NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KARNATAKA, SURATHKAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT TASK IN

POWER ELECTRONICS

MINI PROJECT
ON
BATTERY MODELLING AND SIMULATION

Submitted by :
Sneha Jogdhankar – 16EE144
Singampalli Sushma – 16EE247
Kodipyaka Saimeghana -16EE126
Gmail: 16ee144.sneha@nitk.edu

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 DECLARATION

We here by declare that the project report entitled “BATTERY MODELLING AND
SIMULATION” submitted by us in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of B.TECH in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT is a record of bonfide project work carried out by us under the guidance of
Prof Panduranga Vitthal. We further declare that the work reported in this project has not
been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other
degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or university.

Sneha Jogdhankar

Kodipyaka Sai Meghana

Singampalli Sushma

Date: 8 November 2018

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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KARNATKA

Certificate

This is to certify that the project report entitled Battery modelling and simulation ,
submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, in partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, is a record of bona fide work carried out by Ms. Sneha Jogdhankar,
Ms K Saimeghana, Ms S. Sushma under my supervision and guidance. All help received by
them from various sources have been duly acknowledged. No part of this report has been
submitted elsewhere for award of any other degree

Prof K. P. Vitthal

Place: NITK
Date:

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 ABSTRACT
Nowadays, energy storages have numerous applications. Batteries are the most famous of them. They
are applied in several industries such as in electrical and hybrid vehicles , renewable energy systems,
and marine current energy systems. Batteries serve as a backup in wind energy conversion systems
(WECS) or photovoltaic (PV) systems. They are implemented to store excess energy captured from
wind energy or sunlight using wind turbines during windy or sunny days and also for releasing the
stored energy during stationary times or at night time. Another application of battery storage is in
aerospace satellites. They are used to collect energy using PV panel for satisfying required energy when
the satellite is exposed to the sun and to release the energy during eclipse. In electric or hybrid trains
and vehicles, a battery is used for storing energy from regenerative braking system and returning the
energy to the system when the train is in traction mode. Batteries can play a significant role when they
used with other storages such as fuel cells, ultra-capacitors, and super-magnetic energy
storages(SMES). They can increase reliability of the hybrid systems. In all the above mentioned
applications, an accurate modeling and simulation of a battery for examining system performance is
necessary.

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 INDEX

SL.no Contents Page.no

1 Introduction 06

2 Modelling and Simulation 07

3 Battery Models 08

4 Generic battery model 11

5 Thevenin battery model 14

6 Results and simulations 17

7 Comparision of two models 21

8 Conclusion 23

9 References 24

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 1. INTRODUCTION
ELECTROCHEMICAL batteries are of great importance in many electrical systems because the
chemical energy stored inside them can be converted into electrical energy and delivered to electrical
systems, whenever and wherever energy is needed. Although the popularity of portable electronics like
cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras, and laptop computers has propelled battery technologies, such as
nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickelmetalhydride (NiMH), lithium-ion(Li-ion), and polymer Li-ion , those
battery technologies cannot yet meet the progressive energy demands and size limitations of today’s
portable electronics. A primary concern in the design of portable electronics is how to minimize power
dissipation and extend battery runtime. Without circuit and battery models in hand, circuit designers can
neither predict nor optimize either battery runtime or circuit performance. Although accurate and
efficient electrical models of circuits and systems at different levels of abstraction have been developed
and also have been implemented in some electronic design automation (EDA) tools, an accurate,
intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is not available, especially in circuit simulators,
because of the complicated physical and dynamic properties of batteries. A battery model capable of
predicting both the runtime and I-V performance can be used to design energy-aware circuits and
systems, optimize circuit and system performance, predict battery runtime for different load profiles,
emulate batteries with electronic circuits, and improve battery energy efficiency.

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 2. MODELLING AND SIMULATION
Modelling and simulation plays an important role in research and development. Real systems can be
represented by physical models or a mathematical model which allows knowing dynamics behavior of the
system through simulation. The budding discipline of modelling and simulation are based on computer
areas and system theories. In early stages of the design process modelling and simulations tools are used
before the availability of hardware. Iterative modelling and simulation can improve the quality of the
system design, thereby reducing the number of errors in the design process. The software components of
any model or system driven by mathematical input and output relationships then that designed model can be
simulated under various conditions to validate the system. The modelling and simulations are important in
electrical system for capacity determination and optimum component selection. The life of the battery
imposes stringent constraints on its operation with active loads. During the discharge cycle of battery, the
battery voltage decreases up to certain cut-off voltage. The discharge capacity and delivered energy by
battery is determined with the help of empirical model. Modelling is the process of producing a system
model. One of the main purposes of a model is to enable the researcher or analyst to predict the outcome of
system performance parameter. The system model should be a close approximation to the actual system and
incorporate most of its significant characteristics. System model should be simple and easy to understand
and experiment with it. Good system model is a well judged swapping between realism and simplicity. The
importance of the battery in todays world has brought up a need to develop a model of the battery so that
the performance of the battery can be monitored through the estimation and evaluation of different
parameters of the battery. Of different parameters of the battery that are being monitored, the State-of-
Charge (SOC) and the State-of-Health (SOH) are quite important.

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 3. BATTERY MODELS
There are basically three types of battery models reported in the literature, specifically: experimental,
electrochemical and electric circuit-based. Experimental and electrochemical models are not well
suited to represent cell dynamics for the purpose of state-of-charge (SOC) estimations of battery
packs. However, electric circuit-based models can be useful to represent electrical characteristics of
batteries. The most simple electric model consists of an ideal voltage source in series with an internal
resistance.

Battery model depending parameter:

State of charge: The primary purpose of a battery is to transform the energy produced from the
chemical reaction into electrical energy so that it can used to drive the load. Since the lead acid batteries
have a definite charge in them, they cannot be used to supply the load for an infinite time. Thus, it
becomes critical to find out how much charge the battery has and also how long will it be able to supply
the load at a specific discharge rate. The parameter that indicates the amount of charge present in a
battery is the State of Charge (SOC). State of charge of a battery is its available capacity expressed as a
percentage of its rated capacity.

State of Health: In today’s world, the use of battery is increasingly becoming important. They are mainly
used in UPS system, in distributed generated system for energy storage and in HEV applications for
producing the electrical source of power. In all these applications, it is important to know whether the
battery is performing as good as it is supposed to perform when it was new. However, when the batteries
are being repeatedly used their performance decays with the cycle number. Thus it becomes necessary to
have estimate of the health of the battery so that it may be replaced at appropriate time. The parameter
which gives an indication on the health of the battery is State of Health (SOH) of the battery. Thus we
define SOH as the ”measurement” that reflects the general condition of a battery and its ability to deliver
the specified performance compared with a fresh battery. It is generally expressed as percentage.

Simple battery model:

A simple battery model, shown in Fig. 1, is composed of a series of internal resistance connected to an
ideal voltage source. State of charge (SOC) is not considered in this model. In this figure, Vo is an
ideal open-circuit voltage, Vt is the terminal voltage of battery and Rint is the internal series
resistance. In the simple battery model, Vt can be clarified by an open circuit voltage measurement
test. Rint is assumed to be constant while it is changed when a load is connected to a battery. Thus,
this model is just appropriate in circuit simulations where the energy released from the battery is
supposed to be infinite or the state of charge is not important. For example, this model is not suitable
for electric trains or vehicles application. However, it can be used with ultra-capacitor or fuel cell as

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hybrid energy storage. Also, this model is applied as an input source connected to the inverter power
electronic device.

Fig.1 simple battery model

Modified simple battery model :
A model made up of an ideal voltage source accompanied byan internal resistance is discussed in.
Here, the voltage source and internal resistance are a function of the SOC. This model is shown in
Fig. 2. In this battery model, the state of charge is considered by making the Rint and Voc of battery
changes in accordance with its state of charge. Rint is determined through following equation:
R0
Rint 
SK
where Sk and R0 are the state of charge and initial battery internal resistance respectively. R0 is
calculated when the battery is fully charged:
Ah
S  1
C10
In the above equation, C10 is ten-hour capacity (Ampere–hours) at the reference temperature. A and h
are the current and time of discharging process respectively. S changes from 0 (when battery is
discharged) to 1 (when battery is fully charged). K is a constant designated capacity coefficient. It is
related to discharge rate. It is computed based on k1, k2 and k3. The coefficients of k1, k2 and k3 are
constants specified using the curves supplied by the manufacturers. They are related to three different
charge rates. Furthermore, the capacity of the battery changes using the coefficient of K under different
discharge rates. This model has been applied by many battery manufacturers for battery monitoring
aims. This model does not explain for the capacitance effect as an example of the transient current
conditions taking place in the battery. It is used for modelling of a sealed lead acid battery applied in an
uninterruptible power supply.

Fig.2 Modified Battery model

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Generic battery model or Shepherd’s model:
A generic battery model consisting of a controlled voltage source connected to a resistance can be
applied for modeling of various types of electrochemical batteries. The model's parameters can be
obtained from the manufacturer's discharge curve. This model is easy to use. It can be implemented to
simulate a type of battery using dynamic simulation software such as Matlab /Simulink. In this model,
state of charge of the battery can be implemented as a state variable for avoidance of the mandatory
loop problem .

Fig.3 Generic Battery model

Thevenin model: In its most basic form, a Thevenin-based model, shown in Fig.4 uses a series
resistor (RSeries) and an RC parallel network (RTransient and CTransient) to predict battery response
to transient load events at a particular state of charge (SOC), by assuming the open-circuit voltage[VOC
(SOC)] is constant. Unfortunately, this assumption prevents it from capturing steady state battery
voltage variations (i.e., dc response) as well as runtime information.

Fig. 4 Thevenin model

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 4. GENERIC BATTERY MODEL or SHEPHERD’S MODEL
Shepherd developed an equation to describe the electrochemical behaviour of a battery directly in terms
of terminal voltage, open circuit voltage, internal resistance, discharge current and state-of-charge , and
this model is applied for discharge as well as for charge. The Shepherd model is interesting but causes
an algebraic loop problem in the closed-loop simulation of modular models. The following model is
very similar to Shepherd’s but don’t produce an algebraic loop. The controlled voltage source is
described by equation
K *Q *i
E  E0   A.e (  b*i*t )
Q  it

Vbatt  E  R * i

Where,
E = no-load voltage (V) E0 = battery constant voltage (V)
K = polarisation voltage (V) Q = battery capacity (Ah)
A = exponential zone amplitude (V) B = exponential zone time constant inverse (Ah)−1
Vbatt = battery voltage (V) R = internal resistance (Ω)
i = battery current (A)

Fig.5 Shepherd’s model

1
The original Shepherd model has a non-linear term equal to K Q  Q  i *t
.This term represents a non-

linear voltage that changes with the amplitude of the current and the actual charge of the battery. So
when the battery is almost completely discharged and no current is flowing, the battery voltage
increases to nearly E0. As soon as a current circulates again, the voltage falls abruptly. This behaviour
is representative of a real battery but the mathematical model which makes it possible to represent this
phenomenon causes an algebraic loop and simulation instability. The proposed model (1) represents a
non-linear voltage which depends uniquely on the actual battery charge. This means that when the
battery is almost completely discharged and that no current is flowing, the voltage will be nearly 0. This
model yields accurate results and also represents the behaviour of the battery.

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 The proposed model is based on specific assumptions and has limitations:
1. Model assumptions:
• The internal resistance is supposed constant during the charge and discharge cycles and doesn’t vary with
the amplitude of the current.
• The model’s parameters are deduced from the discharge characteristics and assumed to be the same for
charging.
• The capacity of the battery doesn’t change with the amplitude of the current (No Peukert effect).
• The temperature doesn’t affect the model’s behaviour.
• The Self-Discharge of the battery is not represented.
• The battery has no memory effect.

2. Model limitations:
• The minimum No-Load battery voltage is 0 V and the maximum battery voltage is not limited.
• The minimum capacity of the battery is 0 Ah and the maximum capacity is not limited. Therefore, the
maximum SOC can be greater than 100% if the battery is overcharged.

3. Model parameters:
The model can accurately represent the behaviour of many battery types, provided the parameters are well
determined. The main feature of this battery model is that the parameters can easily be deduced from a
manufacturer’s discharge curve. Fig. 6 shows a typical discharge characteristic, for a 1.2V 6.5 Ah Nickel-
Metal-Hydrid cell.The discharge curve is for a constant current of 1.3A (0.2 C rate1).
The three necessary points used to extract the model parameters are (Fig. 6): the fully charged voltage, the
end of the exponential zone (voltage and charge) and the end of the nominal zone (voltage and charge). The
exponential part (Aexp(−B ·it)) is calculated below.

Fig.6 Typical discharge curve

Internal resistance approximation: Internal resistance is very important in order to adequately represent
the voltage drop caused by a current variation in the battery. The internal impedance is generally specified
in the manufacturer’s datasheet. Tests have determined that the internal impedance provided by the
manufacturer doesn’t allow, for the proposed model, to accurately represent the potential difference caused

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by the variation of the current. For example, the resistance describe d on the datasheet of the Panasonic
HHR650D3 NiMH battery is 2mΩ but it was found that the resistance that best fits is 4.6mΩ.

voltage drop during the exponential zone :

A = EFull−EExp V
A = 1.4 – 1.25 = 0,15v

Charge at the end of exponential zone (Ah):

3
B
Qexp
B = 3/1.3 = 2.33(Ah)-1

The polarisation voltage K can be deduced from the fully charged voltage (EFull) and the third point
(End of nominal zone: QNom and ENom):
(( E full  Enom )  A(exp(  BQnom )  1)).(Q  Qnom )
K
Qnom
K = 0.0125V
Then, the voltage constant E0 is deduced from the fully charged voltage:
E0 = EFull + K + Ri – A
This approach is very general and can be applied to other battery types to obtain the model parameters. Obviously,
these parameters are approximate and depend on the precision of the points obtained on the discharge curve.

Fig.7 NiMH 1.2V 6.5Ah

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 5. THEVENIN BATTERY MODEL
An accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is proposed in Fig. 8. On the left, a
capacitor (CCapacity) and a current-controlled current source, inherited from run time based models, model
the capacity, SOC, and run time of the battery. The RC network, similar to that in Thevenin-based models,
simulates the transient response. To bridge SOC to open-circuit voltage, a voltage-controlled voltage source
is used. The proposed model is a blend of previous models whose unique combination of components and
dependencies eases the extraction procedure, makes a fully Cadence-compatible model possible, and
simultaneously predicts runtime, steady state, and transient response accurately and “on the fly,” capturing all
the dynamic electrical characteristics of batteries: usable capacity(CCapacity), open-circuit voltage (VOC),
and transient response (RC network).

Fig .8 Thevinin Model

To validate the proposed model, the model parameters of a specific battery must be identified experimentally
first. Polymer Li-ion batteries are chosen for model validation because they are widely popular in portable
electronics today.
One polymer Li-ion battery was chosen to extract all the parameters in the proposed model. The full capacity
capacitor CCapacity is set to 3060 F. Fig. 9 shows the extracted nonlinear open-circuit voltage [VOC(VSOC)],
series resistor (RSeries), and RC network (RTransient_S, CTransient_S, RTransient_L, and CTransient _L) as functions of
SOC and discharge current. All the extracted RC parameters are approximately constant over 20%–100%
SOC and change exponentially within 0%–20% SOC caused by the electrochemical reaction inside the
battery. Small parameter differences among the curves for different discharge currents indicate that these
parameters are approximately independent of discharge currents, which can simplify the model.

Fig.9 V_oc vs SOC(%)

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 The model is defined by functions

Voc(soc)  1.031.e35.soc  3.85  0.2156  SOC  0.1178  SOC 2  0.3201 SOC 3 (1)

Rseries ( SOC )  0.1562  e 24.37SOC  0.07446 (2)

RTransient_ s (SOC )  0.3208  e29.14SOC  0.04669 (3)

CTransient_ s (SOC )  752.9  e13.51SOC  703.6 (4)

RTransient_ L (SOC )  6.603  e155.2 SOC  0.04894 (5)

CTransient_ L (SOC )  6056  e27.12SOC  4475 (6)

The following plots describe the equations

Fig.10 RSERIES, RTRANSIENT_S,CTRANSIENT_S,RTRANSIENT_L,CTRANSIENT_L

To verify the accuracy of extraction results, these parameters were applied to the proposed model in a
Matlab environment to simulate the battery voltage response for the same pulse discharge currents that were
used for parameter extraction. Fig. 8 shows the simulation results and experimental data of 640-mA
discharge current. The proposed model regenerates voltage response less than 21-mV error and runtime less
than 0.12% error of polymer Li-ion batteries accurately. The close agreement manifests the accuracy of the
parameter extraction.

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 Fig .10 Input current and Discharge curve

The close agreement between simulation results and experimental data on polymer Li-ion batteries indicates
that the proposed electrical battery model predicts runtime and both steady-state and transient voltage
responses accurately. Furthermore, the proposed model can be extended to other batteries (e.g.,lead-acid,
NiCd,Li-ion) and power sources (e.g., fuel cells).

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 6.RESULTS AND SIMULATION
Battery Specifications:
Data table Used:
Modified battery model: LY11-042-19 Lead acid battery
Voltage = 14V
Capacity = 1.3Ah
Approx. Weight = 0.57kg
Max discharge current 19.5A
Generic battery model : HHR60AAAH Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
Voltage = 1.2 V
Capacity = 6.5Ah
Internal resistance = 4.6 mohm
Weight = 60grams
voltage drop during the exponential zone A = 0.15v
Charge at the end of exponential zone B = 2.308Ah-1
Polorization constant K = 0.01875
Thevinin model : TCL PL-383562 polymer Li-ion battery
Voltage = 4.1 v
Capacity = 850mAh
Charge Current = 850mA
Internal resistance = 45mohm

i. Modified Battery Model

% code for modified battery model
I=0.6737;
k=1.17;
r0=0.03;
C10=36000;
v0=14.00;
r=0;
time =0;
S=0;
v=0;
for t=0:1:35500
S(t+1)=1-(I * t)/(C10);
r=r0/(S(t+1)^k);
v(t+1)=v0-I*r;
time(t+1)=t;
end
plot(time/3600,v)

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 Fig.11 Modified battery model discharge curve

ii. Generic Battery model or shepherd’s model:

%code for shepherd's model
eo = 1.2848;
r = 0.0046;
k =0.01875;
a = .144;
b = 2.3077;
q = 6.5;
i = .650;
j = 1;
for t = 0:.1:10
e(j) = eo - ((k * q)/(q - i*t))*(i*t)+ a * exp(-b * i* t) ;
ti(j) = t;
j = j+1;
end
plot(ti*6,e,'b')
axis([0 60 0 2])
hold

i = 1.3;
j = 1;
for t = 0:.1:5
e(j) = eo - ((k * q)/(q - i*t))*(i*t)+ a * exp(-b * i* t);
ti(j) = t;
j = j+1;
end
plot(ti*6,e,'b')
xlabel('time(min)');
ylabel('voltage);
Fig.11 discharge curve- shepherd’s model

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 I = 650mA

I = 1300mA

Simulink model:

Fig.12 shepherd’s simulink model

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 Fig.13 Voltage vs time(min/6)from simulink model

iii.Thevenin battery model:

Fig.14 Thevenin model – simulink model

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 Fig.15 Input current(pulse) and voltage discharge curve

Fig.16 Voltage discharge curve for constant input current

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 7. COMPARISION OF TWO MODELS

There is a wide variety of battery models, and traditionally they are grouped in two categories:
mathematical models and circuit-oriented models. Mathematical battery models are developed based
primarily on the Shepherd relation [11, 13] to predict systemlevel behavior, such as battery runtime,
efficiency, or capacity. But, most conventional mathematical battery models are considered to work only
for specific applications and can provide inaccurate results in the order of 5%–20% error. Circuit-oriented
battery models are electrical equivalent models using a combination of voltage sources, resistors, and
capacitors and are normally used by electrical engineers for co-design and co-simulation with other
electrical circuits and systems.
The Shepherd battery model has the fundamental voltage-current relationship associated
with SOC built into it. On the other hand for the Thevenin battery model, the relationship between SOC
and the circuit parameters is not directly available. Although the two modeling approaches are different,
there are certain similarities between them. One of them is given by the polarization resistance factor K
from the Shepherd equation and the polarization resistance R0 from the Thevenin model. Regarding
parameters model extraction, for the modified Shepherd battery model, they can be obtained from one
discharge curve, but this method will lead to poor performance on the others discharge curves. The
Thevenin model parameter extraction is based on a dynamic test, but scattered data can introduce low
accuracy and correlation factor. The method proposed, based on robust regression, is targeted to
eliminate the dispersed points and improves the accuracy and correlation factor of the model.

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 8. CONCLUSION
Modeling and simulation of battery performance parameters are studied and experimented successfully
with the software tool of MATLAB. Approximate mathematical battery model (Shepherd’s model) is
explained for nickel metal-hydrid battery. This battery model is simulated in MATALB and results are
represented for different currents. Determination of battery capacity using MATLAB simulator is also
developed and experimented.The experimental data is taken from actual discharge profile of the battery.
Approximate circuit battery model(Thevenin model) is explained for lithium ion battery. The battery
parameters are modeled and used in the proposed experimental setup diagram. Battery state of charge
and terminal voltage of the battery are estimated for generated simulated results. The close agreement
between simulations and experiments shows that the electrical model accurately predicts battery
runtime within 0.4% error and voltage response within 30 mV to any load profile, which is especially
important in applications like pacemakers, where exhausted battery energy or circuit malfunction
endanger human lives. Therefore this modeling and simulation of battery performance parameters plays
important role in deciding further research work for comparison of actual result with expected results of
the battery.

@ @ @

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 9. REFERENCES
1. A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Olivier Tremblay,
Member IEEE, Louis-A. Dessaint, Senior Member IEEE, and Abdel-Illah Dekkiche Electrical
Engineering Department, Ecole de Technologie Superieure.
2. Anu Maria, "Introduction to Modeling and Simulation", Proceeding of the 29th conference on winter
simulation, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA, pp 7-13, 1997.
3. Accurate Electrical Battery Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I–V Performance Min Chen,
Student Member, IEEE, and Gabriel A. Rinc´on-Mora, Senior Member, IEEE.
4. Various battery models for various simulation studies and applications S.M. Mousavi G.n, M. Nikdel
Centre of excellence for Railway school, The School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
5. Comparative study for generic battery models used for electric vehicles Bogdan Enache1 , Member
IEEE, Emilian Lefter2 and Constantin Stoica3 1 University of Pitesti, Electrical Engineering
Department, str. Targu din Vale nr.1, Romania 2 University of Pitesti, Electrical Engineering
Department, str. Targu din Vale nr.1, Romania 3 University of Pitesti, Electrical Engineering
Department, str. Targu din Vale nr.1, Romania b0gdan.enache@yahoo.com, emilianlefter@yahoo.com,
6. New Dynamic Battery Model for Hybrid Vehicles and Dynamic Model Analysis Using Simulink.
S. M. Wijewardana

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