Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person the validity of a premise to a

characteristic or belief of the person

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing (Logic and
advocating the premise.
Fallacies)
 Appeal to force (Argumentum ad
Deductive Reasoning is the process of making a Baculum) an argument where force,
logical argument by applying known facts, coercion, or the threat of force is given
definitions, properties and the laws of logic. as a justification for a conclusion.
 False Cause (Post hoc ergo propter hoc)
If then statements are typically used in
since that event followed this one, the
deductive reasoning.
event must have been caused by this
 If something is true something else one. This fallacy is also referred as
must be true. coincidental correlation or correlation
 The “If” part of the statement is the not causation
hypothesis.  Slippery Slope – once event occurs,
 The “then” part is the conclusion. other related events will follow, and
this will eventually lead to undesirable
Inductive Reasoning – is a method of reasoning consequences.
in which the premises are viewed as supplying Key questions:
some evidence for the truth of conclusion; it is 1. Claimed effects really that bad?
based from observations in order to make 2. Claimed effects likely to follow?
generalizations. 3. Costs out weigh the benefits?
 Red Herring Fallacy – Occurs when
something is introduced to an argument
Fallacy – is a defect in an argument other than that misleads or distracts from the
it having false premises. relevant issue.
 Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad
Misericordiam) a specific kind of appeal
to emotion in which someone tries to
win support for an argument or idea by
exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings
of pity or guilty.
 Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad
Ignorantium) Whatever has not been
proved false must be true, and vice
versa.
 Composition – This infers that
something is true of the whole from the
fact that it is true of some part of the
whole.
 Division – One reasons logically that
something true of a thing must also be
true of all or some of its part.
 Against the Person (Argumentum ad
Hominem) this fallacy attempts to link