2. An electric current j = x̂j0 cos ky flows in the half-space z < 0.

Find the magnetic field in

the whole space
4π
∆A = j; ∇ · A = 0. (1)
c
Given that the current is directed in the x direction, one can choose A = (Ax , 0, 0). Then the
Coulomb condition yields ∂A
∂x
x
= 0. Now we have
{
∂ 2 Ax ∂ 2 Ax 0 z > 0;
+ = 4π (2)
∂y 2 ∂z 2 j
c 0
cos ky; z < 0.

Separation of variables at z > 0: Ax = ψ(y)f (z)

ψ ′′ f ′′
+ = 0; (3)
ψ f

ψ = cos(k1 y + ϕ); f = C1 ek1 z + C2 e−k1 z . (4)

we are looking for a finite solution therefore C1 = 0.
z < 0: Ax = Ψ(y)F (z); ΨF ′′ + F Ψ′′ = 4π j cos ky;
c 0

4π
Ψ = cos ky; F ′′ − k 2 F = j0 . (5)
c
The finite solution is
4πj0
F = + C3 ekz . (6)
ck 2
Continuity of the vector potential, Ax (z = +0) = Ax (z = −0) yields k1 = k, ϕ = 0 and
4πj0
C2 = + C3 . (7)
ck 2
The magnetic field
 
 x̂ ŷ ẑ  {
  C2 k (−ŷ cos ky + ẑ sin ky) e−kz ; ) z>0
B =  0 ∂
∂y
∂ 
∂z  = kz
( 4πj kz (8)
 Ax 0 0 
0
C3 kŷ cos kye + ẑk ck2 + C3 e sin ky; z < 0.

There is no surface currents in the system therefore By (z = +0) = By (z = −0), which yields

C3 = −C2 . (9)

Now one finds from eqs (7) and (9) that C2 = −C3 = 2πjck2
0
. Finally
{
2πj0 (−ŷ cos ky + ẑ sin ky)
( e−kz ;) z>0
B= (10)
ck −ŷ cos kye + ẑk 2 − e sin ky; z < 0.
kz kz

1
 3. At t = 0, a constant current is suddenly established in a long, straight wire (so that the
current is I = I0 at t > 0 and zero otherwise). Find the electric and magnetic fields in the space.
∫ ∫
1 j(r′ , t′ )d3 r′ 1 I(t′ )dz ′
A(r, t) = = ẑ . (11)
c |r − r′ | c |r − r′ |
1 1 √ ′2
t′ = t − |r − r′ | = t − z + r2 . (12)
c c
For given t and r, the retarded time is positive,t′ > 0, (and therefore I(t′ ) is nonzero and equal to
I0 ) at z ′2 < c2 t2 − r2 . Therefore A = B = E = 0 at r > ct. At r < ct, one finds
∫ √c2 t2 −r2 ′ ∫ √c2 t2 −r2 ′ ∫ √(ct/r)2 −1
I0 dz 2I0 dz 2I0 ds
A = ẑ √ √ = ẑ √ = ẑ √ . (13)
c ′2
z +r 2 c ′2
z +r 2 c s2 + 1
− c2 t2 −r2 0 0
( )
1 ∂A 2I0 1 ∂√ 2I0
E=− = − 2 ẑ √ (ct/r)2 − 1 = −ẑ √ . (14)
c ∂t c s2 + 1 s2 =(ct/r)2 −1 ∂t c c2 t2 − r2

∫ √(ct/r)2 −1
2I0 ∂ ds
B = ∇ × A = r̂ × ẑ √ = (15)
c ∂r 0 s2 + 1
( )
1 ∂√ 2I0 t
−ϕ̂ √ (ct/r)2 − 1 = ϕ̂ √ . (16)
s2 + 1 s2 =(ct/r)2 −1 ∂r r c2 t2 − r2

2
 4. The electric charge, Q, is homogeneously distributed within a spherical volume of the radius
R. At the surface of the volume, the charge −Q is distributed so that there is no electric field
outside the volume. A nonrelativistic electron with the energy E0 crosses the volume along the
diameter. Find the angular distribution of the emitted radiation, the total energy emitted and the
spectrum of the emission.
The electric field inside the sphere is found from the Gauss law:
4π 3 3Q
4πr2 E = 4π r ; ρ= . (17)
3 4πr3
Q
E= r (18)
R3
The electron motion:
eQ
me ẍ + x = 0; (19)
R3
√
eQ
x = A sin ω0 t; ω= . (20)
me R 3
The electron remains within the sphere at −t0 < t < t0 , where t0 is found from

R = A sin ω0 t0 . (21)

The initial condition, E0 = me

2
[v(t0 )]2 is written as E0 = me 2 2
2
ω0 A cos2 ω0 t0 = 2
ω0 A [1 − (R/A)2 ],
me 2 2

which yields
2E0 2E0 R3
A2 = R2 + = R 2
+ . (22)
me ω02 eQ
Radiation. p = −exx̂ = −eA sin ω0 tx̂; the electric field of the wave in emitted in the direction
n is
1 eAω 2
E = 2 [p̈ × n] × n = 2 0 sin ω0 tn × [x̂ × n]. (23)
cR cR
The Poynting flux is

E2 e2 A2 ω04 e2 A2 ω04
S= c= 3 2
sin 2
ω0 t [x̂ − n(n · x̂)]2
= 3 2
sin2 ω0 t sin2 θ (24)
4π 4πc R 4πc R
Now the radiation power in the direction n is

dP e2 A2 ω04
= R2 S = sin2 ω0 t sin2 θ. (25)
dΩ 4πc3
The total emitted energy is
∫ ∫ t0 ∫ ( )
dP 2e2 A2 ω04 t0 2e2 A2 ω04 sin ω0 t0
E = dΩ dt = 2
sin ω0 tdt = t0 − . (26)
−t0 dΩ 3c3 −t0 3c3 ω0

Spectrum. According to Parseval’s equation,

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2e2 ∞ 2 2e2 ∞ 2 dω 2e2 ∞ dω
E = P dt = 3 a dt = 3 |aω | = 3 |aω |2 (27)
3c −∞ 3c −∞ 2π 3c 0 π

3
therefore the spectrum distribution is presented as

2e2
Pω = |aω |2 , (28)
3πc3
where ∫ ∞ ∫ t0 ∫ t0
aω = iωt
ae dt = −Aω02 sin ω0 teiωt
dt = −Aω02 i sin ω0 t sin ωtdt (29)
−∞ −t0 −t0
[ ]
sin(ω − ω0 )t0 sin(ω + ω0 )t0
= −Aω02 i − . (30)
ω − ω0 ω + ω0
Now one gets finally  
2e2 ω04 A2  sin(ω − ω0 )t0 sin(ω + ω0 )t0 2
Pω =  −  (31)
3πc3  ω − ω0 ω + ω0