Grade 11/12

Oral Communication in Context

Topic/ Lesson Name
Nature and Elements of Communication
Content Standard
The learner understands the nature and elements of oral communication in context.
Performance Standard
The learner designs and performs effective controlled and uncontrolled oral communication
activities based on context.
Learning Competency
The learner...
1. differentiates various models of communication (EN11/12OC-Ia-3)
2. distinguishes the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other. (EN11/12OC-
Ia-4)
Specific Competency
The learner...
identifies the three models of communication in context
differentiates the models of communication by its use through various activities
appreciates the importance of communication through application.

Time Allotment
2 hours and 30 minutes.
Introduction
Review
Distribute strips of paper containing the names of the elements in the communication process. The teacher will
ask from the class a volunteer to present the communication diagram.

Communication is a two-way process which helps people understand each other.

It has the following elements: Sender which is responsible for encoding the message, the channel where the
message goes through, the receiver who will then decode the message and will then provide a response. Sometimes
there will be barriers/noise that will make the communication difficult. The communication process
Instructional Delivery
A. Activity
1. Group the class into five groups and distribute task cards to students.
2. They will answer one question after their performance: what’s missing?

Group 1
Make a tableau of a family whose attention is only on watching television, one person taps the tv for poor
reception.
(There is no response from the receiver./ The reaction of the receiver is limited to himself and does not reach back
the sender.)

Group 2
Present a pantomime of a teacher discussing with students.
(Elements are complete)

Group 3
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Sing the chorus of the song “Hello” by Adelle.
“Hello from the other side
I must have called a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home
Hello from the outside
At least I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry for breaking your heart
But it don't matter. It clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore”
(The response was not made because the supposed receiver did not accept the message/ignored the message.)

Group 4
Role Playing
Pretend that you are students asking your teacher.
(Elements are complete)

Group 5
Pretend that you are a giving a eulogy to a dead person.

B. Analysis
The teacher will post models of communication on the board and will ask the following questions to the students.
1. Group 1 and 3
1.1 What is the element of communication that is not found in your given scenario?
-Response.
1.2 Was the family able to give the appropriate response to the news they were watching on tv and give the
response to the speaker? Why?
-No. Because given the poor channel, they would not be able to give appropriate reactions.
1.3 Why was the person referred to the persona in the song, unable to provide a response?
-Because he is ignoring the person.
1.4 Among the three models presented on the board, what is appropriate for your given scenario?

-Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) Linear Model

The most well-known and influential formal model of communication, developed in 1949 by
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver ( see communication models). It is a transmission model
consisting of five elements: an information source, which produces a message; a transmitter, which
encodes the message into signals; a channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission; a
receiver, which decodes (reconstructs) the message from the signal; a destination, where the
message arrives. A sixth element, noise, is a dysfunctional factor: any interference with the
message travelling along the channel (such as static on the telephone or radio) which may lead to
the signal received being different from that sent. For the telephone the channel is a wire, the
signal is an electrical current in it, and the transmitter and receiver are the telephone handsets.
Noise would include crackling from the wire. In face-to-face conversation, my mouth is the
transmitter, the signal is the sound waves, and your ear is the receiver; noise would include any
distraction you might experience as I speak. It is a very linear model; unlike later models it do wes
not even include a feedback loop. Shannon and Weaver were mathematicians, and Shannon worked
for Bell Telephone Laboratories. This work proved valuable for communication engineers in dealing
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with such issues as the capacity of various communication channels in bits per second, thus
contributing to computer science. It led to very useful work on redundancy in language, and in
making information measurable it gave birth to the mathematical study of information theory.
Consequently it is hardly surprising that Shannon and Weaver's model is information-centered
rather than meaning-centred, but this points to its limitations as a general model of human
communication.
2. Group 2
2.1 What makes your conversation different from group 1 and group 3?
Elements are complete. There is a response.
2.2 What makes the teacher and the student interact with each other?
The experiences they share, what the teacher knows, the student understands.
2.3 Among the three models presented on the board, what is appropriate for your given scenario?
Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009) Interactive Model

Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of
things are communicated), source / emissor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form),
channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver.
Wilbur Schramm (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has
(both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. [5] Between parties, communication
includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask
questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The
form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and
form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person
or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
3. Group 4
3.1 Why does the Security Guard repeatedly say the greetings to different kinds of costumers?
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Because it is his job.
3.2 What would be their kind of communication?
Transactional Model
Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver
where each take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both "sender" and "receiver" are known
as "communicators" and their role reverses each time in the communication process as both
processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
The communicators can be humans or machines but humans are taken as communicators in this
article to analyze general communication between humans. The model is mostly used for
interpersonal communication and is also called circular model of communication.

Transactional Model Concept & Example

Transactional model is the process of continuous change and transformation where every
component is changing such as the people, their environments and the medium used. Due to this, it
assumes the communicators to be independent and act any way they want. Since both sender and
receiver are necessary to keep the communication alive in transactional model, the communicators
are also interdependent to each other. For example, transactional communication is not possible if
the receiver is not listening to sender.
The transactional model is the most general model of communication. Everyday talk and
interactions are also a form of transactional model communication. It is more efficient for
communicators with similar environment and individual aspects. For instance, communication
between people who know each other is more efficient as they share same social system.
In transactional model, efficiency and reliability of communicated message also depends on the
medium used. For example, the same message might not be perceived by a person the same way
when it is send through a phone and when it is provided face to face. It is because of possible loss
of message on a phone call or absence of gestures.

4. Group 5
4.1 What are the visible elements in the communication process?
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Oral Communication in Context
Speaker, message, audience
4.2 What is the model used?
Aristotlelian Model

Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass communication model called “Aristotle’s
Model of Communication”. He proposed model before 300 B.C who found the importance of
audience role in communication chain in his communication model. This model is more focused on
public speaking than interpersonal communication.
Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5 basic elements
(i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Occasion, (iv) Audience and (v) Effect.
Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time (occasion) and for
different effects.

Speaker plays an important role in Public speaking. The speaker must prepare his speech and
analysis audience needs before he enters into the stage. His words should influence in audience
mind and persuade their thoughts towards him.
Example:
Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war field to defeat Persian Empire.
Speaker – Alexander
Speech – about his invasion
Occasion – War field
Audience – Soldiers
Effect – To defeat Persia

C. Abstraction

How does the uniqueness of each model reveal about the process of communication?
Why is there a need to learn these models?
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Oral Communication in Context
How does it benefit you as a student?
Practice
1. Each group must select one model of communication.
2. They will present how each of the model works in daily life situations.
Evaluation
Given the table, segregate the words that describes the model of communication. Copy the table on a one half
crosswise. Place each word in the category where they should belong, one word can be placed into two categories.

Shannon-Weaver Schramm Transactional Aristotlelian

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

One-way speaker only speaks continuous and changing

interdependent speaker never listens
Provides feedback Simultaneous taking turns noise affects
communication experience affects communication dynamic process no feedback speaker
listens

Enrichment
Using the models described in this topic, analyze the communication that takes place in your
family. Which model best reflects the communication between family members?
Present your analysis to the class when you next meet. You may want to show pictures of your
family members when you make your presentation.
Resources/ Materials
A. References:
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html A Mathematical Theory of
Communicationhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=620293
http://communicationtheory.org/aristotle%E2%80%99s-communication-model/
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/transactional-model-communication

B. Materials:
Metacards
Visual aid