga-timan. num. two, 10, 149, 170, 247,
timrja, wm. carpenter, builder, 250, 256, 258 ; ~tztzsc. OE.
159, 208. twegen, OIXG. zwEne; ffm.
timrjan (tirnbrjan), wv. I, to OE. tWE, OI-IG. zw5 (zt1-6),
build, 159. OE. timbran, nrrrt. OE, tw6, t5, OHG.
OHG. zimbren. Cr,. OE. zwei.
timber, O13G. zimbar, tim- tw6.i tigjus, nrt?n. twenty, 247.
ber. t w a l ~ b . u i n t ~ u s ,nj. t\tei\e
tiuhan, sv. 11, to lead. draw, years old. 34, 276.
guide, 51, 71, 73, 86-9+.121, twalif, r t t w z . t\\ ~ I v e ,145. 243,
128,129. 137, 301. OL. teon, 252. OE. twelf, OIIG.
ONG. ziohan. zwelif.
trauan, wv. 111, to trust, XI, tweihndi, num. two each, 256.
80,328 and notes I, 2. OE. Cp. OE. be-twEonum, be-
trfwian, OHG. trGGn, triiw. tween.
En.
triggwab$ covenant, 155, pad-ei, av. whither, where,
192. trVow, OI-IG. wheresoever.
triuwa. pagkjan, ulv. I, to think, medi-
triggwaba, av. truly, assured- tate, consider, 17, 28, 59, 96
ly, %'. 142, 158, I I , 321, 428. OE.
triggws, aj true, faithful, 17, 1 pencan, oLc. denre..
pahan, wv. 111, to be silent, arbs, sf. overty, need, want,
hold one's peace, 328. Cp. $54.
OHG. d a ~ z n .
oE.
darba.
pearf, OK.
pEhi5, alf: tiay, 4,74,211. OE. arban, wv. 111, see ga-par-
P6, OHG. dLha. tan.
pBhta,pret. I thought, 321. OE. par-ei, azi. where.
G h t e , OEIG. dghta. parf, pret.-pres. 1 need, 137,
335. OE. earf, OHG. darf.
dairh, prep. c. acc. through, by,
6
by means of, on account of, par-uh, cj. t erefure, but, and,
351; av. there, now.
lj1,3so.
bairh-bairan, sv. IV. to bear pata, pr. neut. that, this, the,
'through, carry through, 4r9. 262, 265 notez. OE.paet,
pairh-gaggan, sv. VII, to go OHG. daq.
or come through, 419. pata-hrah pej,pr. whatsoever,
pairh-leipan, sv. I, to go 276.
through. pat-bin-ei, av, only.
pairh-saihran, sv. V, to see pat-ei, neut. of rel. @.,as Gj. that?
through, 419. because, if, 271 note I, 351.
pafrh-wakan, sv. VI, to keep babrii. av. thence, from there,
watch, 165 note. ' 6,348.
pairh-wisan, sv. V, to remain, pa-priih, av. aftenvards,thence
419. forth.
pairkii, wn. a hole through p&u, p ~ u h ,cfi and au. after a
anything, 214 ; pairk6 nepliis, con~p.,alsoafter apos. standing
the eye of a needle. for the comp.,than: g6ppusist
*pairsan, sv. 111, to be with- ... pbu ( ~ a h 6 uoi.
v PUTLY . i i),
ered or parched, I n , see ga- it is better for thee.. . than ;
pairsan. introducing the second part
pan, re/. particle,when, as, then, of a disjll~zcfiveinferrogation,
a s long as, 347 ; dem. (never or : ~ A niu,
u or not ; after an
stands first), then, at that irttetrofipr., then,in that case ;
time, thereupon; cj. but, still, perhaps, 349, 351.
indeed, and, however, there- pbuh-jabbi,~; even thouqh,351.
fore, as long as, 351. OE. paurban, pref.-pres. to need, be
In want, lack, 292, 335, 4 2 7
OE. purfan, OHG. durfan.
paurfts, aj. needy, necessary,
$%tt., $ need, necessity,
199. 0 G. durft.
paurneins, aj. thorny, 395,
OE. pymen, OHG. dornin.
*panjan, wv. I, see uf-panjan. patirnus, sm. thorn, 171, 203.
pan-nu, pan-uh, cj. therefore, OE. porn, OHG. dorn.
then, so, for, 351. pafwp, srr. field, 129. OE.
par, av. there, 345. porp, OHG. dorf, village.
parba, wm. a needy one, patirsjan, wv 1, to thirst, 320,
pauper, beggar. 426.
 Glossary
*patkenan, wv. IV, to become
dry, rzz, see ga-palirsnan.
padrstei, WJ thirst, zrz. OE.
pyrst, OHG. durst.
patirsus, aj. d withered, I n ,
216. Cp.
durri.
OF pyrre. OHG.
pe-ei, q'. that, because that, for
that, 265 note I, 351; ni PC-ei,
not because.
pei, CJ; that, so that; rei. far!.
that, as ; used with sahrazuh,
pishraduh, pishrah, patahrah,
where it gives the force of
a relative, 265 note I, 351.
peihan, sv. I, to thrive, pros-
per, increase, 60, 92, 124, 142,
164, 300. OE. pson, OHG.
dihan.
peihr6, wf. thunder, arr.
peins, poss. pr. thy, 263, 430.
OE. pin, OHG. din.
*pinsan, sv. 111, see at-pinsan.
PIS-hun,av, chiefly, especialfy.
Pis-hraduh padei, av. whither-
soever.
pis-hrah,pr. whatsoever, what-
ever, 276.
Pis.hraruh, av. wheresoever.
pis-hraz-uh sa-ei, indcf. pr.
whosoever, a76.
Piubi, sn. theft, 187. OHG.
diuba.
piubjii, av. secretly, 89, 119,
344.
Piuda, sf. people; PI. heathens,
Gentiles, 9, 192. OE. PEod,
OHG. cliot, diota.
piudan-gardi, sf. kingdom,
palace, 34, 194.
p!udanljn, wv. 11, to reign.
p~udans,SNZ. king, 180. OE.
peoden.
Piudinassus, sm. kingdom, 33,
203,381-
PiudiskZi, av. after the manner
of the Gentiles, 396. OE.
PZodisc.
349
piufs ( lubs), sm. thief. OE.
8'
peof, HG. diob.
lu-magus, sm. servant.
5i.s. s sewant, 89, 188.
.
OE. pEow, OHG. deo.
piup,-aj. good, 171. Cp. OE.
gesplede, v~rtuous.
piupeigs, aj. good, blessed,
piup-spillcn, wv. 11, to tell or
bring glad tidings.
piwi [gen. piujcs), sf: maid-
servant, handmaid, 89, 149,
150,195. OE. pEowu, pcowe,
OHG. diu, gen. diuwi.
*plAihan, sv. VII, see ga.
pldihan.
plaqus, 19. SOR, tender, 236.
larihs, sm. fli ht, 19 .
gliuhan, su. h, to Jec, 3m.
OE, fleon, OHG. fliohan.
prafstjan, wv. I. to console,
comfort; prafstjan sik, to
take courage, be of good
cheer.
pragjan, m.I, to run, 318.
pramstei, wf. locust, 212.
preihan, sv. I, to press upon,
throng, crowd, 300.
'preis (newt. prija), nuni. three,
28,87 note, 128, 152,247, 251,
256, 258. OE. )xi, OIIG. dri.
'preis tigjus, ntciti. thirty, 247.
pridja, nzctti.third,253. OL.
pridda, OWG. dritto.
pridj6, av. for the third time,
344.
priskan, sv. 111. to thresh, 304.
ri
OE, perscan, OHG.dreskan.
v . 11, see us-
priits-fill, sn. leprosy. OE.
pfGst-fell.
pruts-fills, aj. diseased with
leprosy, leprous.
 Glossary
pu, pers. pr. thou, 128,260,161,
262. OE. p6, OHG. d l .
bugkjan, wv. I, to seem, 62,
82, 138, 321. OE. pyncan,
dunken.
plihta, +ref. it seemed, 321.
OE: piihte, OHG. diihta.
bulAfns, sf: sufrerance, suffer-
lng, patience, 200.
pulan, wv. 111, to tolerate,
suffer, ut up with, endure,
200.
dolZn.
BE. polian, O H G
biisundi, sf: thousand, 8, 26,
82, 102, 194, 247, 427. OE.
kcsend, OHG. dcsent.
pusundi-faps, sm. leader of a
thousand men, captain, high
captain (~rhiap~os), 389.
+wa, su@, 8
pwahan, su. &Z
310. OE. pwcan,
8.
to wash r q
6 ~ 2
dwahan.
pwafrhs, aj. anngry. OE.
pweorh, OHG. dwerah,
crooked.
.a, i n f m pnrficIe (attached
encliticalg to the first word
of its clause), 297,349.
ubilaba, av. badly, ev~lly,344.
ubils, aj. evil, bad, 8, 227, 245, ufarasteigan, sv. 1, to spring
390; as noun, pata ubil or
ubilij, the evil ; ubil haban, uf-bguljan, wv. 1, to puff up.
to be ill ; ubil qipan, t. daf. to uf-blesan, sv. VII, to blow up,
speak evil of, curse. OE.
yfel, OHG. ubil.
ubiltijjis, aj. evil-doing, as uf-bloteins, sf. entreaty, 374.
noun, evil-doer, 22
ubilwwailrdjan, wu. !?;to speak
evil of.
ubil-walirds, aj. evil-speaking,
railing, 398.
mubni, s u p 3%.
ubuh=u +encliiicparhPIe uh.
uf, prep. c. daf,and acc. under,
beneath, in the time of, 350.
uf-iiipeis, a). under a n oath,
374.
ufar, prep. C. acc. and dat. over,
above, beyond, 16. 106, 160,
350. OE. ofer, OHG. ubar.
ufarassus, sm. abundance, su-
perfluity, 381 ; daf.ufarassau,
used as nv. in abundance,
greatly, enough and to spare.
ufar-fullei, wf: overfullness,
abundance, 375.
ufar-fulls, a]. overfull, abun-
dant, 375.
ufar-gaggan, sv. VII, to go too
far, transgress, 420.
ufar-gudja, wm. chief-priest,
375.
ufar-hafnan, wv. IV, to be ex
alted, 33r.
ufar-msleins, sJ superscrip-
tion.
ufar-mili, SW. superscription,
187, 325;
afar-mel~an,wv. 1, to write
over, 420.
ufar-rnunnijn, wv. 11, to forget,
325,420, 428.
ufaro, av. above ; prep. c. dut.
and acc. above, upon, over,
"9, 344.
ufar-skadwjan, wv. I, to over-
shadow, r49, 420.
up, mount LIP,420.
puff up, 313 note, 417. OHG.
blgsan.
uf-brikan, su. IV, to reject,
despise, 417.
uf-brinnan, wv. I, to burn up,
scorch.
uf-dhnpjaa, wv. I, to baptize,
417.
uf-gairdan, sv. 111, to gird up,
304.
uf-graban, sv. VI, to dig up.
 Glossary
uf-haban, wv. 111, to hold up,
bear up.
uf-hluseins, sf. regard, obe-
dience, 374.
uf-hiiusjan (c dot.), w u I, to
submit, obey, iisten to, 417.
uf-hrijpjan, mu. 1. to cry out.
uf-kunnan, wv. 111 (but pret.
uflcunpa), to recognize, know,
acknowledge, 4 r 7.
uf-kunpi, sn, knowledge, 34,
37+
uf.l~gan,sv. V, to lie under,
faint, 417.
-ufni, sztflx, 3%.
uf-rakjan, wz*. I, to stretch
forth, stretch up, lift up.
uf.sneipan, sv. 1, to slay.
uf-swGgjan, wv. I, to sigh
deeply.
ufta, av. often, 8.
uf-panjan sik, wv. I, to stretch
oneself. OE. pennan, OHG.
dennen.
uf-wGpjan, utv. I, to cry out,
165 note.
*ugkar, poss. pr. of u s two,
263.
.uh, .h,enclitic cj. (like Lat, que,
and), but,and, now, therefore.
I n coniposition with pro-
nouns it often adds intensity
to t h e signification. T h e h
is often assimilated to the
initial consonant of a follow-
ing word, 73 note, 164 note,
266, 351. See note to Matth.
vl. 7.
iihteigij, av. seasonably, op-
portunely, 344.
iihtiugs, aj. at leisure, g
CihtwG, WJ early morn, 8, 62,
82,at r. OE. iiht(a).
ulbandus, sm. camel.
olfend, OHG. albanta.
OE.
un-agands, a i fearless, 338.
r'
un-agei, w j earlessness, 376.
un.ai~-kns,aj. unholy. OHG.
3.51
erkan, cp. OE. eorc(n)an-
stiin, precious stone.
un.diwisks, nj. blameless.
un-bairarrds, part. not
bearing, s t e r i ~ ~ ~ 6 .
un-barnahs, uj. cchildless,.393.
und,prep. c. acc. unto, untll, up
to ; c. daf. for, 350; und patei,
while ; und hra, how long.
undar, prep. c. ncc. under, 350.
OE. under, OHti. untar.
undar6, prep. c. daf. under, 89,
344,350:
undaurnl.mats, sm. breakfast,
dinner. OE. undern-mete.
und-greipan, sv. I, to seize, lay
hold of, 421.
und-redan, sv. VII, to provide,
furnish. grant, 421.
nnd-rinnan, sv. 111, to run to
one, fall to one, fall to one's
share, 421.
un-fagrs, aj. unfit, unsuitable,
376-391:
an-frodei, w$ without under-
standing, foolishness, folly,376.
un-ga-habands sik, pres. PQP-f.
~ncontirient.
un-ga-hrafrbs, a$ unruly, dis-
obedient.
un-ga-1&ubeins,sf. unbelief.
un-ga-l&ubjands, prts part.
unbelieving.
un.h&ili, stz. want of health,
sickness, disease, 376.
un-handu-wailrbts, aj. not
made by hands.
un-hrkins, c!j. unclean.
un-hulpa, w m . devil, evil or
I unclean spirit, 376. OE. un-
holda, OHG. un-hofdo.
an-hulp6, wf. devil, evil o r un-
clean s p i r ~ t .
un-hunslags, aj. w i t h o ~ offer-
~t
ing, truce-breaking, implac-
able, 39%
un.luapnands, pres. part. un-
quenchable,
35 2 Glossary
un-karja, w. af. careless, ne-
glectful.
un-kunps, aj. unknown. 428.
un-lups, aj. poor. OE. un-
l&d.
an-liuts, ai. unfeigned.
un.mahteigs, aj. Geak, impos-
sible.
un-mahts, sf. infirmity, weak-
ness, 34,,376.
an-mana-riggws,nj. inhuman,
fierce.
nn.milds, aj. not mild, without
natural affection, unloving.
OE. un-milde,OIiG. un-milti.
un-ritrrei, zof. immortality, in-
corruption.
an-rodjands, Pres. pat?. not
speaking, speechless, dumb.
un-saltans, pp. unsalted.
unsar, poss. pr. our, 175, 263,
264. OE. iiser, OI-IG. unsSr.
un.sElei.,wf. wickedness, crafti-
ness, injustrce, unrighteous-
ness.
un-sels, aj. evil, wicked, un-
holy.
un-sibjis, aj. lawless, impious ;
sb. transgressor, 229.
un-sweibands, pres. part. un-
ceasing.
un-swerei, 7 dishonour,
shame, disgrace.
un-swErs, aj. without honoi~r.
un-tals, aj. unlearned, indo-
cile.
untE, cj. for, because, since,
until, 351.
un-tila-n~alsks,aj. rash, un-
trecomingEy proud.
unpa-pliuhan, sv. 11, to escape,
421.
un-piup, sn. evil.
un-pwahans, p$. unwashed.
un-iihteigo, av.at an unfit time,
inopportunely.
un.wZhs, aj. blameless, 74,376.
OE. wGh, bent, wrong, bad.
un-weis a :unlearned, IF,138,
m7.-6k. OHG. u n - w ~ s .
un-werjan, wv. I, to be unable
to endure, be displeased.
un-witi, sn. ignorance, foll
foolishness, 354. Cp.
witt, OHG. wizzi, under-
06:
standing.
un-wita, waj. without under-
standing, foolish.
ur.rAisjan, ulv. 1, to raise,
rouse up, wake, 137 note, 17j
note, 422. OE. &ran.
ur-reisan, sv. I, to arise, 7.3
note, 137 note, 175 note 3
300, 322, 422. OK. OI-I(,
risan.
ur-rinnan, SI. 111, to proceed
go out from, go forth, nse.
spring up, 175 note 3, 422.
ur-rists, sf. resurrection, I
354, 377. 0 8 . @-rist, O f % :
ur-rist.
ur-runs, Sf. a running out, de.
parture, decease, 73 note,
354-
ur-runs, sm. a running out, a
rising, draught ; hence East.
us, prep. c. dnt. out, out of,
from, 175 note 2, 350. O E .
or., OHG. ur-, ir-, ar..
us.agjan, wv. I, to frighterl
utte1 Iy
us-alpan, sv. VII, to grow old
313 note I.
us-anan, sv. VI, to expire, 310
422.
us.batran, sv. IV, to carry out.
bear, endure, suffer, answer
(Mark XI. 14).
us-bciugjan, wu. I , to sweep
out.
usbeidan, su. I, to await, lool:
for, 422.
us-beisnei, wf. long-suffering.
us-beisneigs, aj. long-ablding,
long-suffering, 394.
us-beisns, sf. long-suffering.
 Glossary
us-bliggwan, sv. 111, to beat
severely, scourge.
as-bugjan,uiv. 1,tobuy out,buy.
us.ddudjan, wv. I, to strive, be
diligent, endeavour.
us-ddudii, av. zealously.
us-dreiban, sv. I, to drive out,
send away, 5,422,428.
us-drusts, sf. a falling away,
a rough way.
us-filh, sn. burial, 34. 377.
us-filmei, wf, amazement.
us-filma, waj. amazed, aston-
ished.
us.Podeins, sf. food, nourish-
ment, 377.
us-fratwjan, run. I. to make
wlse. OE. frsetrv(i)an, frm-
tew(i)an, to adorn.
us.fulleins, sf, fulfilling, full-
ness, 377.
us-fulljan, wo. I, to fulfil, com-
pfete, 34.
us-fullnstn, zuv. IV, to be ful-
filled, become full, come to
pass.
us-gaggan, sv. VII, to go out,
forth, away, 436.
us-gdisjan, wv. I, to deprive
of intellect, strike aghast;
pass. to be beside oneself.
us-geisnan, wv. IV, to be
a hast, be amazed, be aston-
i f ed, 331.
us.giban, sv. V, to give out,
reward, repay, restole, show,
422
usgildan, sv. 111, to repay,
reward, 304. OE. gieldan,
OHG geftan.
us-graban, sv. VI, to dig out,
pluck out, break through.
us-gutnan, wv. IV, to b e
poured out, be spilt, flow
away; 331.
us.hafjan, sv. VI, to take up,
lift up ; ushafjan s i k jlinprii,
to depart thence.
1187
353
us-hhuhjan, wv. I, to exalt.
us-hduhnan, zrv. IV, to be
exalted, 331.
us-Maupan, sv. VII, to leap
up, rise c~uickly,
us-hramjan, zuzq. I, to crucify.
us-hrisjan, ~ 7 ' I,. to shake out,
shake OK OE. hrisian.
us-keinan, sv. I, to spring up,
grow up, p11t forth, produce,
see keinan.
us-kitlsan, sv. 11, to choose
out, prove, test ; with rursfr.
d(~f.to cast out, reject, 421,
428.
us-kunps, aj. well-known,
evidoit, rnan~fest,377, 391.
us-lagjan, wv. I , to lay out,
stretch out, lay, lay upon.
us-ldubjan, 7uv. I, to permit,
allow, sufler, .
us-leipan, rv. o:t go away,
pass by, come out.
us-lipa, zc~nt. one sick of the
palsy, paralytic person.
us-liikan, sv. 11, to open, un-
sheath (a sword).
us-luknan, zuv. IV, to become
unlocked, be opened, open,
331.
us-mditan, sv. VII, to cut
down.
us-mErnan, zr*~'.IV, to be pro-
clnir-nrtl, 331
us-mtt, <n.bcIia\iorir., rrinnner
of Ille, 122. Cp, bIIIG. m83,
measure.
us-lnitan, sv. V,figurativeiy, to
behave : uswiss usmitan, to
be in error, to err.
us-niman, sv. IV, to take out
or away, take down.
us-qiman, sv. IV, c. daf. or acc.
to kill, destroy, 428.
us-qiss, sf. accusation, charge,
37;.
us-qistjan, wv. I, 6. hi. and
acc. to klll, 428.
A a
3 54 Glossary
us-qipan, sv. V, to proclaim,
blaze abroad, 422.
us-saihsan, sv. V, to look up,
look on, receive sight.
us-sandjan, wzf. I, to send out,
send forth, send away.
us-satjan, wv. I, to set on,
place upon, set,
f'""'*
us-siggwan, sv. I I, to read.
us.sk&us, aj. vigilant, 232.
us-skarjan, passizfe,to recover
oneself.
usstandan, SF VI, to stand
up, rise up, rlse again, come
out or from, 138, 175 note 3.
US-stass, s$ resurrect~on,
rising, 138, 198 note, 377.
us-steigan (usteigan), sv. I, to
go up, mount.
us-stiurei, u$ excess, riot,
85.
usdiuriba, av. licentiously,
riotously.
us-tliknjan, wv. I, to show,
prove.
us-tiuhan, sv. IT, to lead
out, lead or take up, drive
forth, finish, perform, pcr-
fect, 4".
us-priutan, sv. If, to threat-
en, troubfe, use despitefully,
302. OE. 5-preotan, to be
weary.
us-pulan, wv. 111, to endure.,
us-wahsts,
crease, 354. "/.ol YG.
O wwahst.
tt1 In-
us-wairpan, sv. 111, to drive
out, cast forth, overthrow,
reject, .428.
us-wakjan, wv. I, to wake
up, awake from sleep. OE.
weccan, OHG. wccken.
us-walteins, sf. overthrow, a
subverting.
us-waltjan, wv. I, to over-
throw, overturn.
us-wa~irhts, aj. right, just,
righteous.
us-weihs, aj. unholy, profane.
us-windan, sv. I11 to plait.
us-wiss, aj. dissolute, vain.
iit, av. out, forth, 8 ; iita, out,
without, 8, 348; iitaprij,
iitana, c. gen. from without,
I'j? 348, 427.
uz.eta, wnl. manger.
uz-6n, see us-anan.
uz-uh, prep. whether from, 175
note 2.
*waddjus, sf.wall, 156,aoq.
wadi, sn. pledge, earnest, 187.
OE. wedd, OHG. wetti.
waggari, sn. . OE.
wangere, O H Z ~wangari.
"O~
wagjan, wv. I, to move, shake.
OE. wecgan, OHG. weggen.
*wHhs, aj., see un-wZhs.
wahsjan, sv. VI, to
crease. 149,310. o%O.2:-
an, OHG. wahsan.
*wahst, SF,see us-wahsts.
wahstus, sm. growth, size,
stature.
wahtw6, wfiwatch, 211. OHG.
wahta.
wAi, ittfrrf. woe 1 OE. w5,
w5. OHG. WE.
waia'n, SV,VII; to blow, 10,76,
$3, 122, 314 and note. OE.
wgwan, OHG. wZen.
*wAibjan, wv. I, see bi-
w8ibjan.
w&i.dSdja,wm.woe-doer,male-
factor, thief.
w&i.fairhtjan, wv. I, to lament
loudly, wail greatly. OHG.
wG-verhen, w5-veren.
waihsta, wm. corner.
waihts,f. thing, affair; mostly
used along with the neg.
particle ni, as acc. n i waiht,
waiht ni, naught, nothinq;
ni waihtai, n i in waihthi, In
nothing, not at all, 221 and
note. OE. OHG. wiht.
wafla, av. well, rightly, ex-
cellentl 10, 66 note. O E
we], O&G. wela, wola.
/
i
wada-d)r, sJ benefit, 3%.
OE.we -d5d,OHG.woIa-tBt.
wa~la-msrjan, wv. I, to preach,
bring good tid~ngs.
wAips, sitr. wreath, crown.
0.Icel. veipr.
wair, sin. man, 175, 179 note 2.
OE. OHG.wer.
wairil6, zuf: lip. OE. JV.
weleras frorn *werelas by
metathesis.
wairpan, sv. 111, to throw,
cast, 10, 134 note, 304. 428.
OE.weorpan, OHG.werfan.
wafrs, av. worse, 88, 149, 175,
345. OE.wiers, OHG.wirs.
wairsiza, aj. worse, 175, 245.
OE.wiersa, OHG.wirsiro.
wair an, sv. 111, to become,
f:
be, appeff, come to pass, 67,
71,73, 124, '"8, 137 and note,
171, 284, 303, 322, 428, 433,
435, 436. OE. weorpan,
OHG.werdan.
wairpida, s/ worthiness, dig-
nity, 384. OHG.wirdida.
wairps, aj. worthy, 227, 427.
OE.weorp, OHG.werd.
wAit, $ret.-pres. I know, 333.
OE.w l t , OHG.weiq.
waja-mgreins, sJ blasphemy.
waja-mSrjan, wv. I, to blas-
pheme, slantler.
wakan, sv. V1, to wake, watch,
310. OE.wacan, to awake
'wakjan, wv. I, see us-
wakjan.
*waknan, wv. IV, see ga.
waknan.
waldan, su. VII, to rule, go-
vern, 313 note I. OE.
wealdan, OHG.waltan.
waldufni, sn. power, might,
dominion, authority, 3,158
note, 187,386.
~ a a
walis, nj. chosen, true, dear,
beloved.
waljan, wv. I, to choose, 318.
OHG. wellen.
waltjan, wv. I, to rolf, beat
upon, dash against. OHG.
wetzen.
walwisijn, mv. 11, to wallow.
'walwjan, wv. I, see af-, at.
walwjan.
wamba, sf. belly, wornb,
161, 192. OE. wamb, OHG
wamba.
wan, sn. want, lack; wan
wisan, with dnt. of person and
gen. of thing, to lack.
wandjan, wv. I, to turn, turn
round, 3q3, 400. OE. wend-
an, OHG.wenten.
waninassus, sm.want, 381.
wans, aj. lacking, wanting,
427. OE.OHG. wan.
*?ar Inom. $1. masc. warki ,
aj.wa cautions, sober. 0 .d
w e r , X ~ G gi.war.
.
wardja, wm. guard, 208, 223.
Cp. OE. weard, O H G. wart.
*wardjan, wv. I, see fra-
ward jan.
+wards, sm., see dadra-
wards.
*wargjan, wv. I, see ga.
wargjan.
* w a r p , sm., see Iluna-
wargs.
warjan, 7rv. I, to forbid, 318.
OE. werian, OEIG. werren.
warmjan, wv. I, to warm,
cherish, 133 note. OE.wier-
man, OHG. wermen.
wasjan, wv. I, to clothe, I-
note, 318. OE. werian,
werien.
OH^?
wasti, sf. clothing, raiment,
dress, 194.
watij, wn. water, 170, a14
note.
wadrd, sn. word, 4, 11,71,89,
 Glossary
94% 114, 173, 181, 182, 353. wein-drugkja, wm. wine-bib.
OE. word, ~ H G wort. . bcr, 389.
wallrdahs, aj. verbal, 393. weipan, sv. I, to crown, 300.
wallrda-jiuka, sf: a strife about :f:;* $ see hindar., un.
words, 389. E. OHG. wis, wise,
'wafirdjan, wv. I, see and-, learned.
filu-, ~ b i l ~ w a u r d j a n . weis, pers. pr. we, 260.
*waurhts, sf., see fra- w e i d n , wv. 11, see ga-
waurhts. weisijn.
wafirkjan, wrr. I, to work, *weit, sn. see fra-, id.weit.
make, perform, 71, 73.23, *weitan, sv. I, see fra-weitan.
138,426 OE. wyrcan, 0 G. 'weitjan, wv. I, see fair-
wurchen. weitjan.
waurms, sm. se ent, 73, 94. weitwcdei, wf. witness, testi-
OE. wyrm, 0 % ~ warm, . mony.
worm. weitwcdi, sn. testimony.
waurstw, sn, work, deed, 29, weitwijdipa, sf. testimony, wit-
149, 189 note 2. ness.
waurstweigs, aj. eeff'ective, weitwcdjan, wv. I, to bear
effectual? 394. witness, testify ; galiug weit-
waurstwja, wm. worker, la- wGdjan, to bear false wit-
bourer, husbandman. ness.
wailrts, root, 199. OE. weitwcds, *weitwGps, m. wit-
wyrt, 0 G. wurz. ness, 219.
wzgs, sm. wave, tempest, wGnjan, wv. I, to hope, ex-
storm. OE. wCg, OfIG. pect, await, 320, qoo. OE.
wsg. wznan, OHG. wanen.
weiha, wnt. priest, 208, 223.
weihan, a#. Iff, to sanctify,
make holy. OHG. wihen.
wZ:l hope 29, 199. OE.
&G. w i n .
*wSrjan, wv. I, seetuz.wErjan.
weihan, su. I, to fight, strive, *wGrs, nj., see tuz-uzrjan.
128.100. *widan, sv. I, see ga.wldan.
weihlWa, sf, holiness, 384. widuwalrna. wln. orphan ;aj.
0.2 wihida. comfortless.
weihnan, zuv. IV, to become widuwij, zuf. widow, 38, 68.
holy, be hallowed, 331, 400. OE. widwe, wuduwe, OHG.
weihs (gen.weihsis),stt. town, wituwa.
village. OE. wic, OHG. *wigan, sv. V, see ga-wigan.
wich, Lat. vicus. wigans, sm. ?war (see note to
weihs,aj. holy,z23,za7. OHG. Luke xiv. 31).
wih. wigs, sm. way, journey, 65,
wein, sn. wine. OE. OHG. 149, 169, 180. OE. OHG.
win, Lat. vinum. weg.
weha-gards, sin. vineyard, wiko, wf. office, week. O.1cel.
389. vika,OE. wice, wuce,OHG.
weina-tains, sm. vine-branch. wehha.
weina-triu, sn. vine,vine-tree, wilja, awn. will, 208. OE.
389. OE. win-treow. willa, OHG. wiflo.
 Glossary
wilja-halpei, wf. respect ofper-
sons, 3%.
wiljan, v . to be willing, will,
wish, 44, 89, 175 note 2, 343.
OE. w~lfan.
* wigis, aj..see ga-,silba-wiljis.
wil eis, aj. wild, 153 note, 230.
01. wilde, OH,. wildi.
wilwan, sv. 111, to rob, plun-
der, take by force, 304.
"indan, sv. 111, to wlnd. 304.
OE. windan, OHG. wintan,
see bi.windan.
winds, s ~ zwind,
. 60,180. OE.
wind, OElG. wint.
winnan, sv. 111, to suffer, sor-
row, 304. OE. OHG. win.
nan, to struggle.
wintrus, snt. winter, 204. OE.
winter, OHG. wintar.
winpi-skkur6, zvf. winnowing
fan.
wipja, sf: crown.
wis, sn. calm (of the sea).
wisan, sv. V, to be, remain,
26,&, 128, 1741 284, 308. 342,
waila wisan, be
5?h-;33 OE. OHG. wesan.
*wiss (in un-wiss), aj. known.
Cp. OE. ge-wiss, OHG. gi.
wis, certain.
wists, sf. being, existence,
354.
wlt, pers.pr. we two, 260. OE.
wit.
*witan, pet.-pres. to know, 27,
29, 38, 49,68, 88, 103, 122. 129,
138,170. ~ I I333-
, OE. witan,
011G, wiy an.
witap, WY &I, to watch, keep
watch, observe, 328. OHG.
gi-wiqqEn.
*witi, sn., see un-witi.
wit6da.lAus, aj, lawless, 397.
witGdeig5, av. lawfully.
witGp, bn. law 111, 182.
witubni, sn. knowledge, 158
note, 386.
357
wipiin, wv. 11, to shake, wag.
wipra, prep. c. acc. against,
over against, by, near, to, in
reply to, in return for, on
account of, for, 350 OHG.
widar.
wipra-gaggan, sv. VII, to go
to meet, 423.
wipra-ga-motjan, wv. I, to go
to meet, 423
wipra.wairps, aj. opposite,
over, against, 378, 428.
wiprus, sm. lamb, 203. OE.
weper, OHG, wider, widar.
wlaiton, zuv. 11, to look round
about. OE. wlgtian.
wlits, sm. face, countenance,
749.
wopjan, wv. I , to call, cry out,
c aloud, crow. OE. wzpan,
0%~ .
wuoffan.
wijbeis, aj. sweet, 231. OE.
wepe.
woks (weds), n ' mad, pos-
sessed, lz2. 0k.
wrkiqs, aj. crooked.
w6d.
wraka, sf. persecution, 149.
OE. wracu.
wrakja, sf, persecution, 192.
wraks, S I Hpersecutor,
. 354.
wrat6cius, s l i t . jotirney. 385.
wiaton, Ztti'. 11, to go, travel.
wlilran, sv. V, to persecute,
29, 149,: 3 0 8 OE. wrecan,
OZiG. rechan.
wrEhjan, rov. 1, to accuse. OE.
wregan, OlIG. ruogen.
wrohs, sf.accusation, rgg. Cp.
OE. wr6ht.
wruggij, wf. snare.
wulan, sv. IV, to seethe, rage.
OE. weailan, Ol i G . wallan.
wulfs, stir. wolf, 16,56.87 ariti
note, 88, % note, 134 not(-.
149, 158, r b , 180, 353- OE..
uulf, Ot-IG. wolf.
wulla, sf. wool, 139, 158. OE.
wull, OHG. wolla.
wullareis, sm. one who
whitens wool, a fuller.
wulpags, aj. gorgeous, glori-
ous, 3953.
wulprs, aj. of worth, of con-
sequence ; mais wulpriza
wisan, to be of more worth,
be better. Cp. OE. wuldor,
glory, praise.
wulpus, sm. glory, 203.
wunds, aj. wounded ; haubip
wundan briggan, to wound
in the head. OE. wund,
OHG. wunt.
wundufni, sf. wound, plague,
158 note. 19g 386.
wunns, sf. su erlng, affliction.
 PROPER NAMES
THEGothic spelling and pronunciation of Greek proper
names, and of loan-words generaily, were intentionally ex-
cluded from the chapter on Gothic pronunciation, in order
that what was necessary to be said on these points might
be reserved for the Glossary of proper names. The
following few remarks, which are mcist.ly confined to the
vowels in proper names, will be useful to the learner :-
Greek a is regularly represented by a, as ' ~ B r d o a ~Abia.
,
par ; *Avva, Anna ; BqBu+ayi, Bepsfagei ; AqpBs, DBmas ;
QopGs, P6rnas ; 'tuad~,Isak.
Greek a is regularly represented by af, as *~+ruos,
Aifais6 ; Xeya&v, Laigafijn ; fli~pos, Paftrus ; B€eAf.tBoih,
Baiailzafbul; but BqeAehp, BEplahaim. Cp. 8 10.
Greek r is represented by i or ei. No fixed rule can be
laid down as to when it is represented by the one and
when by the other. Examples of the former are:-Ae~d-
ITOXIS, Daikapafilis ; 9thv+6s, FilBtus ; 'isoupaia, Idumaia ;
Zupia, Syria ; '~KI@, lakijb ; 'irluoCs, lesus ; 'Iwu+#, I6sE.f;
and of the latter :-'1~6vtov, Eikauni6 ; raXiXala, Galeiiaia ;
Trp66eos, TeimaGpaius ; TrSiv, Seid6n ; ILrwv, Seimon.
c is represented by af in Kyreinaius, Kupivtos.
r is sometimes represented by j before a following vowel,
as 'idetpos, Jaeirus ; 'lavvis, Janni5s ; Mapla, Marja, beside
Maria.
Greek o is regularly represented by ad in other than
final syllables, as ' O V ~ U L + ~ ~ Abneiseifafirus;
OS, BoavepyJs,
Balianairgafs ;'fdp&avos,IaGTdanus ;IoXopdv, Salilabrnijn.
Cp. the beginning of $11.
In final syllables it is regularly represented by u, as
360 Proper Names
AJ~OU~TOS, Agustus ; Mdpros, Markus ; +Lhimros, Filippus ;
~&PDT Paitrus.
, These and similar words are declined
like s u n u s (5 aoa) in the singular, but are mostly declined
like i-stems ($4 186, 108)in the plural.
o is represented by 6 in AirrniigainEs, ' ~ ~ ~ o ~ iTyh oe u.
instead of at5 in kirusatilyma, 'Icpw6Xupa is due to the
influence of the n in IairusalEm, '~c~ouoah~p.
Greek v is regularly represented by in the Gothic
alphabet, so that forms like +&yrAos,zupia ought properly
to be transcribed by Fwgailus, Swria, cp. au, t u below.
I t has however become usual in all grammars, glossaries,
and editions of the Gothic text, to transcribe Greek u in
the function of a vowel by y. Inaccurate as this mode of
transcription is, I have thought it advisable to adopt the
usual transcription throughout this book. Examples are :-
TUXCIK~S, Tykeikus; 'lapoa6Xupa, IairusaOyma; '~pivacos,
Ymdnaius ; Xupc;~, Symafiin.
u is represented by aG in SaGr, zv'pos.
Greek q is mostly represented by 5, as 'Amjp, As&;
Aqpcs, Demas ; QravoujA,Fanuel ;'llooGs, IEsus. I t is also
sometimes represented by ei (cp. Q 5 ) , as '~vqut+d~os, AGnei-
seifafirus ; Kupjvios, Kyreinaius.
1 is represented by a i in Gairgaisainus, r e p y c q n k .
And beside the regular form BEbania, ~ ~ 0 a v l we a , have
the dat, form Bipaniin (Mark xi. I).
Greelc o is usually represented by 6, as ' I ~ K &lak6b
$, ;
'two<+, I6sEf; Mwuijs, M6sGs ; ewpSs, Piimas ; I o h o p 5 ~ ,
SaWaGm6n.
It is represented by a u in Lauidja, A W ~ ; Trauada,
Tptds ; cp. the end of $ 11. And by ii in Riima, Lat.
Rijma.
Greek at, which was a long open e-sound like the 8 in
OE. slspan, is regularly represented by ai, as '~h+aios,
Alfaius ; Natpdv, Naiman ; '18oupaia, Idumaia ; +apruaios,
Fareisaius ; cp. the close of 1 10.
 Proper Names 361

ai is represented by aei, as Bq8wai6dJBepsaeida ;'Haatas,

Esaeias.
Greek € 8 , which was a long i-sound, is regularly repre-
sented by ei (5 S), as ~auei6,Daweid ; 'Iderpos, Jaeirus.
Greek ctu is represented by aw, a s ~aucr'8,Daweid;
naihos, Pawlus. AgustAu (I.uke ii. I) is probably a mis-
take for AwgustQu.
Greek cu is rcprescnted hx- afw, a s E i r v ~ r q ,Afwneika;
Acuis, Laiwweis ; ~icryyihrov,aiwaggeljij.
Greek ou, which was a fong close u-sound, is regtzlarly
represented by u, as A~ycuorns;, Agustus ; *avou$X, FanuEl ;
'i8ouPaia, Iclumaia ; 'Iquoir.;, 15511s ; 'loriSas, Iudas ; Ka+ap-
vaodp, Kafamaum.
T h e Gothic reprrsrntatioi. of the Greek consonants in
proper names requires hut little comment. The Greek
consonants are genrrallv rep resen tcd by the corresponding
Gothic equivalents, that is P, y, 6, 5, 0, K, X, p, v, (, .rr, p, u (s),
T, +, + are almost in every case regularly represented
by b, g, d, z, P, k, 1, m, n, ks, p, r, s, t, f, ps respectively.
For examples see the Glossary below. T h e following
points require to be noticed :-
The Greek spi~-itusasper is generally represented by h,
as 'Ehtaaio~,Haileisaius ;'Hhlns, MBlias ; 'Hpw6~av6s,Her6di.
a n u s ; it is however also occasionally ornitted, as in 'lapau-
aaX,ip, Iafrusalem.
An h has son;ctinies been insertcct in the Gothic form
between two VOLT-els, as ' ~ f i ~ a t iAbraham
p, ; ~ ~ $ kBepla-
~ i ~ ,
haim ; ' l ~ d v ~ IZjhannes.
s,
For Greek T we have j~ in Nazareip, Nagapir.
Greek x is represented by X in Xristus, Xptorb; but
it is generally represented by k, as AntiaGkia, ' ~ v r r o ~ l a ;
Tykeikus, TUXLK~S. On the other hand Greek K is repre-
sented by X in XrEskus, Kp{a~qs.
The inflected forms of Greek proper names in Gothic
are given in the Glossary below, so far as they occur in
362 Proper Names
the specimens which I have chosen. No hard and fast
rule for the inflection of these words can be given, as they
sometimes preserve the Greek endings, sometimes have
Gothic endings, and sometimes have a mixture of the two.
Most consistency prevails in nouns ending in the no%. in
-us,Greek -0s ; these usually follow the u-declension in the
sing., but the i-declension in the plural.
 GLOSSARY O F PROPER NAMES
) , ' Abia-
Abiapar ( ' ~ $ t d B n ~ SWZ. Barteimaius (Boprrpoios), sm.
thar' ; daf. Abiapara. ' Bartimaeus '.
Abraham ('A$p~a'p), sm. Barpatilaurnaius (BnpBoXo-
'Abraham'; gen. Abra- p a i ~ s ) , sm. ' Bartholomew' ;

Agustus
'f
hamis ; dai. Abrahama.
i ; y ~ v ~ ~ ~ sm.
Augustus dnf.AgustBu.
s ) ,
acc. Barpalilalirnaiu.
Bafianairgais (Boavcpy;s),' Boa-
nerges.'
Aifaisii (*~r$rrros), wf. ' Ephe- BZpania, Bipania (R+?avia),
sus ' ; daf. AifaisGn. fern. ' Bethany' ; dat. Bipa-
AirmiigainEs ( ' e p ~ ~ y ; ~ 7m.~ ) , niin, BZpanijin (John xii. I).
' Hermogenes'. BCblahaim ( B ~ B A C ; ~' Bethlc- ),
Aiwneika ( ~ & w i r ~ F).( , . ' Eu- hern.'
nice ' ; dot. Aiwneikdi. BEPsaeida (BqOuai&ri), ' Beth-
Alaiksandrus('Ahi&dpos),M. saida.'
' Alexander ' ; gen. Alaik. BE sfagei {Rqt?u$wy{), yfi
sandr&us. 'Jethphage - .; dat. B+s-
Alfaius ( ' ~ X + n i o s ) , sm. ' Al- fagein.
phaeus ' ; pen. Alfaidus.
Aadraias ( AuB,&zs), wm. ' An- Dafkapalilis (AcrdroXtr), fm.
drew ' ; acc. Andraian ;.gen. ' DecapoIis ' ; gen. Dafkapa~i.
Andraiins ; daf. Andrailn. laiTjs ; daf. Daikapaitlein.
Anna ( ' ~ v v a ) fern.
, ' Anna '. Dalmatia ( ~ a h p n ~ i nsf)., ' Dal-
Antiadkia f'tivrtoxin), sf. ' An- matia ' ; dat. Dalmatidi.
tioch '; dat. Antiaukihi. Daweid (Anvri6), set. 'David ';
Arinia aia Apipnflin), 'Arima- qert. Daweidis.
P. r
thaea , grn. Arimapaias. hemas ( A ~ ~ ; ; Fm.) ,' Demas'.
As% [ ' A ~ r j p )svz.
, 'Aser'; gen.
AsEris. Eika?niiniij ( ' I x d v ~ o v ) , wf. .' Iconi-
Asia ( ' A d a ) , sf. 'Asia '; dat. urn ; dat. Eikadnion.
Asidi. R s a e i e ( ' H u e i n s ) , m. '-Esaias';
Auneiseifalirus C ~ v q ~ t c # o ' p o s ) , acc. Esai'an; grn2 Esaeiins
sm. ' Onesiphorus ' ; gen. (Eisaeiins) ; dnf. Esaiin.
Atineiseifauriius.
FanuEl (@nvov+X), sm. ' Pha-
nuel ;pen. FanuGIis.
Baiaflzaibuf (Breh(+o;X), m. Fareisalus (@apiuaios), sm.
' Beelzebub '. norn. pl. Fareisaieis, Phari-
Barabbas (Bapn@@Cs),m. ' Bar- sees' ; gen. pl. FareisaiG;
abbas' ; acc. Barabban. dat. pl. Fareisaium.
364 Glossary of Proper Names
FilBtus (@rXqrds), sm. ' Phile- Iairusabl yma CIcpoadXvp), sf.
tus '. ' Jerusalem ' ; dat. Iairu-
Filippus (@Armroc),sm. ' Phi- sably m l i ; gen. Iairnsatil y -
p ' ; acc. Filippu; ge~. mijs.
FilippBus ;daf. Filipphu. Iairusarilymeis, $1. ' Jem-
Fygaflus (@+eAos), sm. ' Phy- salern', 'the people of Jem-
gellus '. salem ' ; dat. $1. Iairusalily.
Fynikiska, aj. ' Phenician '. mim.
IakGb ('Iautjfl), sm. 'Jacob ' ;
GaddarTnus (~a8~prlvdr), sm.; gen. IakGbis; dat. Ia.
en. pl. GaddarEnE, 'of the k6ba.
Eadarenes! IakGbus ('Ic~K~BoP),snr .
Gairgaisainus (~epytu~vdr), 'James ' ; acc. Iakijbu ; gen.
sm. ; gen. $1. Eairgafsainz, IakEblus, Iakijbis ; dat.
'of the Gergesenes.' Iak6blu, Iakzba.
Galatia (raXario),sf. ' Galatia ' ; Ialirdanus ('ldpSavor),sm. 'Jor-
dat. GalatiBi. dan ' ; ,yen.Iatirdankus ; dut.
Galeilaia (t*oXrXo;a),fern. ' Gali- Iaurdanan.
lee ' ; ace. Galeilaian ; .gen. Idumaia ('f8ovPala),'Idumaea' ;
Galeilaias ; dat. Gaieilala. dat. Idumaia.
Galeilaius (raXcXaios), srrt. IEsus ( ' I ~ u o ~ s )sm. , 'Jesus ' ;
' Galilaean ' ; gen. $1. Galei. acc. voc. IZsu ; gen. IEsuis;
laiE. dat. IEsua (IGsu).
Galil gadpa (I'oXyo0G), ' Gol- IGhannEs, .is ('1o6vvrls), m.
gotha.' 'John '; act* IGhannSn, 16.
Gabmaurns (ropdppor), sm. an hannE ; gen. 16hannis.
inhabitant of ' Gomorrha' : IGhannCs ; dat. Iohanne,
16hannEn.
Hafleisaius f ~htrraios),sm.' Eli- I+ef ('ICOV,;$), sm. 'Joseph ' ;
seus ' ; acc. Haileisaiu ; dat. 1'Pen. IijsGfis : dat. IGsEfa.
Haileisailu. 6sEs ('locrij),sm. ' Joses ' ; gen.
Hairijdiadins, see HErijdia. 16sEzis.
HGlias ('Hhiar), m. ' Elias ' ; Isak ( ' I v n c i ~ ) ,sm. ' Isaac ' ; daf.
gen. Heleiins ; dat. HElijin ; Isaka ; gen. Isakis.
acc. HGlian. Iskariotes, IskarjGtZs ('Imun-
r ~ h i q s ) , 892. ' Iscariot ' ; acc.
HTrGdGs, -is ~ H ~ ; S sm. ~ S ) ,pIskariEtEn.
' Herod ' : daf. Heroda.
HZrGdia rHpa8tris), z!f. ' Hero- IsraGl ('Icrpajh), ' Israel ' ; dnf.
dias ' ; Fen. HErGdiadins, Isragla ;gen.Israelis.
~air~diahins. Iudaia ('~ov&aia),' Judaea ' ;
HEriSdianus ('Hpw8iavds), sm. acc. Iudaian; daf. Xudaia ;
' Herodian ' ; dat. pl. HSrG- gen.Iudaias.
dianum ; gen.el. HGrGdianE. Iudaialand, sn.' Judaea '.
*Iudaieis ('1r)v8aioc), snz. pl.
IairikZi ('lcprXb),wf. ' Jericho ' ; 'Jews ' ; $en. Iudaiz.
dat. IafrikGn. Iudas ('Iov&as), m. 'Judas';
Iairusal5m (IrpovlraXrjp), fern. acc. Iudan ; en.Iudins.
'Jerusalem '. I U S(.Ioui),
~ 'foses.
 Glossafy of Proper Names 365
Jseirtls ('In'cipos), S N ~ '. Jairus '.
NazarafP ( N ~ & ~ Z ~ )Naza- ,
JannEs ('Iuvv~s),m. ' Jannes'. reth.'
NazGrEnus (Na[op7vds), sm.
Kafarna~m(Kn~~Pv~~o;P,Ka~f~ ' Nazarene '; voc. NazijrEnu,
vao6p), ' Capernau m.' NazGrEnaf.
Kaisaria (~ntcrnpia), f. ' Cae-
sarea ' ; gen. Kaisarias.
KananeitEs (Kavar~i~~s), m. Paitnls (ni~poo),sm. ' Peter ' ;
' Canaanite' ; acc. Kananei- acc. Paltru ; gen. PaitrAus:
tEn. (lmi;X ' Paul .
Karpus (K.plroel, Sm. Car- PeilZtus (nrcXiiror), sm. Pi-
pus1 ; daf. Karpiiu. late ' ; daf. PeilZtau.
Kvreinaius (K~pr~vtoc), sm.
Cyrenius'; dat. Kyrei. Rzma ('P+a, Lat. RGma), sf.
naidu. ' Ronie ' ; dat. RiimBi.
LaigafGn (X*yehv), ' Legion.' Saddukaieis (Pa88ouxaiot),nom.
Laiwweis ( ~ c v h ) sm., ' Levi ' : pl. 1 the Sadducees
ncc. Laiwwi. SalGmE (BaXchpV),f.' Salome *.
*Lauidi or 'Lauidja (ha;$), sf. 1 Saraspta (Bdprvra), ' Sarepta'.
Lois ' ; dnt. LauidjBi. 1
Satana and Satanas (nnmvir),
Lazarus (ALCnpos), sm. ' La- I m.' Satan ' ; acc. Satanan.
zarus ' : acc. Lazaru ; Saudadma (Bdfioprt), Sodorn.'
LazarBu.
Lukas (hovxiis), sm. ' Luke'.
1
Saddadmus, sm. a n inhabi-
tant of Sodom ; en. PI. Sad.
I ~ y s t r a( h6orpfl, ALorP), dadmja ; dat.$l. gaudatinaim,
' Lystrai; datpl. in Lystrys. saddadmjam.
' ;v h6crrpots! ~ a u l a ~ i m i j n(EoXopchv), sm.
"agdalm (Ma~8a"v)t 'Magda- ' Solomon '.
Ian.' S ~ (rjpo:),.
L ~ sm. I syrian s ;
MagdalEnE (MayhaX71nj), nom. daf. pl. Saurim.
and daf. ' Magdalene '. Salirini,f. a Syrian woman.
>Iambr& (blop&r;s), m. 'hfam* SeidGna (Ecpov), sf. ' Sidon ' ;
bres '. Ren. SeidEndis.
frlaria, Marja (Mapin), fern. Seidoneis, m. PI. the inhabi-
. Mary, ; act. M ~ ge,t. ~ tants ~of Sidon ~ ; gen.~SeidGnG. ;
Marjins ; dal. Mariin. SeimGn (P;lio~,). m. 'Slmon' ;
( M ~ ~Sm. ~ ~ ,, ; , ~
~ ' M~~~ acc. SeimGna, SeimGnu ; gen.
acc. Marku. SeimEnis ; daf. SeimEna.
3Iarpa fbrhp8a),f&t$. ' Martha '. fZrov)~fem. '.
lllatpaius (Mar8aior). st=. ' Mat- 'ymaiGn ("pc'v)l m. ' Si-
thew ' ; acc. Matpaiu. meon '.
McsCs ( ~ ~ ~sm. ) , ; Syria (Ev~ia),Sf.
j ' ~Mosesq gen.
pen. M6sEzis : dal. M6sEza. SyriAis.

I
MGsE.
Teimaius ( ~ t ~ n i o ssm.) , ' Tim.
Naimfln (Narpdv), m. ' Naa- aeus ' ; gen. TeimaiAus.
man. ' Teimadpafus ( T I ~ ~ B ~ o Ss )P ,~ L
 Glossary of Proper Names
'Timothy' ; dat. Teima6pai- Pzmas ( e a p i i s ) ,m. 'Thomas ;
&a. acc. PBman.
Teitua (Tiror), sm. ' Titus '.
Trauada (Tpotis), sf. ' Troas' ;
dat. Trauadki. XrEskus (Kpjvxqs), m.'Cres-
Tykeikus ( T V ~ L K ~ 'Tychi-
S ) , ~ ~ . tens'.
cus '; acc. Tykeiku. Xristus ( X P ~ u ~ d s')Christ'
J~. ;
Tyra (Titpos), Tgre.' acc. Xristu ; gen. Xristgus.
Tyrus (TGpns), s r ~ '. Tyrian ';
$2- gen.T Y ~ iEdaf.T ~ r i n l . Ymainaius ('Y$vacos), sm.
' H ymenzus .
Paddaius (~oS%n;oc),sm. 'Thad-
d ~ u' s; k c . Paddaiu.
Pafssalatineika (Bruuahovi~?), Zafbafdaius (Ztj3tbaios), sm.
sf. 'Thessalonica ' ; dat. pais. ' Zebedee ' ; gen. Zaibai.
salauneikki. daigus ; acc. Zaibaidaiu.