Abstract:

The experiment is to determine the gain and frequency response curve of current amplifier
with feedback.

Introduction:
Feedback Systems process signals and as such are signal processors. The processing part of a
feedback system may be electrical or electronic, ranging from a very simple to a highly complex
circuits. Simple analogue feedback control circuits can be constructed using individual or
discrete components, such as transistors, resistors and capacitors, etc, or by using
microprocessor-based and integrated circuits (IC’s) to form more complex digital feedback
systems.
Based on the input quantity being amplified, and on the desired output condition, the input and
output variables can be modelled as either a voltage or a current. As a result, there are four
basic classifications of single-loop feedback system in which the output signal is fed back to the
input and these are:
Series-Shunt Configuration – Voltage in and Voltage out or Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
(VCVS).
Shunt-Shunt Configuration – Current in and Voltage out or Current Controlled Voltage Source
(CCVS).
Series-Series Configuration – Voltage in and Current out or Voltage Controlled Current Source
(VCCS).
Shunt-Series Configuration – Current in and Current out or Current Controlled Current Source
(CCCS). [1]

Theory and Methodology:

The circuit in Fig.1 behaves as current series feedback amplifier as following. The circuit is a
common emitter transistor amplifier with the difference that the emitter resistor RE is not
decoupled with A.C. signals by using the bypass capacitor CE. This means that the emitter is not
grounded even for A.C. signals. Since the resistor RE is common for both the input and the
output circuits, it contributes or provides feedback. Since the output current flows through RE
the sampling of the parameter is the current sampling at the output port. This current IE
flowing through the emitter resistor RE develops a voltage IE.RE with the emitter terminal
positive compared to the ground terminal N as shown in the Fig.1. [2]
The circuit in figure 2 is an emitter follower or buffer amplifier circuit, where the output is
simply equal to the input minus a diode drop (about 700mV). The advantage of this circuit is
that the transistor can provide current and power gain; the transistor draws little current from
the input. It provides low output impedance to any circuit using the output of the follower,
meaning that the output will not drop under load. It is called emitter follower because the
output is similar to the input to the emitter. [3]

V CC = 9 V

R1 RC 1 .5 K
22 K

22 uf
C 828
22 uf
RL 2 .2 K
R2 6 .8 K
RE S
Ei 680

100 uf

Fig 1: Current Series feedback amplifier.

V CC = 9 V

10 K

C828
20 uf

Ei 20 K 20 uf 1K
1K

Fig 2: Emitter Follower Circuit.

Apparatus:
1. Oscilloscope
2. Power supply
3. Multimeter
4. Transistor – C828 1[pcs]
 5. Capacitors - 22 μf 100 μf 1[pcs each]
6. Resistors - 22 KΩ, 6.8 KΩ, 1.5 KΩ, 680Ω 1[pcs each]
7. Signal generator

Experimental Procedure:
1. For ciruit-1
a Connect the circuit according to the figure 1.
b Measure VCC, VCE and VC. The quiescent operating point collector current is
given.

c Connect circuit without feedback (s is closed). Apply the ac signal Voltage at 100
mV at frequency of 1 KHz. Measure the output voltage. Now open the C and
find the output voltage, and find the gain of the amplifier in the two cases.
d Connect the circuit with the feedback (S is open). Now vary the input signal
frequency with a constant input voltage. Measure output voltage at each
frequency.
e Fill up the data table (go to Results/Finding(s) section) for circuit.3 and draw the
frequency response curve.

2. For circuit- 2:

a Connect the circuit according to the figure 2.

b Measure VCC, VCE and VC. The quiescent operating point collector current is
given.

c Apply the ac signal Voltage at 100 mV at frequency of 1 KHz. Measure the

output voltage. Now open the C and find the output voltage, and find the gain
of the amplifier in the two cases.
d Now vary the input signal frequency with a constant input voltage. Measure
output voltage at each frequency.
e Fill up the data table (go to Results/Finding(s) section) for circuit.2 and draw the
frequency response curve
Experimental Result:
For circuit-1:
Ei = 100 mV(p)
Serial # Frequency Output VO 𝑉𝑜
f (KHz) (volts) 𝐸𝑖

Gain
1 1 179.14m 1.791
2 5 179.21m 1.792
3 10 179.25m 1.792
4 15 179.29m 1.792

For circuit –2:

Ei = 100 mV(p)
Serial # Frequency f Output VO V
(KHz) (volts)
Gain EOi

1 1 139.711 1.39711
2 5 139.709 1.39709
3 10 139.708 1.39708
4 15 139.708 1.39708

Simulation and Measurement:

Circuit-1
 Frequency responce curve
1.7922

1.792

1.7918

1.7916

1.7914

1.7912

1.791

1.7908
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Discussion:
The circuit was connected as given instruction. Without the ac signal applying V cc the Q-point
was measured. After that connected the ac signal output voltage was observed and calculated
the gain. By varying the frequency the gain change was recorded. On semi log graph paper the
frequency response curve was drawn by plotting frequency vs gain.

Conclusion:
Feedback Systems are very useful and widely used in amplifier circuits, oscillators, process
control systems as well as other types of electronic systems. But for feedback to be an effective
tool it must be controlled as an uncontrolled system will either oscillate or fail to function.
References:
[1]: Feedback Systems and Feedback Control Systems. 2015. Feedback Systems and
Feedback Control Systems. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/systems/feedback-systems.html. [Accessed 10 April 2015].
[2]: Common Emitter Amplifier and Transistor Amplifiers. 2015. Common Emitter Amplifier
and Transistor Amplifiers. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_2.html. [Accessed 10 April 2015].
[3]: Emitter Follower. 2015. Emitter Follower. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-follower.html. [Accessed 10 April 2015].