Group 2
Turbine setting:
Chavez, Junel Morado, Jay Ar
Gabriel, Levie Ocampo, Jilliane
Magtuto, Andrea B. Oliveria, Rica Leisa
Turbine- is a rotary mechanical device that
extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into
useful work.
Four general types according to the fluids used:
1. Water
two categories:
(1) Impulse turbines - used for high heads of
water and low flow rates
Three main types of impulse turbine:
1. Pelton turbine - consists of a wheel with a
series of split buckets set around its rim; a high
velocity jet of water is directed tangentially at
the wheel.
2. Turgo turbine - s similar to the pelton but the jet
strikes the plane of the runner at an angle
(typically 20° to 25°) so that the water enters
the runner on one side and exits on the other.
3. Crossflow turbine - has a drum-like rotor with a
solid disk at each end and gutter-shaped “slats”
joining the two disks.
(2) Reaction turbines - normally employed for
heads below about 450 metres and
moderate or high flow rates.
Types of reaction turbine:
1. Propeller turbine - are similar in principle to
the propeller of a ship, but operating in
reversed mode.
2. Francis turbine - is essentially a modified form
of propeller turbine in which water flows
radially inwards into the runner and is turned to
emerge axially.
3. steam
2. gas
3. wind.
Characteristics of turbines:
1. Head:
2. Specific speed.
3.
4. Runaway speed:
5. Constant speed curves:
Multi-purpose water resource storage:
Water storage:
• Water storage is a broad term referring to storage
of both potable water for consumption, and non-
potable water for use in agriculture.
Types of water storage:
1. Groundwater:
Ground or subterranean water is the
water contained in the rock and soil layers
beneath earth's surface, and it makes up most of
earth's supply of fresh, liquid water.
Parts of groundwater:
Aquifers:
 Is an underground layer of water-bearing
permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated
materials(gravel, sand, or silt)
Water table:
The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids
in rock become completely saturated with water
2. Soil moisture:
Is the water stored in the soil and is
affected by precipitation, temperature, soil
characteristics, and more.
Soil water is also called rhizic water.
Parts of soil moisture:
 Surface soil moisture is the water that is in the
upper 10 cm of soil
 Root zone soil moisture is the water that is
available to plants, which is generally considered
to be in the upper 200 cm of soil.
3. Wet lands
A wetland is a place where the land is covered by
water, either salt, fresh or somewhere in between
The primary factor that distinguishes from other
land or water body is in characteristics of
vegetation and aquatic plants.
 Natural wet lands:
 Natural wetlands are important for maintaining
aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and should be
considered as part of an effective ecosystem
management strategy.

 Manmade wetlands:
Constructed wetlands are man-made wetlands
built to remove various types of pollutants present
in wastewater that flows through these systems.

4. Water tanks:
 A water tank is a container for storing
water. Water tanks are used to
provide storage of water for use in many
applications, drinking
water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppres
sion, agricultural farming, both for
plants and livestock, chemical
manufacturing, food preparation as well
as many other uses

Two-types of water tanks

1. Underground water tanks/ cisterns:

are used for underground storage of potable
drinking water, wastewater, and rain water collection.

2. Elevated water tank

Water tower:
An elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed
at height sufficient to pressurized a water supply for
distribution of potable water, and provide emergency
water.
5. Water reservoir:
A storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water,
hydrocarbons or gas. A reservoir usually means an
enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or
impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water.
Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that
drains an existing body of water.