1Q. What is fluid?

Ans: It is a substance which deforms continuously for a small amount of shear force also whereas
solids cannot deform with a small amount of shear force and thereby they can’t come under fluids.
2Q. What is the density?
Ans: It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the substance to the volume of the substance. It is
denoted by ρ.
ρ =m/v Units = Kg/m3

8Q. What is Newtonian fluid?

Ans: The fluid which follows Newtonian equation is called as the Newtonian fluid and which does
not follow is called non-Newtonian fluid.
Newtonian Equation(τ) = µ(du/dy) = µ(dv/dy)
9Q. What is surface tension?
Ans: It is the property of the liquid surface film to exert tension. It is the force required to maintain
unit length in equilibrium and it is represented by σ.

13Q.What is Steady flow?

Ans: If all the properties do not change with respect to time then the flow is said to be a steady
flow. I.e. ∂P/∂t = 0.
14Q.What is unsteady flow?
Ans: If even a single parameter changes with respect to time then the flow becomes an unsteady
flow. I.e. ∂P/∂t ≠0.
15Q.What is Rotational or Irrotational flow?
If the fluid particles rotate about their mass center while moving forward the flow is said to be a
rotational flow otherwise it is irrotational flow.
16Q.What is the Path line?
Ans. It is a line traced by a single particle over its entire journey is called a path line.
Ex. Observing only one particle direction throughout the flow.
17Q.What is the streak line?
Ans. The instantaneous picture of the position of all the particles at any instant of time is called a
streak line. Ex. Rocket Propulsion, cigarette smoke etc.
18Q.What is the continuity equation?
Ans: It depends upon conservation of mass and it is defined as the mass flow rate at entering of
the cross section is equal to the mass flow rate at the exit.
Continuity equation: A1V1 = A2V2
19Q.What is Vorticity?
Ans: It is defined as the ratio of Circulation to Area of Cross section.
Vorticity = Circulation / Area
As, Circulation = 2x Wz x Area
Therefore, Vorticity = [ 2 x Wz x Area]/Area
Vorticity = 2 x Wz
22Q. What are the instruments used to measure the discharge, velocity, specific gravity
and humidity?
Ans.
 Venturi meter, Rotameter, and Orifice meter were used to measure the Flow rate or
discharge.
 Pitot tube and the Current meter is used to measure the velocity of the flowing liquid.
 Hotwire Anemometer is used to measure the turbulent velocity fluctuations in the fluid.
 The hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity.
 A hygrometer is used to measure the humidity.
23Q.What is the hammering effect?
Ans. During valve closure, the momentum of flowing fluid will get disturbed and a pressure wave
will generate and travels in an opposite direction with acoustic speed(C) with an audible
sound(knocking)by hitting the walls called as Hammering effect.
24Q.What is the Archimedes principle?
Ans. Whenever an object was immersed either completely or partially, it will be lifted up by a
buoyant force (FB)whose magnitude will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body
called as Archimedes principle.
The FB acts vertically upward through the centre of buoyancy. The centre of buoyancy is a centre
of gravity for displaced volume.
T = FB - W
25Q.What is the boundary layer zone?
Ans. Whenever a real fluid flow over a solid boundary and because of no-slip condition, the fluid
particle will get stick to the boundary. Hence the velocity of a particle will be equal to the velocity of
a boundary.
If the object is at rest, the fluid particle velocity near the boundary will be zero and it is the Greater
distance in a normal direction. The fluid particle velocity keeps on increasing and reaches a
maximum value at a distance of ∂. This zone where velocity gradient exists is the boundary layer
zone.

29Q.What is Velocity head?

Ans. It is the difference between Total energy line and Hydraulic gradient line.
Velocity head = Total energy line ~ Hydraulic gradient line
V2/2g = (Z + (P/ρg ) + V2/2g) ~ (Z + (P/ρg )