American Journal of Modern Physics and Application

2017; 4(3): 12-23

http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ajmpa

A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual

Energy Flow Interpretation
Shuang-ren Zhao1, Keven Yang1, Kang Yang1, Xingang Yang1, Xintie Yang2
1
Mutualenergy Group, London, Canada
2
Aviation Academy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China

Email adresse
shrzhao@gmail.com (Shuang-ren Zhao), kevin-yang@hotmail.ca (K. Yang), tomyang03@gmail.com (Kang Yang),
yxg99@hotmail.com (Xingang Yang), yangxintie1@126.com (Xintie Yang)

To cite this article

Shuang-ren Zhao, Keven Yang, Kang Yang, Xingang Yang, Xintie Yang. A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow
Interpretation. American Journal of Modern Physics and Application. Vol. 4, No. 3, 2017, pp. 12-23.

Received: July 29, 2017; Accepted: November 25, 2017; Published: January 8, 2018

Abstract
Combined with the principle of mutual energy of electromagnetic field, mutual energy theorem, mutual energy flow theorem and
Wheeler - Feynman absorption theory, we propose a mutual energy flow interpretation for quantum mechanics. The
Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory suggests that the light wave is composed of both the advanced and the retarded waves. John
Cramer gave a simple model of photon with plane waves. The author put forward the mutual energy theorem and the principle of
mutual energy. The principle of mutual energy is a formula which removes the remainder of the self-energy terms from the Poynting
theorem. The principle of mutual energy as the electromagnetic field axiom can ensure that the classic electromagnetic theory
building does not fall to overcome the many difficulties if the Maxwell equations have been applied as axioms. From the principle of
mutual energy, radio waves, light waves are all consists of the retarded wave of the emitters and the advanced wave of the absorber.
The retarded wave and the advanced wave are not simply superimposed, but combined very close together into one. The retarded
wave and the advanced wave constitute the mutual energy flow. The energy flows from the emitter to the absorber in the form of
energy flow. The integral of the flux of the energy flow to time is constant on any surface between the emitter and the absorber,
which is the energy of the photon. Photon is nothing else, it is just the mutual energy flow. In this paper, we should further clarify
that the mutual energy flow theorem tells us that the waves in the space are much like the waves in the waveguide as a quasi-plane
wave. Although this quasi-plane wave is composed of the retarded wave of the emitter and the advanced wave of the absorber, we
can also think of it as a purely retarded wave. The vacuum space naturally constitutes the waveguide of the mutual energy flow.
Since the field between the charge and the other charge can be regarded as a plane wave, it naturally avoids the problem of
self-energy divergence. Recently, Afshar experiments supported the John Cramer transactional interpretation. We found that, this
experiment can also be explained by using the principle of mutual energy flow. Hence, Afshar experiment also supports the author's
mutual energy flow interpretation. To make our theory self-consistent, we also introduced the principle of the return of the
self-energy flow.
Keywords
Mutual Energy, Poynting, Maxwell, Advance Wave, Absorber Theory, Transactional Interpretation, Photon, Probability

be described below. 1. the probability that photons and

1. Introduction
1.1. The Problems of Electromagnetic Field
Theory and the Background Knowledge
Involved in This Paper
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory developed to the light
frequency band encountered great difficulties. Obviously can
photons appear to be difficult to put into Maxwell's theory; 2.
the duality of the light; 3. the action between light and charge,
the radiation in the acceleration of the charges; 4. the
absorption of radiation; 5. The double slits experiment,
delayed choice experiment, Afshar experiment. 6. divergence,
the self-energy of the electron is divergent. 7. Wave function
collapse. 8. Photon polarization and spin. 9. Quantum
13 Shuang-ren Zhao et al.: A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow Interpretation
entanglement of photons.
Wheeler Feynman proposed the absorber theory of
electromagnetic field in 1945-1949 [1] [2]. The theory
emphasizes the existence of advanced waves. So the light
wave is composed of the superimposition of the advanced and
retarded wave. The absorber theory in solving the problem of
radiation when the charge is accelerated is to avoid the
divergence of electrons in the above 3. Quantum
electrodynamics in the use of renormalization program to
solve the above 6. In the problem of the self-energy
divergence of the electron, John Crammer proposed the
interpretational interpretation of the quantum mechanics in
1980 [3] [4], try to give photon a more reasonable explanation
than the Copenhagen School of Quantum Mechanics on
Probability theory and he has achieved some results. But all
the above theory can only solve some of the above difficulties
and did not propose a fundamental solution. It is worth
mentioning that the absorber theory is based on the Dirac
theory [5] and the principle of electromagnetic
action-at-a-distance [6] [7] [8]. In the experimental aspects of
Wheeler's delayed choice experiments [9] and S. S. Afshar
experiments [10], in order to explain them, further the need for
a viable electromagnetic theory.
In another aspect, W. J. Welch proposed the time domain
reciprocity theorem in 1960 [11], and the author proposed the
mutual theorem [12] [13] [14] in March 1987. In November
1987 Adrianus T. de Hoop proposed time-domain reciprocity
theorem [15]. Among the above three theorems the mutual
energy theorem works in the frequency domain, leaving the
other two work in the time domain, they have only a difference
between the Fourier transform, can be collectively referred to
as the mutual energy theorem. The mutual energy theorem can
solve similar problems with the Lorentz reciprocity theorem,
such as calculating the pattern of the receiving antenna. Unlike
the Lorentz reciprocity theorem, the mutual energy theorem
must introduce the advanced and the retarded potential.
Lorentz reciprocity theorem only works in a retarded potential.
Between the Lorentz reciprocity theorem and the mutual
energy theorem should be only one which is physical and real.
Lorentz reciprocity theorem in the electromagnetic theory has
been widely used, the mutual energy theorem because it
involves the advance potential, the advance wave, only has a
few applications. Because the advance wave looks violation of
causality.
1.2. Review the Author's Work on the Mutual
Energy and the Mutual Energy Flow
This author always thought that the mutual energy theorem
is an energy theorem, so it is a physical theorem and the
Lorentz reciprocity theorem is only a mathematical theorem,
not a physical theorem. In order to prove this conclusion, the
author has begun to study the mutual theorem of the
electromagnetic field again in the last two years. From the
Poynting theorem, it proves that the mutual energy theorem is
indeed a "physical energy theorem" rather than a
mathematical theorem [16]. Because the Lorentz reciprocity
theorem and the mutual energy theorem in the vacuum are to
satisfy the Maxwell equations, we can not distinguish between
the two who is right and wrong, the author compares the two
theorems in the lossy medium. The Lorentz reciprocity
theorem does not satisfy the conservation of energy, and the
mutual theorem in the lossy medium can satisfy the
conservation of energy, and the mutual energy theorem is the
winner [17]. The triumph of the mutual energy theorem means
the victory of the advance wave. This means that the advanced
wave is unavoidable in the theory of electromagnetic fields.
On the electromagnetic field in the advanced wave, the
advanced potential in 2000 Lawrence M. Stephenson gave a
very profound explanation [18]. By the influence of Lawrence
M. Stephenson, the author began to collect papers on the
advance wave, noting that Wheeler and Feynman's absorber
theory. The author read the absorber theory [1] [2], and the
action-at-ad-distance principle of electromagnetic field [6] [7]
[8], and the transactional interpretation [3] [4], the author was
greatly encouraged. Convinced that the mutual energy
theorem is the right belief. On this basis, in 2016 the author
further proposed the concept of mutual energy and the mutual
energy flow theorem in the electromagnetic field theory. The
theorem shows that the integration of the flux of the mutual
energy flow to the time from the emitter to the absorber is
constant on any surface between the emitter and the absorber.
The author believe that the energy provided by the mutual
energy flow is the energy of the photon. Photon is nothing else,
it is the mutual energy flow [19] [20].
In order to make the theory of mutual energy flow can be
self-consistent, must solve the problem of self-energy flow.
The self-energy flow corresponds to the Poynting vector.
What is the role of this part of energy flow in the theory of
photon? Since the self-energy flow is emitted by the emitter or
absorber, it can be retarded or advanced. Is the self-energy
flow present? According to the Poynting theorem of the flow
of course, it exists. The author in accordance with their own
understanding of the absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman
that the self-energy flow may not really exist.
According to the idea of quantum mechanics wave collapse,
the retarded self-energy flow can collapse to the absorber.
How is the self-energy flow, there is a lot of questions. The
author specifically devoted to this discussion [20]. Compared
the possibility of a variety of self-energy flow, the result of the
discussion is that the maximum possibility of the self-flow is
that it is returned. That is, the self-energy of the retarded wave
emitted by the emitter is returned to the emitter, and the
advanced wave emitted from the absorber is returned to the
absorber. The actual effect of the self-energy flow return is the
same as that there is no self-energy flow. Since the return flow
can also be seen as a wave function collapse process, however
does not the retarded waves collapsed to the absorber, but the
retarded wave collapses to the emitter. Similarly, the advanced
wave collapses into the absorber, not the advanced wave
collapses to the emitter. Compared with the wave function
collapse concept, the advantage of this wave return process
can be described by the time reversal of the Maxwell
equations, and the wave function collapse process has not
been able to propose an equation to describe it. The collapse of
 American Journal of Modern Physics and Application 2017; 4(3): 12-23
the wave function of the retarded wave can be explained by
the combination of the transition energy with the mutual
energy flow and the return of the self-energy of the retarded
wave.
Since if the self-energy flow does not exist, the Maxwell
equations can not get a solution, which is nonzero. The
Maxwell equations no solution, which led to the mutual
energy flow can not be established. But the author believe that
the mutual energy flow is an energy flow, the author was
forced to re-examine the Maxwell equations. Can we find an
updated version of the Maxwell equations, which is still
available to obtained a nonzero solution?
Wheeler-Feynman's absorber theory notes the problem of
the Maxwell equations, and also suggests that the
electromagnetic field is not a physical quantity with its own
degree of freedom, but a quantity caused by the radiation
charges and the absorber charges. So that the electromagnetic
field can not exist independently of any one of the emitter or
the absorber. So the electromagnetic field is an auxiliary field.
But Wheeler-Feynman also believes that this auxiliary field is
the field derived from Maxwell equations. The author agree
with the concept of Wheeler Feynman auxiliary field, but that
the auxiliary field should not necessarily meet the Maxwell
equations. Perhaps the theory of the Maxwell equations must
be corrected.
In April 2017, the author compared the power of a system
with N-charge and the power of N-charge systems derived
from the Poynting theorem, and found that the Poynting
theorem overestimated the power of the system [21]. The
author found that all the terms of the self-energy must be
removed from the N-charge of the Poynting theorem in order
to match the power of the N charge system. After the removal
of the self-energy terms, the mutual energy formula is
obtained which is closely related to the mutual energy
theorems [11] [12]. The author believe that the mutual energy
formula in physics is correct. In contrast to the Poynting
theorem with N charges, because the inclusion of the
self-energy term, it is not an exact physical equation. The
Poynting theorem is given by the Maxwell equations, so the
problem is also in the Maxwell equations. The author
reconstructs the theory of electromagnetic field with the
mutual energy formula. In this theory, the Maxwell equations,
the Poynting theory, the superimposition principle of the field
are approximately correct when N is very large. The author
called the mutual energy formula for as the principle of the
mutual energy, which is applied as the axiom in
electromagnetic field theory. Mutual energy theorem, mutual
energy flow theorem, can be directly derived from the
principle of mutual energy, and hence they are all still
accurate.
1.3. The Problem This Article Will Solve
Using the principle of mutual energy, we find the solution
that satisfies the principle of the mutual energy in which the
self-energy is zero. For the mutual energy, the problem of the
14
wave collapse does not exist, the mutual energy flow can be
seen as a retarded wave, so the relationship with the causal
relationship is not contradictory. In this paper, we should
continue to explain the electromagnetic problem by using the
principle of the mutual energy, the mutual energy theorem.
With particular emphasis on encountered great difficulties that
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory developed to the light
frequency band.
2. A Review of the Principle of the
Mutual Energy, the Mutual Energy
Theorem and the Mutual Energy
Flow Theorem
The author simply review the principle of mutual energy,
the mutual energy theorem and the mutual energy flow
theorem.
2.1. The Principle of the Mutual Energy
The author believes that for the radio wave situation, the
transmitting antenna and receiving antenna and the
environment which absorbs the electromagnetic wave, is a
system with very large number of charge N. And for the
number of light waves, N is very small, generally only two,
that is, emitter charge and absorber charge. Other charges in
the environment do not participate in this electromagnetic
system. The participating charges are the charges that can be
synchronized. The author believe that the emitter can
randomly launch the retarded wave, the absorber can
randomly fire advanced wave. If a retarded wave of the
emitter arrives at the absorber, the absorber sends an advance
wave, and the two waves form a sync. Hence, the two charges
are called synchronous, and they are involved in the system
under consideration. The charges of the other absorbers do not
involve in the system because of their transmitted advanced
wave, which is not synchronized with the earlier or later.
Randomly transmitted retarded waves, the advanced wave if
they are not synchronized, each return to their own radiation
source. Because of the return, these not synchronized waves
do not lose energy, from the energy point of view, these waves
with the same effect as they are not lunched. The number of
charges involved in the case of photon in entanglement is
larger than 2, but still a small number.
The author mentioned that we are looking for a substitute
for the Maxwell equations, which still allows the mutual
energy flow when the self-energy flow vanishes. We found
one, this is the following mutual energy formula of
electromagnetic field, because it can replace the Maxwell
equations, we call it the principle of mutual energy. The
principle of the mutual energy is considered to be the new
axiom of the theory of electromagnetic fields, which can be
expressed as follows,
15 Shuang-ren Zhao et al.: A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow Interpretation

− × + × ∙ = ( ∙ + ∙ )
, ,

+∑ ∑ , ∭ ( ∙ "# $ + ∙ "# $ ) + ∙ "# % + ∙ "# % ) (1)

Where & is the subscript of the i-th charge, and ' is also the boundary surface of . Γ can be a large spherical surface. In
(
subscript. "# = , is the electric field, % is the electric the system, if only the emitter and the absorber of the two
(# charges under the conditions, the mutual energy principle is as
displacement, is the H-magnetic field, and $ is the follows,
B-magnetic field. We use SI international unit system. Γ is the

−∯ × + + + × ∙ =∭ ( ∙ + + + ∙ ) +∭ ( ∙ "# $+ + + ∙ "# $ ) + ∙ "# %+ + + ∙ "# % ) (2)

If it is a wave that exists in a very short time like a light

wave of a photon, the synchronization can only occur in an 2.2. Mutual Energy Theorem 1
advance wave with a retarded wave, and the two waves must Consider the case where a photon is emitted from the
also be fully synchronized. Synchronization here means emitter source 1 to the absorber source 2 is a very short time,
exactly at the same time. That is, the retarded wave is lunching for example t = 0 to t = T. At time t = -∞ and t = ∞, the storage
from emitter to reach the absorber while an advanced wave is energy in the system is zero, that is,
lunched from the absorber to the emitter.
-
,#.-
∭ ( ∙ "# $+ + + ∙ "# $ + ∙ "# %+ + + ∙ "# % ) /=0 (2)

Thus we get the mutual theorem,

- -
− ,# .-
∯ × + + + × ∙ / = ,# .-
∭ ( ∙ + + + ∙ ) / (3)

2.3. Mutual Theorem 2
The above-mentioned surface integral can be taken on a
spherical surface with an infinite large radius, which is much
larger than the distance between the charge with the subscript
of 1 and the charge with subscript of 2. Since the field with the
subscript 1 is a retarded wave, the wave whose subscript is 2 is
the advanced wave. The two waves must be synchronized.
Assuming that the current element whose subscript is 1
changes at time / = 0, the absorption source with subscript 2
2
sends advanced wave is at /+ = , where 4 is the speed of
3
light and 5 is the distance between two current elements. The
7
field of the retarded wave at time 6 = reaches the large
3 mutual energy flow. in 1987, when the theorem named as the
spherical surface Γ, and the field of the advanced wave is at
7 7.2
6+ = /+ − = − . Therefore, as long as R> L two waves,
3 3
the wave with subscript 1 to reach the surface of the sphere at a
time in the future, the wave with subscript 2 in a time in the
past to reach the surface of the sphere, so it is impossible in the
surface of the sphere at the same time not zero. So have,
-
,#.-
∯ × + + + × ∙ /=0
substitute (4) into (3) to get,
- -
− ,#.-
∭ ∙ + / = ,# .-
∭ +
Theorem suggests that the sucked energy from the current
element by the advanced field + is equal to that of the
received energy by current element + from the retarded field
. So the advanced wave has the function of sucking energy.
∙ /
The above theorem is the time-domain reciprocity theorem [11]
put forward by W. J. Welch 1960. the author presented in
March 1987 the mutual energy theorem of [12] [13] [14] can
be regarded as the theorem in the frequency domain
counterpart. Because here we discuss the wave of photons, it is
a very short time course to discuss, hence, in the time domain
is more convenient. So we do not give the mutual energy
theorem in the frequency domain of the electromagnetic field.
We still call the above formula the mutual energy theorem, not
the reciprocity theorem. Understanding the theorem is a
physical theorem, not a mathematical theorem is very
important. Only we understand that it is a physical energy
theorem, we can further think of the concept of energy flow or
mutual theorem, the author has tried to prove this theorem
from the Poynting theorem. Because the author recognized
that Poynting theorem is a physical energy theorem, so if we
can prove this theorem from Poynting theorem, then this
theorem is also a veritable energy theorem. Since the author
knew only the complex Poynting theorem in that time, from
the complex Poynting theorem to prove the mutual energy
(4) theorem, the proof failed. The author always felt very regretful,
it seems that the so-called mutual energy theorem, in fact, was
not worthy of its name. In 2015 the author finally realized the
desire to prove the mutual energy theorem from the Poynting
(5) theorem. In fact, the author from the time domain of the
Poynting theorem, proved the mutual energy theorem. In fact,
the time-domain Poynting theorem is not a Fourier transform
of the complex Poynting theorem, it is entirely another
theorem [16]. This is also the reasons why in the early year the
author failed to prove the mutual energy theorem being an
energy theorem.
 American Journal of Modern Physics and Application 2017; 4(3): 12-23 16

In the vacuum, the mutual energy theorem and the Lorentz

reciprocity theorem can solve the same problem of the antenna
pattern. The author thinks that the solution of the mutual
energy theorem is physical, and the solution of the Lorentz
reciprocity theorem is a mathematical solution. Although they
get the same pattern, but for the two sides to determine the
current on the receiving antenna is fundamentally different.
But few people will care about this current and the current is
not so easy to measure. In order to further prove the author's
own point of view, the author re-discusses the problem of the
Figure 2. The emitter produced a retarded wave with the solid line.
antenna pattern in the lossy medium, and it is found that the Absorber + produces an advanced wave, the advance wave is virtual line.
reciprocity theorem gives the result which is not meet the The mutual energy theorem is taken on the volume + and the Surface 9+ .
energy conservation theorem, and the extended version of the
mutual energy theorem can be consistent with the results of Substitute (6) and (7) to (5) we obtain the mutual energy
energy conservation [17]. This further proves that the mutual flow theorem,
energy theorem is a correct physical theorem, and that Lorentz -
reciprocity theorem is only a mathematical transformation of ; ≡ ,# .-
∯ + + ∙ /
8
-
the mutual energy theorem and is only applicable in vacuum. ,# .- ∯ + + ∙ / ≡ ;+ (8)
:
2.4. The Mutual Energy Flow Theorem
Note that in the above equation we have taken into account
Since the mutual energy theorem is an energy theorem, the the adjustment of the direction of the normal vector of the
energy is passed from one place to another, and naturally there surface Γ+ , defined as from 1 to 2. (8) combined with the
should be an energy flow, so the author proposes the concept previous mutual theorem (5) we get the mutual energy flow
of the mutual energy flow and the following is the mutual theorem,
energy flow theorem [21]. -

= ∙ / ; ; ;+
The volume can be taken as , only includes the
+
current element . Γ is the surface of . The above
# .- 8
formula can be re-written as, -
,#.-
∭ + ∙ / (9)
- :
,# .- ∯ + + ∙ /
8
-
,# .- ∭ ∙ + / (6) Please see the Figure 3.
8

Please see the Figure 1.

Figure 3. The emitter produced a retarded wave. Absorber + produces

Figure 1. The radiator produced a retarded wave, with solid line. an advanced wave, the retarded wave and the advance wave are
Absorber + produces an advanced wave, the advance wave is virtual line. electromagnetic field which is expressed with solid line. The two waves
The mutual energy theorem is taken on the volume and the Surface 9 . combine together become the mutual energy flow, which is also expressed
with solid curves. The arrow direction shows the direction of the energy flow.
for the same reason
In the above formula ; is,
-
,# .- ∯ + + ∙ / -
-
:
; ≡ ,# .-
∯ + + ∙ / (10)
,# .- ∭ ∙ + / (7)
:
In the above equation, Γ is any surface between the current
Please see Figure 2. element of the subscript 1 and the current element of the
subscript 2, so ; is the integral of the energy flux on any
surface Γ, which is the total energy through the surface. In the
case of photons, it is the energy of photons. is the normal of
17 Shuang-ren Zhao et al.: A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow Interpretation
the surface, directing from 1 to 2. Equation (9) is called the
mutual energy flow theorem. This theorem tells us that the
energy of the advanced wave + sucked the energy from ,
this sucked energy flows through ; , ;, ;+ finally by the
retarded wave , supplied to the current element + . The
energy received by + is exactly the sucked energy by + .
Figure 4 shows the conversion of the electromagnetic field
in the mutual energy flow. First, the current element has the
energy, the advanced wave + has the ability to suck the
energy on the current . Further produces , + keep to
the next position. Followed by + induces + , induces
. Followed by induces , + induces + . Followed
by induces , + induces + . + induces + ,
remain unchanged. This achieves the transmission of energy
from · + to + · . See Figure 4. In the figure, the
arrows of the retarded wave is same as the direction of the
prorogation of the wave. For the advanced wave, the arrows
are at the opposite direction of propagation. Because for the
advanced wave the energy propagation direction and the wave
propagation direction is opposite. Hence, all the arrows in the
graph point to the direction of the energy propagation.
Figure 4. Shows the mutual conversion of the electromagnetic fields in the
mutual energy flow in the space.
3. The Reason for Taking the Principle
of the Mutual Energy to Replace the
Maxwell Equations
First of all we need to distinguish between two kinds of
Maxwell equations, one is the macroscopic Maxwell equation,
we say it is N-charge Maxwell equations, this N is almost
infinite; the other case is the microscopic Maxwell equation,
then the system has only one charge, so we said it to be a
single charge Maxwell equations. We have already shown that
the superimposition principle of the field is not accurate [21],
it is just an approximation formula. If the superimposition of
the field is challenged, even if the single charge of the
Maxwell equation is correct, the macroscopic N charge of the
Maxwell equations are not fully established. Hence, the
Maxwell equations in our new electromagnetic field theory
are less important.
On the other hand, the Maxwell equation of the single
charge is also challenged. Wheeler's absorber theory
emphasizes that the electromagnetic field must be generated
by two charges, that is, the charge of the emitter and the
charge of the absorber. According to the absorber theory that
electromagnetic field is an auxiliary concept, it does not have
its own degree of freedom, it can only be determined by its
emitter and absorber. Although Wheeler Freeman himself still
insists that their auxiliary electromagnetic field should be
described by the Maxwell equation, this author personally
think that was because they had not yet found a better
alternative. As far as I know, many people try to modify
Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic fields after Wheeler and
Feynman, but they are all trying to modify the Maxwell
equations. One of the great advantages of Wheeler's theory is
that it is possible to explain the acceleration of the charge
without the need for the self-energy of the electron to diverge.
The author supports that the Electromagnetic field of
Wheeler and Feynman and the concept of auxiliary field, and
further argues that since the field must be generated
simultaneously by the emitter charge and the absorber charge,
then the equations of the single charge electromagnetic field,
including the Maxwell equations for single charge, is
meaningless. The equations of the electromagnetic field
should contain at least two charges, one for the charge of the
emitter and the other one for the charge of an absorber. The
mutual energy formula is just equations for two or more
charges. From our experience, we know that the Poynting
theory and the Lorentz reciprocity theorem are derived from
the Maxwell equations, although we cannot prove the
Maxwell equations from these theorems, but these two
theorems can solve almost all the problems of classical
electromagnetic fields. We have already described that the
Lorentz reciprocity theorem is only a mathematical
transformation of the mutual energy theorem, so that the
mutual energy theorem can almost solve all the problems of
the electromagnetic field.
The biggest problem with the single-charge Maxwell
equation is that the self-energy flow is not zero. The
self-energy flow is the part of the energy flow formula
corresponding to the Poynting vector, see Eq.(11).
∯ ∙ ∭ ∙ ∭ ∙
"# D ∙ "# $ (11)
This part of the energy flow ∯ ∙ if it exists,
will radiate to the infinite distance of the universe, and
ultimately escape from our universe. It seems impossible, so
that our universe itself is opaque. Hence, that the universe can
not have the energy to escape. But there is no evidence that our
universe is opaque. The universe seems that most places are
empty and therefore almost transparent. In order to overcome
these difficulties, quantum mechanics introduces the concept
of wave function collapse. So that the radiation field of the
Maxwell equation, which is ultimately determined by the
single charge, collapses to a point and is then absorbed. The
wave function collapses only a guess which can not be
described with any equations, so the single-charge Maxwell
equation can not exist independent to this guessing process
 American Journal of Modern Physics and Application 2017; 4(3): 12-23 18

without any equation. Therefore, the single-charge Maxwell the single-photon, the self-energy flow is zero. We can not
equations do not have much physical meaning. We do not prove this argument, so it is also referred as the principle of
support the idea of wave function collapse. It is thought that self-energy principle.
the wave function collapses only when it is not possible to find
out why the light energy is a point-to-point transmission. Now ∯ × ∙ = 0， ∭ ∙ = 0 , "# A = 0
8
the mutual energy flow has been able to complete the energy (12)
of the point-to-point transmission, the concept of collapse is ∯ + × + ∙ = 0, ∭ + ∙ + = 0 , "# A = 0
:
completely unnecessary. Later we want to talk about another
concept of replacing the collapse, called the return of energy Where "# A = ∭ ( ∙ "# % + ∙ "# $ ) . "# A+ =
flow. In addition, if the charge is a point charge, ? in ∭ ( + ∙ "# %+ + + ∙ "# $+ ) In the above formula the
∭ ? ∙ (? @ ? diverges at the charge point (?). fields with superscript 1 is the retarded wave, and the fields
On the contrary, the principle of mutual energy from the two with superscript 2 is the advanced wave. The above equation
charges to multiple charges is completely consistent, do not shows that the self-energy flow includes the retarded wave and
need the help of electromagnetic field superimposition the self-energy flow of the advanced wave are all zero. And
principle. From the principle of mutual energy, the the self-energy also does not produce any energy loss.
single-charge Maxwell equations can also be proved, but at If the self-energy flow is not zero, photons can not achieve
this time they must be a pair of single-charge Maxwell point-to-point energy propagation. There must be part of the
equations, one corresponding retarded wave solution of the energy go from our universe to the far away place, and even
emitter, the other for the advanced wave solution of the this part of the energy forever away from our universe. It
absorber. It also automatically requires the advanced wave seems impossible. If the self-energy loss is not zero, when the
must be synchronized with the retarded wave. The Maxwell radius of an electron is zero, the self-energy loss is also infinite,
equations of the two charges is obtained as the sufficient ∭ ∙ = ∞.
condition of the principle of the mutual energy. So in principle However, if the self-energy flow and the loss of the
there may be other solutions to the principle of mutual energy, self-energy are zero, Maxwell equations are no non-zero
that is, a solution which do not meet the single charge
solution. In order to overcome this difficulty, we have another
Maxwell equation but to meet the principle of mutual energy.
guess, which is that the self-energy returns, i.e., in the original
This solution is also interested. Because the solution satisfying
the self-energy terms are not zero. Since the self-energy flow
the single-charge Maxwell equation has a self-energy
radiation. If the self-energy flow is zero, the Maxwell equation has been issued, but some of the reasons we still do not clear,
will have no nonzero solution. From the Maxwell equations, this part of the energy flows from the large distance back. To
this contradiction cannot be solved. From the principle of return the energy, this is a time reversal process, can not use
mutual energy we can ignore the issue of the divergence of the the Maxwell equations to describe. We can assume that the
self-energy. Because the self-part does not appear in the electromagnetic field satisfies the principle of the mutual
principle of mutual energy. energy. We know that the Maxwell equations meet the mutual
Of course, we can also further consider the terms of energy principle. The solution that further satisfies the
self-energy, consider the outlet of this part of the energy. Our Maxwell equations is also the solution of the principle of
guess is that this part of the energy flow through the time mutual energy. So we can further assume that the
reversal of the Maxwell equation returns to their sources. electromagnetic field also satisfies the Maxwell equations,
Because the energy issued and returned, with it did not issue (
∇× =− $
the effect is the same. We can also assume that the flow of (#
EF8 (
(12)
energy is never issued, or the self-energy flow vanishes. Here ∇× =D + %
E# (#
we do not go to the depth of this issue, interested readers
(
please see the reference [21]. ∇× + =− $+
(#
EF:
(13)
∇× + = D+ + "# %+
4. The Principle of the Return of the E#

Self-energy In the above formula, the subscript 1 corresponds to the

In the above the author mentioned the problem of
self-energy flow. The self-energy flow is the part of the energy
flow that corresponds directly to the Poynting theory.
Poynting theorem seems to be sacred, but the author thinks it
is the most skeptical. Wheeler and Feynman in their absorber
theory did not initiate doubts about the Poynting theorem. But
from the author's further understanding of Wheeler's theory of
absorber theory, we see the problem of the Poynting theorem,
which leads us to the principle of mutual energy. Now is the
time to further illustrate our point of view. We believe that for
emitter and the retarded wave, and the subscript 2 corresponds
to the absorber and the advance wave. The returned
electromagnetic field satisfies the time reversal transformation,
G (/), (/), % (/), $ (/), D (/), ?(/) =
(−/), (−/), % (−/), $ (−/), D (−/), ?(−/) (14)
The time reversal transformation of the Maxwell equation
can be written as,
19 Shuang-ren Zhao et al.: A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow Interpretation

(
C / $ / ∯ ∙ ∯ J J
∙ 0,
( .# 8
EF8 .# (
(15)
C / D / % / ∭ ∙ ∭ J
∙ J 0 (21)
E .# ( .#
"# A "# A J 0
(
C + / $+ / & 1, 2
( .#
EF: .# (
(16)
C + / D+ / %+ / The above formula tell us that, the energy flow of the all
E .# ( .#
self-energy items offset with its corresponding time reversal
EF8 EF:
substitute H ← /, / ← H , ←D , ← D+ to the items.
E# E# Figure 5 shows that the self-energy flow, the mutual energy
above formula, we can obtain,
flow and also the energy flow corresponding to the time
C J
/ "# $ J / reversal fields.
(17)
C J
/ / "# % J /

C J
+ / "# $+J /
(18)
C J
+ / + / "# %+J /
The above formula is the Maxwell equation for the time
reversal field. In order to distinguish it from the normal
electromagnetic field, we add the superscript G to the
electromagnetic field that reverses the time. The Poynting
theorem for the corresponding time reversal field is: Figure 5. The emitter produced a retarded wave. Absorber + produces
an advanced wave, the retarded wave and the advance wave are
electromagnetic field which is expressed with solid line. The two waves
∯ J J
∙ ∭ J
∙ J
∭ J
∙ combine together become the mutual energy flow, which is also expressed
"# % J
∙ "# $
J J with solid curves. The arrow direction shows the direction of the energy flow.
(19) The time reversal waves corresponding the retarded wave and advanced wave
are not electromagnetic fields which are expressed with virtual line. The
among the above, arrow directions show the direction of the energy flow.

∭ J
∙ "# % J J
∙ "# $ J "# ∭ J
∙ Figure 6. Shows that after offset the self-energy flow with
+
K J J
∙L J
"# A J
(20) the time reversal energy flows, there is only the mutual energy
flow left in the nature.
Where A J J
∙K J J
∙L J is the energy of
+
the time reversal electromagnetic field, "# A is the increment
of this energy. K is the dielectric constant. L is the
permeability. The current loss of the time reversal of the
electromagnetic field is ∭ ∙ J , the time reversal of
the loss of the electromagnetic field and it is like the loss of the
normal electromagnetic field ∭ ∙ , which is
consistent with our expectations. ∯ J J
∙ is the
energy flows into the volume flowing from the surface Γ.
Figure 6. The emitter produced a retarded wave. Absorber + produces
an advanced wave, the retarded wave and the advance wave are
This part of the energy flow is different with the energy flow electromagnetic field. The two waves combine become the mutual energy flow,
the normal electromagnetic field corresponding to Poynting which is expressed with solid curves. The arrow direction shows the direction
vector, a negative sign appears. This negative sign of the energy flow. The time reversal waves corresponding the retarded wave
and advanced wave are not electromagnetic fields which offsets all
corresponds to the effect of time reversal. self-energy flow, the retarded self-energy flow and the advanced energy flow.
Hence, the energy flow together with the time reversal of There is only the mutual energy flow left in the nature. The time integral of the
the electromagnetic field and the normal electromagnetic field mutual energy flow is the energy of the photon.
is zero. The summation of the losses of the normal
electromagnetic field and the time-reversed electromagnetic Figure 7 shows the shape of the mutual energy flow in case
there is a partition board between the emitter and the absorber
field is also zero. This is the principle of the return of the
and there is a hole is on the partition board. The mutual energy
self-energy. This is a bold guess of us. It makes our entire
theorem Eq.(9) tell us the time integral of the energy flow on
the surface Γ , Γ+ , Γ (& 3, 4, 5) are all same. The shape of
electromagnetic field theory becomes self-consistent,
otherwise there is always something that is not right. Hence, the mutual energy flow is the overlap the retarded wave and
the self-energy principle can be updated from Eq (12) to the the advanced wave. Since the mutual energy is thin in the two
following. Or items of self-energy items are offset by the surfaces close to the emitter and the absorber, here it looks like
corresponding items in the time reversal process. The updated a particle. In the middle of the mutual energy flow, it is wide
self-energy principle becomes, and looks like a wave.
 American Journal of Modern Physics and Application 2017; 4(3): 12-23
Figure 7. The shape of the mutual energy flow if there is a partition board
with a big hole on it. The mutual energy is thin in the two ends close to the
emitter and the absorber. The mutual energy flow is wide in the middle
between the emitter and the absorber.
5. A New Interpretation of Quantum
Mechanics, Mutual Energy Flow
Interpretation
In this chapter, we will explain the problem of the Maxwell
equations mentioned in the first chapter by the new theory of
mutual energy and self-energy principles and mutual energy
flow.
5.1. The Reason That the Photon Appear in
the Form of Probability
We have said that the probability that photons appear are
difficult to put into Maxwell's theory. According to the
principle of mutual energy that light is to meet the principle of
mutual energy, the principle of mutual energy is a physical
equation. When we solve a solution from single charge
Maxwell equations, such as the solution of a retarded wave,
the solution is not a physical solution, it represents only a
mathematical solution. The real solution also requires the
solution of another charge, that is, the solution of the advanced
wave of the absorber. Because the retarded wave of the emitter
randomly radiates, the advanced wave of the absorber also
randomly radiates, and the event that the two waves are just
synchronized is a small probability random event. Therefore,
if only the retarded wave is known, from this retarded wave
can be determined only the possibility of the wave can run into
an advanced wave and the probability of being absorbed. The
probability of occurrence of this event depends on the
direction of the two charge current elements, the magnitude of
the two waves. Once the radiation source, the absorption
source is determined, the energy is transmitted by the mutual
energy flow, and the mutual energy flow theorem proves that
the time integral of the flux of the mutual energy flow on an
arbitrary surface between the emitter and the absorber are all
the same. This just ensures that the energy of a photon can be
transferred from the emitter to the absorber.
5.2. The Role of Light and Charge, the
Radiation at the Time of Acceleration
When charges are accelerated or decelerated, the radiation is
generated. Lorentz first calculated this radiation. Lorentz only
assumes that there is a retarded wave, and in the calculation of
Lorentz, it must be assumed that a radius of electrons, which is
20
not very small, such as 10 R meters. If you take this radius as
zero, there will be a problem of electronic energy divergence.
The results of the radiation are affected by the electron radius.
To overcome this trapped problem, Dirac, and later Wheeler
and Feynman are in the premise of containing the advanced
wave to do the calculation. This kind calculation requires that
the current element radiate the retarded wave while
simultaneously radiating the advanced wave.
Although we also advocate the advance wave, but we do not
advocate the current element at the same time issued two
radiation, but advocate the emitter generated retarded wave, the
absorber produces advanced wave. In the energy flow can only
be the retarded wave of a emitter and the advance wave of the
absorber. In our assertion, the advanced wave or retarded waves
are randomly transmitted. For the mutual energy flow, the
retarded wave emitted by the emitter must be synchronized with
the advanced wave of the absorber. We believe that the
transmission of energy and momentum is done through mutual
energy flow. The mutual energy flow itself is retarded, and not
divergent. We think that the calculation of Lorentz is almost no
error, the problem of self energy divergence of charge, in the
theory of our mutual energy flow does not appear, mutual energy
flow is like a waveguide in the quasi-plane wave. The amplitude
of the plane wave is always consistent with the amplitude of the
electromagnetic field. When the energy flow is propagated, the
magnetic field increases when the electric field decays, and the
magnetic field decays when the electric field increases. The
magnitude of the product of the electric field and the magnetic
field remains constant. Hence, it can be seen as a plane wave.
There is no place where energy flow is infinite, even if the mutual
energy flow is close to where the electron, even the radius of the
electrons can be zero. Here we only qualitatively explain this
phenomenon, we have not specifically studied the problem. This
question needs to be solved in detail in the future.
5.3. Radiation Absorption
In the case of only retarded waves, absorption is difficult to
be explained, because all current sources only produce
retarded waves, so there is only radiation without absorption.
In our theory of the mutual energy flow, the mutual energy
flow is composed of retarded waves and advanced waves. The
function of the advance wave is absorption. The mutual
energy flow theorem explains that the advanced wave may
have the effect of sucking the energy on the radiation source,
which is delivered in the form of a mutual energy flow to the
position of the absorber. The energy is supplied to the
absorber by the retarded electric field at the position of the
absorber. Hence, the absorption becomes reasonable. For the
electromagnetic field of radio, the absorption can be
calculated directly from the mutual theorem, which is more
clearly defined in the concept than the calculation concept of
the Lorentz reciprocity theorem.
5.4. The Duality of the Light, Double-Slit
Experiment, Delayed-Choice Experiment,
Afshar Experiment
The mutual energy flow is much like the plane wave
21 Shuang-ren Zhao et al.: A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics: Mutual Energy Flow Interpretation
propagating in the waveguide. This plane wave can be seen as
a quasi-plane wave, as it is acuminulate at both tips of the
wave guide and thick in the middle of wave guide. The mutual
energy flow in the both tips are like particles. The mutual
energy flow in the middle of the wave guide is like a wave, so
that the wave-particle duality can be explained.
These are easy to explain for double-slit experiment
because the waveguide is thicker in the middle between the
two ends. We can put the double slits on the middle of the
thicker place, the energy flow of course go through from the
double slits, there is no reason to consider which slit the
photon goes through, the energy flow goes from the both gaps
through.
It is also easy to understand that the delayed-choice
experiment, because the mutual energy flow is composed of a
retarded wave and an advanced wave. When the monocular
telescope is added to the observer, the path of the advanced
wave is changed, thus also affecting the mutual energy flow
and the interference is eliminated.
The Afshar experiment is not difficult to explain because
the mutual energy flow is the product of the electric field of
the advanced wave and the magnetic field of the retarded wave,
or the product of the magnetic field of the advanced wave and
the electric field of the retarded wave, the interference of the
advanced wave or the retarded wave have an impact on the
experimental results. The receiving points are separated by
lenses, so is equivalent that the monocular telescope is used,
and each detector is aimed only at one slit in the double slits.
This part of the role is achieved by the advanced wave of the
absorber. However, when the wires are added, the wires have
an interference effect on the field of the retarded wave, so that
the wires also affect the total energy propagation in this case.
5.5. Divergence, Electronic Electromagnetic
Self-energy Divergence
The theory of the mutual energy principle removes the
self-terms from Maxwell's theory, including the self-energy
flow corresponding to the Poynting vector, the action between
current element with its own field, and the electromagnetic
self-energy in the space. All these terms could have been
divergent and were now removed so the system was no longer
divergent.
5.6. Collapse of Wave Function
In the process of energy transfer, there is no need for the
concept of collapse of the wave function. We know that wave
function collapse can pass all the energy of the wave to a point.
Now because we have a mutual energy flow, energy can be
passed through mutual energy flow. The collapse of the wave
becomes unnecessary. We have proposed a solution that
conveys energy from mutual energy flow and returns the
self-energy flow to its own current source. In fact, the two
processes together have the same effect as the wave function
collapse. But the synthesis of these two processes is much
more natural than the wave function collapsing. Moreover, no
one can give the wave function collapse equation. The process
of the mutual energy flow can be given exactly by the mutual
energy flow theorem. The wave function returns can also be
described by the time reversal of the Maxwell equations. Since
the flow of self-energy has been returned, the effect of the
existence of self-energy flow compared to it does not exist, is
equivalent. Hence, we do not need to care about the flow of
self-energy, in the end, is issued/later returned or not been
issued at all. We are allowed not to manage the self-energy
flow. The mutual energy flow completes the function of
passing energy.
5.7. The Polarization and Spin of the Photon
There are two things in mutual energy. If the retarded field
of the emitter, the advanced wave of the absorber satisfies the
principle of the mutual energy and the Maxwell equations, the
two electric fields of the two streams are parallel. To achieve
circular polarization there must be two vertical electric fields.
In order to obtain a vertical electric fields, we can assume that
the radiation field current source is more complex, it also has a
vertical component with their own. This can support circular
polarization. In short, the energy flow constitutes a mutual
energy flow waveguide, the waveguide can support a variety
of electromagnetic field mode, including TE (transverse
electric) TM (transverse magnetic) wave. Hence, also
supports circular polarization. The circularly polarized wave
is also a spin wave.
5.8. Quantum Entanglement of Photons
We say that the retarded wave of the emitter must be
synchronized with the advanced wave of the absorber, which
produces a mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow can
transfer energy, momentum, and angular momentum from the
emitter to the absorber. In this way, the number of charges
involved in the system are 2. If the number of charges in the
system is more than 2, the entanglement occurs. For example,
when a photon passes through a non-linear matter, one photon
becomes two low-frequency photons. This is equivalent to an
emitter charge at the same time that two retarded waves are
emitted at the place of the non-linear material. Then the two
retarded waves are received by the two absorbers. The two
advanced waves sent by the two absorbers must synchronize
with the two retarded waves. In addition, due to the
conservation of angular momentum, if the input
high-frequency photon spin is zero, when it is divided into two
photons, the total spin angular momentum must also be zero.
Hence, that one of the two photons is left-handed and the other
must be right-handed. If the first detector finds that the first
photon received is left-handed, the absorber's absorption will
send an advanced wave to tell the emitter that it receives the
left-handed photon. Since this process is done by the advance
wave, the emitter is aware that one of the photons is
left-handed at a negative time. Therefore, that another photon
must be right-handed. That is, when a photon's spin state is
determined, it can affect the spin state of the other. Spin is
realized by circular polarization. In fact, as long as the
advanced wave is allowed, quantum entanglement is easy to
 American Journal of Modern Physics and Application 2017; 4(3): 12-23
explain. When the second photon is received, the sum of the
spin of the second photon and the first photon is zero. Since
the information received from the first photon is transmitted to
the non-linear material body at negative time and from the
non-linear material body over a positive time to the second
absorber, the total time is close to zero. Therefore, in quantum
entanglement, the first photon can tell its state to the second
photon with almost zero time, so that the second photon is
adjusted in time to ensure that the total spin angular
momentum is zero.
5.9. The mutual Energy Flow Is Retarded,
Does Not Violate the Causal
Relationship
Although the composition of the mutual energy flow
contains the advanced wave, the mutual energy flow itself is
still retarded. The mutual energy flow transfers energy from
the emitter to the absorber. This transfer process is retarded.
Hence, the transfer of energy is a completely retarded. If, in
turn, if the charge of the absorber radiates the energy, the
charge of the emitter absorbs the energy, and the energy is still
retarded by the mutual energy flow. But at this moment we
need to rename the absorber as an emitter and rename the
emitter as an absorber. There is a case where a charge scatters.
In this case the charge is a combination of an emitter and an
absorber. Thus, despite the fact that the concept of mutual
energy flows contains an advanced wave, there is no
contradiction between the mutual energy flow and causality.
5.10. The Advanced Wave and the Returned
Wave
The advanced wave is not a time-reversal wave. The
advanced wave is a normal electromagnetic field satisfies
Maxwell equations. The time-reversal wave is not
electromagnetic fields and do not satisfy the Maxwell
equations. The advanced wave can interfere with the retarded
wave. The time reversal waves do not interfere with the
retarded wave and the advanced wave, but it can offset the
self-energy flows of the retarded wave and the advanced wave.
We also assume that the time reversal waves corresponding to
the retarded wave and corresponding to the advanced wave do
not interfere each other (if they interfere, another kind of the
mutual energy flow will be produced which can offset the
normal mutual energy flow produced by the retarded wave
and the advanced wave.).
6. Conclusion
This paper presents a new interpretation of quantum
mechanics especially for photons. We use the mutual energy
flow of the electromagnetic field to explain the quantum
phenomenon that occurs when the frequency is high to the
band of the light. Almost all the original incomprehensible
phenomenon has been satisfactorily explained. Such as the
wave-particle duality of the light, the probability of photon
occurrence, and the quantum entanglement of light, the
22
collapse of the wave function and so on are given a reasonable
explanation. In the interpretation of the mutual energy flow,
photons still appear in probability, so the mutual energy flow
interpretation endorse the probability interpretation of the
Copenhagen school. We also endorse John Cramer's
transactional interpretation in the mutual energy interpretation.
In fact, we propose the principle of mutual energy not only
qualitatively gives the interpretation of the phenomenon of
light quantum, but also quantitatively gives a photon model
and its specific calculation method. Our interpretation also
combines the two interpretations closely together. According
to the interpretation of this paper photon is a short time
electromagnetic field of the mutual energy flow. In this paper,
only the quantum phenomena of light are explained, but the
principle can be easily extended to other particles such as
electrons, protons, neutrons and so on.
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