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Dalam tekanan konstan turbin gas siklus terbuka udara masuk pada 1 bar dan 20 ° C dan
meninggalkan kompresor pada 5 bar. Menggunakan data sebagai berikut; Suhu gas masuk turbin
= 680°C, pressure loss in the combustion chamber = 0.1 bar, η compressor = 85%, η turbine = 80%, η combustion
= 85%, γ = 1.4 and cp = 1.024 kJ/kgK for air and gas, find:
(1) The quantity of air circulation if the plant develops 1065 kW.
a b
P4 = 1 bar
953 3
T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
T3 = 680 + 273 = 953 K
= 85%
η compressor
η = 80% 2′ 4′
turbine 2
= 85% 4
η combustion
For air and gases: cP′ = 1.024 kJ/kgK
293
1
y = 1.4
Power developed by the plant,
Fig. 9.31
P = 1065 kW
(1) The quantity of air circulation, ma
= ? For isentropic compression 1 – 2,
T p
2 2 ( γ − 1) /γ 5 (1.4 − 1) /1.4
p
= = = 1.584
T1 1 1
T2 = 293 × 1.584 = 464 K
Now,
η = (T2 − T1 )
compressor = 0.85
(T2 ′ − T1 )
(464 −
293)
0.85 = (T − 293)
2′
T2′ = 494 K
For isentropic expansion process 3 – 4,
T
4 P4 ( γ − 1) /γ 1 (1.4 − 1) /1.4
T = P = 4.9 = 0.635
3 3
s
300 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
T4′ = 674.6 K
Wcompressor = Cp(T2′ – T1) = 1.024(494 – 293) = 205.8 kJ/kg
Wturbine = Cp(T3 – T4′) = 1.024(953 – 674.6) = 285.1 kJ/kg
W =W –W
net turbine compressor
= 285.1 – 205.8 = 79.3 kJ/kg of air
If the mass of air flowing is ma kg/s,
the power developed by the plant is given by P = ma × W net kW
1065 = ma × 79.3
1065
m = kg
a 13.43
i.e., Quantity of air circulation = 13.43 kg.
(2) Heat supplied per kg of air circulation = ?
Actual heat supplied per kg of air circulation
T P ( γ − 1) /γ
2a 2a
T = P
1 1
1.0
T2a = 1.736 × 305 = 529.4 K
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT 301
η = (T2 a − T1 ) 4
Now, compressor = 0.84 Regenerator
(T2 − T1 )
5
H
(529.4 − 305) 3 6 Temp. Reduced
0.84 = 5a
due to Transfer
2
(T2 − 305) 2a of Heat in H.E.
T2 = 572.2 K
T
4
Again = 1.736
T φ
5a Regeneration cycle
Fig. 9.32
T 1089
5a = = 627.3 K
1.736
η = (T4 − T5 )
Now, turbine − = 0.85
(T4 T5 a )
T4 – T5 = 0.85(1089 – 627.3) = 392.4
T5 = 1089 – 392.4 = 696.6 K
(529.4 − 305)
0.84 =
(T2 − 305)
T2 = 572.2 K
T4
Again = 1.736
T
5a
T 1089
5a = = 627.3 K
1.736
Now,
= (T3 − T2 )
Regenerator efficiency η rg (T5 − T2 )
T3 – T2 = 0.6 × (696.6 – 572.2) = 74.65
T3 = 572.2 + 74.65 = 646.85 K
(a) Thermal efficiency
ηc
(392.4 − 267.2)
η t = (1089 − 646.85) = 25.48 %
0.90
302 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
3600
(b) Air rate AR =
Useful work in kW/kg
3600
= = 28.56 kg/kW-hr
×
(1.005 125.4)
(1.005
Useful work × 125.2)
(c) Work ratio = = = 0.32.
(1.005
Turbine work × 392.4)
Example 4. A gas turbine power plant is operated between 1 bar and 9 bar pressures and
minimum and maximum cycle temperatures are 25°C and 1250°C. Compression is carried out in two
stages with perfect intercooling. The gases coming out from HP. turbine are heated to 1250°C before
entering into L.P. turbine. The expansions in both turbines are arranged in such a way that each stage
develops same power. Assuming compressors and turbines isentropic efficiencies as 83%,
(1) determine the cycle efficiency assuming ideal regenerator. Neglect the mass of fuel.
(2) Find the power developed by the cycle in kW if the airflow through the power plant is 16.5 kg/sec.
Solution. The arrangement of the components and the processes are shown in Fig. 9.33(a and
b). The given data is
Tl = 25 + 273 = 298 K = T3 (as it is perfect intercooling),
pl = 1 bar and p3 = 9 bar
p = p1 p3 = (1 × 9) = 3 bar
2
RPl = Rp2 = 3
ηc1 = η c2 = η t1 = η t2 = 0.83,
T6 = T8 = 1250 + 273 = 1523 K
T10 = T5 (as perfect regenerator is given)
Applying isentropic law to the process 1 – 2′
P ( γ − 1) /γ
0.286
T2′ = T1 2 = 298(3) = 408 K
P1
Exhaust
10
P
Intercooler Fuel 3
6 8 P2
P
5 1
6
2 3 Regenerator T 5
4 7 9
T 4 2 7′ 9′
C1 C2 1 T2
4′ 2′ 10
Gen.
1 7 Fuel 8 3 1
Air in
s
Reheater
(a) (b)
Fig. 9.33
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT 303
−T )
η (T
2 ′ 1
c1 =
(T2 − T1 )
T1 + (T2′ − T1 )
T2 =
η c1
η (T3 − T4 )
turbine = (T3 − T4 a )
P
1
Thermal efficiency of actual cycle,
η
(Heat supplied-Heat rejected)
t =
Heat supplied
{C p (T3 − T2 ) − C p (T4 − T1 )} (T − T )
4 1
= {C p (T3 − T2 )} = 1 – (T3 − T2 )
(817.6 − 293)
=1– = 1 – 0.818 = 18.20%
(1123 − 481.6)
3600
= × 25,000 kg/hr 117.4
(3600 × 25000)
= kg/s = 212.95 kg/s
(117.4 × 3600)
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
EXERCISES
1. A simple, constant pressure gas turbine is designed for a pressure ratio of 5 to 1, and a
turbine inlet temperature of 550°C. The adiabatic efficiency of compressing is 80% and that
of ex-pansion 85%, and there is a pressure loss of 0.0343bar through the combustion
chamber. Calculate
(a) the power per kg of air per sec.
(b) the overall efficiency.
Assuming the air to enter at 15°C and 1.01 bar. Take k = 1.4 and C n = 1.047 for both air and
combustion gases. Neglect the additional mass flow due to the fuel. [Ans. 65.47, 14.27%]
2. A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6/1 and a maximum cycle temperature of 600°C. The
isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. Calcu-
late the power output in kilowatts of an electric generator geared to the turbine when the air
enters the compressor at 15°C at the rate of 15 kg/s.
Take: cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and y = 1.4 for the compression process, and take cp = 1.11 kJ/kg K
and y = 1.333 for the expansion process. [Ans. 920 kW]
3. In a gas turbine plant air at 10°C and 1.01 bar is compressed through a pressure ratio of 4:1. In a
heat exchanger and combustion chamber the air is heated to 700°C while its pressure drops 0.14
bar. After expansion through the turbine the air passes through a heat exchanger, which cools the
air through, 75% of maximum range possible, while the pressure drops 0.14
306 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
bar, and the air is finally exhausted to atmosphere. The isentropic efficiency of the compres-
sor is 0.80 and that of turbine 0.85. Calculate the efficiency of the plant. [Ans. 22.76%]
4. In a gas turbine plant, air is compressed through a pressure ratio of 6:1 from 15°C. It is then
heated to the maximum permissible temperature of 750°C and expanded in two stages each
of expansion ratio 6 , the air being reheated between the stages to 750°C. An heat ex-
changer allows the heating of the compressed gases through 75 percent of the maximum
range possible. Calculate:
(i) The cycle efficiency
(ii) The work ratio
(iii) The work per kg of air.
The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 0.8 and 0.85 respectively.
[Ans. (i) 32.75% (ii) 0.3852 (iii) 152 kJ/kg]
5. The gas turbine has an overall pressure ratio of 5:1 and a maximum cycle temperature of 550°C.
The turbine drives the compressor and an electric generator, the mechanical effi-ciency of the
drive being 97%. The ambient temperature is 20°C and the isentropic efficiencies of the
compressor and turbine are 0.8 and 0.83 respectively. Calculate the power output in kilowatts
for an air flow of 15 kg/s. Calculate also the thermal efficiency and the work ratio. Neglect
changes are kinetic energy, and the loss of pressure in combustion chamber.
[Ans. 655 kW; 12%; 0.168]
6. At the design speed the following data apply to a gas turbine set employing the heat ex-
changer: Isentropic efficiency of compressor = 75%, isentropic efficiency of the turbine
= 85%, mechanical transmission efficiency = 99%, combustion efficiency = 98%, mass flow
= 22.7 kg/s, pressure ratio = 6:1, heat exchanger effectiveness = 75%, maximum cycle tem-
perature = 1000 K.
The ambient air temperature and pressure are 15°C and 1.013 bar respectively. Calculate:
(i) The net power output
(ii) Specific fuel consumption
(iii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Take the lower calorific value of fuel as 43125 kJ/kg and assume no pressure-loss in heat
exchanger and combustion chamber. [Ans. (i) 2019 kW (ii) 0.4999 kg/kWh (iii) 16.7%]