Rotating Machinery Analysis

Seminar

SENSORS
AND
INSTRUMENTATION

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 1
 Vibration Transducers
Most Commonly used Vibration Transducers
 Acceleration (Force)
 Velocity (Energy)
 Displacement (Motion)
Others
 Strain Gauges (Force)
 LVDT’s (Motion)

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 2
 Transducer Summary

Transducer Measurement Application Applicable Vibration

Frequency Range
Proximity Probe Non-Contacting Relative motion 0 Hz (DC) – 1000 Hz
Displacement between Shaft &
Casing. Radial Shaft
Vibration, Axial
Position, Rotor/Case
Expansion
Velocity Transducer Absolute Velocity General Machine 10 Hz – 1000 Hz
(Shaft & Casing) condition in medium
frequency range.
Acceleration Absolute Acceleration General Machinery Above 1000 Hz
Transducer condition in medium
and high Frequency
range. Casing
Vibration

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 3
 Eddy Current
Displacement Transducer
• Invented by Mr. Donald E. Bently
• First used on rotating machinery by Dresser-
Clark
• Used to measure:
– Shaft Radial Vibration
– Shaft Axial (Thrust) position
– Phase Angle (Reference Marker)
– Differential Expansion (between rotor and casing)

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 4
 How does it work?
Large Gap = Less Eddy Currents = Less Load = Higher Output

+
RF SIGNAL 0

-
Small Gap = More Eddy Currents = More Load = Lower Output

+
RF SIGNAL 0

-
Changing Gap = Varying Eddy Currents = Varying Load = Changing Output

+
RF SIGNAL 0

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 5
 How does it work?

O
GAP 1 U
T
c P
o U
l T
l rotor
a 1
r V
O
L
T
AXIAL POSITION A
G
Rotor in middle
E
of bearing
1
clearance
GAP
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 6
 How does it work?

O
GAP 2 U
T
c P2
o U
l T
l rotor
a 1
r V
O
L
T
AXIAL POSITION A
G
Rotor on extreme end
E
of bearing clearance 2
1
GAP
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 7
 How does it work?

O
GAP 3 U
T
c P2
o U
l T
l rotor
a 1
r V
O 3
L
T Thrust
A Bearing
AXIAL POSITION
G clearance
Rotor on other extreme
E
end of bearing clearance
3 1 2
GAP
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 8
 How does it work?

O
12345 U
T
GAP P 2
U
T 5
1 3
V
O
4 5
L
T 4
A 3
G
RADIAL VIBRATION 2
E
1
GAP
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 9
 How does it work?
2
O
GAP 1 U
T
GAP 2 P
U
T
1
V
O
L
T
A
G
PHASE REFERENCE
E
1 2
GAP > 2mm
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 10
 How does it work?
Pulse is our
reference to the
shaft.

1 shaft
revolution
360 degrees
of rotation
PHASE REFERENCE

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 11
 Velocity (Seismic) Transducer
• The first real transducer
used for vibration Springs

measurements
• Original design is self-
Magnet
generating.
• Newer Velocity Coil
Transducers are usually
Accelerometers with
internal integration.

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 12
 How does it work?
Coil is suspended with springs.
Permanent Magnet is fixed to the
Springs
case surrounded my magnet field
Transducer case is mounted on
vibrating surface
Magnet
Transducer case, including
permanent magnet moves with
vibrating surface. Coil
Springs absorb vibration so that coil
stands still.
Coil moving through a magnetic field
generates a current (EMF)
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 13
 Acceleration Transducer
• Various designs exist.
Example is shear design <
< >
>
<
< >
>
< >
• See simulation for <
< >
>

construction
• Principle of operation is
force.
• Piezo-Electric crystal
(yellow) provides load
output relative to force
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 14
 Advantages/Disadvantages
Transducer System Advantages
Proximity Probe System • Measure shaft (source of
vibration)
• Frequency response down
to 0 Hz (DC) for shaft
position
• Easy calibration check
Velocity Transducer • Strong output in mid-
frequency range.
• Good for general purpose
measurements
Acceleration Transducer • Good response at high
frequency
• Extended range of
temperatures
• Simple external operation
RMAC_Xdcrs
Disadvantages
• Sensitive to shaft surface
conditions (runout).
• Not good for high
frequency problems
• Moving parts (old design)
• Difficult to check
calibration
• Integral Electronics
susceptible to temperature
• Difficult to check
calibration
• Susceptible to noise &
spurious vibrations
• Often filtering is required
Slide 15
 Transducer Selection
 What do you want to measure? (D, V or A)
 What are frequencies of interest?
 Some example frequency spans
 Shaft Vibration 10 X RPM
 Gearbox 3 X GM
 Rolling Element Bearing 10 X BPFI
 Pump 3 X VP
 Motor 3 X 2LF
 Fan 3 X BP
 Also consider location, space, environment,
Casing/Rotor Weight Ratio

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 16
 Vibration Measurement
Instrumentation
Vibration Measurement Systems
Description Capabilities
1 Meter (e.g. multi-meter) Overall vibration amplitude peak average
or rms
2 Oscilloscope Overall vibration amplitude and frequency,
Orbit (X vs Y), position
3 Tracking Filter Bode (amplitude and Phase vs speed) and
Polar (amplitude vs phase) plots, DC Gap,
filtered amplitude and phase
4 FFT (or Spectrum) Analyzer Average or instantaneous spectrum and
time waveform for selected frequency
span, transfer and coherence function
5 Data Logger Data Acquisition, limited channels (1 or 2),
spectrum/timebase analysis, data storage,
trending and display
6 Multi-channel Digital Signal Virtually any kind of plot and measurement
Analyzers with transient data storage capabilities
RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 17
 CAUTION
• Different instruments process data in different
ways. Sometimes comparison is not easy!
• Elements that can affect data readings are:
– Instrument amplitude resolution or Dynamic Range
– Filtering. Either build-in filtering or instrument limitations
– Data Sampling
– Windowing
– Analog to Digital Conversion

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 18
Questions?

RMAC_Xdcrs Slide 19