TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

MACROSCOPIC BALANCES
FOR NON-ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

Teknik Kimia Universitas Pertamina for Teknik Perminyakan Universitas Pertamina - 2018
MACROSCOPIC BALANCES FOR NON-ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

CONTENT OBJECTIVE
• MACROSCOPIC BALANCES • ABLE TO APPLY MACROSCOPIC
BALANCES TO SIMPLE FLOW PROBLEMS
• EXERCISES
OF NON-ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
(COMPRESSIBLE FLUID)
 STEADY STATE MACROSCOPIC BALANCES

• MACROSCOPIC MASS BALANCE

෍ 𝜔1 = ෍ 𝜔2

• MACROSCOPIC MOMENTUM BALANCE

෍(𝑣1 𝜔1 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 )𝒖𝟏 − ෍(𝑣2 𝜔2 + 𝑝2 𝐴12 )𝒖𝟐 + 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝒈 = 𝑭𝑓→𝑠

• MACROSCOPIC MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE

1 2 𝑝
∆ 𝑣 + 𝑔ℎ + 𝜔 = 𝑊𝑚 − 𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑣
2 𝜌
 TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE
• IF THE FLUID IS COMPRESSIBLE, IN THE APPROXIMATE FORM OF MACROSCOPIC MECHANICAL
ENERGY BALANCE
2 2
𝑝 1 1 2 1
𝜔 + 𝐸𝑐 = 𝜔 න 𝑑𝑝 ∆𝑣 + 𝑔∆ℎ + න 𝑑𝑝 𝜔 = 𝑊𝑚 − 𝐸𝑣
𝜌 1 𝜌 2 1 𝜌

• STEADY STATE MACROSCOPIC (TOTAL) ENERGY BALANCE

1
∆ 𝐻 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑔ℎ 𝜔 = 𝑄 + 𝑊𝑚
2

• MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE ≠ TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE

Is based on law of conservation of energy
Derived from dot product of v
with equation of motion
EXERCISE
COMPRESSIBLE GAS FLOW IN A CYLINDRICAL PIPE
(ISOTHERMAL SYSTEM)
Gaseous nitrogen is in isothermal turbulent flow at 25°C through a straight length
of horizontal pipe with 3-in. inside diameter at a rate of 0.28 lbm/s. The absolute
pressures at the inlet and outlet are 2 atm and 1 atm, respectively. Evaluate 𝐸෠𝑣 (in
J/kg), assuming ideal gas behavior and radially uniform velocity distribution

𝐸෠𝑣 = 6.1 x 104 J/kg

EXERCISE
COOLING OF AN IDEAL GAS
Two hundred pounds per hour of dry air enter the inner tube of
the heat exchanger shown below at 300∘F and 30 psia, with a
velocity of 100 ft/sec. The air leaves the exchanger at 0oF and
15 psia, at 10 ft above the exchanger entrance (at plane 1).
Calculate the rate of energy removal across the tube wall.
Assume turbulent flow and ideal gas behavior, and use the
following expression for the heat capacity of air:
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶መ𝑝 = 6.39 + 9.8 × 10−4 2
𝑇 − 8.18 × 10 −8
3
𝑇2
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑅

−𝑄෠𝑤 = 14380 Btu/hr