HowToModel A Battery Final

Towards
competitive European batteries
GC.NMP.2013-‐1 Grant. 608936

2020
How to model a battery,

is a source and a resistor enough?
J.-M. Timmermans, R. Gopalakrishnan, O. Capron, A. Nikolian, J. De Hoog,
T. Coosemans, N. Omar, J. Van Mierlo
Workshop EPE Conference – Geneva (Switzerland)

9th of September 2015 1
INDEX
1. Why baOery modeling?
2. Different kinds of baOery models
3. CharacterisaSon of baOeries
4. Modelling and use of esSmaSon techniques
5. ValidaSon of baOery models

1. WHY BATTERY MODELLING?
3
Ø  Importance of Modelling:
q  Shorten development 6me of systems or components;

q  Faster and safe way to study of behaviour under various opera6ng
condi6ons;
q  Assessment of new applica6ons;
q  Development of efficient baAery management systems (BMS);
q  Development and/or op6misa6on of new baAery technologies;
q  Iden6fying opera6ng limits that allow to achieve best life6me for a certain
applica6on;

4
Ø  BaAery Management Systems:
q Making use of model based SoC-‐es6ma6on
Ø  AcSve BMS for Li-‐ion BaOery

Pack
Ø  Min. Voltage difference
between Cells
Ø  Fast balancing Sme
Ø  High Accuracy
Balanced baOery cells
Source: Doawd M., PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2014

5
2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF
BATTERY MODELS?
7
2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF BATTERY MODELS?
Ø  Different perspec6ves (physical domains) of modelling:
q  Electrical models;
q  Thermal models;
q  Electrochemical models;
q  Mechanical models…
q  Combina6ons or interdisciplinary models (e.g. electro-‐thermal modelling).
Ø  Different levels (length scales) of modelling:

q  System level;
q  Pack Level;
q  Stack and module level;
q  Full cell level;
q  Half cell level;
q  Material level.
Source: A. Franco, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 13027–13058
8
2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF BATTERY MODELS?
Ø  Different approaches or techniques of modelling:
q  Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models (ECM);
q  EIS models;
q  Mathema6cal models;
q  Empirical models;
q  Black-‐box models;
q  Physical based models.
Ø  Different 6me scales of the models:

q  Short term (par6al discharge – dynamic behaviour);
q  Medium term (complete charge – discharge);
q  Long term (mul6ple charges & discharges – complete life6me).
9
2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF BATTERY MODELS
Ø  Overview of models for BaAeries 2020:
10
Ø  BaAeries 2020 modelling ac6vi6es: Post-‐mortem

q Goals for model accuracy
WP4

Accelerate
d Ageing
Electrochemical
Thermal model Electrical model
model
LifeSme model
5
Experimental
4.5 Simulated
3.5
Cell Voltage [V]

2.5
1.5
Goal: ±5% error

0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
State of Charge [%]
WP6
Goal: ±3% error Goal: ±3% error Goal: ±4% error Valida6on
11
Ø  General Approach for baAery modelling:
12
3. CHARACTERISATION OF BATTERIES
13
Ø  BaAeries2020: “G1 cell” -‐ High Energy Pouch cell (20Ah)
q NMC against graphite (cathode/anode)
14
Ø  Dedicated characterisa6on tests used to determine parameters
describing the cell behaviour:
q  Depends on the kind of model (e.g. electrical model);
q  Standardised test methods;
q  Trade-‐off between tes6ng 6me and model accuracy/performance;
15
3. ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION
Ø  Electrical characterisa6on

16
Ø  Dedicated test equipment for electrical characterisa6on:
q  BaAery tester for programmable load profile
q  Climate chamber (humidity and temperature)
17
Ø  Typical flow chart for electrical characterisa6on:

1. Cell Precondi6oning
2. Capacity Test
3. OCV test
4. Power Test
(extended HPPC)
5. Energy Test (DDP)
18
3. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISATION
Ø  Capacity test of G1 cell: Electrical

characterisaSon
q Voltage versus discharge capacity (@ 25°C)
20
Ø  Advanced OCV test:
Task 5.1.
Electrical
characterisaSon
21
Ø  OCV test result:
q Voltage versus State of Charge
22
Ø  Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisa6on (HPPC) test
Electrical
q  HEV Power test according to IEC62660-‐1 characterisaSon
80
60
Apply several discharge
pulses of 10sec
40
20
Current (A)
30min rest time

0
-20 Decrease SoC Decrease SoC

by x% by x%
-40
Apply equal magnitude
-60 charge pulses of 10sec
-80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (minutes)
23
Ø  Advanced HPPC test
q  2% SoC steps between 100% -‐ 90% and 10% -‐ 0%
q  5% SoC steps between 90% and 10%
24
Ø  Electrochemical characterisa6on

25
q  Opening cells;
q  Post-‐mortem analysis.

26
q  Dedicated test equipment;
q  Use of glove box with Argon atmosphere;
q  Performing tests on EL cells at half cell level;
q  Electrochemical characterisa6on.
27

q  BaAery cell design (pouch cell format – folding type)
q  Dimensions and weights of the different layers:
§  nega6ve current collector, posi6ve current collector, nega6ve
electrode – anode, posi6ve Electrode – cathode, separator,
pouch/housing, electrolyte
q  Thickness of the different layers:
§  Nega6ve current collector, Posi6ve current collector, Nega6ve
Electrode – Anode, Posi6ve Electrode – Cathode, Separator
q  Composi6on of the different layers
§  Compounds, elemental
28
q  Physical characteris6cs of the different layers/parts:
§  Open Circuit Poten6al (OCP) of the posi6ve & nega6ve electrode
(charge and discharge);
§  Varia6on of OCP with temperature (entropy);
§  Solid phase conduc6vity of posi6ve and nega6ve electrodes &
current collectors;
§  Average par6cle radius electrode materials (ac6ve surface area);
§  volume frac6ons of solid phase, electrolyte phase & filler in the porous
electrode (porosity);
§  Li+ diffusion coefficient in electrodes and in electrolyte;
§  Maximum lithium ion concentra6on in solid phase of posi6ve & nega6ve
electrode;
§  Reac6on rate coefficient of posi6ve & nega6ve electrode;
§  Transference number;
§  Ini6al Electrolyte concentra6on.
29

Diffusion coefficient of Li+ in the electrodes (GITT)

1,0
D (relaSve to Dmax)

0,1
0,0
0,0
0,000 0,100 0,200 0,300 0,400 0,500 0,600 0,700
x in Li1-‐xNMC
Open Circuit Poten6al of electrodes

EL cell
Discharge
Charge
G1 cell
Entropy of the electrodes, Maximum lithium ion concentra6on with XRD
30
4. MODELLING & USE OF ESTIMATION
TECHNIQUES
31
4. ELECTRICAL MODELLING
Ø  Electrical Modelling
Rint Model 1st Order Model
2nd Order Model
32
Electrical Modelling
Ø  BaAery first-‐order equivalent circuit
q UOC: ideal voltage source that represents “open circuit” baAery voltage
q RO: BaAery internal “ohmic” resistance
q Rp: BaAery internal “polariza6on” resistance due to concentra6on
gradients
q Cp: Shunt capacitance in parallel
with Rth
q 𝜏: Polariza6on 6me constant
q 𝜏=Rp*Cp
q Ubat: BaAery terminal voltage
33
Ø  Electrical Modelling

q First order model is a good compromise between complexity and accuracy
q Use of electrical characterisa6on tests
BaAeries2020 objec6ve:
Develop model with error < ±3%
HPPC test
OCV
test
Opera&ng window of electrical model:

-‐ Opera&ng temperature: 0°C ! 45˚C
-‐ Current rates: 0.5C ! 2.5C
34
Ø  How to extract the parameters?

q Using voltage response from HPPC test:
Ro
Rp
tau
35
Ro Charge Ro Discharge
Development of
electrical model
Rp Charge Rp Discharge
36
4. MODELLING
Ø  Implementa6on of electrical model in Matlab® Simulink®

q Cell electrical model based on lookup tables
UOC Ubat = UOC – Ibat.RO – Ip. RP
RO
RP
tau
37
ELECTROCHEMICAL MODELLING
Ø  Electrochemical modelling

38
4. ELECTROCHEMICAL MODELLING
Ø  Electrochemical modelling:

q  Can be used to evaluate the change of the following parameters during
opera6on:
§  Cell Voltage evolu6on under specific load;
§  Li-‐ion or electrolyte salt consentra6on;
§  Electrolyte poten6al;
§  Current desity;
q  Can be used for evalua6ng the effect of the thickness of different layers;
q  Open Circuit Poten6al of electrodes is a key parameter => dedicated
experiments performed .
39
Ø  Electrochemical modelling:
q  Composing layers implemented in dedicated mul6physics modeling soyware COMSOL®
LiC6 LiPF6 LiMnxNiyCo(1-‐x-‐y)O2
Source: O. Capron, Master Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2013

40
Inputs Governing Outputs

EquaSons
•  1D specific •  Li-‐ion
electrochemical For Solid and Concentra6on
parameters: electrolyte phase evolu6on
(thickness •  Electrode
electrodes, Poten6al
density of ac6ve evolu6on
material, •  Electric charge •  Current density
conduc6vity of balance
•  State of charge
electrodes,..) •  Mass balance
•  Cell voltage
•  Load profile •  Electrochemical
evolu6on
(current) kine6cs
•  Maximum •  Energy balance
voltage/current
41
Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

q  Electrolyte salt concentra6on across the thickness of the baAery cell

42
Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

q  Cell voltage evolu6on at different constant current discharge rates

43
Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling:

Development of
q  Cell voltage evolu6on at different constant current discharge rates electrochemical model
44
5. VALIDATION OF BATTERY MODELS
45
Ø  Use of specific valida6on tests for model evalua6on:
q  Important step for evalua6ng the accuracy of the model;
q Test should be different from tests used for characterisa6on;
q Evalua6on of model performance at different (intermediate/combined)
test condi6ons.
46
Ø  Electrical model valida6on:
q  Use of the Dynamic Discharge Performance test (DDP test)
§  Test procedure
•  Applying charge and discharge current pulses up to cell is
completely discharged (IEC 62982-‐2)
•  Discharge behavior of EV
§  Test purposes
•  Cell Ah and Wh efficiency
•  Cell energy density
•  used for
model valida6on

47
q Result from the Dynamic Discharge Performance test (DDP test)
48
q Rint model
Dynamic Simula6on:
Ø  Can simulate the sta6c behavior (1st phase of graph Charge)
Ø  Difficult to cope with a dynamic test with high errors
Ø  Error: <+/-‐3% during 30% to 100% of the DDPT simula6on
49
q  1st order model (with advanced characterisa6on data)
Ø  Low SoC Errors.

Ø  Error: <+/-‐3% during 10% to 100% of the DDPT simula6on.
Ø  BeAer dynamic simula6on with advance characteriza6on data
50
q  2nd order model (with advanced characterisa6on data)
Ø  Error: <+/-‐2% in 0 – 100% SoC window

<+/-‐1% in 10% -‐ 100% SoC window
Ø  Good dynamic representa6on
Mid-‐term accuracy of the validated electrical models.
In brackets the SoC window in which the accuracy is less +/-‐ the value indicated.
NMC +/-‐3% error +/-‐1.5% error

Rint 30% -‐ 100% 0%
1st Order 15% -‐ 100% 25% -‐ 100%
1st Order
10% -‐ 100% 20% -‐ 100%
(adv. char.)
2nd Order
0% -‐ 100% 0% -‐ 100%
(adv. char.) Short Term accuracy
Bad
Fair
Good
DDPT dynamic Performance
52

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Towards

competitive European batteries

GC.NMP.2013-­‐1 Grant. 608936

How to model a battery,

Workshop EPE Conference – Geneva (Switzerland)

1. Why baOery modeling?

2. Diﬀerent kinds of baOery models

3. CharacterisaSon of baOeries

4. Modelling and use of esSmaSon techniques

5. ValidaSon of baOery models

q Shorten development 6me of systems or components;

Ø AcSve BMS for Li-­‐ion BaOery

Balanced baOery cells

Source: Doawd M., PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2014

Ø Diﬀerent levels (length scales) of modelling:

Ø Diﬀerent 6me scales of the models:

Ø Overview of models for BaAeries 2020:

Ø BaAeries 2020 modelling ac6vi6es: Post-­‐mortem

Cell Voltage [V]

Goal: ±5% error

Ø General Approach for baAery modelling:

5. Energy Test (DDP)

Ø Capacity test of G1 cell: Electrical

30min rest time

-20 Decrease SoC Decrease SoC

Diﬀusion coeﬃcient of Li+ in the electrodes (GITT)

D (relaSve to Dmax)

Open Circuit Poten6al of electrodes

Rint Model 1st Order Model

2nd Order Model

Ø Electrical Modelling

Opera&ng window of electrical model:

Ø How to extract the parameters?

Ø Implementa6on of electrical model in Matlab® Simulink®

UOC Ubat = UOC – Ibat.RO – Ip. RP

Ø Electrochemical modelling:

LiC6 LiPF6 LiMnxNiyCo(1-­‐x-­‐y)O2

Source: O. Capron, Master Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2013

Inputs Governing Outputs

Ø Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

Source: O. Capron, Master Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2013

Ø Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

Source: O. Capron, Master Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2013

Ø Results from Electrochemical modelling:

Ø Low SoC Errors.

Ø Error: <+/-­‐2% in 0 – 100% SoC window

NMC +/-­‐3% error +/-­‐1.5% error

Potrebbero piacerti anche

GC.NMP.2013-‐1 Grant. 608936

q  Shorten development 6me of systems or components;

Ø  AcSve BMS for Li-‐ion BaOery

Ø  Diﬀerent levels (length scales) of modelling:

Ø  Diﬀerent 6me scales of the models:

Ø  Overview of models for BaAeries 2020:

Ø  BaAeries 2020 modelling ac6vi6es: Post-‐mortem

Ø  General Approach for baAery modelling:

Ø  Capacity test of G1 cell: Electrical

Ø  Electrical Modelling

Ø  How to extract the parameters?

Ø  Implementa6on of electrical model in Matlab® Simulink®

Ø  Electrochemical modelling:

LiC6 LiPF6 LiMnxNiyCo(1-‐x-‐y)O2

Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling (LFP):

Ø  Results from Electrochemical modelling:

Ø  Low SoC Errors.

Ø  Error: <+/-‐2% in 0 – 100% SoC window

NMC +/-‐3% error +/-‐1.5% error