UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI TERMICE

– CURS 1

Prof. dr. ing. Eden MAMUT

Facultatea de inginerie mecanica,
industriala si maritima
Universitatea “Ovidius” Constanta
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
AND THE PROBLEMS
 The Olduvai Theory of Industrial Civilization
The transient-pulse theory

1. Pre Industrial Phase [c. 3 000 000 BC to 1765]

A - Tool making (c. 3 000 000 BC); B - Fire used (c. 1 000 000 BC); C - Neolithic agricultural revolution (c. 8 000 BC);
D - Watts steam engine of 1765 starting the Industrial Phase (1930-2025)
2. Industrial Phase [1930 to 2025, estimated]
E - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value; F - Peak energy-use; G - Present energy-use; H - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value
3. Post Industrial Phase [c. 2100 and beyond]
J, K, and L = Recurring future attempts at industrialization fail. 2008 Assessment
Duncan, R. C. (1989). Evolution, technology, and the natural environment: A unified theory of human history.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Engineering Educators: Science, Technology, & Society, 14B1-11 to 14B1-20
HOW WE PRODUCE ENERGY?
 AND A SAUDI SAYING

“My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a

jet-plane. His son shall ride a camel!”
WORLD ENERGY DEMAND

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, Full Report 2011

 CONCEQUENCES
Deaths from urban pollution Deforestation Rate: 1990-2000

Source: World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Report 2002 Source: Nature.Org

Business As Usual = Three Earths by 2050

Global Footprint Network Living Plant Report 2010, p89.

Consequences: Premature
mortality

acquired January 1, 1850 - January 1, 2000

 CONCEQUENCES: EUTROPHICATION

Number of dead zones

500

400

300

200

100

0
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Source: WaterDoc.org, Hart Productions Inc., 2005

MEAN TEMPERATURE VARIATION
CO2 VERSUS TEMPERATURE VARIATION

Note that total temperature change across

several ice ages was only about 12oC
 CO2 CONCENTRATION & TEMPERATURE

https://youtu.be/a7Om9ADzxks

https://youtu.be/s50eBG7GSbY
CO2 CONCENTRATION
CO2 EMISSIONS
CO2 EMISSIONS BASED ON FUEL CONSUMPTIONS
2010 - 48 629 MTCO2 EQV
PLANETS, ATMOSPHERES & CLIMATE

A planet's climate is determined by its mass, its distance from the sun,
and the composition of its atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases. Carbon dioxide accounts for
0.03 - 0.04%. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other minor gases absorb
thermal radiation leaving the surface. These greenhouse gases act as a
partial blanket for the thermal radiation from the surface and enable it to
be substantially warmer than it would otherwise be. Without the
greenhouse gases, Earth's average temperature would be roughly -20°C

= 788 oF

Sun
 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Human actions – burning fossil fuels and land clearing – are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. This is known as the enhanced
greenhouse effect. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse gases
that are not naturally occurring include hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are generated in a
variety of industrial processes. 20
 THE CARBON CYCLE ON EARTH

Gigatons (Gt) Carbon (C)

There are two

primary
anthropogenic
effects on the
carbon cycle.

Storage in Gt C
Fluxes in Gt C/year
1 Gton = 109 tons
CLIMATE MODELS

 Recorded global temperature change can be compared with

computer models that predict temperature change under
different "forcing" scenarios, (with "forcings" signifying
external influences on the solar radiative budget of the planet -
greenhouse gases, aerosols, increased solar radiation, and other
agents). The charts compare observed temperature anomalies
from the historic mean (red line) with the results of computer
models that attempt to predict temperature based on the
interactions of other environmental influences (gray line).

 The top two charts illustrate that models using natural and
anthropogenic influences alone [Natural causes & Man-made
causes] fail to match the observed record of temperature
anomalies since 1866. But the combination of natural and
anthropogenic models [Natural and man-made causes] produces
a close match to the measured data. This is seen as a clear
"thumbprint" of human impacts on climate change.

 Based on results such as these, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 report stated that "concentrations
of atmospheric greenhouse gases and their radiative forcing
have continued to increase as a result of human activities."
CLIMATE CHANGE I
CLIMATE CHANGE III
CLIMATE CHANGE IV
CLIMATE CHANGE V
CLIMATE CHANGE VI
CLIMATE CHANGE VII
CLIMATE CHANGE VIII
CLIMATE CHANGE IX
 CLIMATE CHANGE IX

At the Paris climate conference

(COP21) in December 2015, 195
countries adopted the first-ever
universal, legally binding global
climate deal.
The agreement sets out a global
action plan to put the world on track
to avoid dangerous climate change by
limiting global warming to well
below 2°C.
http://www.agerpres.ro/mediu/2016/10/05/incalzire-globala-acordul-de-la-paris-va-intra-in-
vigoare-in-30-de-zile-onu--20-29-43
 MITIGATION: REDUCING EMISSIONS

Governments agreed:

 a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average

temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels;
 to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly
reduce risks and the impacts of climate change;
 on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible,
recognising that this will take longer for developing countries;
 to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best
available science.
 Before and during the Paris conference, countries submitted
comprehensive national climate action plans (INDCs). These are not
yet enough to keep global warming below 2°C, but the agreement
traces the way to achieving this target.
 ADAPTATION, LOSS & DAMAGE

Governments agreed to
 strengthen societies' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change;
 provide continued and enhanced international support for adaptation to
developing countries.

The agreement also

 recognises the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and
damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;
 acknowledges the need to cooperate and enhance the understanding,
action and support in different areas such as early warning systems,
emergency preparedness and risk insurance.
 ROLE OF CITIES, REGIONS & LOCAL AUTHORITIES

The agreement recognises the role of non-Party stakeholders in addressing

climate change, including cities, other subnational authorities, civil society,
the private sector and others.
They are invited to
 scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions;
 build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of
climate change;
 uphold and promote regional and international cooperation.

Developed countries intend to continue their existing collective goal to

mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 and extend this until 2025. A new
and higher goal will be set for after this period.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development: to meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs
Strategy Mix:
• efficiency – enhanced productivity / resource
• consistency – enhanced economies embedded in the natural cycles
• sufficiency – new concept of prosperity / satisfaction / material wealth
Management rules:
• the use of renewable natural resources must not exceed their
regeneration rates
• the use of non-renewable natural resources must not exceed the rate of
substituting their respective functions
• the emissions of pollutants must not exceed nature’s capability to adapt
 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. The concept of noosphere (“nous” – mind, “sphere” – the Earth’s

cover) V. Vernadsky, Sorbonne, 1922
2. “Noosphere - the modern stage of the biosphere development
(environment) connected with the active role of the Homo sapiens”
Edward Le Roy, 1927 г.
3. The theory connecting natural sciences (biospherology) with social
science. Pierre de Chardin, 1928
4. Transition from One-Dimensional Development to its Harmonization
with Respect to Three (Four) constituents:

{Economic; Ecological; Social} The beginning of the process - 1970s.

{Economic; Ecological; Social; Institutional} 1996, Commission on Sust.
Dev.,United Nations.
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

“System coordination of economic, ecological and human

development in such a way that from one generation to the other the
quality and safety of life should not decrease, the environmental
conditions should not worsen and the social progress should meet the
needs of every person”

Vladimir Vernadsky, 1947

 DIMENSIONS & SCALES

Multidimensions:

• Economical;
• Ecological;
• Social & Institutional.

Multicriteria:

• Economical: Growth competitiveness index, Economic freedom index;

• Ecological: Environmental sustainability index;
• Social & Institutional: Quality of life index, Human development index,
Knowledge society index.
 DIMENSIONS & SCALES

Multiscales:

• Energy system;

• Local cluster of end-users

• Urban / Rural agglomeration;

• Sub-region;

• Country;

• Region.
PARADIGM SHIFT
 COMPLEX SYSTEMS

“The greatest challenge today … is the accurate and complete description of

complex systems.
Scientists have broken down many kinds of systems…
The next task is to reassemble them, … that capture the key properties of the
entire ensembles.”
E. O. Wilson, Harvard Consilience

Complex system:

• System of Systems;
• Emergent behavior: Behavior at a higher level is the result of many
behaviors at lower levels;
• Sometimes adaptive;
• Cannot predict from constitutive parts.
 INNOVATION

Innovation is “the implementation of a new or significantly improved

product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a
new organisational method in business practices, workplace
organisation or external relations" (OECD 2005).

Such a definition is neutral in the sense that it does not determine the
content or the direction of change (Rennings 2000).
 ECO-INNOVATION

The term environmental innovation, or shortly ‘eco-innovation’,

relates to innovations aiming at a decreased negative influence of
innovations on the natural environment.

Eco-innovation is “the creation of novel and competitively priced

goods, processes, systems, services, and procedures designed to
satisfy human needs and provide a better quality of life for everyone
with a life-cycle minimal use of natural resources (materials
including energy and surface area) per unit output, and a minimal
release of toxic substances”.
 HOLISTIC ENGINEERING

The classical definition of engineering: The application of scientific

and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design,
manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures,
machines, processes, and systems

In the current context of the development of the mankind society

complexity of the needs require to address them by emphasizing a
more cross-disciplinary, whole-systems approach to engineering.

Holistic Engineering - the Art and Science of creating effective

systems, using whole system, whole life principles.
INTEGRATED TOOLS
1st LAW ANALYSIS
 POLLUTION CONTROL

Materials PRODUCTION Products

Control &
Treatment

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
 LIFE CYCLE THINKING

MATERIAL &
EQUIPMENT PLANT
DISPOSAL MANUFACTURING

EXTRACTION & PROCESSING

PLANT OPERATION
OF RAW MATERIALS

SCRAP REPAIR &

RECYCLING RETROFIT
LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT I
LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT II
 EXERGY ANALYSIS I

EXERGY

• quality of materials & energy

• reference to the natural environment
• internal & external losses
• uniform approach to evaluate materials & energy

BASED ON THERMODYNAMICS

• organization degree of materials & energy

• the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• non-equilibrium thermodynamics
• entropy and entropy production
 EXERGY ANALYSIS II

REAL PROCESSES
mass & energy are conserved
 exergy is consumed due to: fluid flow, heat & mass transfer, chemical reactions
 nothing disappears, everything dissipate

I
 IN

 IN  OUT  I
exergy of resources = exergy of products + exergy loss
 EXERGY ANALYSIS III

LHVgas
ENERGY EFFICIENCY LHV 
LHVbiomass

 ch , gas
EXERGY: CHEMICAL ex ,chem 
 ch ,biomass

 ch, gas   ph, gas

EXERGY: OVERALL ex ,overall 
 biomass
 EXERGY ANALYSIS IV

CHEMICAL EXERGY

 o  zorg   LHV org   z S  o, S  C S   z water   o,water  zash   o,ash

 o,org
THE RATIO β  
LHVorg

PHYSICAL EXERGY  ph  h  h0   To s  s0 
 EXERGY ANALYSIS VI

solid
biofuels  C

1.0440.0160 H 0.3493O  10.0531 H 0.0493 N
C C C

10.4124O
C

liquid H O
  1.0374  0.0159   0.0567 
vegetable oils C C

z z z
H ON
  1.0437  0.1869  2  0.0617  2  0.0428  2
coal z z z
C C C
 EXERGY ANALYSIS VII

Fuel LHVorg LHVorg β εch

MJ/kg organic MJ/kg fuel (-) MJ/kg fuel

Coal 31.0 24.8 1.07 26.6
Vegetable oils 37.6 37.6 1.07 40.3
Straw 18.1 14.6 1.13 16.5
Treated wood 18.9 15.3 1.12 17.1
Untreated wood 18.9 14.8 1.12 16.6
Grass/plants 18.6 13.1 1.13 14.8
Sludge 19.6 8.2 1.12 9.2
Manure 19.1 7.5 1.12 8.4
 EXERGY ANALYSIS IX

90

80
Efficiency (%)

70

60

50 d
ls

d
l

e
ge
s
oa

ur
t
oo
oo
ra
oi

an

ud
C

an
St

w
w
e

pl

Sl
bl

M
ed
d

/
ss
ta

te

at
ge

ra
ea

re

G
Tr
Ve

nt
U

Based on Lower Heating Value Based on Chemical Exergy Based on Chemical & Physical Exergy
 EXERGY ANALYSIS VIII

50,00
Exergy (MJ/kg biomass)

40,00

30,00

20,00

10,00

0,00
d
d

e
l

ls

re
aw
oa

nt

dg
oo
oo
oi

u
tr
C

la

an
lu
w
w
e

/p
bl

M
ed
d

ss
ta

te

at
e

ra
ea
eg

re

G
Tr

nt
V

Chemical Exergy of Product Gas Physical Exergy of Product Gas

Gasification Process Irreversibility
CLOSED LOOP PRODUCTION
 GREEN ECONOMY

Improved human well-being and social equity, while

significantly reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities.
In its simplest expression, a green economy can be thought of as one which is
low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive.

Practically speaking, a green economy is one whose growth in income and

employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon
emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent
the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

UNEP, 2012
 EU STRATEGY ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy savings is one of the most cost effective ways to enhance

security of energy supply, and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas
and other pollutants. This is why in 2007, the EU has set itself a
target for saving 20 percent of its energy consumption by 2020.
The 20% objective translates into a saving of 368 million tons of oil
equivalent (Mtoe) by 2020 compared to projected consumption in
that year of 1842 Mtoe. This needs to be achieved by the EU as a
whole.
According to the Commission's most recent projections, which take
into account measures implemented at national and European level
up to the end of December 2009, consumption in 2020 is expected to
be 1678 Mtoe, equivalent to a saving of only 9% relative to the
previous projection. This is illustrated on the figure below.
EU STRATEGY ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY
THE IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
THE IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Estimations in the USA

ACEEE Report 2011

 EU STRATEGY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Renewable sources of energy include wind power (both onshore and

offshore), solar power (thermal, photovoltaic and concentrated),
hydro-electric power, tidal power, geothermal energy and biomass
(including biofuels and bio liquids).

As alternatives to fossil fuels, their use aims at reducing pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions.

Another role of renewable energy is the diversification of our energy

supply, with the potential to reduce the dependence on oil and gas.
 EU 2020 GOAL

The Renewable Energy Directive adopted in 2009 sets binding

targets for renewable energy. The new law focuses on achieving a
20% share of renewable energy in the EU overall energy mix by
2020.

Every Member State has to reach individual targets for the overall
share of renewable energy in energy consumption.

In addition, in the transport sector, all Member States have to reach

the same target of a 10% share of renewable energy.
 CURRENT STATUS

According to the existing Renewable Energy Directive, there are no

binding intermediate targets for 2010. However, in two previous
Directives – 2001 Green Electricity Directive and the 2003 Biofuels
Directive – there are laid down indicative, non binding targets for
two sectors: electricity and transport fuel mix.

In the electricity sector, only seven out of 27 Member States expect to

meet these 2010 targets. In the transport sector, nine expect to meet
their 2010 targets.

The EU as a whole reached just over 18% for the share of renewable
energy in the electricity in 2010 rather than the target of 21%. For
transport, the EU reached 5.1% instead of 5.75%.
 IS THIS POSSIBLE?

While Member States failed to reach their indicative 2010 targets for
the share of renewable energy in the electricity and transport sectors,
the new renewable energy Directive ensures that Member States take
remedial action: Member States National Renewable Energy Action
Plans are required to contain all the measures effectively designed to
achieve the trajectory contained in the Directive.

In following these trajectories, the failure to meet the 2010 targets

will be overcome and Member States can be on track to reach their
(legally binding) 2020 targets. According to their national plans
submitted in 2010, the Member States will all meet their 2020 targets.
 AT WHICH COST?

To reach the 2020 targets, the Member States have to implement

their national action plans and substantially increase the financing of
renewable.

Annual capital investment would need to rapidly double to €70bn.

This investment should mainly come from the private sector. This
could big energy companies investing in wind or solar farms or
households investing in solar systems or other forms of renewable.
 HOW COULD BE DONE?

A wide range of different financial instruments are used in all

Member States to help reduce renewable energy costs. These
instruments include capital support: grants, loans and loan
guarantees, equity funds, and production aid: feed in tariffs,
premiums, quota/certificate schemes, fiscal incentives and tenders.

The Commission recommends further reforms of national renewable

energy support schemes. Support schemes need to ensure the costs of
renewable energy production continue to fall but they also need to
provide a stable investment climate, without any retroactive changes
to discourage investment.
 OPPORTUNITIES

It is the economies of scale of the industry across the EU that will

drive production costs down and keep the industry globally
competitive.

Renewable energy industries has a great potential for creating jobs,

for equipment manufacturers, installers, technicians, builders and
engineers.

The industry currently employs over 1.5 million people and by 2020
could employ nearly 3 million more, according to latest studies.
 ROMANIA – General Information I

 Population 21.59 mil.

 Territory Surface 238,391 km2

 Gross Domestic Product 2007 121,267 bil. Euro

 Growth rate 2007 6.0 %

 Structure of the Economy

 Industry 23.5 %
 Agriculture 6.6 %
 Commerce & Services 69.9 %
ROMANIA – General Information II
ROMANIA – General Information III
ROMANIA – General Information IV
THE CHALLENGE
 ROMANIA – Potential on RES I

 Solar energy:
 60 PJ thermal

 1,2 TWh electric

 Wind: 23 TWh

 Hydro:
 36 TWh
 3,6 TWh (of which under 10 MW)

 Biomass & biogas: 318 PJ

 Geothermal: 7 PJ
 ROMANIA - 2020

Ponderea energiei din surse regenerabile în consumul final brut de energie, 2005
(S2005): 17,8 %
Obiectivul privind ponderea energiei din surse regenerabile în consumul final brut de
energie, 2020: 24 %
Consumul total ajustat de energie preconizat pentru 2020: 30278 ktep
Cantitatea preconizată de energie din surse regenerabile corespunzătoare obiectivului
pentru 2020: 7267 ktep
Potentialul energetic al SRE din Romania este estimat la 14718 ktep. Acest potential
nu tine cont de restrictiile economice, de mediu si de piaţă. Pentru a indeplini tinta
stabilita prin Directiva 2009/28/CE pentru anul 2020, Romania va trebui sa valorifice
50% din valoarea acestui potential, ceea ce va implica un efort investitional consistent.
Conform celor precizate in documentul previzional, Romania considera ca va putea
realiza la limita obiectivul global stabilit fara sa faca apel la transfer din alte state
membre, dar si fără posibilitatea de a realiza transferuri statistice către alte state
membre.

Planul Naţional de Acţiune în Domeniul Energiei din Surse Regenerabile (PNAER) 2010
 DOBROGEA REGION

Total surface: 1,557 kha

Farming land: 931.5 kha

Forests: 128.3 kha

Inland water surface: 396.8 kha

Shore line: 245 km

Total cereals: 1,166 mt/year

PROTECTED AREAS
SOIL DEGRADATION
ASSESSMENT PHASES
ASSESSMENT PHASES
 RES POTENTIAL

• Theoretical potential: The highest level of potential is the theoretical potential.

This potential only takes into account restrictions with respect to natural and
climatic parameters.
• Geographical potential: Most renewable energy sources have geographical
restrictions, e.g. land use land cover that reduce the theoretical potential. The
geographical potential is the theoretical potential limited by the resources at
geographical locations that are suitable.
• Technical potential: The geographical potential is further reduced due to
technical limitations as conversion efficiencies, resulting in the technical
potential.
• Economic potential: The economic potential is the technical potential at cost
levels considered competitive.
• Market potential: The market potential is the total amount of renewable energy
that can be implementation in the market taking into account the demand for
energy, the competing technologies, the costs and subsidies of renewable energy
sources, and the barriers.
RES POTENTIAL
THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

• Provisioning services
food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices
water
minerals (including diatomite)
pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products
energy (hydropower, biomass fuels)
• Regulating services
carbon sequestration and climate regulation
waste decomposition and detoxification
purification of water and air
crop pollination
pest and disease control
• Supporting services
nutrient dispersal and cycling
seed dispersal
Primary production
• Cultural services
cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration
recreational experiences (including ecotourism)
scientific discovery
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
A POSSIBLE METHODOLOGY
 ENGINEERING EDUCATION

Education is the instruction of the intellect in the

laws of nature, under which I include not merely
things and their forces, but men and their ways, and a
fashioning of the affections and of the will into an
earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with
these laws.
Thomas Henry Huxley, 1868
Va multumesc pentru atentie!

si astept comentariile dvs. la adresa:

emamut@univ-ovidius.ro