1 • Ok, Good Morning everyone, Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb..

• My name is Zaky and i'm one of a lecturer candidate of Pertamina University

• Today i’d like to be talking about my expertise in Fischer Tropsch Technology and see..how somewhere in the near
future it's gonna help us deals with our nation problem in fuel oil import.
• I'll begin by outlining the FTS Technology, then I'll go on to highlight what this technology can offer, and finally i'll
discuss what can we take a part in develop this technology
2 • Acording to the Indonesia Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, fuel oil imports are projected to have
reached 71.8% of the total demand, or around 2.5 times the national fuel production
• Indonesia actually has potential resources such as coal, natural gas, and biomass that hasn’t been utilized
optimally
• One of the major problems faced related to the utilization of these resources is the conversion technology
• And through the conversion of initial resources into syngas, we can address the overall issue using Fischer-Tropsch
Process
3 • FTS is a catalytic process in which syngas or mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid
hydrocarbons
• Well, this process are often found to yield a wide-range of hydrocarbon distribution from methane to heavy wax
products.
• Right now, It’s still difficult to obtain specific range of hydrocarbon
• In order to narrowing the range of hydrocarbon product we need to develop LTFT technology
• This process has many advantages. Besides of having low operating conditions (it’s means very feasible to do), this
process often produces middle destilate to heavy wax products
• so we can still use our refinery infrastructure
• In order to develop LTFT technology, we have to first develop the catalyst.
• The main goals of catalyst development is high syngas conversion and high product selectivity towards heavy wax
products C5+
4. • For those who doesn't quite familiar with catalyst, let me give a briefing introduction on Catalyst
• Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of the reaction, without being substantially consumed in the process
• How it works, the catalyst changes the reaction path by lowering its activation energy and consequently the
catalyst increases the rate of reaction.
• Catalyst is consist of 3 component, active metal, promoter, and support.
• Catalyst can be prepared by impregnation, coprecipitation, and sol gel method
5 • Next, Let me go back into some more detail about how to develop the catalyst
• 1st. We use pretreatment method to modify the γ-Al2O3 support, the pore size of the support would expand, then
the the activity and selectivity for C5+ formation increased. It apears that the pore size of the support playing role
as a template for Co particle size formation.
• We could use this techniques In order to get desired Co particle size.
6 • 2nd. We use promoter addition, Cu and K.
• Promotion of support pretreatment-modified catalyst with Cu and K promoter have similar effects.
• Addition of low loadings of both promoter enhances the CO conversion and the selectivity of C5+, compare to the
standard Co. while the further addition will actually give negative effects.
• The only difference is that the decline and the rise in the selectivity of C 1 and of C5+ respectively, are much more
pronounced in K promoter, while the rise in CO conversion more pronounced in Cu promoter.
• The incerased activity due to the ease of reduction that arise from formation of Co particle size above 6 nm.
• While high yields of C5+ hydrocarbon arise due to suppression of cracking properties.
•
• Further characterization using TPD reveals that the surface acid amount was decreased
• So our next research topic is, the catalytic performance of the catalyst, is possibly influenced by the surface acidity
properties
7 • Catalytic activity test was carried out in a tubular fixed-bed reactor (O.D. = 20 mm) with a catalyst of 1 g.
• Prior to the reaction, the catalyst was reduced in a flow of H2 (90 NTP ml/min) at 400oC.
• After the reduction is completed, the catalyst was then cooled down to 250oC in flowing H2, slowly pressurized to
the reaction pressure of 20 bar, switched to syngas (molar ratio of H2/CO = 2 : 1), then the feed gas flow rate was
adjusted to 25 ml/min.
• The gas phase sample at input and output points were taken every 1 hour and analyzed using a gas chromatograph
(GC)
8. • Next, to ensure that there are no diffusion barriers in the catalytic activity test, a diffusion limitation test was
carried out.
• The external diffusion limitation test is carried out by varying the linear flow rate at a fixed residence time.
• While The internal diffusion limitation test is carried out by varying the catalyst particle size at a linear flow rate
which has free external diffusion limitation.
• Data was taken at Q > 25 mL/min with particle size between 30 – 50 mesh”
9 • This is the calculation methods
10 • Fischer-Tropsch product consist of 2 type, wich is light hydrocarbon and heavy hydrocarbon
• Briefly, from chromatogram there are more than C21+ , 42 precisely C carbon that identified
11 • After impregnation of the cobalt species on the modified support, the pore diameter were slightly decreased, but
the surface area and pore volume were increased, suggests that some external pore formation has occurred.
• Further promotion with Cu promoter increased the surface area, pore volume and pore diameter as compared
with those of the unpromoted modified catalyst. The most probable interpretation of this phenomenon is again
related to the external pore formation.
• On the other side, promotion with K promoter has a drastic reverse effect, suggest that some massive pore
blockage and collapse phenomenon.
12 • From XRD diffractogram there are two compound that can be identified, there are gamma alumina and cobalt
oxide
• Co species all existed in the form of Co3O4 crystalline phase, no diffraction peak of CoO, Cobalt aluminate or other
Co species were found.
• The particle size of Co3O4 is calculated by using the X-ray line broadening method with the help of Debye-Scherrer
equation. While the particle size of cobalt, is estimated using Schanke equation with consideration of changes in
molar volume occurring during Co3O4 transition to Coo.
• average cobalt particle size (dp Co) obtained is in the range of 8.6-11 nm.
• Which can be considered as a suitable particle size that will bring a positive synergy
13 • The surface acidity of catalyst was examined by NH3-TPD
• From the picture on the left, There are two desorption peak observed, the low temperature is assigned to weak
acidic sites (below 300 oC) and the high temperature (above 400 oC) to strong acidic sites.
• The catalytic performance of the catalyst, especially the product distribution is possibly influenced by surface
acidity properties as a result of suppression of cracking properties.
• it was observed that almost all of the surface acidity of prepared catalysts are expected to have a beneficial effects
on activity since there are shifts in both desorption peak to the lower temperature.
• that support pretreatment with NH4NO3 solution decrease the catalyst relative acidity.
• Promotion with Cu promoter increased the relative acidity, while promotion with K promoter decreased the
relative acidity as compared with those of the unpromoted support pretreatment-modified catalyst.
14 •