Dean’s Circle

2016
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW

Digested by: DC 2016 Members

Editors: Tricia Lacuesta

Lorenzo Luigi Gayya
Cristopher Reyes
Macky Siazon
Janine Arenas
Ninna Bonsol
Lloyd Javier

CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW 1
FIRST SEM CASES



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Table of Contents
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 2
THE STATE 3
STATE IMMUNITY 6
SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CHECKS AND BALANCES 15
DELEGATION OF POWERS 24
STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES 30
LEGISLATURE 42
PRESIDENCY 74
JUDICIARY 107
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS 131
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 136
COMMISSION ON ELECLTIONS 147
COMMISSION ON AUDIT 152
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS 157
AMENDMENTS AND REVISIONS 179

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PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

MANILA PRINCE HOTEL vs. GSIS, MANILA HOTEL CORPORATION, COMMITTEE ON

PRIVATIZATION, OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT CORPORATE COUNSEL

G.R. No. 122156, February 3, 1997, BELLOSILLO, J.

Adhering to the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, the subject constitutional provision is, as it should be,
impliedly written in the bidding rules issued by respondent GSIS, lest the bidding rules be nullified for being
violative of the Constitution.

Facts:

GSIS, pursuant to the privatization program of the Philippine Government decided to sell through public
bidding issued and outstanding shares of respondent Manila Hotel Corporation (MHC). Two bidders participated:
Manila Prince Hotel Corporation, a Filipino corporation, which offered to buy the shares at P41.58 per share, and
Renong Berhad, a Malaysian firm, which bid for the same number of shares at P44.00 per share.

Pending the declaration of Renong Berhard as the winning bidder/strategic partner and the execution of the
necessary contracts, Manila Prince matched the bid price of P44.00 per share. Perhaps apprehensive that GSIS has
disregarded the tender of the matching bid, Manila Prince came to the Supreme Court on prohibition and mandamus.

Issue:

Whether GSIS is mandated to abide the dictates of the Constitution on National Economy and Patrimony.

Ruling:

YES. It should be stressed that while the Malaysian firm offered the higher bid it is not yet the winning
bidder. The bidding rules expressly provide that the highest bidder shall only be declared the winning bidder after it
has negotiated and executed the necessary contracts, and secured the requisite approvals. Since the Filipino First
Policy provision of the Constitution bestows preference on qualified Filipinos the mere tending of the highest bid is
not an assurance that the highest bidder will be declared the winning bidder. Resultantly, respondents are not bound
to make the award yet, nor are they under obligation to enter into one with the highest bidder. For in choosing the
awardee, respondents are mandated to abide by the dictates of the 1987 Constitution the provisions of which are
presumed to be known to all the bidders and other interested parties.

Adhering to the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, the subject constitutional provision is, as it should be,
impliedly written in the bidding rules issued by respondent GSIS, lest the bidding rules be nullified for being
violative of the Constitution. It is a basic principle in constitutional law that all laws and contracts must conform
with the fundamental law of the land. Those which violate the Constitution lose their reason for being.

Certainly, the constitutional mandate itself is reason enough not to award the block of shares immediately
to the foreign bidder notwithstanding its submission of a higher, or even the highest, bid. In fact, we cannot conceive
of a stronger reason than the constitutional injunction itself.

THE STATE

PROF. MERLIN M. MAGALLONA vs EDUARDO ERMITA


G.R No. 187167, July 16, 2011, Carpio

RA 9522 is a Statutory Tool to Demarcate the Country’s Maritime Zones and Continental Shelf Under
UNCLOS III, not to Delineate Philippine Territory.

Facts:

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R.A. 3046 was passed demarcating the maritime baselines of the Philippines. After five decades, RA 9552
was passed, amending RA 3046 to comply with the terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS). The new law shorterned one baseline, optimized the location of some basepoints around the Philippine
archipelago and classified adjacent territories, namely, the Kalayaan Island Group and the Scarborough Shoal, as
regimes of islands whose islands generate their own applicable maritime zones.

Petitioners assailed the constitutionality of the new law on the ground that: it reduces the Philippine
maritime territory, in violation of Article 1 of the Constitution and it opens the country’s waters to maritime passage
by all vessels, thus undermining Philippine sovereignty. Respondents, on the other hand, defended the new law as
the country’s compliance with the terms of UNCLOS. Respondents stressed that RA 9522 does not relinquish the
country’s claim over Sabah.

Issue:

Whether RA 9522 is unconstitutional.

Ruling:

NO. UNCLOS III has nothing to do with the acquisition (or loss) of territory. It is a multilateral treaty
regulating, among others, sea-use rights over maritime zones (i.e., the territorial waters [12 nautical miles from the
baselines], contiguous zone [24 nautical miles from the baselines], exclusive economic zone [200 nautical miles
from the baselines]), and continental shelves that UNCLOS III delimits. UNCLOS III was the culmination of
decades-long negotiations among United Nations members to codify norms regulating the conduct of States in the
world’s oceans and submarine areas, recognizing coastal and archipelagic States graduated authority over a limited
span of waters and submarine lands along their coasts.

UNCLOS III and its ancillary baselines laws play no role in the acquisition, enlargement or, as petitioners
claim, diminution of territory. Under traditional international law typology, States acquire (or conversely, lose)
territory through occupation, accretion, cession and prescription, not by executing multilateral treaties on the
regulations of sea-use rights or enacting statutes to comply with the treatys terms to delimit maritime zones and
continental shelves. Territorial claims to land features are outside UNCLOS III, and are instead governed by the
rules on general international law.

WILLIAM C. REAGAN, ETC. vs.COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE

G.R. No. L-26379, December 27, 1969, FERNANDO, J.

The court cited Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon which held that the jurisdiction of the nation within its
own territory is necessarily exclusive and absolute. It is susceptible of no limitation not imposed by itself. Any
restriction upon it, deriving validity from an external source, would imply a diminution of its sovereignty to the
extent of the restriction, and an investment of that sovereignty to the same extent in that power which could impose
such restriction.

Facts:

Petitioner William C. Reagan, at one time a civilian employee of an American corporation providing
technical assistance to the United States Air Force in the Philippines, imported a 1960 Cadillac car. The car
thereafter was sold to a member of the United States Marine Corps, the transaction having taken place at the Clark
Field Air Base at Pampanga. Respondent Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed Petitioner for income tax in
the sum of P2,979.00. Consequently, petitioner questioned the assessment by respondent Commissioner of Internal
Revenue contending that the sale was made outside Philippine territory and therefore beyond our jurisdictional
power to tax.

Issue:

Whether the sale was made outside the Philippine territory and therefore beyond its jurisdictional power to
tax.

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Ruling:

NO. Nothing is better settled than that the Philippines being independent and sovereign, its authority may
be exercised over its entire domain. There is no portion thereof that is beyond its power. Within its limits, its decrees
are supreme, its commands paramount. Its laws govern therein, and everyone to whom it applies must submit to its
terms. That is the extent of its jurisdiction, both territorial and personal. Necessarily, likewise, it has to be exclusive.
If it were not thus, there is a diminution of its sovereignty.

It is to be admitted that any state may, by its consent, express or implied, submit to a restriction of its
sovereign rights. There may thus be a curtailment of what otherwise is a power plenary in character. That is the
concept of sovereignty as auto-limitation, which, in the succinct language of Jellinek, "is the property of a state-
force due to which it has the exclusive capacity of legal self-determination and self-restriction." A state then, if it
chooses to, may refrain from the exercise of what otherwise is illimitable competence.

Its laws may as to some persons found within its territory no longer control. Nor does the matter end there.
It is not precluded from allowing another power to participate in the exercise of jurisdictional right over certain
portions of its territory. If it does so, it by no means follows that such areas become impressed with an alien
character. They retain their status as native soil. They are still subject to its authority. Its jurisdiction may be
diminished, but it does not disappear. So it is with the bases under lease to the American armed forces by virtue of
the military bases agreement of 1947. They are not and cannot be foreign territory.

Note:

In People v. Acierto thus: "By the Military Bases Agreement, it should be noted, the Philippine Government
merely consents that the United States exercise jurisdiction in certain cases. The consent was given purely as a
matter of comity, courtesy, or expediency over the bases as part of the Philippine territory or divested itself
completely of jurisdiction over offenses committed therein."

Nor did he stop there. He did stress further the full extent of our territorial jurisdiction in words that do not
admit of doubt. Thus: "This provision is not and can not on principle or authority be construed as a limitation upon
the rights of the Philippine Government. If anything, it is an emphatic recognition and reaffirmation of Philippine
sovereignty over the bases and of the truth that all jurisdictional rights granted to the United States and not exercised
by the latter are reserved by the Philippines for itself."
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

SHIPSIDE INCORPORATED vs. THE HON. COURT OF APPEALS [Special Former Twelfth Division],
HON. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 26 (San Fernando City, La Union) & The REPUBLIC OF
THE PHILIPPINES
G.R. No. 143377, February 20, 2001, MELO, J.

With the transfer of Camp Wallace to the BCDA (Bases Conversion and Development Authority) under
Section 2 of Proclamation No. 216, the government no longer has a right or interest to protect. Consequently, the
Republic is not a real party in interest and it may not institute the instant action. Nor may it raise the defense of
imprescriptibility, the same being applicable only in cases where the government is a party in interest. Being the
owner of the areas covered by Camp Wallace, it is the Bases Conversion and Development Authority, not the
Government, which stands to be benefited if the land covered by TCT No. T-5710 issued in the name of petitioner is
cancelled.

Facts:

Rafael Galvez conveyed two parcels of land to Filipina Mamaril, Cleopatra Llana, Regina Bustos, and
Erlinda Balatbat which in turn conveyed the said lots to Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corporation. The latter then
conveyed the said lots to petitioner Shipside Incorporated. However, unknown to Lepanto Consolidated Mining
Corporation, the Court of First Instance declared the land title of Rafael Galvez, including the two parcels of land,
null and void. The Court, in this case, issue a writ of execution of the judgment declaring the land title of Rafael
Galvez null and void.

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Twenty four long years thereafter, the Office of the Solicitor General received a letter from Mr. Victor G.
Floresca, Vice-President, John Hay Poro Point Development Corporation, stating that the aforementioned orders and
decision of the trial court have not been executed by the Register of Deeds, San Fernando, La Union despite receipt
of the writ of execution.

The Office of the Solicitor General filed a complaint for revival of judgment and cancellation of titles
before the Regional Trial Court. The Solicitor General, nonetheless, argues that the States cause of action in the
cancellation of the land title issued to petitioners predecessor-in-interest is imprescriptible because it is included in
Camp Wallace, which belongs to the government.

Issue:

Whether the Republic has a cause of action.

Ruling:

NO. While it is true that prescription does not run against the State, the same may not be invoked by the
government in this case since it is no longer interested in the subject matter. While Camp Wallace may have
belonged to the government at the time Rafael Galvezs title was ordered cancelled in Land Registration Case No.
N-361, the same no longer holds true today.

With the transfer of Camp Wallace to the BCDA (Bases Conversion and Development Authority) under
Section 2 of Proclamation No. 216, the government no longer has a right or interest to protect. Consequently, the
Republic is not a real party in interest and it may not institute the instant action. Nor may it raise the defense of
imprescriptibility, the same being applicable only in cases where the government is a party in interest. Under Section
2 of Rule 3 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, every action must be prosecuted or defended in the name of the
real party in interest. To qualify a person to be a real party in interest in whose name an action must be prosecuted,
he must appear to be the present real owner of the right sought to enforced. A real party in interest is the party who
stands to be benefited or injured by the judgment in the suit, or the party entitled to the avails of the suit. And by real
interest is meant a present substantial interest, as distinguished from a mere expectancy, or a future, contingent,
subordinate or consequential. Being the owner of the areas covered by Camp Wallace, it is the Bases Conversion and
Development Authority, not the Government, which stands to be benefited if the land covered by TCT No. T-5710
issued in the name of petitioner is cancelled.

STATE IMMUNITY

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, CAPT. JAMES E. GALLOWAY, WILLIAM I. COLLINS and ROBERT
GOHIER vs.HON. V. M. RUIZ, Presiding Judge of Branch XV, Court of First Instance of Rizal and ELIGIO
DE GUZMAN & CO., INC., respondents.
R. No. L-35645, May 22, 1985, ABAD SANTOS, J.

The restrictive application of State immunity is proper only when the proceedings arise out of commercial
transactions of the foreign sovereign, its commercial activities or economic affairs. Stated differently, a State may be
said to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have tacitly given its consent to be
sued only when it enters into business contracts. It does not apply where the contract relates to the exercise of its
sovereign functions. In this case the projects are an integral part of the naval base which is devoted to the defense of
both the United States and the Philippines, indisputably a function of the government of the highest order; they are
not utilized for nor dedicated to commercial or business purposes.

Facts:

United States invited the submission of bids for projects for the repair of wharves and shoreline. Eligio de
Guzman & Co., Inc. responded to the invitation and submitted bids. Thereafter, a letter was sent saying that the
company did not qualify to receive an award for the projects because of its previous unsatisfactory
performancerating on a repair contract for the sea wall at the boat landings of the U.S. Naval Station in Subic Bay.
The company sued the United States of America and Messrs. James E. Galloway, William I. Collins and Robert

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Gohier all members of the Engineering Command of the U.S. Navy. The complaint is to order the plaintiff to allow
the company to perform the work on the projects and, in the event that specific performance was no longer possible,
to order the defendants to pay damages.

The company also asked for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction to restrain the defendants from
entering into contracts with third parties for work on the projects. The Trial court issued the writ.

Issue:

Whether the company has the capacity to sue the plaintiff.

Ruling:

NO. The traditional rule of State immunity exempts a State from being sued in the courts of another State
without its consent or waiver. This rule is a necessary consequence of the principles of independence and equality of
States. However, the rules of International Law are not petrified; they are constantly developing and evolving. And
because the activities of states have multiplied, it has been necessary to distinguish them-between sovereign and
governmental acts (jure imperii) and private, commercial and proprietary acts (jure gestionis). The result is that State
immunity now extends only to acts jure imperil. The restrictive application of State immunity is now the rule in the
United States, the United Kingdom and other states in western Europe.

That the correct test for the application of State immunity is not the conclusion of a contract by a State but
the legal nature of the act is shown in Syquia vs. Lopez. Further, the latter case ruled that the United States concluded
contracts with private individuals but the contracts notwithstanding the States was not deemed to have given or
waived its consent to be sued for the reason that the contracts were for jureimperii and not for jure gestionis.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

MOBIL PHILIPPINES EXPLORATION, INC., vs. CUSTOMS ARRASTRE SERVICE and BUREAU of
CUSTOMS
G.R. No.L-23139, December 17, 1966, BENGZON, J.P., J.

Although said arrastre function may be deemed proprietary, it is a necessary incident of the primary and
governmental function of the Bureau of Customs, so that engaging in the same does not necessarily render said
Bureau liable to suit. For otherwise, it could not perform its governmental function without necessarily exposing
itself to suit. Sovereign immunity, granted as to the end, should not be denied as to the necessary means to that end.

Facts:

Four cases of rotary drill parts were shipped and consigned to Mobil Philippines Exploration, Inc., Manila.
Later on, the cases were discharged to the custody of the Customs Arrastre Service, the unit of the Bureau of
Customs then handling arrastre operations therein. Unfortunately, only three cases of rotary drill parts were
delivered. Mobil Philippines Exploration, Inc., filed suit in the Court of First Instance of Manila against the Customs
Arrastre Service and the Bureau of Customs to recover the value of the undelivered case plus other damages. One of
the arguments raised by the respondent was that they cannot be sued.

Issue:

Whether or not the respondent arrastre service is immune from suit.

Ruling:

YES. The fact that a non-corporate government entity performs a function proprietary in nature does not
necessarily result in its being suable. If said non-governmental function is undertaken as an incident to its
governmental function, there is no waiver thereby of the sovereign immunity from suit extended to such government
entity.

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The situation here is not materially different. The Bureau of Customs, to repeat, is part of the Department
of Finance, with no personality of its own apart from that of the national government. Its primary function is
governmental, that of assessing and collecting lawful revenues from imported articles and all other tariff and
customs duties, fees, charges, fines and penalties. To this function, arrastre service is a necessary incident. For
practical reasons said revenues and customs duties can not be assessed and collected by simply receiving the
importer's or ship agent's or consignee's declaration of merchandise being imported and imposing the duty provided
in the Tariff law. Customs authorities and officers must see to it that the declaration tallies with the merchandise
actually landed. And this checking up requires that the landed merchandise be hauled from the ship's side to a
suitable place in the customs premises to enable said customs officers to make it, that is, it requires arrastre
operations.

Regardless of the merits of the claim against it, the State, for obvious reasons of public policy, cannot be
sued without its consent. Plaintiff should have filed its present claim to the General Auditing Office, it being for
money under the provisions of Commonwealth Act 327, which state the conditions under which money claims
against the Government may be filed. It must be remembered that statutory provisions waiving State immunity from
suit are strictly construed and that waiver of immunity, being in derogation of sovereignty, will not be lightly
inferred. From the provision authorizing the Bureau of Customs to lease arrastre operations to private parties, We
see no authority to sue the said Bureau in the instances where it undertakes to conduct said operation itself. The
Bureau of Customs, acting as part of the machinery of the national government in the operation of the arrastre
service, pursuant to express legislative mandate and as a necessary incident of its prime governmental function, is
immune from suit, there being no statute to the contrary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

ANGEL MINISTERIO and ASUNCION SADAYA vs. THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF CEBU,
Fourth Branch, Presided by the Honorable, Judge JOSE C. BORROMEO, THE PUBLIC HIGHWAY
COMMISSIONER, and THE AUDITOR GENERAL
G.R. No. L-31635, August 31, 1971, FERNANDO, J.

The doctrine of governmental immunity from suit cannot serve as an instrument for perpetrating an
injustice on a citizen. Had the government followed the procedure indicated by the governing law at the time, a
complaint would have been filed by it, and only upon payment of the compensation fixed by the judgment, or after
tender to the party entitled to such payment of the amount fixed, may it "have the right to enter in and upon the land
so condemned" to appropriate the same to the public use defined in the judgment."

Facts:

Petitioners as plaintiffs filed a complaint seeking the payment of just compensation for a registered lot,
alleging that in 1927 the National Government through its authorized representatives took physical and material
possession of it and used it for the widening of the Gorordo Avenue, a national road, Cebu City, without paying just
compensation and without any agreement, either written or verbal.

The respondent lower court ruled that the suit was against the government without its consent. But granting
that no compensation was given to the owner of the land, the case is undoubtedly against the National Government
and there is no showing that the government has consented to be sued in this case. It may be contended that the
present case is brought against the Public Highway Commissioner and the Auditor General and not against the
National Government. Considering that the herein defendants are sued in their official capacity the action is one
against the National Government who should have been made a party in this case, but, as stated before, with its
consent.

Issue:

Whether the petitioners could sue defendants Public Highway Commissioner and the Auditor General, in
their capacity as public officials

Ruling:

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YES. It is a different matter where the public official is made to account in his capacity as such for acts
contrary to law and injurious to the rights of plaintiff. As was clearly set forth by Justice Zaldivar in Director of the
Bureau of Telecommunications v. Aligean: "Inasmuch as the State authorizes only legal acts by its officers,
unauthorized acts of government officials or officers are not acts of the State, and an action against the officials or
officers by one whose rights have been invaded or violated by such acts, for the protection of his rights, is not a suit
against the State within the rule of immunity of the State from suit. In the same tenor, it has been said that an action
at law or suit in equity against a State officer or the director of a State department on the ground that, while claiming
to act for the State, he violates or invades the personal and property rights of the plaintiff, under an unconstitutional
act or under an assumption of authority which he does not have, is not a suit against the State within the
constitutional provision that the State may not be sued without its consent."

However, as noted in Alfonso v. Pasay City, this Court speaking through Justice Montemayor, restoration
would be "neither convenient nor feasible because it is now and has been used for road purposes." The only relief, in
the opinion of this Court, would be for the government "to make due compensation, ..." It was made clear in such
decision that compensation should have been made "as far back as the date of the taking."

If there were an observance of procedural regularity, petitioners would not be in the sad plaint they are now. It is
unthinkable then that precisely because there was a failure to abide by what the law requires, the government would
stand to benefit. It is just as important, if not more so, that there be fidelity to legal norms on the part of officialdom
if the rule of law were to be maintained. It is not too much to say that when the government takes any property for
public use, which is conditioned upon the payment of just compensation, to be judicially ascertained, it makes
manifest that it submits to the jurisdiction of a court. There is no thought then that the doctrine of immunity from
suit could still be appropriately invoked.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

MUNICIPALITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION vs. HON. JUDGE ROMEO N. FIRME, JUANA
RIMANDO-BANIÑA, IAUREANO BANIÑA, JR., SOR MARIETA BANIÑA, MONTANO BANIÑA, ORJA
BANIÑA, AND LYDIA R. BANIÑA
G.R. No.L-52179, April 8, 1991, MEDIALDEA, J.

It has already been remarked that municipal corporations are suable because their charters grant them the
competence to sue and be sued. Nevertheless, they are generally not liable for torts committed by them in the
discharge of governmental functions and can be held answerable only if it can be shown that they were acting in a
proprietary capacity. In permitting such entities to be sued, the State merely gives the claimant the right to show that
the defendant was not acting in its governmental capacity when the injury was committed or that the case comes
under the exceptions recognized by law.

Facts:

The passengers of the jeepney died as a result of the collision between a jeepney and a dump truck of the
Municipality of San Fernando, La Union. As a result, the heirs filed a complaint for damages against the owner and
driver of the jeepney, as well as the Municipality of San Fernando, La Union. The respondent judge rendered a
judgment ruling that the Municipality of San Fernando is jointly and severally liable with the driver of the dump
truck. Petitioner maintains that the respondent judge committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to excess of
jurisdiction in issuing the aforesaid orders and in rendering a decision.

Issue:

Whether the Municipality can be held liable for the tort committed.

Ruling:

NO. In the case at bar, the driver of the dump truck of the municipality insists that "he was on his way to
the Naguilian river to get a load of sand and gravel for the repair of San Fernando's municipal streets." In the
absence of any evidence to the contrary, the regularity of the performance of official duty is presumed pursuant to
Section 3(m) of Rule 131 of the Revised Rules of Court. Hence, We rule that the driver of the dump truck was
performing duties or tasks pertaining to his office.

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We already stressed in the case of Palafox, et. al. vs. Province of IlocosNorte, the District Engineer, and the
Provincial Treasurer that "the construction or maintenance of roads in which the truck and the driver worked at the
time of the accident are admittedly governmental activities." Consequently, municipality cannot be held liable for
the torts committed by its regular employee, who was then engaged in the discharge of governmental functions.
Hence, the death of the passenger –– tragic and deplorable though it may be –– imposed on the municipality no duty
to pay monetary compensation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. HON. VICENTE A. HIDALGO, in his capacity as Presiding Judge
of the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 37, CARMELO V. CACHERO, in his capacity as Sheriff IV,
Regional Trial Court of Manila, and TARCILA LAPERAL MENDOZA,
G.R. No. 161657, October 4, 2007,GARCIA , J.

The State generally operates merely to liquidate and establish the plaintiffs claim in the absence of express
provision; otherwise, they can not be enforced by processes of law.

Facts:

Tarcila Mendoza filed a suit with the RTC of Manila for reconveyance and the corresponding declaration of
nullity of a deed of sale and title against the Republic, the Register of Deeds of Manila and one Atty. Fidel Vivar,
alleging that he was the owner of the Arlegui property and that the Republic used the property for public use without
just compensation. The trial court ruled that defendant Republic must pay the plaintiff the sum of P1,480,627,688.00
representing the reasonable rental for the use of the subject property, the interest thereon at the legal rate, and the
opportunity cost at the rate of three (3%) per cent per annum, commencing July 1975 continuously up to July 30,
2003, plus an additional interest at the legal rate, commencing from this date until the whole amount is paid in full;

Issue:

Whether the Republic should be held liable by the assessment.

Ruling:

NO. The assessment of costs of suit against the petitioner is, however, nullified, costs not being allowed
against the Republic, unless otherwise provided by law. The assailed trial courts issuance of the writ of execution
against government funds to satisfy its money judgment is also nullified. It is basic that government funds and
properties may not be seized under writs of execution or garnishment to satisfy such judgments.

Albeit title to the Arlegui property remains in the name of the petitioner Republic, it is actually the Office
of the President which has beneficial possession of and use over it since the 1975 takeover. Accordingly, and in
accord with the elementary sense of justice, it behooves that office to make the appropriate budgetary arrangements
towards paying private respondent what is due her under the premises. This, to us, is the right thing to do. The
imperatives of fair dealing demand no less. And the Court would be remiss in the discharge of its duties as dispenser
of justice if it does not exhort the Office of the President to comply with what, in law and equity, is its obligation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

MUNICIPALITY OF MAKATI vs. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, HON. SALVADOR P. DE

GUZMAN, JR., as Judge RTC of Makati, Branch CXLII ADMIRAL FINANCE CREDITORS
CONSORTIUM, INC., and SHERIFF SILVINO R. PASTRANA
G.R. Nos. 89898-99, October 1, 1990, CORTES, J.

Well-settled is the rule that public funds are not subject to levy and execution, unless otherwise provided for
by statute. More particularly, the properties of a municipality, whether real or personal, which are necessary for
public use cannot be attached and sold at execution sale to satisfy a money judgment against the municipality.
Municipal revenues derived from taxes, licenses and market fees, and which are intended primarily and exclusively

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for the purpose of financing the governmental activities and functions of the municipality, are exempt from
execution.

Facts:

Petitioner Municipality of Makati expropriated a portion of land owned by private respondents, Admiral
Finance Creditors Consortium, Inc. After proceedings, the RTC of Makati determined the cost of the said land which
the petitioner must pay to the private respondents amounting to P5,291,666.00 minus the advanced payment of
P338,160.00. It issued the corresponding writ of execution accompanied with a writ of garnishment of funds of the
petitioner which was deposited in PNB. However, such order was opposed by petitioner through a motion for
reconsideration, contending that its funds at the PNB could neither be garnished nor levied upon execution, for to do
so would result in the disbursement of public funds without the proper appropriation required under the law, citing
the case of Republic of the Philippines v. Palacio.

Issue:

Whether the funds of the Municipality of Makati are exempt from garnishment and levy upon execution.

Ruling:

YES. The funds deposited in the second PNB Account are public funds of the municipal government. In
this jurisdiction, well-settled is the rule that public funds are not subject to levy and execution, unless otherwise
provided for by statute. More particularly, the properties of a municipality, whether real or personal, which are
necessary for public use cannot be attached and sold at execution sale to satisfy a money judgment against the
municipality. Municipal revenues derived from taxes, licenses and market fees, and which are intended primarily
and exclusively for the purpose of financing the governmental activities and functions of the municipality, are
exempt from execution. The foregoing rule finds application in the case at bar. Absent a showing that the municipal
council of Makati has passed an ordinance appropriating from its public funds an amount corresponding to the
balance due under the RTC decision dated June 4, 1987, less the sum of P99,743.94 deposited in Account No. S/A
265-537154-3, no levy under execution may be validly effected on the public funds of petitioner deposited in
Account No. S/A 263-530850-7.

Nevertheless, this is not to say that private respondent and PSB are left with no legal recourse. Where a
municipality fails or refuses, without justifiable reason, to effect payment of a final money judgment rendered
against it, the claimant may avail of the remedy of mandamus in order to compel the enactment and approval of the
necessary appropriation ordinance, and the corresponding disbursement of municipal funds therefor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, ET.AL. VS. HON. AGUSTIN S. DIZON, ET. AL.
G.R. No. 171182, August 23, 2012, BERSAMIN, J.

All the funds going into the possession of the UP, including any interest accruing from the deposit of such
funds in any banking institution, constitute a “special trust fund,” the disbursement of which should always be
aligned with the UP’s mission and purpose, and should always be subject to auditing by the COA. Hence, the funds
subject of this action could not be validly made the subject of the RTC’s writ of execution or garnishment. The
adverse judgment rendered against the UP in a suit to which it had impliedly consented was not immediately
enforceable by execution against the UP, because suability of the State did not necessarily mean its liability.

Facts:

UP failed to pay in a contract it entered with Stern Builders Corporation. The RTC ruled in favour of Stern
Builders Corporation. Consequently, the RTC authorized eventually the release of the garnished funds of the UP
directing DBP to release the funds. While UP brought a petition for certiorari in the CA to challenge the jurisdiction
of the RTC in issuing the order averring that the UP funds, being government funds and properties, could not be
seized by virtue of writs of execution or garnishment.

Issue:

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Whether UP funds are subject to garnishment.

Ruling:

NO. The UP is a government instrumentality, performing the State’s constitutional mandate of promoting
quality and accessible education. Presidential Decree No. 1445 defines a “trust fund” as a fund that officially comes
in the possession of an agency of the government or of a public officer as trustee, agent or administrator, or that is
received for the fulfillment of some obligation. A trust fund may be utilized only for the “specific purpose for which
the trust was created or the funds received.”

The funds of the UP are government funds that are public in character. They include the income accruing
from the use of real property ceded to the UP that may be spent only for the attainment of its institutional objectives.
Hence, the funds subject of this action could not be validly made the subject of the RTC’s writ of execution or
garnishment. The adverse judgment rendered against the UP in a suit to which it had impliedly consented was not
immediately enforceable by execution against the UP, because suability of the State did not necessarily mean its
liability.

A marked distinction exists between suability of the State and its liability. As the Court succinctly stated in
Municipality of San Fernando, La Union v. Firme:

A distinction should first be made between suability and liability. “Suability depends on the consent of the
state to be sued, liability on the applicable law and the established facts. The circumstance that a state is suable does
not necessarily mean that it is liable; on the other hand, it can never be held liable if it does not first consent to be
sued. Liability is not conceded by the mere fact that the state has allowed itself to be sued. When the state does
waive its sovereign immunity, it is only giving the plaintiff the chance to prove, if it can, that the defendant is liable.

The CA and the RTC thereby unjustifiably ignored the legal restriction imposed on the trust funds of the
Government and its agencies and instrumentalities to be used exclusively to fulfill the purposes for which the trusts
were created or for which the funds were received except upon express authorization by Congress or by the head of
a government agency in control of the funds, and subject to pertinent budgetary laws, rules and regulations.Indeed,
an appropriation by Congress was required before the judgment that rendered the UP liable for moral and actual
damages (including attorney’s fees) would be satisfied considering that such monetary liabilities were not covered
by the “appropriations earmarked for the said project.” The Constitution strictly mandated that “(n)o money shall be
paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.”
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

MOST REV. PEDRO D. ARIGO, ET. AL. VS.SCOTT H. SWIFT, ET. AL.
G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014, VILLARAMA, JR., J.

Warships enjoy sovereign immunity from suit as extensions of their flag State, Art. 31 of the UNCLOS
creates an exception to this rule in cases where they fail to comply with the rules and regulations of the coastal State
regarding passage through the latter's internal waters and the territorial sea.

Facts:

Under Republic Act (R.A.) No. 10067 otherwise known as the "Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) Act
of 2009", a "no-take" policy was created whereby entry into the waters of TRNP is strictly regulated and many
human activities are prohibited and penalized or fined, including fishing, gathering, destroying and disturbing the
resources within the TRNP. The USS Guardian requested diplomatic clearance for the said vessel "to enter and exit
the territorial waters of the Philippines and to arrive at the port of Subic Bay for the purpose of routine ship
replenishment, maintenance, and crew liberty."However, the ship ran aground on the northwest side of South Shoal
of the Tubbataha Reefs.

Petitioners cite the following violations committed by US respondents under R.A. No. 10067: unauthorized
entry; non-payment of conservation fees; obstruction of law enforcement officer; damages to the reef; and
destroying and disturbing resources. Furthermore, petitioners assail certain provisions of the Visiting Forces

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Agreement (VFA) which they want this Court to nullify for being unconstitutional. Consequently, the petitioners
filed a petition for a Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO) and/or a Writ of Kalikasan.

Issue:

Whether the Court has jurisdiction over the US respondents who did not submit any pleading or
manifestation in this case.

Ruling:

YES. During the deliberations, Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio took the position that the
conduct of the US in this case, when its warship entered a restricted area in violation of R.A. No. 10067 and caused
damage to the TRNP reef system, brings the matter within the ambit of Article 31 of the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). He explained that while historically, warships enjoy sovereign immunity from
suit as extensions of their flag State, Art. 31 of the UNCLOS creates an exception to this rule in cases where they
fail to comply with the rules and regulations of the coastal State regarding passage through the latter's internal
waters and the territorial sea.

Non-membership in the UNCLOS does not mean that the US will disregard the rights of the Philippines as
a Coastal State over its internal waters and territorial sea. We thus expect the US to bear "international
responsibility" under Art. 31 in connection with the USS Guardian grounding which adversely affected the
Tubbataha reefs. Under Article 197 of the UNCLOS provides, “Cooperation on a global or regional basis: States
shall cooperate on a global basis and, as appropriate, on a regional basis, directly or through competent international
organizations, in formulating and elaborating international rules, standards and recommended practices and
procedures consistent with this Convention, for the protection and preservation of the marine environment, taking
into account characteristic regional features.”

No Waiver of State Immunity in the VFA

As it is, the waiver of State immunity under the VF A pertains only to criminal jurisdiction and not to
special civil actions such as the present petition for issuance of a writ of Kalikasan. In fact, it can be inferred from
Section 17, Rule 7 of the Rules that a criminal case against a person charged with a violation of an environmental
law is to be filed separately.

In any case, it is our considered view that a ruling on the application or non-application of criminal
jurisdiction provisions of the VF A to US personnel who may be found responsible for the grounding of the USS
Guardian, would be premature and beyond the province of a petition for a writ of Kalikasan. We also find it
unnecessary at this point to determine whether such waiver of State immunity is indeed absolute. In the same vein,
we cannot grant damages which have resulted from the violation of environmental laws. The Rules allows the
recovery of damages, including the collection of administrative fines under R.A. No. 10067, in a separate civil suit
or that deemed instituted with the criminal action charging the same violation of an environmental law.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT CORP. (GROUP), v. HON. CESAR D. SANTAMARIA,
in his official capacity as Presiding Judge of Branch 145, Regional Trial Court of Makati City, HERMINIO
HARRY L. ROQUE, JR., JOEL R. BUTUYAN, ROGER R. RAYEL, ROMEL R. BAGARES,
CHRISTOPHER FRANCISCO C. BOLASTIG, LEAGUE OF URBAN POOR FOR ACTION (LUPA),
KILUSAN NG MARALITA SA MEYCAUAYAN (KMM-LUPA CHAPTER), DANILO M. CALDERON,
VICENTE C. ALBAN, MERLYN M. VAAL, LOLITA S. QUINONES, RICARDO D. LANOZO, JR.,
CONCHITA G. GOZO, MA. TERESA D. ZEPEDA, JOSEFINA A. LANOZO, and SERGIO C. LEGASPI,
JR., KALIPUNAN NG DAMAYANG MAHIHIRAP (KADAMAY), EDY CLERIGO, RAMMIL DINGAL,
NELSON B. TERRADO, CARMEN DEUNIDA, and EDUARDO LEGSON
G.R. No. 185572, February 7, 2012, SERENO, J.

According to the classical or absolute theory, a sovereign cannot, without its consent, be made a
respondent in the courts of another sovereign. According to the newer or restrictive theory, the immunity of the

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sovereign is recognized only with regard to public acts or acts jure imperii of a state, but not with regard to private
acts or acts jure gestionis.

Facts:

Northrail and CNMEG executed a Contract Agreement for the construction of Section I, Phase I of the
North Luzon Railway System. Export Import Bank of China and the Department of Finance of the Philippines
(DOF) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding, wherein China agreed to extend Preferential Buyer’s Credit
to the Philippine government to finance the Northrail Project. Thereafter, Roque et al. filed a Complaint for
Annulment of Contract and Injunction with Urgent Motion for Summary Hearing to Determine the Existence of
Facts and Circumstances Justifying the Issuance of Writs of Preliminary Prohibitory and Mandatory Injunction and/
or TRO against CNMEG, the Office of the Executive Secretary, the DOF, the Department of Budget and
Management, the National Economic Development Authority and Northrail. CNMEG filed a Motion to Dismiss,
arguing that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over (a) its person, as it was an agent of the Chinese government,
making it immune from suit.

Issue:

Whether CNMEG is entitled to immunity.

Ruling:

NO. CNMEG is engaged in a proprietary activity. The Loan Agreement was entered into between EXIM
Bank and the Philippine government, while the Contract Agreement was between Northrail and CNMEG. Although
the Contract Agreement is silent on the classification of the legal nature of the transaction, the foregoing provisions
of the Loan Agreement, which is an inextricable part of the entire undertaking, nonetheless reveal the intention of
the parties to the Northrail Project to classify the whole venture as commercial or proprietary in character.The
application of the doctrine of immunity from suit has been restricted to sovereign or governmental activities (jure
imperii). The mantle of state immunity cannot be extended to commercial, private and proprietary acts (jure
gestionis).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

JEFFREY LIANG (HUEFENG), v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES

G.R. No. 125865, January 28, 2000, YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.

It is well-settled principle of law that a public official may be liable in his personal private capacity for
whatever damage he may have caused by his act done with malice or in bad faith or beyond the scope of his
authority or jurisdiction.

Facts:

Liang is an economist working with the Asian Development Bank (ADB). He was charged before the
MeTC of Mandaluyong City with two counts of grave oral defamation for allegedly uttering defamatory words
against fellow ADB worker Joyce Cabal. Thereafter, MeTC judge received an "office of protocol" from the
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) stating that Liang is covered by immunity from legal process under Section 45
of the Agreement between the ADB and the Philippine Government regarding the Headquarters of the ADB
(hereinafter Agreement) in the country. As a result, MeTc judge dismissed the two criminal cases. However, RTC set
aside the MeTC rulings and ordered the latter court to enforce the warrant of arrest. Liang elevated the case to the
Supreme Court via a petition for review arguing that he is covered by immunity under the Agreement.

Issue:

Whether Liang is covered by the immunity under the agreement.

Ruling:

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NO. Section 45 of the Agreement between the ADB and the Philippine Government regarding the
Headquarters of the ADB provides that Officers and staff of the Bank including for the purpose of this Article
experts and consultants performing missions for the Bank shall enjoy immunity from legal process with respect to
acts performed by them in their official capacity except when the Bank waives the immunity. The immunity
mentioned therein is not absolute, but subject to the exception that the acts was done in "official capacity”.
Slandering a person is not covered by the immunity agreement because Philippines laws do not allow the
commission of a crime, such as defamation, in the name of official duty.

SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CHECKS AND BALANCES

PASTOR M. ENDENCIA and FERNANDO JUGO, v. SATURNINO DAVID

G.R. No. L-6355-5, August 31, 1953, MONTEMAYOR, J.

The legislature cannot, upon passing a law which violates a constitutional provision, validate it so as to
prevent an attack thereon in the courts, by a declaration that it shall be so construed as not to violate the
constitutional inhibition.

Facts:

A petition was filed by Endencia and Jugo to declaring section 13 of Republic Act No. 590
unconstitutional. Section 13 of Republic Act No. 590 states that no salary wherever received by any public officer of
the Republic of the Philippines shall be considered as exempt from the income tax. The basis of the petition were the
Constitution, particularly section 9, Article VIII, mandates that judicial officers are exempt from payment of income
tax on their salaries, because the collection thereof was a diminution of such salaries, specifically prohibited by the
Constitution and Supreme Court decision.

Issue:

Whether the Legislature can lawfully declare the collection of income tax on the salary of a public official,
specially a judicial officer, after the Supreme Court has found and decided otherwise.

Ruling:

NO. Before the courts can determine whether a law is constitutional or not, it will have to interpret and
ascertain the meaning not only of said law, but also of the pertinent portion of the Constitution in order to decide
whether there is a conflict between the two, and if there is, then the law will have to give way and has to be declared
invalid and unconstitutional. The collection of income tax on the salary of a judicial officer is a diminution thereof
and so violates the Constitution. Supreme Court further held that the interpretation and application of the
Constitution and of statutes is within the exclusive province and jurisdiction of the Judicial department. In enacting a
law, the Legislature may not legally provide therein that it be interpreted in such a way that it may not violate a
Constitutional prohibition, thereby tying the hands of the courts in their task of later interpreting said statute,
especially when the interpretation sought and provided in said statute runs counter to a previous interpretation
already given in a case by the highest court of the land.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

SAMEER OVERSEAS PLACEMENT AGENCY, INC., v. JOY C. CABILES

G.R. No. 170139, August 5, 2014, LEONEN, J.

The Court is possessed with the constitutional duty to promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights.

Facts:

Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc., is a recruitment and placement agency. Joy C. Cabiles deployed
to work for Taiwan Wacoal, Co. Ltd. to work as quality control for one year. Thereafter, without prior notice, she
was terminated. This prompted Joy to file a complaint before NLRC against petitioner and Wacoal for illegally
dismissal. She asked for the return of her placement fee, the withheld amount for repatriation costs, payment of her

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salary for 23 months as well as moral and exemplary damages. LA dismissed her complaint. Joy appealed to the
NLRC and the latter reversed the decision. Sameer appealed before the CA which affirmed the decision of the
NLRC. CA under Sec. 10 of RA 8042 and RA 10022 awarded Cabiles NT$46,080.00 or the three month equivalent
of her salary, attorney’s fees of NT$300.00, and the reimbursement of the withheld NT$3,000.00 salary, which
answered for her repatriation. SC reversed the CA and ruled that the clause "or for three (3) months for every year of
the unexpired term, whichever is less" Sec. 10 of RA 8042 and RA 10022 is unconstitutional for violating the equal
protection clause and substantive due process.

Issue:

Whether Congress classification may be subjected to judicial review.

Ruling:

YES. When RA 10022 was passed it incorporates the exact clause from R.A. 8042 which was already
declared as unconstitutional, without any perceived substantial change in the circumstances. This may cause
confusion on the part of the National Labor Relations Commission and the Court of Appeals. When cases become
moot and academic, SC do not hesitate to provide for guidance to bench and bar in situations where the same
violations are capable of repetition but will evade review. Limiting wages that should be recovered by an illegally
dismissed overseas worker to three months is both a violation of due process and the equal protection clauses of the
Constitution. The Congress’ classification may be subjected to judicial review. In Serrano, there is a "legislative
classification which impermissibly interferes with the exercise of a fundamental right or operates to the peculiar
disadvantage of a suspect class. Overseas workers regardless of their classifications are entitled to security of tenure,
at least for the period agreed upon in their contracts. This means that they cannot be dismissed before the end of
their contract terms without due process. If they were illegally dismissed, the workers’ right to security of tenure is
violated.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

BLAS F. OPLE, v. RUBEN D. TORRES, ALEXANDER AGUIRRE, HECTOR VILLANUEVA, CIELITO

HABITO, ROBERT BARBERS, CARMENCITA REODICA, CESAR SARINO, RENATO VALENCIA,
TOMAS P. AFRICA, HEAD OF THE NATIONAL COMPUTER CENTER and CHAIRMAN OF THE
COMMISSION ON AUDIT
G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998, PUNO, J.

Administrative power is concerned with the work of applying policies and enforcing orders as determined
by proper governmental organs. It enables the President to fix a uniform standard of administrative efficiency and
check the official conduct of his agents.

Facts:

Senator Blas F. Ople prays to declare Administrative Order No. 308 entitled "Adoption of a National
Computerized Identification Reference System" invalid on two constitutional grounds, first, it is a usurpation of the
power of Congress to legislate, and second, it impermissibly intrudes on our citizenry's protected zone of privacy.
According to Senator Ople, A.O. No. 308 establishes a system of identification that is all-encompassing in scope,
affects the life and liberty of every Filipino citizen and foreign resident, violates their right to privacy and also not a
mere administrative order but a law and hence, beyond the power of the President to issue.

Issue:

Whether Administrative Order No. 308 is beyond the power of the President.

Ruling:

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YES. While Congress is vested with the power to enact laws, the President executes the laws. The
executive power is generally defined as the power to enforce and administer the laws. It is the power of carrying the
laws into practical operation and enforcing their due observance.

A.O. No. 308 does not merely implements the Administrative Code of 1987. It establishes for the first time
a National Computerized Identification Reference System. Such a System requires a delicate adjustment of various
contending state policies — the primacy of national security, the extent of privacy interest against dossier-gathering
by government, the choice of policies, etc. As said administrative order redefines the parameters of some basic rights
of our citizenry vis-a-vis the State as well as the line that separates the administrative power of the President to make
rules and the legislative power of Congress, it ought to be evident that it deals with a subject that should be covered
by law.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

KILUSANG MAYO UNO, NATIONAL FEDERATION OF LABOR UNIONS-KILUSANG MAYO UNO

(NAFLU-KMU), JOSELITO V. USTAREZ, EMILIA P. DAPULANG, SALVADOR T. CARRANZA,
MARTIN T. CUSTODIO, JR. and ROQUE M. TAN, v. THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, NATIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, and THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET and
MANAGEMENT

The act of issuing ID cards and collecting the necessary personal data for imprinting on the ID card does
not require legislation.

Facts:

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued EO 420 requiring all government agencies and government-
owned and controlled corporations to streamline and harmonize their identification systems. Section 3 of EO 420
limits the data to be collected and recorded under the uniform ID system to only 14 specific items, namely: (1)
Name; (2) Home Address; (3) Sex; (4) Picture; (5) Signature; (6) Date of Birth; (7) Place of Birth; (8) Marital
Status; (9) Name of Parents; (10) Height; (11) Weight; (12) Two index fingers and two thumbmarks; (13) Any
prominent distinguishing features like moles or others; and (14) Tax Identification Number. KMU challenges the
constitutionality of EO 420 because it allegedly usurped the legislative power of Congress as President Arroyo has
no power to issue EO 420 and that the implementation of the EO will use public funds not appropriated by Congress
for that purpose.

Issue:

Whether EO 420 is a usurpation of legislative power by the President.

Ruling:

NO. What require legislation are three aspects of a government maintained ID card system. First, when the
implementation of an ID card system requires a special appropriation because there is no existing appropriation for
such purpose. Second, when the ID card system is compulsory on all branches of government, including the
independent constitutional commissions, as well as compulsory on all citizens whether they have a use for the ID
card or not. Third, when the ID card system requires the collection and recording of personal data beyond what is
routinely or usually required for such purpose, such that the citizen’s right to privacy is infringed.

In the present case, EO 420 does not require any special appropriation because the existing ID card systems
of government entities covered by EO 420 have the proper appropriation or funding. EO 420 is not compulsory on
all branches of government and is not compulsory on all citizens. EO 420 requires a very narrow and focused
collection and recording of personal data while safeguarding the confidentiality of such data. In fact, the data
collected and recorded under EO 420 are far less than the data collected and recorded under the ID systems existing
prior to EO 420.

The adoption of a uniform ID data collection and format under EO 420 is designed to reduce costs, increase
efficiency, and in general, improve public services. Thus, in issuing EO 420, the President is simply performing the
constitutional duty to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

SENATE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. EDUARDO ERMITA

G.R. No. 169777 April 20, 2006, Carpio, Morales J.

While executive privilege is a constitutional concept, a claim thereof may be valid or not depending on the
ground invoked to justify it and the context in which it is made.

Facts:

The Committee of the Senate issued invitations to various officials of the Executive Department for them to
appear as resource speakers in a public hearing on the railway project of the North Luzon Railways Corporation
with the China National Machinery and Equipment Group (hereinafter North Rail Project). Thereafter, President
issued Executive Order 464, ensuring observance of the principle of separation of powers, adherence to the rule on
executive privilege and respect for the rights of public officials appearing in legislative inquiries in aid of legislation
under the constitution. Section 2 in relation to 3 of the said executive order states that Senior officials of executive
departments who in the judgment of the department heads shall secure prior consent of the President prior to
appearing before either House of Congress to ensure the observance of the principle of separation of powers,
adherence to the rule on executive privilege and respect for the rights of public officials appearing in inquiries in aid
of legislation. As a result, Bayan Muna, House of Representatives Members Satur Ocampo et al., all claiming to
have standing to file the suit because of the transcendental importance of the issues they posed, pray, in their petition
that E.O. 464 be declared null and void for violating the power of inquiry vested in Congress being hence,
unconstitutional.

Issue:


Whether Section 3 and Section 2(b) of E.O. 464 contravene the power of inquiry vested in Congress.

Ruling:


YES. Section 2(b) in relation to Section 3 provides that, once the head of office determines that a certain
information is privileged, such determination is presumed to bear the President’s authority and has the effect of
prohibiting the official from appearing before Congress, subject only to the express pronouncement of the President
that it is allowing the appearance of such official. These provisions thus allow the President to authorize claims of
privilege by mere silence. Such presumptive authorization, however, is contrary to the exceptional nature of the
privilege. Executive privilege is recognized with respect to information the confidential nature of which is crucial to
the fulfillment of the unique role and responsibilities of the executive branch, or in those instances where exemption
from disclosure is necessary to the discharge of highly important executive responsibilities. The doctrine of
executive privilege is thus premised on the fact that certain information must, as a matter of necessity, be kept
confidential in pursuit of the public interest.

In light of this highly exceptional nature of the privilege, the Court finds it essential to limit to the President
the power to invoke the privilege. The privilege being an extraordinary power, it must be wielded only by the
highest official in the executive hierarchy. In other words, the President may not authorize her subordinates to
exercise such power.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

ROMMEL JACINTO DANTES SILVERIO, v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

G.R. No. 174689, October 22, 2007, CORONA, J.:

The determination of a person’s gender appearing in his birth certificate is a legal issue and the court must
look to the statutes.

Facts:

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Rommel Jacinto Dantes Silverio filed a petition for the change of his first name and sex in his birth
certificate in the RTC. He prays that his name to Mely and gender be changed to female since he underwent sex
reassignment surgery. Trial court rendered a decision in favor of Silverio. Republic of the Philippines, thru the OSG,
filed a petition for certiorari in the CA. OSG alleges that there is no law allowing the change of entries in the birth
certificate by reason of sex alteration. Court of Appeals rendered a decision in favor of the Republic.

Issue:

Whether it is within the power of the court to change Silverio’s gender and name on the ground of sex
reassignment.

Ruling:

NO. It is within the power of the legislative to determine what guidelines should govern the recognition of
the effects of sex reassignment. The need for legislative guidelines becomes particularly important in this case where
the claims asserted are statute-based. It is the statutes that defines who may file petitions for change of first name
and for correction or change of entries in the civil registry, where they may be filed, what grounds may be invoked,
what proof must be presented and what procedures shall be observed. If the legislature intends to confer on a person
who has undergone sex reassignment the privilege to change his name and sex to conform with his reassigned sex, it
has to enact legislation laying down the guidelines in turn governing the conferment of that privilege.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

OFFICE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR, vs. FLORENCIO M. REYES, Officer-in-Charge, and RENE
DE GUZMAN, Clerk, Regional Trial Court, Branch 31, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
A.M. No. P-08-2535, June 23, 2010, Per curiam

Legislative policy as embodied in Republic Act No. 9165 in deterring dangerous drug use by resort to
sustainable programs of rehabilitation and treatment must be considered in light of this Court’s constitutional power
of administrative supervision over courts and court personnel.

Facts:

A complaint for gross misconduct against Rene de Guzman, Clerk, RTC of Guimba, Nueva Ecija by Atty.
Hugo B. Sansano, Jr. alleged incompetence/inefficiency in the transmittal of the records of Criminal Case No. 1144-
G to the Court of Appeals. De Guzman was also asked to comment on the allegation that he is using illegal drugs
and had been manifesting irrational and queer behavior while at work. Thereafter, Nueva Ecija Provincial Crime
Laboratory Office after mandatory drug testing found de Guzman positive for "marijuana" and "shabu”. As a result,
OCA recommended that de Guzman be held guilty of two counts of gross misconduct. Majority of the SC adopts the
OCA’s recommendation. On the other hand, the minority opines that the SC’s action in this case contravenes an
express public policy, under Republic Act No. 9165 "imprisonment for drug dealers and pushers, rehabilitation for
their victims." They also posit that De Guzman’s failure to properly perform his duties and promptly respond to
Court orders precisely springs from his drug addiction that requires rehabilitation.

Issue:

Whether or the not De Guzman must be sanctioned despite the underlying policy under Republic Act No.
9165.

Ruling:

YES. The legislative power imposing policies through laws is not unlimited and is subject to the
substantive and constitutional limitations that set parameters both in the exercise of the power itself and the
allowable subjects of legislation. As such, it cannot limit the Court’s power to impose disciplinary actions against
erring justices, judges and court personnel. Neither should such policy be used to restrict the Court’s power to
preserve and maintain the Judiciary’s honor, dignity and integrity and public confidence that can only be achieved
by imposing strict and rigid standards of decency and propriety governing the conduct of justices, judges and court
employees.

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Finally, it must be emphasized at this juncture that De Guzman’s dismissal is not grounded only on his
being a drug user. His outright dismissal from the service is likewise anchored on his contumacious and repeated
acts of not heeding the directives of this Court. As we have already stated, such attitude betrays not only a
recalcitrant streak of character, but also disrespect for the lawful orders and directives of the Court.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

BAGUAN M. MAMISCAL v. CLERK OF COURT MACALINOG S. ABDULLAH, SHARI'A CIRCUIT

COURT, MARAWI CITY
A.M. No.SCC-13-18-J, July 1, 2015, MENDOZA, J.

Shari’a Circuit Court which, under the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines (Muslim Code)
enjoys exclusive original jurisdiction to resolve disputes relating to divorce.

Facts:

Mamiscal and Adelaidah decided to have divorce repudiated Adelaidahs (talaq) embodied in an agreement
(kapasadan) but later on they reconciled. Despite such, Adelaidah still filed the Certificate of Divorce (COD) with
the office of Abdullah for registration. Albeit the same was not signed by Mamiscal it was annotated in the
certificate that it was executed in the presence of two witnesses and in accordance with Islamic Law. Abdullah then
issued the Certificate of Registration of Divorce finalizing the same. It was opposed through a motion by Mamiscal
contended that the kapasadan and the COD was invalid because he did not prepare such and that there were no
witnesses to its execution but it was denied by Abdullah opined that it was his ministerial duty to receive the COD
and the attached kapasadan. Mamiscal then filed a complaint with the SC against Abdullah charging the same with
partiality, violation of due process, dishonesty, and conduct unbecoming of a court employee.

Issue:

Whether or not the SC has jurisdiction to impose administrative sanction against Abdullah for his acts

Ruling:

NO. Shari’a Circuit Court which, under the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines (Muslim
Code) enjoys exclusive original jurisdiction to resolve disputes relating to divorce.

The civil registrar is the person charged by law for the recording of vital events and other documents
affecting the civil status of persons. The Civil Registry Law embraces all acts of civil life affecting the status of
persons and is applicable to all persons residing in the Philippines. Under Article 185 of the Muslim Code provides
that neglect of duty by registrars. Any district registrar or circuit registrar who fails to perform properly his duties in
accordance with this Code shall be penalized in accordance with Section 18 of Act 3753 states that “any local
registrar who fails to properly perform his duties in accordance with the provisions of this Act and of the regulations
issued hereunder, shall be punished for the first offense, by an administrative fine in a sum equal to his salary for not
less than fifteen days nor more than three months, and for a second or repeated offense, by removal from the
service.”

Prescinding from the foregoing, it becomes apparent that SC Court does not have jurisdiction to impose the
proper disciplinary action against civil registrars. While he is undoubtedly a member of the Judiciary as Clerk of
Court of the Shari'a Circuit Court, a review of the subject complaint reveals that Mamiscal seeks to hold Abdullah
liable for registering the divorce and issuing the CRD pursuant to his duties as Circuit Registrar of Muslim divorces.
It has been said that the test of jurisdiction is the nature of the offense and not the personality of the offender. The
fact that the complaint charges Abdullah for "conduct unbecoming of a court employee" is of no moment. Well-
settled is the rule that what controls is not the designation of the offense but the actual facts recited in the complaint.
Verily, unless jurisdiction has been conferred by some legislative act, no court or tribunal can act on a matter
submitted to it.

SERGIO OSMEÑA, JR. v. SALIPADA K. PENDATUN ET AL.

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G.R. No.L-17144, October 28, 1960, BENGZON, J.

There is no provision authority courts to control, direct, supervise, or forbid the exercise by either house of
the power to expel a member. These powers are functions of the legislative department and therefore, in the exercise
of the power this committed to it, the senate is supreme. An attempt by this court to direct or control the legislature,
or either house thereof, in the exercise of the power, would be an attempt to exercise legislative functions, which it is
expressly forbidden to do.

Facts:

Congressman Sergio Osmena Jr. delivered his privilege speech wherein he attacked the President of the
Philippines that it committed crime but did not substantiate such with evidence. Thus, the Congress issued a House
Resolution which created Special Committee which to investigate whether or not Congressman Osmenas speech is
with basis or pure assault. Congressman Osmena filed a petition for declaratory relief, certiorari, and prohibition
with preliminary injunction against the special committee to enjoin them from proceedings because it is a ground of
infringement of his parliamentary immunity. However, the special committee ruled that the allegations of Osmena is
without basis. Thus, he was suspended. The petition of Osmena was opposed by the Congress contending that it is
within its discretion to punish its erring members and cannot be interfered by the SC.

Issue:

Whether the Supreme Court may intervene in a disciplinary action against a member of Congress.

Ruling:

NO. On the question whether delivery of speeches attacking the Chief Executive constitutes disorderly
conduct for which Osmeña may be discipline, many arguments pro and con have been advanced. SC believe,
however, that the House is the judge of what constitutes disorderly behaviour, not only because the Constitution has
conferred jurisdiction upon it, but also because the matter depends mainly on factual circumstances of which the
House knows best but which cannot be depicted in black and white for presentation to, and adjudication by the
Courts. For one thing, if this Court assumed the power to determine whether Osmeña conduct constituted disorderly
behaviour, it would thereby have assumed appellate jurisdiction, which the Constitution never intended to confer
upon a coordinate branch of the Government.

The theory of separation of powers fastidiously observed by this Court, demands in such situation a prudent
refusal to interfere. Each department, it has been said, had exclusive cognizance of matters within its jurisdiction and
is supreme within its own sphere.

Judicial Interference with Legislature provides that the principle is well established that the courts will not
assume a jurisdiction in any case amount to an interference by the judicial department with the legislature since each
department is equally independent within the power conferred upon it by the Constitution. The general rule has been
applied in other cases to cause the courts to refuse to intervene in what are exclusively legislative functions. Thus,
where the stated Senate is given the power to example a member, the court will not review its action or revise even a
most arbitrary or unfair decision. Under our form of government, the judicial department has no power to revise
even the most arbitrary and unfair action of the legislative department, or of either house thereof, taking in
pursuance of the power committed exclusively to that department by the Constitution. It has been held by high
authority that, even in the absence of an express provision conferring the power, every legislative body in which is
vested the general legislative power of the state has the implied power to expel a member for any cause which it may
deem sufficient.

In Hiss. vs. Barlett, (3 Gray 473, 63 Am. Dec. 768,) the supreme court of Mass. says, in substance, that this power is
inherent in every legislative body; that it is necessary to the to enable the body 'to perform its high functions, and is
necessary to the safety of the state;' 'That it is a power of self-protection, and that the legislative body must
necessarily be the sole judge of the exigency which may justify and require its exercise. There is no provision
authority courts to control, direct, supervise, or forbid the exercise by either house of the power to expel a member.
These powers are functions of the legislative department and therefore, in the exercise of the power this committed
to it, the senate is supreme. An attempt by this court to direct or control the legislature, or either house thereof, in the
exercise of the power, would be an attempt to exercise legislative functions, which it is expressly forbidden to do.

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JOKER P. ARROYO ET.AL. v. JOSE DE VENECIA ET AL.

G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997, MENDOZA, J.

At any rate, courts have declared that 'the rules adopted by deliberative bodies are subject to revocation,
modification or waiver at the pleasure of the body adopting them.' And it has been said that 'Parliamentary rules are
merely procedural, and with their observance, the courts have no concern. They may be waived or disregarded by
the legislative body.' Consequently, 'mere failure to conform to parliamentary usage will not invalidate the action
(taken by a deliberative body) when the requisite number of members have agreed to a particular measure.'

Facts:

Arroyo questioned the validity of RA No. 8240 which amends certain provisions of NIRC imposing sin
taxes on manufacture and sale of beer and cigarettes. He alleged that law was passed in violation of Internal House
Rules. Arroyo contend that the House rules were adopted pursuant to the constitutional provision that "each House
may determine the rules of its proceedings" and that for this reason they are judicially enforceable. He filed a
petition for certiorari and prohibition before the SC. Jose De Venecia on his defense is anchored on the principle of
separation of powers and the enrolled bill doctrine. He argued that the Court is not the proper forum for the
enforcement of the rules of the House and that there is no justification for reconsidering the enrolled bill doctrine.
Although the Constitution provides in Art. VI, §16(3) for the adoption by each House of its rules of proceedings,
enforcement of the rules cannot be sought in the courts except insofar as they implement constitutional requirements
such as that relating to three readings on separate days before a bill may be passed.

Issue:

Whether or not the Courts may enforce Internal House Rules

Ruling:

No, It is clear from the foregoing facts that what is alleged to have been violated in the enactment of R.A.
No. 8240 are merely internal rules of procedure of the House rather than constitutional requirements for the
enactment of a law, i.e., Art. VI, §§26-27.

Arroyo contend that the House rules were adopted pursuant to the constitutional provision that "each House
may determine the rules of its proceedings" and that for this reason they are judicially enforceable. To begin with,
this contention stands the principle on its head. In the decided cases, the constitutional provision that "each House
may determine the rules of its proceedings" was invoked by parties, although not successfully, precisely to support
claims of autonomy of the legislative branch to conduct its business free from interference by courts. Here
petitioners cite the provision for the opposite purpose of invoking judicial review.

But the cases, both here and abroad, in varying forms of expression, all deny to the courts the power to
inquire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a House of Congress failed to comply with its own rules, in the
absence of showing that there was a violation of a constitutional provision or the rights of private individuals.

In this case no rights of private individuals are involved but only those of a member who, instead of
seeking redress in the House, chose to transfer the dispute to this Court. SC has no more power to look into the
internal proceedings of a House than members of that House have to look over our shoulders, as long as no violation
of constitutional provisions is shown. Arroyo must realize that each of the three departments of our government has
its separate sphere which the others may not invade without upsetting the delicate balance on which our
constitutional order rests. Due regard for the working of our system of government, more than mere comity, compels
reluctance on our part to enter upon an inquiry into an alleged violation of the rules of the House.

DELEGATION OF POWERS

SOUTHERN CROSS CEMENT CORPORATION v. THE PHILIPPINE CEMENT MANUFACTURERS

CORP., ET AL.
G.R. No. 158540, July 8, 2004, TINGA, J.

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The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and subject to such
limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and
other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the Government.

Facts:

Philippine Cement Manufaturers Corporation is an association of domestic cement manufacturers. It

contended that because of the importation of Gray Portland cement, it affected caused declines in domestic
production, capacity utilization, market share, sales and employment; as well as caused depressed local prices. It
sought the imposition of provisional remedies but the Tariff Commissioner did not grant such imposition. DTI then
imposed the provisional remedies in violation of the Safeguard Measures (SMA). This was then alleged by South
Cement that DTI cannot impose provisional remedies since Tariff Commissioner did not approve such. It was
contended by South Cement that the power delegated by Congress to President in case of tariff and customs is
absolute.

Issue:

Whether the power of the President delegated by the Congress in case of tariffs and customs code is
absolute and not subject to limitation.

Ruling:

NO. Section 28(2), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution confirms the delegation of legislative power, yet
ensures that the prerogative of Congress to impose limitations and restrictions on the executive exercise of this
power:

The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and subject to such
limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and
other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the Government.

This delegation of the taxation power by the legislative to the executive is authorized by the Constitution
itself. At the same time, the Constitution also grants the delegating authority (Congress) the right to impose
restrictions and limitations on the taxation power delegated to the President. The restrictions and limitations imposed
by Congress take on the mantle of a constitutional command, which the executive branch is obliged to observe.

The SMA empowered the DTI Secretary, as alter ego of the President, to impose definitive general
safeguard measures, which basically are tariff imposts of the type spoken of in the Constitution. However, the law
did not grant him full, uninhibited discretion to impose such measures. The DTI Secretary authority is derived from
the SMA; it does not flow from any inherent executive power. Thus, the limitations imposed by Section 5 are
absolute, warranted as they are by a constitutional fiat.

PHILIPPINE AIR LINES, INC. v. CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD, and FILIPINAS ORIENT AIRWAYS
G.R. No. L-24219, June 13, 1968, CONCEPCION, C.J.:

Under, Section 10-C(1) of Republic Act No. 776, reads that CAB shall have the following specific power
and duty to issue, deny, amend, revise, alter, modify, cancel suspend or revoke, in whole or in part, upon petitioners
complaint, or upon its own initiative, any temporary operating permit or Certificate of Public Convenience and
Necessity; Provided, however, That in the case of foreign air carriers, the permit shall be issued with the approval of
the President of the Republic of the Philippines.

Facts:

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) granted Filipinas Orient Airways Inc. provisional authority to operate
scheduled and non-scheduled domestic air services subject to specified conditions. However, Philippine Air Lines
opposed to such contending that CAB is not empowered to grant any provisional authority to operate, prior to the
submission for decision of the main application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity.

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Issue:

Whether or not CAB has the authority to grant provisional authority to operate

Ruling:

YES. Under, Section 10-C(1) of Republic Act No. 776, reads that CAB shall have the following specific
power and duty to issue, deny, amend, revise, alter, modify, cancel suspend or revoke, in whole or in part, upon
petitioners complaint, or upon its own initiative, any temporary operating permit or Certificate of Public
Convenience and Necessity; Provided, however, That in the case of foreign air carriers, the permit shall be issued
with the approval of the President of the Republic of the Philippines. This explicitly authorizes CAB to issue a
"temporary operating permit," and nothing contained, either in said section, or in Chapter IV of Republic Act No.
776, negates the power to issue said "permit", before the completion of the applicant's evidence and that of the
oppositor thereto on the main petition. Indeed, the CAB's authority to grant a temporary permit "upon its own
initiative," strongly suggests the power to exercise said authority, even before the presentation of said evidence has
begun.

EMMANUEL PELAEZv.THE AUDITOR GENERAL

G.R. No. L-23825, December 24, 1965, CONCEPCION, J.

Although Congress may delegate to another branch of the Government the power to fill in the details in the
execution, enforcement or administration of a law, it is essential, to forestall a violation of the principle of
separation of powers, that said law: (a) be complete in itself — it must set forth therein the policy to be executed,
carried out or implemented by the delegate— and (b) fix a standard — the limits of which are sufficiently
determinate or determinable — to which the delegate must conform in the performance of his functions.

Facts:

President Marcos issued executive orders creating 33 municipalities pursuant to Section 68 of the Revised
Administrative Code (RAC). Later on Pelaez challenge the validity of the Executive Orders contending that Section
68 was already repealed by Section 3 of RA 2370 which provides that barrios may not be created or their boundaries
may not be changed. The Auditor General contended that there was no repeal on the law and maintains that under
Section 68 of RAC congress has delegated the power to create Municipalities to the President.

Issue:

Whether under section 68 of RAC delegates to the President the authority to create municipalities

Ruling:

NO. Indeed, without a statutory declaration of policy, the delegate would in effect, make or formulate such
policy, which is the essence of every law; and, without the aforementioned standard, there would be no means to
determine, with reasonable certainty, whether the delegate has acted within or beyond the scope of his authority.
Hence, he could thereby arrogate upon himself the power, not only to make the law, but, also — and this is worse —
to unmake it, by adopting measures inconsistent with the end sought to be attained by the Act of Congress, thus
nullifying the principle of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances, and, consequently,
undermining the very foundation of our Republican system.

Thus, Section 68 of the Revised Administrative Code does not meet these well settled requirements for a
valid delegation of the power to fix the details in the enforcement of a law. It does not enunciate any policy to be
carried out or implemented by the President. Neither does it give a standard sufficiently precise to avoid the evil
effects above referred to.

SULTAN OSOP B. CAMID v. THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

G.R. No. 161414, January 17, 2005, TINGA, J.:

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President has no power to create municipalities, yet limited its nullificatory effects to the particular
municipalities challenged in actual cases before SC. However, with the promulgation of the Local Government Code
in 1991, the legal cloud was lifted over the municipalities similarly created by executive order but not judicially
annulled. Thus, creating a de facto municipality which is recognized to be existing.

Facts:

Municipality of Andong in Lanao del Sur was one of the Municipalities created by virtue of Executive
Order No. 107.4. However, the creation of the same was not valid since EO 107.4 was declared null and void
pursuant to the ruling of the SC in Pelaez v. Auditor General. But it was alleged by Camid that the Municipality
continued to exist but without local officials and no appropriation of funds for the same thus, must be declared as a
valid Municipality.

Issue:

Whether a municipality whose creation by executive fiat was previously voided by the SC may attain
recognition in the absence of any curative or reimplementing statute.

Ruling:

NO. The Court can employ a simplistic approach in resolving the substantive aspect of the petition, merely
by pointing out that the Municipality of Andong never existed. Executive Order No. 107, which established Andong,
was declared "null and void ab initio" in 1965 by this Court.

The de facto status of such municipalities as San Andres, Alicia and Sinacaban was recognized by this
Court, and Section 442(b) of the Local Government Code deemed curative whatever legal defects to title these
municipalities had labored under.

However, Andong is not entitled to be recognized as a de facto municipal corporation Andong does not
meet the requisites set forth by Section 442(d) of the Local Government Code. Section 442(d) requires that in order
that the municipality created by executive order may receive recognition, they must "have their respective set of
elective municipal officials holding office at the time of the effectivity of the Local Government Code." Camid
admits that Andong has never elected its municipal officers at all. This incapacity ties in with the fact that Andong
was judicially annulled in 1965. Out of obeisance to our ruling in Pelaez, the national government ceased to
recognize the existence of Andong, depriving it of its share of the public funds, and refusing to conduct municipal
elections for the void municipality.

The failure to appropriate funds for Andong and the absence of elections in the municipality in the last four
decades are eloquent indicia of the non-recognition by the State of the existence of the town. The certifications
relied upon by Camid, issued by the DENR-CENRO and the National Statistics Office, can hardly serve the purpose
of attesting to Andong’s legal efficacy. In fact, both these certifications qualify that they were issued upon the
request of Camid, "to support the restoration or re-operation of the Municipality of Andong, Lanao del Sur,” thus
obviously conceding that the municipality is at present inoperative.

BAI SANDRA S. A. SEMA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and DIDAGEN P. DILANGALEN

G.R. No. 177597, July 16, 2008, CARPIO, J.

Only Congress can create provinces and cities because the creation of provinces and cities necessarily
includes the creation of legislative districts, a power only Congress can exercise under Section 5, Article VI of the
Constitution and Section 3 of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution.

Facts:

Cotabato City is the first district of Maguindanao. Although it forms part of Maguindanao’s first legislative
district, it is not part of the ARMM but Region XII. ARMM Regional Assembly exercising its power to create
provinces under Art VI Section 9 of RA 9054 enacted Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 201 (MMA Act 201)

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creating the Province of Shariff Kabunsuan which Maguindanao ratified. Cotabato City was then became part of
Shariff Kabunsuan.

Issue:

Whether Section 19, Article VI of RA 9054, delegating to the ARMM Regional Assembly the power to
create provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays, is constitutional

Ruling:

NO. Section 19, Article VI of RA 9054 is unconstitutional insofar as it grants to the ARMM Regional
Assembly the power to create provinces and cities, is void for it is contrary to the constitution, as well as Section 3
of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution.

The ARMM Regional Assembly cannot create a province without a legislative district because the
Constitution mandates that every province shall have a legislative district. Moreover, the ARMM Regional
Assembly cannot enact a law creating a national office like the office of a district representative of Congress because
the legislative powers of the ARMM Regional Assembly operate only within its territorial jurisdiction as provided in
Section 20, Article X of the Constitution. Thus, we rule that MMA Act 201, enacted by the ARMM Regional
Assembly and creating the Province of Shariff Kabunsuan, is void.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

RAMON P. BINAMIRA v. PETER D. GARRUCHO, JR.

G.R. No. 92008, July 30, 1990, CRUZ, J.

Appointment involves the exercise of discretion, which because of its nature cannot be delegated.

Facts:

Binamira was designated as General Manager of the Philippine Tourism Authority by the Secretary of
tourism and Garrucho was then appointed by the President to the same position since Binamiras appointment was
not valid since it was not made by the latter. It was then opposed by Binamira for violation of his security of tenure.
He also contended that Secretary of Tourism has the authority to appoint which is delegated by the President

Issue:

Whether the power to appoint by the President can be delegated.

Ruling:

NO. Appointment involves the exercise of discretion, which because of its nature cannot be delegated.
Legally speaking, it was not possible for Minister Gonzales to assume the exercise of that discretion as an alter ego
of the President. The appointment of the Banamira was not a merely mechanical or ministerial act that could be
validly performed by a subordinate even if he happened as in this case to be a member of the Cabinet.

An officer to whom a discretion is entrusted cannot delegate it to another, the presumption being that he
was chosen because he was deemed fit and competent to exercise that judgment and discretion, and unless the power
to substitute another in his place has been given to him, he cannot delegate his duties to another. In those cases in
which the proper execution of the office requires, on the part of the officer, the exercise of judgment or discretion,
the presumption is that he was chosen because he was deemed fit and competent to exercise that judgment and
discretion, and, unless power to substitute another in his place has been given to him, he cannot delegate his duties
to another.

RODOLFO D. LLAMASv. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OSCAR ORBOS and MARIANO UN OCAMPO III
G.R. No. 99031, October 15, 1991, Paras, J.

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The disciplinary authority to investigate, suspend, and remove provincial or city officials devolves at the
first instance on the Department of Interior and Local Government and ultimately on the President. Implicit in this
authority, however, is the "supervision and control" power of the President to reduce, if circumstances so warrant,
the imposable penalty or to modify the suspension or removal order, even "in the sense" of granting executive
clemency.

Facts:

A verified complaint was filed before the then Department of Local Government (DLG) against private
respondent Mariano Un Ocampo III (Ocampo), then incumbent governor of Tarlac, for allegedly violating the Local
Government Code as well as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. After trial, then Secretary of DLG issued a
decision finding Ocampo guilty of violating the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. Consequently, Ocampo was
suspended from office for 90 days. Ocampo’s motion for reconsideration having been denied, he elevated the matter
to the Office of the President. Meanwhile, petitioner Rodolfo Llamas (Llamas), then incumbent Vice-Governor of
Tarlac, assumed the governorship while Ocampo was serving his penalty of suspension. Subsequently thereafter,
public respondent Orbos, by authority of the President, issued a resolution granting executive clemency to private
respondent Ocampo. Hence, the current petition.

It is the position of Llamas that executive clemency could only be granted by the President in criminal
cases as there is nothing in the statute books or even in the Constitution which allows the grant thereof in
administrative cases.

Issue:

Whether the President can grant executive clemency in administrative cases.

Ruling:

YES. The disciplinary authority to investigate, suspend, and remove provincial or city officials devolves at
the first instance on the Department of Interior and Local Government (Secs. 61 and 65, B.P. Blg. 337) and
ultimately on the President (Sec. 66). Implicit in this authority, however, is the "supervision and control" power of
the President to reduce, if circumstances so warrant, the imposable penalty or to modify the suspension or removal
order, even "in the sense" of granting executive clemency. "Control," within the meaning of the Constitution, is the
power to substitute one's own judgment for that of a subordinate. Under the doctrine of Qualified Political Agency,
the different executive departments are mere adjuncts of the President. Their acts are presumptively the acts of the
President until countermanded or reprobated by her (Vinena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451; Free Telephone Workers
Union vs. Minister of Labor and Employment, 108 SCRA 767 [1981]). Replying upon this view, it is urged by the
Solicitor General that in the present case, the President, in the exercise of her power of supervision and control over
all executive departments, may substitute her decision for that of her subordinate, most especially where the basis
therefor would be to serve the greater public interest. It is clearly within the power of the President not only to grant
"executive clemency" but also to reverse or modify a ruling issued by a subordinate against an erring public official,
where a reconsideration of the facts alleged would support the same. It is in this sense that the alleged executive
clemency was granted, after adducing reasons that subserve the public interest. — "the relative success of . . .
livelihood loan program."

NPC DRIVERS AND MECHANICS ASSOCIATION, (NPC DAMA), represented by Its President ROGER S.
SAN JUAN, SR., NPC EMPLOYEES & WORKERS UNION (NEWU) NORTHERN LUZON REGIONAL
CENTER, represented by its Regional President JIMMY D. SALMAN, in their own individual capacities and
in behalf of the members of the associations and all affected officers and employees of National Power
Corporation (NPC), ZOL D. MEDINA, NARCISO M. MAGANTE, VICENTE B. CIRIO, JR., NECITAS B.
CAMAMA, in their individual capacities as employees of National Power Corporationv. THE NATIONAL
POWER CORPORATION (NPC), NATIONAL POWER BOARD OF DIRECTORS (NPB), JOSE ISIDRO
N. CAMACHO as Chairman of the National Power Board of Directors (NPB), ROLANDO S. QUILALA, as
President Officer-in-charge/CEO of National Power Corporation and Member of National Power Board, and
VINCENT S. PEREZ, JR., EMILIA T. BONCODIN, MARIUS P. CORPUS, RUBEN S. REINOSO, JR.,
GREGORY L. DOMINGO and NIEVES L. OSORIO
G.R. No. 156208, September 26, 2006, Chico-Nazario, J.

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In those cases in which the proper execution of the office requires, on the part of the officer, the exercise of
judgment or discretion, the presumption is that he was chosen because he was deemed fit and competent to exercise
that judgment and discretion, and, unless power to substitute another in his place has been given to him, he cannot
delegate his duties to another. However, a delegate may exercise his authority through persons he appoints to assist
him in his functions provided that the judgment and discretion finally exercised are those of the officer authorized
by law.

Facts:

On 8 June 2001, Republic Act No. 9136, otherwise known as the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of
2001 (EPIRA Law), was approved and signed into law by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Under the
EPIRA Law a new National Power Board of Directors was constituted composed of the Secretary of Finance as
Chairman, with the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Budget and Management, the Secretary of Agriculture, the
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority, the Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources, the Secretary of Interior and Local Government, the Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry,
and the President of the National Power Corporation as members. Subsequently thereafter, the NPB passed NPB
Resolution No. 2002-124 which provided for the Guidelines on the Separation Program of the NPC and the
Selection and Placement of Personnel in the NPC Table of Organization. Under said Resolution, all NPC personnel
shall be legally terminated on 31 January 2003, and shall be entitled to separation benefits. On the same day, the
NPB approved NPB Resolution No. 2002-125, whereby a Transition Team was constituted to manage and
implement the NPCs Separation Program.

Arguing that NPB Resolution Nos. 2002-124 and 2002-125 are void for having been issued by only three
members of the Board of Directors of the NPC, petitioners filed the present Petition for Injunction praying that the
implementation of the said Resolutions be enjoined. According to the petitioners although there were seven board
members who were present during the meeting where the assailed Board Resolutions were passed, four of the board
members who were present therein and signed the questioned resolutions were not the secretaries of their respective
departments but were merely representatives or designated alternates of the officials who were named under the
EPIRA Law to sit as members of the NPB. Petitioners claim that the acts of these representatives are violative of the
well-settled principle that delegated power cannot be further delegated.

Issue:

Whether or not NPB Resolution Nos. 2002-124 and 2002-125 are void.

Ruling:

YES. In enumerating under Section 48 those who shall compose the National Power Board of Directors,
the legislature has vested upon these persons the power to exercise their judgment and discretion in running the
affairs of the NPC. Discretion may be defined as the act or the liberty to decide according to the principles of justice
and ones ideas of what is right and proper under the circumstances, without willfulness or favor. Discretion, when
applied to public functionaries, means a power or right conferred upon them by law of acting officially in certain
circumstances, according to the dictates of their own judgment and conscience, uncontrolled by the judgment or
conscience of others. It is to be presumed that in naming the respective department heads as members of the board of
directors, the legislature chose these secretaries of the various executive departments on the basis of their personal
qualifications and acumen which made them eligible to occupy their present positions as department heads. Thus,
the department secretaries cannot delegate their duties as members of the NPB, much less their power to vote and
approve board resolutions, because it is their personal judgment that must be exercised in the fulfillment of such
responsibility.

STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

LEON G. MAQUERA v. JUAN BORRA, CESAR MIRAFLOR, and GREGORIO SANTAYANA, in their
respective capacities as Chairman and Members of the Commission on Elections, and the COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS
G.R. No. L-24761, September 7, 1965, Per Curiam

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The Constitution provides for the qualifications required to be met before a person may be allowed to run
for public office. No property qualification of any kind is thereunder required. Consequently, a law requiring the
posting of a bond before a person may be allowed to run for public office is void for being unconstitutional.

Facts:

The Congress passed Republic Act 4421 requiring all candidates for national, provincial, city and
municipal offices to post a surety bond equivalent to the one-year salary or emoluments of the position to which he
is a candidate. In compliance with said Republic Act No. 4421, the Commission on Elections had, on July 20, 1965,
decided to require all candidates for President, Vice-President, Senator and Member of the House of Representatives
to file a surety bond, by a bonding company of good reputation, acceptable to the Commission.

Finding RA 4421 as well as the aforementioned action of the COMELEC to be undemocratic and contrary
to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, the petitioners filed the present petition assailing the constitutionality of
RA 4421.

Issue:

Whether RA 4421 is constitutional.

Ruling:

NO. Said property qualifications are inconsistent with the nature and essence of the Republican system
ordained in our Constitution and the principle of social justice underlying the same, for said political system is
premised upon the tenet that sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them,
and this, in turn, implies necessarily that the right to vote and to be voted for shall not be dependent upon the wealth
of the individual concerned, whereas social justice presupposes equal opportunity for all, rich and poor alike, and
that, accordingly, no person shall, by reason of poverty, be denied the chance to be elected to public office.

ZACARIAS VILLAVICENCIO, ET AL. v. JUSTO LUKBAN, ET AL.

G.R. No. L-14639, March 25, 1919, Malcolm, J.

No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold, or liberties, or free customs, or be
outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will we pass upon him nor condemn him, but by lawful
judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.

Facts:

Respondent Justo Lukban (Lukban), then Mayor of the City of Manila, ordered the segregation of 170
women considered to be of ill repute and directed that they be sent to Mindanao to work as laborers therein. About
midnight of October 25, 1918, the police, acting pursuant to orders from the chief of police, Anton Hohmann
(Hohmann) and City Mayor Lukban, forcibly hustled on board two steamers going to Mindanao the 170 women.
The women were given no opportunity to collect their belongings. They had no knowledge that they were destined
for a life in Mindanao. They had not been asked if they wished to depart from that region and had neither directly
nor indirectly given their consent to the deportation.

Issue:

Whether City Mayor Lukban has the authority to order the deportation of the 170 women.

Ruling:

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NO. Law defines power. Centuries ago Magna Charta decreed that — "No freeman shall be taken, or
imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold, or liberties, or free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise
destroyed; nor will we pass upon him nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the
land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either justice or right." (Magna Charta, 9 Hen.,
111, 1225, Cap. 29; 1 eng. stat. at Large, 7.) No official, no matter how high, is above the law. The courts are the
forum which functionate to safeguard individual liberty and to punish official transgressors. "The law," said Justice
Miller, delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, "is the only supreme power in our system
of government, and every man who by accepting office participates in its functions is only the more strongly bound
to submit to that supremacy, and to observe the limitations which it imposes upon the exercise of the authority which
it gives." (U.S. vs. Lee [1882], 106 U.S., 196, 220.) "The very idea," said Justice Matthews of the same high tribunal
in another case, "that one man may be compelled to hold his life, or the means of living, or any material right
essential to the enjoyment of life, at the mere will of another, seems to be intolerable in any country where freedom
prevails, as being the essence of slavery itself." (Yick Wo vs. Hopkins [1886], 118 U.S., 356, 370.)

CITY OF MANILA and MAYOR ANTONIO J. VILLEGAS, in his capacity as City Mayor of Manila vs.
ABELARDO SUBIDO, in his capacity as Commissioner of Civil Service; HERMINIO A. ASTORGA, in his
capacity as Vice-Mayor and Presiding Officer of the Municipal Board, Manila; FELICISIMO REYES
CABIGAO and GERINO M. TOLENTINO, in their respective capacity as Members of the Municipal Board
of Manila
G.R. No. L-25835 May 20, 1966 BENGZON, C.J.

Nothing is better settled in the law than that a public official exercises power, not rights. The government
itself is merely an agency through which the will of the state is expressed and enforced. Its officers therefore are
likewise agents entrusted with the responsibility of discharging its functions. As such there is no presumption that
they are empowered to act. There must be a delegation of such authority, either express or implied. In the absence of
a valid grant, they are devoid of power. It must be conceded that departmental zeal may not be permitted to outrun
the authority conferred by statute. Neither the high dignity of the office nor the righteousness of the motive then is an
acceptable substitute. Otherwise the rule of law becomes a myth. Such an eventuality, we must take all pains to
avoid.

Facts:

91 women as street sweepers in the City of Manila was appointed by the then City Mayor of Manila
Petitioner Antonio Villegas (Villegas). The appointment of the 91 women as street sweepers was subject to the
approval of the Office of the Civil Service Commission. Respondent Abelardo Subido (Subido), in his capacity as
Commissioner of Civil Service, however, refused to extend the approval of such appointment on the ground that the
appointment of women as street sweepers is in violation of Memorandum Circular No. 18 series of 1964 which
prohibits the appointment of women to positions requiring them to perform manual labor outside offices. According
to the questioned Memorandum Circular the act of putting women workers with men workers outside under the heat
of the sun and placing them under manual labor exposes them to contempt and ridicule and constitutes a violation of
the traditional dignity and respect accorded Filipino womanhood. Villegas on the other hand argues that
Memorandum Circular No. 18 series of 1964 have been declared to be without force and effect by the Office of the
President under a fifth endorsement to Villegas on September 14, 1965.

Issue:

Whether the refusal of Subido to extend the approval to the appointment of the 91 women as street
sweepers is justified.

Ruling:

NO. In the present case, it appears that Subido is unalterably convinced that to allow women laborers to
work outside their offices as street sweepers would run counter to Filipino tradition. The sincerity of his conviction
is conceded, but that does not suffice. A public official must be able to point to a particular provision of law or rule
justifying the exercise of a challenged authority. So it was correctly held in the decision on appeal. The pertinent
excerpt from the case of Villegas v. Subido decision follows: "One last word. Nothing is better settled in the law than
that a public official exercises power, not rights. The government itself is merely an agency through which the will

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of the state is expressed and enforce. Its officers therefore are likewise agents entrusted with the responsibility of
discharging its functions. As such there is no presumption that they are empowered to act. There must be delegation
of such authority, either express or implied. In the absence of a valid grant, they are devoid or power. What they do
suffers from a fatal infirmity. The principle cannot be sufficiently stressed. In the appropriate language of Chief
Justice Hughes: 'It must be conceded that departmental zeal may not be permitted to outrun the authority conferred
by statute. "Neither the high dignity of the office nor the righteousness of the motive then is an acceptable substitute.
Otherwise the rule of law becomes a myth. Such an eventuality, we must take all pains to avoid."

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. HON. LORENZO B. VENERACION, Presiding Judge of the
Regional Trial Court, National Capital Judicial Region, Branch 47, Manila, HENRY LAGARTO y PETILLA
and ERNESTO CORDERO
G.R. Nos. 119987-88, October 12, 1995, Kapunan, J.

Obedience to the rule of law forms the bedrock of our system of justice. If judges, under the guise of
religious or political beliefs were allowed to roam unrestricted beyond boundaries within which they are required by
law to exercise the duties of their office, then law becomes meaningless. A government of laws, not of men excludes
the exercise of broad discretionary powers by those acting under its authority. Under this system, judges are guided
by the Rule of Law, and ought "to protect and enforce it without fear or favor,"resist encroachments by governments,
political parties, 5 or even the interference of their own personal beliefs.

Facts:

Two separate informations were filed against respondents Lagarto and Cordero charging them of the crime
of Rape with homicide. After trial, the RTC found respondents guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged
and sentenced both accused with the "penalty of reclusion perpetua with all the accessories provided for by law.”
Disagreeing with the sentence imposed, the City Prosecutor of Manila,filed a Motion for Reconsideration, praying
that the Decision be modified in that the penalty of death be imposed against respondents Lagarto and Cordero, in
place of the original penalty (reclusion perpetua).Refusing to act on the merits of the said Motion for
Reconsideration, respondent Judge Veneracion issued an Order denying the same for lack of jurisdiction.

Issue:

Whether the respondent judge acted with grave abuse of discretion and in excess of jurisdiction when he
failed and/or refused to impose the mandatory penalty of death under Republic Act No. 7659, after finding the
accused guilty of the crime of Rape with Homicide.

Ruling:

YES. In the case at bench, respondent judge, after weighing the evidence of the prosecution and the
defendant at trial found the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of Rape with Homicide. Since the
law in force at the time of the commission of the crime for which respondent judge found the accused guilty was
Republic Act No. 7659, he was bound by its provisions.

RA 7659 plainly and unequivocably provides that "[w]hen by reason or on the occasion of rape, a homicide
is committed, the penalty shall be death." The provision leaves no room for the exercise of discretion on the part of
the trial judge to impose a penalty under the circumstances described, other than a sentence of death.

We are aware of the trial judge's misgivings in imposing the death sentence because of his religious
convictions. While this Court sympathizes with his predicament, it is its bounden duty to emphasize that a court of
law is no place for a protracted debate on the morality or propriety of the sentence, where the law itself provides for
the sentence of death as a penalty in specific and well-defined instances. The discomfort faced by those forced by
law to impose the death penalty is an ancient one, but it is a matter upon which judges have no choice. Courts are
not concerned with the wisdom, efficacy or morality of laws.

2nd LT. SALVADOR PARREÑO represented by his daughter Myrna P. Caintic v. COMMISSION ON
AUDIT and CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMEDFORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES

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G.R. No. 162224, June 7, 2007, Carpio, J.

The constitutional right to equal protection of the laws is not absolute but is subject to reasonable
classification. To be reasonable, the classification (a) must be based on substantial distinctions which make real
differences; (b) must be germane to the purpose of the law; (c) must not be limited to existing conditions only; and
(d) must apply equally to each member of the class.

Facts:

Petitioner Salvador Parreño (Parreño) is a retired member of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. After
having served the AFP for more than 32 years, Parreño was entitled to receive monthly pension from the
government. In 1985, Parreño started receiving his monthly pension, the AFP, however, pursuant to Section 27 of
PD 1638 which provides that a retiree who loses his Filipino citizenship shall be removed from the retired list and
his retirement benefits terminated upon loss of Filipino citizenship, stopped Parreño’s monthly pension when he
migrated to Hawaii and became a naturalized American citizen. Parreño requested for reconsideration but the same
was denied. Subsequently, Parreño filed a claim before the COA for the continuance of his monthly pension, the
COA however, denied the claim of Parreño for lack of jurisdiction. Hence, this petition. Parreño argues that Section
27 of PD 1638 is unconstitutional. According to him, the obligation to retain his Filipino citizenship as a condition
for him to remain in the AFP retired list and receive his retirement benefit is contrary to public policy and welfare,
oppressive, discriminatory, and violative of the due process clause of the Constitution. Parreño further argues that
Section 27 of PD 1638, as amended, discriminates against AFP retirees who have changed their nationality.

Issue:

Whether Section 27 of PD 1638, as amended, is constitutional.

Ruling:

YES. There is a substantial difference between retirees who are citizens of the Philippines and retirees who
lost their Filipino citizenship by naturalization in another country, such as petitioner in the case before us. The
constitutional right of the state to require all citizens to render personal and military service necessarily includes not
only private citizens but also citizens who have retired from military service. A retiree who had lost his Filipino
citizenship already renounced his allegiance to the state. Thus, he may no longer be compelled by the state to render
compulsory military service when the need arises. Petitioner’s loss of Filipino citizenship constitutes a substantial
distinction that distinguishes him from other retirees who retain their Filipino citizenship. If the groupings are
characterized by substantial distinctions that make real differences, one class may be treated and regulated
differently from another.

Republic Act No. 7077(RA 7077) affirmed the constitutional right of the state to a Citizen Armed
Forces. Section 11 of RA 7077 provides that citizen soldiers or reservists include ex-servicemen and retired officers
of the AFP. Hence, even when a retiree is no longer in the active service, he is still a part of the Citizen Armed
Forces. Thus, we do not find the requirement imposed by Section 27 of PD 1638, as amended, oppressive,
discriminatory, or contrary to public policy. The state has the right to impose a reasonable condition that is necessary
for national defense. To rule otherwise would be detrimental to the interest of the state.

ISLAMIC DA'WAH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC., herein represented by PROF. ABDULRAFIH
H. SAYEDYv.OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY of the Office of the President of the Philippines,
herein represented by HON. ALBERTO G. ROMULO, Executive Secretary, and the OFFICE ON MUSLIM
AFFAIRS, herein represented by its Executive Director, HABIB MUJAHAB HASHIM
G.R. No. 153888, July 9, 2003, Corona, J.

The act of certifying food products as halal is one considered to be a religious function which can be
performed only by practicing Muslims. Thus, the government cannot pass a law vesting the exclusive authority to
issue halal certificates to a government agency without violating the constitutional provision on the separation of
Church and State.

Facts:

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Petitioner IDCP is a non-governmental organization that extends voluntary services to the Filipino people,
especially to Muslim communities. One of the functions IDCP carries out is to conduct seminars, orient
manufacturers on halal food and issue halal certifications to qualified products and manufacturers. Subsequently
however, respondent Office of the Executive Secretary issued EO 46 creating the Philippine Halal Certification
Scheme. Under the EO, respondent OMA has the exclusive authority to issue halal certificates and perform other
related regulatory activities.

Finding EO 46 to be in violative of the constitutional provision on the separation of Church and State,
IDCP filed the present petition for prohibition praying that EO 46 be declared null and void. According to IDCP, it is
unconstitutional for the government to formulate policies and guidelines on the halal certification scheme because
said scheme is a function only religious organizations, entity or scholars can lawfully and validly perform for the
Muslims. IDCP argues that a food product becomes halal only after the performance of Islamic religious ritual and
prayer. Thus, only practicing Muslims are qualified to slaughter animals for food. A government agency like herein
respondent OMA cannot therefore perform a religious function like certifying qualified food products as halal.

Issue:

Whether EO 46 is constitutional.

Ruling:

NO. Freedom of religion was accorded preferred status by the framers of our fundamental law. And this
Court has consistently affirmed this preferred status, well aware that it is "designed to protect the broadest possible
liberty of conscience, to allow each man to believe as his conscience directs, to profess his beliefs, and to live as he
believes he ought to live, consistent with the liberty of others and with the common good."

Without doubt, classifying a food product as halal is a religious function because the standards used are
drawn from the Qur'an and Islamic beliefs. By giving OMA the exclusive power to classify food products as halal,
EO 46 encroached on the religious freedom of Muslim organizations like herein petitioner to interpret for Filipino
Muslims what food products are fit for Muslim consumption. Also, by arrogating to itself the task of issuing halal
certifications, the State has in effect forced Muslims to accept its own interpretation of the Qur'an and Sunnah on
halal food.

MAXIMO CALALANGv. MAXIMO CALALANG

G.R. No. 47800, December 2, 1940, Laurel, J.

Social justice is "neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy," but the humanization of
laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively
secular conception may at least be approximated.

Facts:

Respondent Williams, Chairman of the National Traffic Commission, recommended to the Director of
Public Works that animal-drawn vehicles be prohibited from passing certain streets at certain hours for a period of
one year. Acting favorably on the recommendation of Williams, the Director of Public Works, with the approval of
the Secretary of Public Works, promulgated rules and regulations prohibiting animal-vehicles from passing in the
streets mentioned in the rules and regulations.

Contending that the rules and regulations promulgated by the Director of Public Works have the effect of
infringing upon the constitutional precept regarding the promotion of social justice, petitioner Calalang, in his
capacity as a private citizen and taxpayer of Manila, brought the present petition for prohibition against herein
respondents praying that the disputed rules and regulations be declared unconstitutional.

Issue:

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Whether the rules and regulations promulgated by the Director of Public Works is unconstitutional for
being violative of the constitutional provision regarding social justice.

Ruling:

NO. The promotion of social justice, however, is to be achieved not through a mistaken sympathy towards
any given group. Social justice is "neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy," but the
humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational
and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice means the promotion of the welfare
of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the
competent elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the
interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally
justifiable, or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all governments on
the time-honored principle of salus populi est suprema lex.

Social justice, therefore, must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdependence among
divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should be equally and evenly extended to all groups as
a combined force in our social and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the
state of promoting the health, comfort, and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about "the greatest good to the
greatest number."
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

PHILIPPINE LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE COMPANY v. THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS

COMMISSION and MARILYN ABUCAY
G.R. No. 80609, August 23, 1988, Cruz, J.

As a rule an employee dismissed for a valid cause is not entitled to separation pay. However, the 1987
Constitution being replete with positive commands for the promotion of social justice, particularly the protection of
the rights of the workers, an employee validly dismissed for causes other than serious misconduct or those reflecting
on his moral character may be entitled to separation pay as a measure of social justice.

Facts:

Marilyn Abucay (Abucay), a traffic operator of PLDT was accused by two complainants of having
demanded and received money in consideration of her promise to facilitate the approval of their applications for
telephone installation. After investigation she was found guilty and accordingly separated from the service. She went
to the Ministry of labor claiming the she had been illegally removed. The Ministry of labor sustained the decision of
the company and dismissed the complaint of Abucay for lack of merit. It however ordered PLDT to give her one
month pay for every year of service as financial assistance. Both PLDT and Abucay appealed to the National Labor
Relations Board (NLRB). The NLRB in its decision affirmed in toto the decision of the Ministry of Labor saying
that it is for reasons of equity and compassion that it resolves to uphold the award of financial assistance. Abucay
took no further action, but PLDT questions the financial assistance awarded to Abucay.

PLDT argues that under the law if an employee has been validly dismissed he is entitled neither to
reinstatement nor to backwages for his dismissal is in accordance with law. Furthermore they argue that equity and
compassion cannot be a substitute for law.

Issue:

Whether the award of financial assistance to an employee who had been validly dismissed is legal.

Ruling:

YES. Strictly speaking, however, it is not correct to say that there is no express justification for the grant of
separation pay to lawfully dismissed employees other than the abstract consideration of equity. The reason is that our
Constitution is replete with positive commands for the promotion of social justice, and particularly the protection of

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the rights of the workers. The enhancement of their welfare is one of the primary concerns of the present charter. In
fact, instead of confining itself to the general commitment to the cause of labor in Article II on the Declaration of
Principles of State Policies, the new Constitution contains a separate article devoted to the promotion of social
justice and human rights with a separate sub- topic for labor. Article XIII expressly recognizes the vital role of labor,
hand in hand with management, in the advancement of the national economy and the welfare of the people in
general. The categorical mandates in the Constitution for the improvement of the lot of the workers are more than
sufficient basis to justify the award of separation pay in proper cases even if the dismissal be for cause.

JAMES M. IMBONG AND LOVELY-ANN C. IMBONG, FOR THEMSELVES AND IN BEHALF OF

THEIR MINOR CHILDREN, LUCIA CARLOS IMBONG AND BERNADETTE CARLOS IMBONG AND
MAGNIFICAT CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER, INC. v. HON. PAQUITO N. OCHOA, JR.,
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, HON. FLORENCIO B. ABAD, SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET
AND MANAGEMENT, HON. ENRIQUE T. ONA, SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, HON.
ARMIN A. LUISTRO, SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AND
HON. MANUELA. ROXAS II, SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
G.R. No. 204819April 8, 2014, Mendoza, J.

Section 12, Article II of the 1987 Constitution absolutely proscribes abortion, or the taking away of the life of the
unborn, in all cases. Since life begins at “conception”, or more specifically, from fertilization, the duty of the State to
protect the unborn begins at that point—and not at the time of implantation of the fertilized ovum in the mother’s womb.

Facts:

Immediately after the Reproductive Health Law was passed, various petitions were filed questioning the
constitutionality of the said law. Among other arguments, the petitions claim that the RH Law violates the right to
life of the unborn in violation of Section 12, Article II of the Constitution which guarantees protection of both the
life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.

Issue:

Whether the RH Law is unconstitutional for violating the right to life of the unborn.

Ruling:

NO. Section 12, Article II of the 1987 Constitution makes it a policy of the State to “equally protect the life
of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception”. The provision unequivocably proscribes abortion, or the
taking away of the life of the unborn, in all cases. Since life begins at “conception”, or more specifically, from
fertilization, the duty of the State to protect the unborn begins at that point—and not at the time of implantation of
the fertilized ovum in the mother’s womb. This is precisely what the RH Law seeks to achieve when it prohibited all
forms of abortifacients, which are drugs or devices which either (a) induces abortion, (b) induces destruction of the
fetus inside the mother’s womb, or (c) prevents the fetus from being implanted inside the mother’s womb.

By expressly declaring that any drug or device that prevents the fertilized ovum to reach and be implanted
in the mother's womb is an abortifacient (third kind), the RH Law recognizes that: one, there is a need to protect the
fertilized ovum which already has life, and two, the fertilized ovum must be protected the moment it exists- all the
way until it reaches and implants in the mother's womb. After all, if life is only recognized and protection only from
the moment of implantation of the fertilized ovum, there is nothing to prevent any drug or device from killing or
destroying the fertilized ovum prior to implantation, which is tantamount to abortion as stated in the Constitution.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS (DECS) AND DIRECTOR OF CENTER FOR
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT V. ROBERTO REY C. SAN DIEGO AND JUDGE TERESITA DIZON-
CAPULONG, IN HER CAPACITY AS PRESIDING JUDGE OF
THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF VALENZUELA, METRO MANILA, BRANCH 172
G.R. No. 89572December 21, 1989, Cruz, J.

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The right to quality education is not absolute. No less than the Constitution provides that "every citizen has the
right to choose a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable and equitable admission and academic
requirements.”

Facts:

Roberto Rey C. San Diego took the National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) thrice and flunked it as
many times. Invoking his right to quality education, San Diego filed a petition to declare the three-flunk rule of the
DECS as invalid, and to allow him to take the NMAT for a fourth time.

Issue:

Whether San Diego should be allowed to take the NMAT for a fourth time.

Ruling:

NO. The right to quality education invoked by San Diego is not absolute. No less than the Constitution
provides that "every citizen has the right to choose a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable and
equitable admission and academic requirements.” It is not enough to simply invoke the right to quality education as
a guarantee of the Constitution: one must show that he is entitled to it because of his preparation and promise.

The right of the citizen to quality education is likewise tempered by the duty of the State to regulate and
enrich the country’s system of education by directing the student to the course for which he is best suited as
determined by initial tests and evaluations. Otherwise, the country will be "swamped with mediocrity," in the words
of Justice Holmes, not because its citizens lack intelligence but because the country has become a nation of misfits.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

JUAN ANTONIO, ANNA ROSARIO AND JOSE ALFONSO, ALL SURNAMED OPOSA, MINORS, AND
REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS ANTONIO AND RIZALINA OPOSA, ROBERTA NICOLE
SADIUA, MINOR, REPRESENTED BY HER PARENTS CALVIN AND ROBERTA SADIUA, CARLO,
AMANDA SALUD AND PATRISHA, ALL SURNAMED FLORES, MINORS AND REPRESENTED BY
THEIR PARENTS ENRICO AND NIDA FLORES, GIANINA DITA R. FORTUN, MINOR, REPRESENTED
BY HER PARENTS SIGRID AND DOLORES FORTUN, GEORGE II AND MA. CONCEPCION, ALL
SURNAMED MISA, MINORS AND REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS GEORGE AND MYRA MISA,
BENJAMIN ALAN V. PESIGAN, MINOR, REPRESENTED BY HIS PARENTS ANTONIO AND ALICE
PESIGAN, JOVIE MARIE ALFARO, MINOR, REPRESENTED BY HER PARENTS JOSE AND MARIA
VIOLETA ALFARO, MARIA CONCEPCION T. CASTRO, MINOR, REPRESENTED BY HER PARENTS
FREDENIL AND JANE CASTRO, JOHANNA DESAMPARADO, MINOR, REPRESENTED BY HER
PARENTS JOSE AND ANGELA DESAMPRADO, CARLO JOAQUIN T. NARVASA, MINOR,
REPRESENTED BY HIS PARENTS GREGORIO II AND CRISTINE CHARITY NARVASA, MA.
MARGARITA, JESUS IGNACIO, MA. ANGELA AND MARIE GABRIELLE, ALL SURNAMED SAENZ,
MINORS, REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS ROBERTO AND AURORA SAENZ, KRISTINE, MARY
ELLEN, MAY, GOLDA MARTHE AND DAVID IAN, ALL SURNAMED KING, MINORS, REPRESENTED
BY THEIR PARENTS MARIO AND HAYDEE KING, DAVID, FRANCISCO AND THERESE VICTORIA,
ALL SURNAMED ENDRIGA, MINORS, REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS BALTAZAR AND
TERESITA ENDRIGA, JOSE MA. AND REGINA MA., ALL SURNAMED ABAYA, MINORS,
REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS ANTONIO AND MARICA ABAYA, MARILIN, MARIO, JR. AND
MARIETTE, ALL SURNAMED CARDAMA, MINORS, REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS MARIO
AND LINA CARDAMA, CLARISSA, ANN MARIE, NAGEL, AND IMEE LYN, ALL SURNAMED OPOSA,
MINORS AND REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS RICARDO AND MARISSA OPOSA, PHILIP
JOSEPH, STEPHEN JOHN AND ISAIAH JAMES, ALL SURNAMED QUIPIT, MINORS, REPRESENTED
BY THEIR PARENTS JOSE MAX AND VILMI QUIPIT, BUGHAW CIELO, CRISANTO, ANNA, DANIEL
AND FRANCISCO, ALL SURNAMED BIBAL, MINORS, REPRESENTED BY THEIR PARENTS
FRANCISCO, JR. AND MILAGROS BIBAL, AND THE PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK, INC.,
V.THE HONORABLE FULGENCIO S. FACTORAN, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS THE SECRETARY OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, AND THE HONORABLE
ERIBERTO U. ROSARIO, PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE RTC, MAKATI, BRANCH 66

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G.R. No. 101083July 30, 1993, Davide, Jr., J.

While the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is found under the Declaration of Principles and State
Policies and not under the Bill of Rights, it does not mean that it is less important than the latter. Such a right belongs to a
different category of rights altogether for it concerns self-preservation and self-perpetuation, the advancement of which
may even be said to predate all governments and constitutions.

Facts:

The petitioners-minors, for themselves and for “generations yet unborn”, filed a complaint for the
cancellation of all existing Timber License Agreements (TLAs) in the country, and to desist from processing and
approving new TLAs. They claim that the continued deforestation threaten their right to a balanced and healthful
ecology. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss, alleging that the complainants have no cause of action. In
particular, defendants point out that complainants failed to point out a specific legal right violated by the defendants.

Issue:

Whether the petitioners have a cause of action against the defendants.

Ruling:

YES. While the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is found under the Declaration of Principles and
State Policies and not under the Bill of Rights, it does not mean that it is less important than any of the civil and
political rights enumerated in the latter. Such a right belongs to a different category of rights altogether for it
concerns nothing less than self-preservation and self-perpetuation, the advancement of which may even be said to
predate all governments and constitutions. As a matter of fact, these basic rights need not even be written in the
Constitution for they are assumed to exist from the inception of humankind.

In this case, the right of the citizens, both present and those yet to be born, to a balanced and healthful
ecology carries with it the correlative duty on the part of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to
protect and preserve the said right. A violation of such right gives rise to a cause of action.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND

NATURAL RESOURCES, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS, DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND
HIGHWAYS, DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT, PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD,
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE MARITIME GROUP, AND DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT v. CONCERNED RESIDENTS OF MANILA BAY, REPRESENTED AND
JOINED BY DIVINA V. ILAS, SABINIANO ALBARRACIN, MANUEL SANTOS, JR., DINAH DELA
PEÑA, PAUL DENNIS QUINTERO, MA. VICTORIA LLENOS, DONNA CALOZA, FATIMA QUITAIN,
VENICE SEGARRA, FRITZIE TANGKIA, SARAH JOELLE LINTAG, HANNIBAL AUGUSTUS BOBIS,
FELIMON SANTIAGUEL, AND JAIME AGUSTIN R. OPOSA
G.R. No. 171947-48 December 18, 2008, Velasco, Jr., J.

The issuance of a “continuing mandamus” is proper to place government agencies tasked to preserve the
environment on continuing notice and to ensure that the decision would not be set to naught by administrative inaction.

Facts:

The concerned residents of Manila Bay filed a complaint against Metro Manila Development Authority
(MMDA), et al. for the clean-up, rehabilitation, and protection of the Manila Bay, arguing that the water quality of Manila
Bay had fallen way below the allowable standards set by law due to MMDA, et al.’s continued neglect. In their defense,
MMDA, et al. argued that the cleaning of Manila Bay is not a ministerial act which can be compelled by mandamus.

Issue:

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1. Whether the clean-up of Manila Bay is discretionary on the part of MMDA, et al.
2. Whether the duty of MMDA, et al. extends only to specific pollution incidents.

Ruling:

1. NO. A discretionary duty allows a person to exercise judgment and choose to perform or not to perform.
However, a perusal of MMDA, et al.’s charters readily show their duty to take care of the environment,
which includes the clean-up of Manila Bay. In fact, their ministerial duty does not end with the clean-up
and/or restoration of Manila Bay, but extends to the preservation of the water quality of the bay after the
rehabilitation process. Otherwise, any clean-up effort would be futile. To place MMDA, et al. on
continuing notice and to ensure that the decision would not be set to naught by administrative inaction,
the issuance of a “continuing mandamus” is proper.

2. NO. Section 17 and 20 of the Environmental Code requires them to act even in the absence of a specific
pollution incident, as long as water quality "has deteriorated to a degree where its state will adversely
affect its best usage. The duty to upgrade the quality of water is not conditioned on the occurrence of any
pollution incident. In any case, even if MMDA, et al.’s duty is limited to a specific pollution incident, it
should be observed that the pollution in Manila Bay is of such magnitude that it is well-nigh impossible
to draw the line between a general and a specific pollution incident.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

BORACAY FOUNDATION, INC. v. THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN, REPRESENTED BY GOVERNOR

CARLITO S. MARQUEZ, THE PHILIPPINE RECLAMATION
AUTHORITY, AND THE DENR-EMB (REGION VI)
G.R. No. 196870June 26, 2012, Leonardo-De Castro, J.

It is the policy of the State to “protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature”, and to strike a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic
growth and environmental protection.

Facts:

Gov. Carlito S. Marquez of the Province of Aklan was authorized by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to file
an application before the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) to reclaim a portion of Caticlan foreshore, which
is a strait away from Boracay, for commercial purposes. The Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Malay and
the Sangguniang Barangay of Caticlan registered their opposition, arguing that no public consultation was made
prior to the approval of the Province of Aklan’s application for an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC),
which is a prerequisite for the reclamation. Thereafter, the Municipality of Malay and Barangay Caticlan filed for a
Temporary Environmental Protection Order.

Issue:

Whether prior public consultation with all stakeholders is mandatory before a national project affecting the
environment may be made.

Ruling:

YES. It is the policy of the State to “protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature”, and to strike a rational and orderly balance between
socio-economic growth and environmental protection. It is in that light that the Local Government Code establishes
the duties of national government agencies in the maintenance of ecological balance, and requires them to secure
both prior public consultation and approval of local government units for the projects described therein. Absent
either of these requirements makes the project illegal. In fact, the prior public consultation is necessary so that the
environmental concerns of all stakeholders could be taken into account in the Environmental Impact Assessment,
which in turn, is required before an ECC is issued and a national project undertaken.

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In this case, since the Municipality of Malay and Barangay Caticlan were not consulted prior to the
issuance of the ECC and prior to the approval of the project by the PRA, the implementation of the reclamation
project must be enjoined.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

REV. ELLY VELEZ LAO PAMATONG, ESQUIRE v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

G.R. No. 161872 April 13, 2004, Tinga, J.

There is no constitutional right to run for or hold public office, but a privilege, subject to limitations imposed by
the law. Section 26, Article II of the Constitution neither bestows such right nor elevates the privilege to the level of an
enforceable right since the “equal access” provision, like the other state principles and policies under Article II, are
generally not self-executing.

Facts:

Rev. Elly Velez Pamatong filed his Certificate of Candidacy (COC) for President for the 2004 elections, but
the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) refused to give due course to the same on the ground that he was a
nuisance candidate who could not wage a nationwide campaign and/or not nominated by a political party or are not
supported by a registered political party with a national constituency. Pamatong questions the COMELEC ruling
before the Supreme Court, arguing that the COMELEC violated his right to “equal access to opportunities for public
service” under Section 26, Article II of the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether Pamatong has the constitutional right to run for or hold public office.

Ruling:

NO. It is not a constitutional right, but a privilege subject to limitations imposed by law. Section 26, Article
II of the Constitution neither bestows such right nor elevates the privilege to the level of an enforceable right. The
state principles and policies under Article II are generally not self-executing, and this includes the “equal access”
provision. Like the rest of the policies under Article II, the provision merely specifies a guideline for legislative or
executive action.

In this case, the privilege to run for the Presidency is limited by the provisions of the Omnibus Election
Code on “Nuisance Candidates”. As long as the limitations apply to everybody equally without discrimination, the
equal access clause is not violated. Hence, the COMELEC’s act of denying due course to Pamatong’s COC on the
ground that he is a nuisance candidate is valid.

LEGISLATURE

THE CITY OF DAVAO, CITY TREASURER AND THE CITY ASSESSOR OF DAVAO CITY v. THE
REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH XII, DAVAO CITY AND
THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM (GSIS)
G.R. No. 127383August 18, 2005, Tinga, J.

Like irrepealable laws, those laws which impose conditions for its future repeal effectively restricts on the
competency of Congress to enact future legislation. It restrains the plenary power of the legislature to amend or repeal
laws. Only the Constitution may preclude or restrict the power to amend or repeal laws, and not a prior statute.

Facts:

GSIS enjoyed tax-exempt status by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1146. With the enactment of the Local
Government Code (LGC), the City of Davao thought that Sec. 193 of the said law withdrew the tax exemption
privileges of GSIS. Thus, the City of Davao sent a Notice of Public Auction to the GSIS Davao City branch office
due to non-payment of realty taxes. GSIS protested, claiming that since the LGC failed to comply with the

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conditions set forth in Sec. 33 of PD 1146 to withdraw the tax exemption privileges of GSIS, the subsequent
enactment of the LGC did not repeal the tax exemptions of GSIS.

Issue:

Whether a law may validly impose conditions for its future repeal.

Ruling:

NO. Like irrepealable laws, those laws which impose conditions for its future repeal effectively restricts on
the competency of Congress to enact future legislation. It restrains the plenary power of the legislature to amend or
repeal laws. Only the Constitution may preclude or restrict the power to amend or repeal laws, and not a prior
statute. Since the past, present, and future legislative assemblies are regarded with equal footing with the same
plenary powers, it would be anathema to democratic principles to allow one legislative body to restrain or bind the
actions of the future legislative body.

In this case, President Marcos cannot bind the future legislature to a particular mode of repeal. He cannot,
like all legislative bodies, declare in advance the intent of subsequent legislatures or the effect of subsequent
legislation upon existing statutes. Thus, the conditions for repeal imposed by Sec. 33 of PD 1146 is invalid.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY (SJS) v. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD

AND PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)
G.R. No. 157870November 3, 2008, Velasco, Jr., J.

Congress’ inherent legislative powers, broad as they may be, are subject to certain substantive and
constitutional limitations, which circumscribe both the exercise of the power itself and the allowable subjects of
legislation. As such, Congress may not amend or enlarge the qualification requirements for senatorial candidates as
enumerated in Section 3, Article VI of the Constitution.

Facts:

Section 36 of Republic Act No. 9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 requires
mandatory drug testing of candidates for public office. Pursuant to the said legal provision, COMELEC issued a
Resolution which required “all candidates for public office, both national and local, in the May 10, 2004
Synchronized National and Local Elections” to undergo mandatory drug tests. Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., a
candidate for re-election, claims that the mandatory drug tests are unconstitutional since these impose a qualification
for candidates for senators in addition to those already provided for in the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether mandatory drug tests may be validly imposed as an additional qualification for senatorial candidates.

Ruling:

NO. Congress’ inherent legislative powers, broad as they may be, are subject to certain substantive and
constitutional limitations, which circumscribe both the exercise of the power itself and the allowable subjects of
legislation. One such limitation is found in Section 3, Article VI of the Constitution prescribing the qualifications of
candidates for senators.

In this case, neither Congress nor the COMELEC may enlarge the qualification requirements enumerated in
the aforesaid constitutional provision. To require a senatorial candidate to be certified illegal-drug clean would add
another qualification layer to what the 1987 Constitution, at the minimum, requires for membership in the Senate.
Hence, the mandatory drug test requirement for senatorial candidates is unconstitutional.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

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SENATOR BENIGNO SIMEON C. AQUINO III AND MAYOR JESSE ROBREDO v. COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN JOSE A.R. MELO AND ITS COMMISSIONERS,
RENE V. SARMIENTO, NICODEMO T. FERRER, LUCENITO N. TAGLE, ARMANDO VELASCO,
ELIAS R. YUSOPH AND GREGORIO LARRAZABAL
G.R. No. 189793 April 7, 2010, Perez, J.

The Constitution requires a 250,000 minimum population only for a city to be entitled to a representative,
but not so for a province.

Facts:

A law was passed increasing the legislative districts of the Province of Camarines Sur from four (4) to five
(5). Because of the reapportionment, the first legislative district was left with a population of only 176,383. The
constitutionality of the reapportionment was questioned on the ground that each legislative district should contain a
population of at least two hundred fifty thousand (250,000), based on Section 5 (3), Article VI of the 1987
Constitution. The said provision reads: “(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous,
compact, and adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each province,
shall have at least one representative.”

Issue:

Whether there is a minimum population requirement to apportion a new legislative district in a province.

Ruling:

NO. The cited provision draws a plain and clear distinction between the entitlement of a city to a district on
one hand, and the entitlement of a province to a district on the other. While a province is entitled to at least a
representative, with nothing mentioned about population, a city must first meet a population minimum of 250,000 in
order to be similarly entitled. In fact, pursuant to the Local Government Code, a province may be created even if its
population is less than 250,000.

In addition, the use by the subject provision of a comma to separate the phrase "each city with a population
of at least two hundred fifty thousand" from the phrase "or each province" point to no other conclusion than that the
250,000 minimum population is only required for a city, but not for a province. Plainly read, Section 5(3) of the
Constitution requires a 250,000 minimum population only for a city to be entitled to a representative, but not so for a
province.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

VICTORINO B. ALDABA, CARLO JOLETTE S. FAJARDO,JULIO G. MORADA, AND

MINERVA ALDABA MORADA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 188078March 15, 2010, Carpio, J.

A city should have a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand (250,000) before it could have a
legislative district in the immediately following election. Although demographic projections are valid bases for
purposes of legislative apportionment, such projection forming the basis for the creation of a legislative district must
be based on an official and credible source.

Facts:

On May 1, 2009, Republic Act No. 9591 amended the Charter of Malolos City and created a separate
legislative district for the city. The apportionment was based on unofficial projections that Malolos City’s population
will breach the two hundred fifty thousand (250,000) mark before the May 10, 2010 elections, which under the law
will entitle it to one (1) representative.

Issue:

Whether the creation of a legislative district in Malolos City is valid.

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Ruling:

NO. A city should have a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand (250,000) before it could have a
legislative district in the immediately following election. Although demographic projections are valid bases for
purposes of legislative apportionment, the source of the projections must be authoritative. Any population projection
forming the basis for the creation of a legislative district must be based on an official and credible source.

Pursuant to Section 6 of Executive Order 135, dated November 6, 1993, for certifications on demographic
projections to be used as valid reference, (1) the projections must be declared official by the National Statistics
Coordination Board (NSCB), (2) certifications based on demographic projections should be issued only by the NSO
Administrator or his designated certifying officer, and (3)intercensal population projections must be as of the middle
of every year.

In this case, the source used by Republic Act No. 9591 to project the population of Malolos City is
unauthoritative since it failed to comply with the requisites of Sec. 6, EO 135. Since there is no official record that
Malolos City will have a population of at least 250,000, whether actual or projected, by May 10, 2010, the
legislative district of Malolos City as apportioned by Republic Act No. 9591 is invalid.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

RODOLFO G. NAVARRO, VICTOR F. BERNAL, and RENE O. MEDINA v. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

EDUARDO ERMITA, representing the President of the Philippines; Senate of the Philippines, represented by
the SENATE PRESIDENT; House of Representatives, represented by the HOUSE SPEAKER; GOVERNOR
ROBERT ACE S. BARBERS, representing the mother province of Surigao del Norte; GOVERNOR
GERALDINE ECLEO VILLAROMAN, representing the new Province of Dinagat Islands
G.R. No. 180050,April 12, 2011, Nachura, J.

Congress, in its collective wisdom, has debated on the relative weight in the criteria of income, population
and land area, placing emphasis on which of them should enjoy preferential consideration. Without doubt, the
primordial criterion in the creation of local government units, particularly of a province, is economic viability. This
is the clear intent of the framers of the LGC.

Facts:

Petitioners, as taxpayers and residents of the Province of Surigao del Norte sought to nullify R.A. No. 9355
for being unconstitutional. They alleged that when the law was passed, Dinagat had a land area of 802.12 square
kilometers only failing to comply with Section 10, Article X of the Constitution and of Section 461 of the LGC.

On February 2010, Supreme Court declared R.A. No. 9355 unconstitutional for failure to comply with the
land requirement of 2,000 sq. km. in the creation of a province under the LGC. Consequently, it declared the
proclamation of Dinagat and the election of its officials as null and void. The Decision likewise declared as null and
void the provision on Article 9(2) LGC-IRR, stating that the land area requirement shall not apply where the
proposed province is composed of one (1) or more islands for being beyond the ambit of Article 461 of the LGC,
inasmuch as such exemption is not expressly provided in the law.

Issue:

Whether the creation of the Congress of the Island Province of Dinagat is valid even if it did not comply
with the land and population requirement under Section 10, Article X of the Constitution and of Section 461 of the
LGC.

Ruling:

YES. It must be borne in mind that the central policy considerations in the creation of local government
units are economic viability, efficient administration, and capability to deliver basic services to their constituents.
The criteria prescribed by the LGC, i.e., income, population and land area, are all designed to accomplish these
results. In this light, Congress, in its collective wisdom, has debated on the relative weight of each of these three

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criteria, placing emphasis on which of them should enjoy preferential consideration. Without doubt, the primordial
criterion in the creation of local government units, particularly of a province, is economic viability. This is the clear
intent of the framers of the LGC.

The land area, while considered as an indicator of viability of a local government unit, is not conclusive in
showing that Dinagat cannot become a province, taking into account its average annual income of P82,696,433.23 at
the time of its creation, which is four times more than the minimum requirement of P20,000,000.00 for the creation
of a province. The delivery of basic services to its constituents has been proven possible and sustainable. Rather than
looking at the results of the plebiscite and the May 10, 2010 elections as mere fait accompli circumstances which
cannot operate in favor of Dinagat’s existence as a province, they must be seen from the perspective that Dinagat is
ready and capable of becoming a province. This Court should not be instrumental in stunting such capacity.

ROGELIO Z. BAGABUYO v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

G.R. No. 176970, December 8, 2008, Brion, J.

The Constitution and the Local Government Code expressly require a plebiscite to carry out any creation,
division, merger, abolition or alteration of boundary of a local government unit. In contrast, no plebiscite
requirement exists under the apportionment or reapportionment provision.

Facts:

On August 10, 2006, Congressman Jaraula filed and sponsored House Bill No. 5859, entitled "An Act
Providing for the Apportionment of the Lone Legislative District of the City of Cagayan De Oro." The bill
eventually became a law, R.A. No. 9371. It increased Cagayan de Oro’s legislative district from one to two. For the
election of May 2007, Cagayan de Oro’s voters would be classified as belonging to either the first or the second
district, depending on their place of residence. The constituents of each district would elect their own representative
to Congress as well as eight members of the Sangguniang Panglungsod. The COMELEC thereafter promulgated
Resolution No. 7837 implementing RA 9371. Rogelio Bagabuyo assails the COMELEC Resolution as
unconstitutional. According to him, RA 9371 cannot be implemented without conducting a plebiscite because the
apportionment under the law falls within the meaning of creation, division, merger, abolition or substantial alteration
of boundaries of cities under Section 10, Article X of the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether a plebiscite is necessary in case of apportionment of the legislative district of the City of Cagayan
De Oro.

Ruling:

NO. The pronounced distinction between Article VI, Section 5 and, Article X, Section 10 is on the
requirement of a plebiscite. The Constitution and the Local Government Code expressly require a plebiscite to carry
out any creation, division, merger, abolition or alteration of boundary of a local government unit. In contrast, no
plebiscite requirement exists under the apportionment or reapportionment provision.

Under the wordings of RA 9371 and Resolution 7837, no division of Cagayan de Oro City as a political and
corporate entity takes place or is mandated. Cagayan de Oro City politically remains a single unit and its
administration is not divided along territorial lines. Its territory remains completely whole and intact; there is only
the addition of another legislative district and the delineation of the city into two districts for purposes of
representation in the House of Representatives. Thus, Article X, Section 10 of the Constitution does not come into
play and no plebiscite is necessary to validly apportion Cagayan de Oro City into two districts

BARANGAY ASSOCIATION FORNATIONAL ADVANCEMENT AND TRANSPARENCY (BANAT) v.

COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (sitting as the National Board of Canvassers)
G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009, Carpio, J.

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The two percent threshold in relation to the distribution of the additional seats is unconstitutional. It
presents an unwarranted obstacle to the full implementation of Section 5(2), Article VI of the Constitution and
prevents the attainment of the broadest possible representation of party, sectoral or group interests in the House of
Representatives.

Facts:

In May 2007 elections, Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT)filed
before the National Board of Canvassers(NBC) a petition to proclaim the full number of party list representatives
provided by the Constitution; that Section 11(b) of RA 7941 which prescribes the 2% threshold votes, should be
harmonized with Section 5, Article VI of the Constitution and with Section 12 of RA 7941 and should be applicable
only to the first party-list representative seats to be allotted on the basis of their initial/first ranking; that the 3-seat
limit prescribed by RA 7941 shall be applied; and that the formula/procedure prescribed in the allocation of party-
list seats, Annex A of Comelec Res. 2847 shall be used for the purpose of determining how many seats shall be
proclaimed, which party-list groups are entitled to representative seats and how many of their nominees shall seat.
However, COMELEC denied the same for being moot and academic. It announced that it would determine the total
number of seats of each winning party, organization, or coalition in accordance with Veterans Federation Party
v.COMELEC formula.

Subsequently, Bayan Muna, Abono, and A Teacher asked the COMELEC to reconsider its decision to use
the Veterans formula because the Veterans formula is violative of the Constitution and of Republic Act No. 7941.

Issue:

1. Whether or not the twenty percent allocation for party-list representatives in Section 5(2), Article VI of
the Constitution mandatory.
2. Whether or not the three-seat limit in Section 11(b) of RA 7941 is constitutional.
3. Whether or not the two percent threshold prescribed in Section 11(b) of RA 7941 in allocation of
additional seats is constitutional.

Ruling:

1. NO. Neither the Constitution nor RA. 7941 mandates the filling-up of the entire 20% allocation of party-
list representatives found in the Constitution. The 20% allocation of party-list representatives is merely a
ceiling; party-list representatives cannot be more than 20% of the members of the House of
Representatives. However, we cannot allow the continued existence of a provision in the law which will
systematically prevent the constitutionally allocated 20% party-list representatives from being filled.

2. YES. The three-seat cap, as a limitation to the number of seats that a qualified party-list organization may
occupy, remains a valid statutory device that prevents any party from dominating the party-list elections.

3. NO. We therefore strike down the two percent threshold only in relation to the distribution of the
additional seats as found in the second clause of Section 11(b) of R.A. No. 7941. The two percent
threshold presents an unwarranted obstacle to the full implementation of Section 5(2), Article VI of the
Constitution and prevents the attainment of the broadest possible representation of party, sectoral or group
interests in the House of Representatives. The continued operation of the two percent threshold in the
distribution of the additional seats frustrates the attainment of the permissive ceiling that 20% of the
members of the House of Representatives shall consist of party-list representatives.

ATONG PAGLAUM, INC., represented by its President, Mr. Alan Igot v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013, Carpio, J.

Sectoral parties or organizations may either be "marginalized and underrepresented" or lacking in "well-
defined political constituencies." It is enough that their principal advocacy pertains to the special interest and
concerns of their sector.

Facts:

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52 party-list groups and organizations filed separate petitions with the SC in an effort to reverse various
resolutions by the Comelec disqualifying them from the May 2013 party-list race. The Comelec, in its assailed
resolutions issued in October, November and December of 2012, ruled, among others, that these party-list groups
and organizations failed to represent a marginalized and underrepresented sector, their nominees did not come from
a marginalized and underrepresented sector, and/or some of the organizations or groups were not truly representative
of the sector they intend to represent in Congress.

Issue:

Whether COMELEC committed grave abuse of discretion in disqualifying petitioners from participating in
the May 2013 party-list election.

Ruling:

NO. COMELEC merely followed the guidelines set in the cases of Ang Bagong Bayani and BANAT.
However, cases were remanded back to the COMELEC because petitioners may now possibly qualify to participate
in the coming 13 May 2013 party-list elections under the new parameters prescribed by this Court.

In determining who may participate in the party-list elections, the COMELEC shall adhere to the following
parameters:

1. Three different groups may participate in the party-list system: (1) national parties or organizations, (2)
regional parties or organizations, and (3) sectoral parties or organizations.

2. National parties or organizations and regional parties or organizations do not need to organize along
sectoral lines and do not need to represent any "marginalized and underrepresented" sector.

3. Political parties can participate in party-list elections provided they register under the party-list system and
do not field candidates in legislative district elections. A political party, whether major or not, that fields
candidates in legislative district elections can participate in party-list elections only through its sectoral
wing that can separately register under the party-list system. The sectoral wing is by itself an independent
sectoral party, and is linked to a political party through a coalition.

4. Sectoral parties or organizations may either be "marginalized and underrepresented" or lacking in "well-
defined political constituencies." It is enough that their principal advocacy pertains to the special interest
and concerns of their sector. The sectors that are "marginalized and underrepresented" include labor,
peasant, fisherfolk, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, handicapped, veterans, and overseas
workers. The sectors that lack "well-defined political constituencies" include professionals, the elderly,
women, and the youth.

5. A majority of the members of sectoral parties or organizations that represent the "marginalized and
underrepresented" must belong to the "marginalized and underrepresented" sector they represent.
Similarly, a majority of the members of sectoral parties or organizations that lack "well-defined political
constituencies" must belong to the sector they represent. The nominees of sectoral parties or organizations
that represent the "marginalized and underrepresented," or that represent those who lack "well-defined
political constituencies," either must belong to their respective sectors, or must have a track record of
advocacy for their respective sectors. The nominees of national and regional parties or organizations must
be bona-fide members of such parties or organizations.

6. National, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations shall not be disqualified if some of their nominees
are disqualified, provided that they have at least one nominee who remains qualified.

ABANG LINGKOD PARTY-LIST v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

G.R. No. 206952, October 22, 2013, Reyes, J.

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Sectoral parties or organizations, such as ABANG LINGKOD, are no longer required to adduce evidence
showing their track record. It is sufficient that the ideals represented by the sectoral organizations are geared
towards the cause of the sector/s, which they represent.

Facts:

COMELEC cancelled ABANG LINGKOD's registration as a party-list group. It pointed out that ABANG
LINGKOD failed to establish its track record in uplifting the cause of the marginalized and underrepresented; that it
merely offered photographs of some alleged activities it conducted after the May 2010 elections. It further opined
that ABANG LINGKOD failed to show that its nominees are themselves marginalized and underrepresented or that
they have been involved in activities aimed at improving the plight of the marginalized and underrepresented sectors
it claims to represent.

Issue:

Whether COMELEC can cancel a party list's registration upon failure to show that its nominees belong to a
marginalized and underrepresented sector or that they have been involved in activities aimed at improving the plight
of the marginalized and underrepresented sectors it claims to represent.

Ruling:

NO. Contrary to the COMELEC's claim, sectoral parties or organizations, such as ABANG LINGKOD, are
no longer required to adduce evidence showing their track record, i.e. proof of activities that they have undertaken to
further the cause of the sector they represent. Indeed, it is enough that their principal advocacy pertains to the special
interest and concerns of their sector. Otherwise stated, it is sufficient that the ideals represented by the sectoral
organizations are geared towards the cause of the sector/s, which they represent.

There is thus no basis in law and established jurisprudence to insist that groups seeking registration under
the party-list system still comply with the track record requirement. Indeed, nowhere in R.A. No. 7941 is it
mandated that groups seeking registration thereunder must submit evidence to show their track record as a group.

ANG LADLAD LGBT PARTY represented herein by its Chair, DANTON REMOTO v. COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 190582,April 8, 2010, Del Castillo. J.

Moral disapproval, without more, is not a sufficient governmental interest to justify exclusion of
homosexuals from participation in the party-list system. The denial of Ang Ladlad’s registration on purely moral
grounds amounts more to a statement of dislike and disapproval of homosexuals, rather than a tool to further any
substantial public interest.

Facts:

Ang Ladlad is an organization composed of men and women who identify themselves as lesbians, gays,
bisexuals, or trans-gendered individuals (LGBTs). It filed a petition for accreditation as a party-list organization to
public respondent. COMELEC dismissed the Petition on moral grounds citing certain biblical and quranic passages
in their decision. It also stated that since their ways are immoral and contrary to public policy, they are considered
nuisance. In fact, their acts are even punishable under the Revised Penal Code in its Article 201.

Ang Ladlad now argues that the denial of accreditation, insofar as it justified the exclusion by using
religious dogma, violated the constitutional guarantees against the establishment of religion. Petitioner also claimed
that the Assailed Resolutions contravened its constitutional rights to privacy, freedom of speech and assembly, and
equal protection of laws, as well as constituted violations of the Philippines international obligations against
discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Issue:

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Whether the COMELEC can exclude Ang Ladlad as a party-list on moral grounds and for being violative
of public policy.

Ruling:

NO. Our Constitution provides in Article III, Section 5 that “[n]o law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” At bottom, what our non-establishment clause
calls for is “government neutrality in religious matters.” Clearly, “governmental reliance on religious justification is
inconsistent with this policy of neutrality.” We thus find that it was grave violation of the non-establishment clause
for the COMELEC to utilize the Bible and the Koran to justify the exclusion of Ang Ladlad.

Respondent has failed to explain what societal ills are sought to be prevented, or why special protection is
required for the youth. Neither has the COMELEC condescended to justify its position that petitioner’s admission
into the party-list system would be so harmful as to irreparably damage the moral fabric of society. We hold that
moral disapproval, without more, is not a sufficient governmental interest to justify exclusion of homosexuals from
participation in the party-list system. The denial of Ang Ladlad’s registration on purely moral grounds amounts more
to a statement of dislike and disapproval of homosexuals, rather than a tool to further any substantial public interest.

COALITION OF ASSOCIATIONS OF SENIOR CITIZENS IN THE PHILIPPINES, INC. (SENIOR

CITIZENS PARTY-LIST), represented herein by its Chairperson and First Nominee, FRANCISCO G.
DATOL, Jr. v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
G.R. Nos. 206844-45, July 23, 2013, Leonardo-De Castro. J.

If the term-sharing agreement was not actually implemented by the parties thereto, it appears that SENIOR
CITIZENS, as a party-list organization, had been unfairly and arbitrarily penalized by the COMELEC En Banc.
There can be no disobedience on the part of SENIOR CITIZENS when its nominees, in fact, desisted from carrying
out their agreement.

Facts:

On May 2010, the nominees of SENIOR CITIZENS signed an agreement, entitled Irrevocable Covenant,
which contains the list of their candidates and terms on sharing of their powers. It contained an agreement on who
among the candidates will serve the terms according to the power sharing agreement. By virtue of the term-sharing
agreement, the term of Kho as member of the HR was cut short to 1 yr and 6 mos. In line with this, Kho tendered his
resignation to be effective on December 31, 2011.

In the interim, COMELEC Resolution was promulgated on February 21, 2012. Pertinently, Section 7 of
Rule 4 thereof provided that filing of vacancy as a result of term sharing agreement among nominees of winning
party-list groups/organizations shall not be allowed. On March 12, 2012, the Board of Trustees of SENIOR
CITIZENS issued recalled the resignation of Kho and allowed him to continue to represent the party-list. Despite of
the recall of resignation, COMELEC found the term-sharing agreement contrary to public policy and hence resolved
to CANCEL the registration of SENIOR CITIZENS under the Party-List System of Representation.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC can disqualify and cancel the registration and accreditation of SENIOR
CITIZENS solely on account of its purported violation of the prohibition against term-sharing.

Ruling:

NO. There was no indication that the nominees of SENIOR CITIZENS still tried to implement, much less
succeeded in implementing, the term-sharing agreement. Before this Court, the Arquiza Group and the Datol Group
insist on this fact of non-implementation of the agreement. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Rep. Kho continued to
hold his seat and served his term as a member of the House of Representatives.

Indubitably, if the term-sharing agreement was not actually implemented by the parties thereto, it appears
that SENIOR CITIZENS, as a party-list organization, had been unfairly and arbitrarily penalized by the COMELEC

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En Banc. Verily, how can there be disobedience on the part of SENIOR CITIZENS when its nominees, in fact,
desisted from carrying out their agreement? Hence, there was no violation of an election law, rule, or regulation to
speak of. Clearly then, the disqualification of SENIOR CITIZENS and the cancellation of its registration and
accreditation have no legal leg to stand on.

MILAGROS E. AMORES v. HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL and EMMANUEL JOEL J. VILLANUEVA
G.R. No. 189600, June 29, 2010, Carpio Morales. J.

The law states in unequivocal terms that a nominee of the youth sector must at least be twenty-five (25) but
not more than thirty (30) years of age on the day of the election, so it must be that a candidate who is more than 30
on election day is not qualified to be a youth sector nominee.

Facts:

In her Petition for Quo Warranto, petitioner alleged that private respondent was disqualified to be a
nominee of the youth sector of CIBAC since, at the time of the filing of his certificates of nomination and
acceptance, he was already 31 years old or beyond the age limit of 30 pursuant to Section 9 of RA No. 7941, the
Party-List System Act and that since his change of affiliation from CIBACs youth sector to its overseas Filipino
workers and their families sector was not effected at least six months prior to the May 14, 2007 elections, he is not
qualified to represent the new sector pursuant to Section 15 of the same law. Public respondent countered that the
age limit applied only to those nominated as such during the first three congressional terms after the ratification of
the Constitution.

Issue:

Whether or not respondent, 31 years of age, can still be a nominee of a youth sector.

Ruling:

NO. The law states in unequivocal terms that a nominee of the youth sector must at least be twenty-five
(25) but not more than thirty (30) years of age on the day of the election, so it must be that a candidate who is more
than 30 on election day is not qualified to be a youth sector nominee. Since this mandate is contained in RA No.
7941, it covers ALL youth sector nominees vying for party-list representative seats. The Court finds that private
respondent was not qualified to be a nominee of either the youth sector or the overseas Filipino workers and their
families sector in the May, 2007 elections. The records disclose that private respondent was already more than 30
years of age in May, 2007, it being stipulated that he was born in August, 1975.

DR. HANS CHRISTIAN M. SEÑERES v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and MELQUIADES A.

ROBLES
G.R. No. 178678, April 16, 2009, Velasco, Jr. J.

Since no successor was ever elected or qualified, Robles remained the President of BUHAY in a “hold-
over” capacity. By fiction of law, the acts of such de facto officer are considered valid and effective.

Facts:

In 1999, private respondent Robles was elected president and chairperson of BUHAY party-list. The
constitution of BUHAY provides for a three-year term for all its party officers, without re-election. BUHAY
participated in the 2001 and 2004 elections, with Robles as its president. On March 2007, Robles signed and filed a
Certificate of Nomination of BUHAY’s nominees for the 2007 elections. Earlier, however, petitioner Hans Christian
Seneres, holding himself up as acting president and secretary-general of BUHAY, also filed a Certificate of
Nomination.

Seneres, in his Petition to Deny Due Course to Certificates of Nomination, claims that the nominations
made by Robles were, for lack of authority, null and void owing to the expiration of the latter’s term as party

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president. Seneres also contends that Robles, acting as BUHAY President and nominating officer, as well as being
the Administrator of the LRTA, was engaging in electioneering or partisan political campaign, hence, in violation of
Civil Service Law and Omnibus Election Code.

Issues:

1. Whether Robles’ term as President of BUHAY had already expired, thus effectively nullifying the
Certificate of Nomination and the nomination process.
2. Whether Robles was engaging in electioneering or partisan political campaign.

Ruling:

1. NO. As a general rule, officers and directors of a corporation hold over after the expiration of their terms
until such time as their successors are elected or appointed. The voting members of BUHAY duly elected
Robles as party President in October 1999. And although his regular term as such President expired in
October 2002, no election was held to replace him and the other original set of officers. Further, the
constitution and by-laws of BUHAY do not expressly or impliedly prohibit a hold-over situation. As such,
since no successor was ever elected or qualified, Robles remained the President of BUHAY in a “hold-
over” capacity. By fiction of law, the acts of such de facto officer are considered valid and effective.

2. NO. The twin acts of signing and filing a Certificate of Nomination are purely internal processes of the
party or organization and are not designed to enable or ensure the victory of the candidate in the elections.
The act of Robles of submitting the certificate nomination and others was merely in compliance with the
COMELEC requirements for nomination of party-list representatives and, hence, cannot be treated as
electioneering or partisan political activity proscribed under by Sec. 2(4) of Art. IX(B) of the Constitution
for civil servants.

LUISK. LOKIN, JR. and TERESITA F. PLANAS v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (COMELEC),

CITIZENS’ BATTLE AGAINST CORRUPTION PARTY LIST represented by VIRGINIA S. JOSE
SHERWIN N. TUGNA, and CINCHONA CRUZ-GONZALES
G.R. No. 193808, June 26, 2012, Sereno, J.

COMELEC’s power to register political parties necessarily involved the determination of the persons who
must act on its behalf. Thus, the COMELEC may resolve an intra-party leadership dispute, in a proper case brought
before it, as an incident of its power to register political parties.

Facts:

Respondents submitted a certified Certificate of Nomination of CIBAC to the COMELEC. The nomination
was certified by President Villanueva and Secretary General Jose. Subsequently, Derla submitted a 2nd Certificate of
Nominees including Lokin, and Planasas party-list nominees, affixing her signature as “acting secretary-general” of
CIBAC. Alleging that the nomination made by Derla was unauthorized, respondents filed with the COMELEC a
“Petition to expunge from the records and/or for disqualification.” Respondents contended that Derla had
misrepresented herself as “acting secretary-general”, and not even a member of CIBAC.

COMELEC First division granted the petition, ordered the Certificate filed by Derla to be expunged from
the records, and declared respondents’ group as the true nominees of CIBAC. COMELEC en banc affirmed the
Division’s findings. Aggrieved, petitioners now argue that the authority of Secretary General Jose to file the party’s
Certificate of Nomination is an intra-corporate matter, exclusively cognizable by special commercial courts, and
over which the COMELEC has no jurisdiction.

Issue:

Whether the controversy on who has authority to file the nomination in a party-list is an intra-corporate
dispute, exclusively cognizable by special commercial courts, and over which the COMELEC has no jurisdiction.

Ruling:

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NO. COMELEC’s jurisdiction to settle the struggle for leadership within the party is well established. This
singular power to rule upon questions of party identity and leadership is exercised by the COMELEC as an incident
to its enforcement powers.The Court ruled in Kalaw v. Commission on Elections that the COMELEC’s powers and
functions under Section 2, Article IX-C of the Constitution, "include the ascertainment of the identity of the political
party and its legitimate officers responsible for its acts." The Court also declared in another case that the
COMELEC’s power to register political parties necessarily involved the determination of the persons who must act
on its behalf. Thus, the COMELEC may resolve an intra-party leadership dispute, in a proper case brought before it,
as an incident of its power to register political parties.

DARYL GRACE J. ABAYON v. THE HONORABLE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL

TRIBUNAL, PERFECTO C. LUCABAN, JR., RONYL S. DE LA CRUZ and AGUSTIN C. DOROGA
G.R. No. 189466, February 11, 2010, Abad, J.

CONGRESSMAN JOVITO S. PALPARAN, JR. v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL

TRIBUNAL (HRET), DR. REYNALDO LESACA, JR., CRISTINA PALABAY, RENATO M. REYES, JR.,
ERLINDA CADAPAN, ANTONIO FLORES and JOSELITO USTAREZ
G.R. No. 189506, February 11, 2010, Abad, J.

Since party-list nominees are "elected members" of the House of Representatives no less than the district
representatives are, the HRET has jurisdiction to hear and pass upon their qualifications.

Facts:

D aryl Grace Abayon and Jovito Palparan were both first nominees of Aangat Tayo party-list organization and
Bantayparty-list group respectively that won seats in the House of Representatives in the 2007 elections. In two
separate petitions for quo warranto, respondents questioned the eligibility of Abayon and Palparan and their
respective party-list groups. Abayon and Palparan both questioned the jurisdiction of the HRET contending that it is
the party-list that was elected in the House of Representatives and not them who were just its nominees. The HRET,
on both petitions, issued an order dismissing the petition against against the party-list groups for the reason that the
issue of the qualification of the party-list group fell within the jurisdiction of the COMELEC pursuant to the Party-
List System Act. However, it defended its jurisdiction over the question of the qualifications of Abayon and
Palparan.

Issue:

Whether the HRET has jurisdiction to pass upon the eligibilities of the nominees of the party-list groups
that won seats in the lower house of Congress.

Ruling:

YES. The members of the House of Representatives are of two kinds: "members x x x who shall be elected
from legislative districts" and "those who x x x shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national,
regional, and sectoral parties or organizations." This means that, from the Constitution’s point of view, it is the party-
list representatives who are "elected" into office, not their parties or organizations. Once elected, both the district
representatives and the party-list representatives are treated in like manner.

Sec. 17, Art. VI of the Constitution provides that the HRET shall be the sole judge of all contests relating
to, among other things, the qualifications of the members of the House of Representatives. Since, as pointed out
above, party-list nominees are "elected members" of the House of Representatives no less than the district
representatives are, the HRET has jurisdiction to hear and pass upon their qualifications. By analogy with the cases
of district representatives, once the party or organization of the party-list nominee has been proclaimed and the
nominee has taken his oath and assumed office as member of the House of Representatives, the COMELEC’s
jurisdiction over election contests relating to his qualifications ends and the HRET’s own jurisdiction begins.

ABC (ALLIANCE FOR BARANGAY CONCERNS) PARTY LIST, represented herein by its Chairman,
JAMES MARTY LIM v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and MELANIO MAURICIO, JR.

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G.R. No. 193256, March 22, 2011, Peralta, J.

Based on Sec. 2 (5) of Art. IX-C of the Constitution, the COMELEC has the authority to register political
parties, organizations or coalitions, and the authority to cancel the registration of the same on legal grounds.

Facts:

Melanio Mauricio, Jr. filed a petition with the COMELEC for the cancellation of registration and
accreditation of ABC Party-List on the ground that it is a front for a religious organization called Children of God
International, which is more popularly known as Ang Dating Daan; hence, it is disqualified to become a party-list
group under Section 6 (1) of R.A. 7941 or the Party-List System Act. The said petition was dismissed by the
COMELEC Second Division. The COMELEC en banc partially granted Mauricio's Motion for Reconsideration with
Motion to Annul Proclamation and Suspend Its Effects. ABC then filed a petition for certiorari questioning the said
resolution of the COMELEC en banc reinstating the petition for cancellation.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC en banc has jurisdiction to cancel the registration and accreditation of ABC after
its proclamation.

Ruling:

YES. Based on Sec. 2 (5) of Art. IX-C of the Constitution, the COMELEC has the authority to register
political parties, organizations or coalitions, and the authority to cancel the registration of the same on legal grounds.
The said authority of the COMELEC is also reflected in Section 6 of R.A. No. 7941. It provides that the COMELEC
may motu proprio or upon verified complaint of any interested party, refuse or cancel, after due notice and hearing,
the registration of any national, regional or sectoral party, organization or coalition on the ground that it is a religious
sect or denomination, organization or association organized for religious purposes. It is, therefore, clear that the
COMELEC has jurisdiction over the instant petition for cancellation of the registration of the ABC Party-List.

In the case of the party-list nominees/representatives, it is the HRET that has jurisdiction over contests
relating to their qualifications. Although it is the party-list organization that is voted for in the elections, it is not the
organization that sits as and becomes a member of the House of Representatives, but it is the party-list nominee/
representative who sits as a member of the House of Representatives.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. ROMEO G. JALOSJOS

G.R. No. 132875-76, February 3, 2000, Ynares-Santiago, J.

The performance of legitimate and even essential duties by public officers has never been an excuse to free
a person validly in prison.

Facts:

Romeo Jaloslos is a full-pledged member of Congress who is now confined at the national penitentiary
while his conviction for statutory rape on two counts and acts of lasciviousness on six counts is pending appeal. He
filed this motion asking that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a Congressman, including attendance at
legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non-bailable
offense. He raised among others that his reelection being an expression of popular will cannot be rendered inutile by
any ruling, giving priority to any right or interest — not even the police power of the State.

Issue:

Whether Jalosjos should be allowed to discharge his duties as a member of the House of Representatives.

Ruling:

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NO. Jalosjos has not given any reason why he should be exempted from the operation of Section 11, Art.
VI of the Constitution. The members of Congress cannot compel absent members to attend sessions if the reason for
the absence is a legitimate one. The confinement of a Congressman charged with a crime punishable by
imprisonment of more than six months is not merely authorized by law, it has constitutional foundations.

The performance of legitimate and even essential duties by public officers has never been an excuse to free
a person validly in prison. The duties imposed by the "mandate of the people" are multifarious. The accused-
appellant asserts that the duty to legislative ranks highest in the hierarchy of government. The accused-appellant is
only one of 250 members of the House of Representatives, not to mention the 24 members of the Senate, charged
with the duties of legislation. Congress continues to function well in the physical absence of one or a few of its
members. Depending on the exigency of Government that has to be addressed, the President or the Supreme Court
can also be deemed the highest for that particular duty. The importance of a function depends on the need to its
exercise. The duty of a mother to nurse her infant is most compelling under the law of nature. A doctor with unique
skills has the duty to save the lives of those with a particular affliction. An elective governor has to serve provincial
constituents. A police officer must maintain peace and order. Never has the call of a particular duty lifted a prisoner
into a different classification from those others who are validly restrained by law.

ANTONIO F. TRILLANES IV v. HON. OSCAR PIMENTEL, SR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS PRESIDING

JUDGE, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT- BRANCH 148, MAKATI CITY; GEN. HERMOGENES ESPERON,
VICE ADM. ROGELIO I. CALUNSAG, MGEN. BENJAMIN DOLORFINO, AND LT. COL. LUCIARDO
OBEÑA
G.R. No. 179817, June 27, 2008, Carpio-Morales, J.

The determination that the evidence of guilt is strong, whether ascertained in a hearing of an application
for bail or imported from a trial court’s judgment of conviction, justifies the detention of an accused as a valid
curtailment of his right to provisional liberty. Such justification for confinement with its underlying rationale of
public self-defense applies equally to detention prisoners like petitioner or convicted prisoners-appellants like
Jalosjos.

Facts:

Antonio Trillanes IV was charged with coup d' etat before the RTC of Makati City in connection with the
Oakwood Incident that happened in 2003. While in detention, he won a seat in the Senate in the 2007 elections. On
June 22, 2007, he filed with the RTC an "Omnibus Motion for Leave of Court to be Allowed to Attend Senate
Sessions and Related Requests." The trial court denied his request and his motion for reconsideration. Hence, this
petition for certiorari. He points out that in Jalosjos case, he was already convicted, albeit his conviction was
pending appeal, when he filed a motion similar to petitioner’s Omnibus Motion, whereas in Trillanes' case, he is a
mere detention prisoner. Jalosjos was charged with crimes involving moral turpitude whereas Trillanes was charged
with a "political offense."

Issue:

Whether the trial court erred in denying his request.

Ruling:

NO. The Constitution provides that all persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released
on recognizance as may be provided by law. Also, the Rules of Court state no person charged with a capital offense,
or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, shall be admitted to bail when evidence of guilt
is strong, regardless of the stage of the criminal action. That the cited provisions apply equally to rape and coup
d’etat cases, both being punishable by reclusion perpetua, is beyond cavil. Within the class of offenses covered by
the stated range of imposable penalties, there is clearly no distinction as to the political complexion of or moral
turpitude involved in the crime charged.

In the present case, it is uncontroverted that Trillanes’ application for bail and for release on recognizance
was denied. The determination that the evidence of guilt is strong, whether ascertained in a hearing of an application

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for bail or imported from a trial court’s judgment of conviction, justifies the detention of an accused as a valid
curtailment of his right to provisional liberty. This accentuates the proviso that the denial of the right to bail in such
cases is "regardless of the stage of the criminal action." Such justification for confinement with its underlying
rationale of public self-defense applies equally to detention prisoners like petitioner or convicted prisoners-
appellants like Jalosjos.

MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, FRANCIS E. GARCHITORENA, JOSE S.

BALAJADIA AND MINITA V. CHICO-NAZARIO, AS PRESIDING JUSTICE AND MEMBERS OF THE
FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 128055, April 18, 2001, Vitug, J.

R.A. No. 3019 does not exclude from its coverage the members of Congress and that, therefore, the
Sandiganbayan did not err in thus decreeing the assailed preventive suspension order.

Facts:

A group of employees of the Commission of Immigration and Deportation filed complaints for alleged
violation of R.A. 3019 against Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. Subsequently, a criminal case was filed against
her before the Sandiganbayan. The prosecution then filed a motion to issue an order suspending Santiago. The
Sandiganbayan granted the motion and ordered the suspension of Santiago for 90 days from her position as Senator
of the Republic of the Philippines and from any other government position she may be holding at present or
hereafter. Hence, this petition assailing the said order of the Sandiganbayan.

Issue:

Whether the Sandiganbayan has the authority to decree a ninety-day preventive suspension of Senator
Miriam Defensor-Santiago.

Ruling:

YES. The order of suspension prescribed by R.A. No. 3019 is distinct from the power of Congress to
discipline its own ranks under the Constitution. The suspension contemplated in the said constitutional provision is a
punitive measure that is imposed upon determination by the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may
be, upon an erring member. The Court ruled that Section 16 (3), Art. VI of the Constitution deals with the power of
each House of Congress inter alia to 'punish its Members for disorderly behavior,' and 'suspend or expel a Member'
by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members subject to the qualification that the penalty of suspension, when imposed,
should not exceed sixty days — is unavailing, as it appears to be quite distinct from the suspension spoken of in
Section 13 of R.A. 3019, which is not a penalty but a preliminary, preventive measure, prescinding from the fact that
the latter is not being imposed on petitioner for misbehavior as a Member of the House of Representatives."

The doctrine of separation of powers by itself may not be deemed to have effectively excluded members of
Congress from R.A. No. 3019 nor from its sanctions. The maxim simply recognizes each of the three co-equal and
independent, albeit coordinate, branches of the government — the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary —
has exclusive prerogatives and cognizance within its own sphere of influence and effectively prevents one branch
from unduly intruding into the internal affairs of either branch. R.A. No. 3019 does not exclude from its coverage
the members of Congress and that, therefore, the Sandiganbayan did not err in thus decreeing the assailed preventive
suspension order.

ANTERO J. POBRE v. Sen. MIRIAM DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO

A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009, Velasco, Jr., J.

No member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the
Congress or in any committee thereof.

Facts:

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Antero Pobre filed an administrative complaint against Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago regarding the
speech she delivered on the Senate floor. In the said speech, she said the following:

"I am not angry. I am irate. I am foaming in the mouth. I am homicidal. I am suicidal. I am humiliated,
debased, degraded. And I am not only that, I feel like throwing up to be living my middle years in a country of this
nature. I am nauseated. I spit on the face of Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban and his cohorts in the Supreme Court,
I am no longer interested in the position [of Chief Justice] if I was to be surrounded by idiots. I would rather be in
another environment but not in the Supreme Court of idiots."

In her comment, Senator Santiago, through counsel, does not deny making the aforequoted statements.
However, she invoked parliamentary immunity contending that it was delivered in the discharge of her duty as
member of Congress or its committee.

Issue:

Whether Santiago can be subject to a disciplinary action.

Ruling:

NO. Indeed, her privilege speech is not actionable criminally or in a disciplinary proceeding under the
Rules of Court.

The immunity Senator Santiago claims is rooted primarily on the provision of Art. VI, Sec. 11 of the
Constitution, which provides: "A Senator or Member of the House of Representative shall, in all offenses punishable
by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session. No member
shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any
committee thereof."

The Court is aware of the need and has in fact been in the forefront in upholding the institution of
parliamentary immunity and promotion of free speech. Neither has the Court lost sight of the importance of the
legislative and oversight functions of the Congress that enable this representative body to look diligently into every
affair of government, investigate and denounce anomalies, and talk about how the country and its citizens are being
served. Courts do not interfere with the legislature or its members in the manner they perform their functions in the
legislative floor or in committee rooms. Any claim of an unworthy purpose or of the falsity and mala fides of the
statement uttered by the member of the Congress does not destroy the privilege. The disciplinary authority of the
assembly and the voters, not the courts, can properly discourage or correct such abuses committed in the name of
parliamentary immunity.

DANTE V. LIBAN, REYNALDO M. BERNARDO, and SALVADOR M. VIARI v. RICHARD J. GORDON

G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009, Carpio, J.

The office of the PNRC Chairman is not a government office or an office in a government-owned or
controlled corporation for purposes of the prohibition in Section 13, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution.

Facts:

On February 23, 2006, Senator Richard Gordon was elected as Chairman of the Philippine National Red
Cross during his incumbency as a member of the Senate. Petitioners then filed a petition to declare Senator Gordon
as having forfeited his seat in the Senate. They allege that by accepting the chairmanship of the PNRC Board of
Governors, he has ceased to be a member of the Senate as provided in Sec. 13, Art. VI of the Constitution. In his
Comment, Senator Gordon asserted that petitioners have no standing to file this petition which appears to be an
action for quo warranto and that it was already barred by prescription. He further insisted that the PNRC is not a
government-owned or controlled corporation and that the prohibition under Sec. 13, Art. VI of the Constitution does
not apply in the present case since volunteer service to the PNRC is neither an office nor an employment.

Issue:

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Whether the office of the PNRC Chairman is a government office or an office in a government-owned or
controlled corporation for purposes of the prohibition in Sec. 13, Art.VI of the Constitution.

Ruling:

NO. The office of the PNRC Chairman is not a government office or an office in a government-owned or
controlled corporation for purposes of the prohibition in Section 13, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution.

The PNRC is not government-owned but privately owned. The vast majority of the thousands of PNRC
members are private individuals, including students. Under the PNRC Charter, those who contribute to the annual
fund campaign of the PNRC are entitled to membership in the PNRC for one year. Thus, any one between 6 and 65
years of age can be a PNRC member for one year upon contributing P35, P100, P300, P500 or P1,000 for the year.
Even foreigners, whether residents or not, can be members of the PNRC. Sec. 5 of the PNRC Charter, as amended
by P.D. No. 1264, provides that membership in the PNRC shall be open to the entire population in the Philippines
regardless of citizenship. Thus, the PNRC is a privately owned, privately funded, and privately run charitable
organization. The PNRC is not a government-owned or controlled corporation.

REGINA ONGSIAKO REYES v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and JOSEPH SOCORRO B. TAN

G.R. No. 207264, June 25, 2013, Perez, J.

To be considered a Member of the House of Representatives, there must be a concurrence of the following
requisites: (1) a valid proclamation, (2) a proper oath, and (3) assumption of office.

Facts:

In 2012, Joseph Tan filed a petition to deny due course or to cancel the COC of Regina Reyes before the
COMELEC citing material misrepresentations contained therein such as her citizenship, civil status, and residence.
The COMELEC First Division cancelled her COC on the ground that she is not a Filipino citizen and she did not
meet the one-year residency requirement making her ineligible to run as representative of the lone district of
Marinduque. The COMELEC en banc denied her motion for reconsideration. Four days after the election, Regina
Reyes was proclaimed winner. However, on June 5, 2013, the resolution of the COMELEC en banc became final
and executory. She took her oath of office on the same day. Petitioner has yet to assume office, the term of which
officially starts at noon of June 30, 2013. Reyes filed this present petition for certiorari.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC has jurisdiction over Reyes who has been proclaimed and who has already taken
her oath of office for the position of Member of the House of Representatives.

Ruling:

YES. The COMELEC retains jurisdiction for the reason that the jurisdiction of the HRET begins only after
the candidate is considered a Member of the House of Representatives, as stated in Sec. 17, Art. VI of the 1987
Constitution.

To be considered a Member of the House of Representatives, there must be a concurrence of the following
requisites: (1) a valid proclamation, (2) a proper oath, and (3) assumption of office. Here, Reyes cannot be
considered a Member of the House of Representatives because, primarily, she has not yet assumed office. To repeat
what has earlier been said, the term of office of a Member of the House of Representatives begins only "at noon on
the thirtieth day of June next following their election." Thus, until such time, the COMELEC retains jurisdiction.

REGINA ONGSIAKO REYES v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and JOSEPH SOCORRO B. TAN

G.R. No. 207264, October 22, 2013, Perez, J.

The HRET is the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of the
Members of the House of Representatives.

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Facts:

In 2012, Joseph Tan filed a petition to deny due course or to cancel the COC of Regina Reyes before the
COMELEC citing material misrepresentations contained therein such as her citizenship, civil status, and residence.
The COMELEC First Division cancelled her COC on the ground that she is not a Filipino citizen and she did not
meet the one-year residency requirement making her ineligible to run as representative of the lone district of
Marinduque. The COMELEC en banc denied her motion for reconsideration. Four days after the election, Regina
Reyes was proclaimed winner. However, on June 5, 2013, the resolution of the COMELEC en banc became final
and executory. She took her oath of office on the same day. Petitioner has yet to assume office, the term of which
officially starts at noon of June 30, 2013.
Issue:

Whether the jurisdiction to pass upon the qualifications of Reyes is lodged with the HRET.

Ruling:

NO. Reyes, therefore, is in error when she posits that at present it is the HRET which has exclusive
jurisdiction over her qualifications as a Member of the House of Representatives. That the HRET is the sole judge of
all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of the Members of the House of Representatives is a
written constitutional provision. It is, however unavailable to petitioner because she is not a Member of the House at
present. The COMELEC never ordered her proclamation as the rightful winner in the election for such membership.
Indeed, the action for cancellation of petitioner's certificate of candidacy, the decision in which is the indispensable
determinant of the right of petitioner to proclamation, was correctly lodged in the COMELEC, was completely and
fully litigated in the COMELEC and was finally decided by the COMELEC. On and after May 14, 2013, there was
nothing left for the COMELEC to do to decide the case. The decision sealed the proceedings in the COMELEC
regarding petitioner's ineligibility as a candidate for Representative of Marinduque. The decision erected the bar to
Reyes' proclamation.

LORD ALLAN JAY Q. VELASCO v. HON. SPEAKER FELICIANO R. BELMONTE, JR., SECRETARY
GENERAL MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP AND REGINA ONGSIAKO REYES
G.R. No. 211140, January 12, 2016, Leonardo-De Castro, J.

The administration of oath and the registration of Velasco in the Roll of Members of the House of
Representatives for the Lone District of the Province of Marinduque are no longer a matter of discretion or
judgment on the part of Speaker Belmonte, Jr. and Sec. Gen. Barua-Yap.

Facts:

The COC of Regina Reyes was cancelled in a petition filed for the purpose. Pending the resolution of
Reyes' motion for reconsideration, elections were held. A day after the election, the COMELEC en banc affirmed the
said resolution. Despite such decision, Reyes was still proclaimed as the representative of the lone district of
Marinduque. In the meantime, the COMELEC's resolution became final and executory. Velasco filed a petition for
certiorari assailing that the proceedings of the PBOC and the proclamation of Reyes were null and void. The
COMELEC denied the aforementioned petition. The COMELEC en banc reversed the denial of Velasco's petition
and declared null and void the proclamation of Reyes. However, Velasco alleged that despite all the letters and
requests to Speaker Belmonte, Jr. and Sec. Gen. Barua-Yap, they refused to recognize him as the duly elected
Representative of the Lone District of Marinduque. Hence, the instant Petition for Mandamus with prayer for
issuance of a temporary restraining order and/or injunction.

Issue:

Whether Speaker Belmonte and Sec. Gen. Barua-Yap can be compelled to administer oath and to delete the
name of Reyes in the Roll of the members of the House of Representatives respectively.

Ruling:

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YES. The present Petition for Mandamus seeks to compel respondents Speaker Belmonte, Jr. and Sec. Gen.
Barua-Yap to acknowledge and recognize the final and executory Decisions and Resolution of this Court and of the
COMELEC by administering the oath of office to Velasco and entering the latter's name in the Roll of Members of
the House of Representatives. In other words, the Court is called upon to determine whether or not the prayed for
acts, i.e., (i) the administration of the oath of office to Velasco; and (if) the inclusion of his name in the Roll of
Members, are ministerial in character vis-a-vis the factual and legal milieu of this case. As the Court has previously
stated, the administration of oath and the registration of Velasco in the Roll of Members of the House of
Representatives for the Lone District of the Province of Marinduque are no longer a matter of discretion or judgment
on the part of Speaker Belmonte, Jr. and Sec. Gen. Barua-Yap. They are legally duty-bound to recognize Velasco as
the duly elected Member of the House of Representatives for the Lone District of Marinduque in view of the ruling
rendered by the Court and the COMELEC'S compliance with the said ruling, now both final and executory.

MARY ELIZABETH TY-DELGADO v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL AND

PHILIP ARREZA PICHAY
GR. No. 219603, January 26, 2016, Carpio, J.

A sentence by final judgment for a crime involving moral turpitude is a ground for disqualification under
Section 12 of the Omnibus Election Code.

Facts:

In 2008, Philip Pichay was convicted of four counts of libel. In 2016, he filed his certificate of candidacy
for the position of Member of the House of Representatives for the First Legislative District of Surigao del Sur for
the 2013 elections. A petition for his disqualification was filed by Mary Elizabeth Ty-Delgado under Sec. 12 of the
Omnibus Election Code on the ground that he was convicted of libel, a crime involving moral turpitude. When
Pichay paid the fine in lieu of imprisonment, on February 17, 2011, the five-year period barring him to be a
candidate had yet to lapse. When Pichay was proclaimed as the winner, she filed a petition for quo warranto before
the HRET reiterating that Pichay's ineligibility. However, the HRET concluded that the circumstances surrounding
Pichay's conviction for libel showed that the crime did not involve moral turpitude.

Issue:

Whether Pichay is disqualified to become a member of the House of Representatives.

Ruling:

YES. A sentence by final judgment for a crime involving moral turpitude is a ground for disqualification
under Section 12 of the Omnibus Election Code. Libel is listed as one of the crimes involving moral turpitude. In the
present case, Pichay admits his conviction for four counts of libel. In Tulfo v. People of the Philippines (587 Phil.
64, 2008), the Court found Pichay liable for publishing the four defamatory articles, which are libelous per se, with
reckless disregard of whether they were false or not.

Considering his ineligibility due to his disqualification under Section 12, which became final on June 1,
2009, Pichay made a false material representation as to his eligibility when he filed his certificate of candidacy for
the 2013 elections. Pichay's disqualification under Sec. 12 is a material fact involving the eligibility of a candidate
under Secs. 74 and 78 of the Omnibus Election Code. The HRET committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack of or excess of jurisdiction when it failed to disqualify Pichay for his conviction for libel, a crime involving
moral turpitude.

DR. EMIGDIO A. BONDOC v. REPRESENTATIVES MARCIANO M. PINEDA, et al.

G.R. No. 97710, September 26, 1991, GRIÑO-AQUINO, J.

To be able to exercise exclusive jurisdiction, the House Electoral Tribunal must be independent. Its
jurisdiction to hear and decide congressional election contests is not to be shared by it with the Legislature nor with
the Courts.

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Facts:

Marciano Pineda of Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) and Dr. Emigdio Bondoc of the Nacionalista
Party (NP) were rival candidates for the position of Representative for the Fourth District of the province of
Pampanga. Pineda was proclaimed winner in the elections, thus, Bondoc filed a protest in the House of
Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET). The Tribunal issued a decision in favor of Bondoc. One of the members
of the HRET was Congressman Juanito Camasura, JR. of LDP. He revealed to his party that he voted for Bondoc in
the said HRET case. Thus, LDP expelled him from the political party. The LDP informed the House of
Representatives about Cong. Camasura’s expulsion. The House of Representatives then decided to withdraw the
nomination and rescind the election of Cong. Camasura to the HRET. This resulted to the cancellation of the
promulgation of the election contest between Bondoc and Pineda. Hence, Bondoc filed a petition for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus.

Issue:

Whether the House of Representatives can validly removed Congressman Camasura from the HRET.

Ruling:

NO. The use of the word "sole" in both Section 17 of the 1987 Constitution and Section 11 of the 1935
Constitution underscores the exclusive jurisdiction of the House Electoral Tribunal as judge of contests relating to
the election, returns and qualifications of the members of the House of Representatives. The tribunal was created to
function as a nonpartisan court although two-thirds of its members are politicians. To be able to exercise exclusive
jurisdiction, the House Electoral Tribunal must be independent. Its jurisdiction to hear and decide congressional
election contests is not to be shared by it with the Legislature nor with the Courts.

“Disloyalty to party" and "breach of party discipline," are not valid grounds for the expulsion of a member
of the tribunal. In expelling Congressman Camasura from the HRET for having cast a “conscience vote” in favor of
Bondoc, based strictly on the result of the examination and appreciation of the ballots and the recount of the votes by
the tribunal, the House of Representatives committed a grave abuse of discretion, an injustice, and a violation of the
Constitution. Furthermore, membership in the House Electoral Tribunal may not be terminated except for a just
cause. Since the expulsion of Congressman Camasura from the House Electoral Tribunal by the House of
Representatives was not for a lawful and valid cause, but to unjustly interfere with the tribunal's disposition of the
Bondoc case and to deprive Bondoc of the fruits of the Tribunal's decision in his favor, the action of the House of
Representatives is clearly violative of the constitutional mandate (Sec. 17, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution) which created
the House Electoral Tribunal to be the "sole judge" of the election contest between Pineda and Bondoc.

JEAN L. ARNAULT v.LEON NAZARENO, et al.

G.R. No.L-3820, July 18, 1950, OZAETA, J.

The power of inquiry – with process to enforce it – is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the
legislative function.

Facts:

The Senate investigated the purchase by the Government of the Buenavista and Tambobong estates.A
certain amount of money was paid to Ernest Burt thru his agent petitioner Jean Arnault. Arnault was called upon by
the Senate to answer questions regarding the whereabouts of the P440,000.00.Upon his failure to answer questions
pertinent to the subject of inquiry, the Senate ordered his confinement to the New Bilibid Prison. Hence, Arnault
filed a petition for habeas corpus contending that the Senate has no power to compel him to answer questions which
are not pertinent to the matter under inquiry and to punish him for contempt.

Issue:

Whether the Senate has the power to punish for contempt a person for refusing to answer a question
pertinent to the matter under inquiry.

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Ruling:

YES. The power of inquiry – with process to enforce it – is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative
function. A legislative body cannot legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the
conditions which the legislation is intended to effect or change; and where the legislative body does not itself
possess the requisite information – which is not infrequently true – recourse must be had to others who do possess it.
Once an inquiry is admitted or established to be within the jurisdiction of a legislative body to make, the
investigating committee has the power to require a witness to answer any question pertinent to that inquiry, subject
of course to his constitutional right against self-incrimination. The inquiry, to be within the jurisdiction of the
legislative body to make, must be material or necessary to the exercise of a power in it vested by the Constitution,
such as to legislate, or to expel a Member; and every question which the investigator is empowered to coerce a
witness to answer must be material or pertinent to the subject of the inquiry or investigation. The materiality of the
question must be determined by its direct relation to any proposed or possible legislation.

Where the alleged immateriality of the information sought by the legislative body from a witness is relied
upon to contest its jurisdiction, the court is in duty bound to pass upon the contention. By refusing to answer the
questions, the witness has obstructed the performance by the Senate of its legislative function, and the Senate has the
power to remove the obstruction by compelling the witness to answer the questions thru restraint of his liberty until
he shall have answered them. That power subsists as long as the Senate, which is a continuing body, persists in
performing the particular legislative function involved.

STANDARD CHARTERED BANK (Philippine Branch), et al. v. SENATE COMMITTEE ON BANKS,

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CURRENCIES
G.R. No. 167173, December 27, 2007, NACHURA, J.

The mere filing of a criminal or an administrative complaint before a court or a quasi-judicial body should
not automatically bar the conduct of legislative investigation.

Facts:

Because of the privilege speech delivered by Senator Juan Ponce Enrile regarding the sale of unregistered
foreign securities by the Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) Philippines which is a violation of the Securities
Regulation Code, the respondent Senate Committee on Banks, Financial Institutions and Currencies conducted an
investigation, in aid of legislation, of the subject matter of the speech. Petitioners, who are the officials of SCB,
filed a petition for prohibition against respondent to enjoin the members thereof from compelling the petitioners to
testify before any hearing to be conducted by the respondent. Petitioners contended that the respondent has no
jurisdiction to conduct the inquiry because its subject matter was already the subject matter of the civil and criminal
cases against the SCB pending before the CA and the trial courts.

Issue:

Whether the respondent may conduct the subject inquiry, in aid of legislation, and compel the petitioners to
testify, despite the pendency of cases involving the same subject matter of the inquiry.

Ruling:

YES. The mere filing of a criminal or an administrative complaint before a court or a quasi-judicial body
should not automatically bar the conduct of legislative investigation. Otherwise, it would be extremely easy to
subvert any intended inquiry by Congress through the convenient ploy of instituting a criminal or an administrative
complaint. Surely, the exercise of sovereign legislative authority, of which the power of legislative inquiry is an
essential component, cannot be made subordinate to a criminal or an administrative investigation.

As succinctly stated in the landmark case Arnault v. Nazareno, “[t]he power of inquiry with process to
enforce it is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function. A legislative body cannot legislate
wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to
affect or change; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information which is not
infrequently true recourse must be had to others who possess it.”

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The exercise by Congress or by any of its committees of the power to punish contempt is based on the
principle of self-preservation. Such power is sui generis, as it attaches not to the discharge of legislative
functions per se, but to the sovereign character of the legislature as one of the three independent and coordinate
branches of government. It is axiomatic that the power of legislative investigation includes the power to compel the
attendance of witnesses. Corollary to the power to compel the attendance of witnesses is the power to ensure that
said witnesses would be available to testify in the legislative investigation.

SENATE OF THE PHILIPPINES, et al. v. EDUARDO R. ERMITA

G.R. Nos. 169777, 169659, 169660, 169667, 169834 & 171246, April 20, 2006, CARPIO-MORALES, J.

Congress has a right to information from the executive branch whenever it is sought in aid of legislation. If
the executive branch withholds such information on the ground that it is privileged, it must so assert it and state the
reason therefor and why it must be respected.

Facts:

The Senate invited several executive officials as resource speakers for public hearings involving the alleged
overpricing of the North Rail Projects and the massive electoral fraud in the presidential elections of May 2005.
Thereafter, the President issued Executive Order No. (EO) 464 which requires that all heads of departments of the
Executive Branch of the government shall secure the consent of the President prior to appearing before either House
of Congress. Because of the EO, many of those who were invited were not able to go to the inquiry because of lack
of approval from the President. Hence, the Senate of the Philippines filed a petition to Supreme Court to question
the validity of EO 464.

Issue:

Whether EO 464 is void on the ground that it contravenes the power of inquiry vested in Congress.

Ruling:

Sections 2(b) and 3 of EO 464 are void while sections 1 and 2 (a) are valid.

Congress has a right to information from the executive branch whenever it is sought in aid of legislation. If
the executive branch withholds such information on the ground that it is privileged, it must so assert it and state the
reason therefor and why it must be respected.

Section 3 of E.O. 464 requires all official mentioned in Sec. 2 (b) to obtain the consent of the president
before they can appear before congress. This enumeration is broad and when the officials concerned invokes this as
a basis for not attending the inquiries there is already an implied claim of privilege. Executive privilege is properly
invoked in relation to specific categories of information and not to categories of person.

Sections 2(b) and 3 of E.O. 464 are void because they are too broad and would frustrate the power of
Congress to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation because it allows the executive branch to evade congressional
requests for information without need of clearly asserting a right to do so and or pro-offering its reasons therefor.

ROMULO L. NERI v. SENATE COMMITTEE ON ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS AND

INVESTIGATIONS, et al.
G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.

The power of Congress to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation extends even to executive officials and the
only way for them to be exempted is through a valid claim of executive privilege.

Facts:

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Petitioner Romulo Neri, as the former Director of NEDA, was invited by the respondent Senate
Committees to appear and testify on matters involving the controversial ZTE-NBN deal. Neri testified that he was
offered a bribe to accept the deal, but did not accept such as instructed by the President. When he was further asked
on the details of the matters he discussed with the President about the NBN Project, Neri, invoking executive
privilege, refused to answer particularly three questions: (a) whether or not President Arroyo followed up the NBN
Project, (b) whether or not she directed him to prioritize it, and (c) whether or not she directed him to approve.
When called again to testify in another hearing, Neri refused upon orders of the President, invoking executive
privilege. Thus, he was arrested for contempt of the Senate.

Issue:

Whether the communications elicited by the subject three (3) questions are covered by executive privilege.

Ruling:

YES. The communications elicited by the three (3) questions are covered by the presidential communications
privilege. First, the communications relate to a quintessential and non-delegable power of the President, i.e. the
power to enter into an executive agreement with other countries. This authority of the President to enter
into executive agreements without the concurrence of the Legislature has traditionally been recognized in Philippine
jurisprudence. Second, the communications are received by a close advisor of the President. Under the operational
proximity test, petitioner can be considered a close advisor, being a member of President Arroyo’s cabinet.
And third, there is no adequate showing of a compelling need that would justify the limitation of the privilege and of
the unavailability of the information elsewhere by an appropriate investigating authority.

The power of Congress to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation is broad. This is based on the proposition
that a legislative body cannot legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions
which the legislation is intended to affect or change. Inevitably, adjunct thereto is the compulsory process to enforce
it. But, the power, broad as it is, has limitations. To be valid, it is imperative that it is done in accordance with the
Senate or House duly published rules of procedure and that the rights of the persons appearing in or affected by such
inquiries be respected. The power extends even to executive officials and the only way for them to be exempted is
through a valid claim of executive privilege.

ROMULO L. NERI v. SENATE COMMITTEE ON ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS AND

INVESTIGATIONS, et al.
G.R. No. 180643, September 4, 2008, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.

The presumption of executive privilege can only be overturned by a showing of compelling need for
disclosure of the information covered by the privilege.

Facts:

Respondent Senate Committees filed a motion for reconsideration of the March 25, 2008 Decision of the
Court wherein the Senate cited in contempt Romulo Neri for his refusal to answer three specific questions involving
the controversial ZTE-NBN deal. The Court held that the communications elicited by the three questions are
covered by the presidential communications privilege, hence, the contempt order issued by respondents was void.
Respondents now contend that the information elicited by the three questions are necessary in the discharge of their
legislative functions.

Issue:

Whether respondent Committees have shown that the communications elicited by the three questions are
critical to the exercise of their functions.

Ruling:

NO. The Court recognizes respondent Committees’ power to investigate the NBN Project in aid of
legislation. However, the Court cannot uphold the view that when a constitutionally guaranteed privilege or right is

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validly invoked by a witness in the course of a legislative investigation, the legislative purpose of respondent
Committees’ questions can be sufficiently supported by the expedient of mentioning statutes and/or pending bills to
which their inquiry as a whole may have relevance. The jurisprudential test laid down by the Court in past decisions
on executive privilege is that the presumption of privilege can only be overturned by a showing of compelling
need for disclosure of the information covered by executive privilege.

The presumption in favor of Presidential communications puts the burden on the respondent Senate
Committees to overturn the presumption by demonstrating their specific need for the information to be elicited by
the answers to the three (3) questions subject of this case, to enable them to craft legislation. Here, there is simply
a generalized assertion that the information is pertinent to the exercise of the power to legislate and a broad and non-
specific reference to pending Senate bills. It is not clear what matters relating to these bills could not be determined
without the said information sought by the three (3) questions.

The general thrust and the tenor of the three (3) questions is to trace the alleged bribery to the Office of the
President. While it may be a worthy endeavor to investigate the potential culpability of high government officials,
including the President, in a given government transaction, it is simply not a task for the Senate to perform. The role
of the Legislature is to make laws, not to determine anyone’s guilt of a crime or wrongdoing. Our Constitution has
not bestowed upon the Legislature the latter role. Just as the Judiciary cannot legislate, neither can the Legislature
adjudicate or prosecute.

IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS OF CAMILO
L. SABIO v.HONORABLE SENATOR RICHARD GORDON, et al.
G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006, SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.

Section 4(b) exempts the PCGG members and staff from the Congress' power of inquiry. This cannot be
countenanced. Nowhere in the Constitution is any provision granting such exemption.

Facts:

Chairman Camilo Sabio of the PCGG was invited as one of the resource persons in the public meeting for
the investigation of the anomalous losses incurred by the POTC, PHILCOMSAT and PHC due to the alleged
improprieties in their operations by their respective Board of Directors. Sabio refused to appear invoking Sec. 4(b)
of Executive Order (EO) No. 1 issued by former President Corazon Aquino, which exempts all PCGG members or
staff from testifying in any judicial, legislative or administrative proceeding. Hence, he was arrested for contempt of
the Senate. Because of this, Sabio filed a petition for habeas corpus alleging that the respondent Senate committees
disregarded Section 4(b) of EO No. 1.

Issue:

Whether Sec. 4(b) of EO No. 1, which limits the Senate’s power to conduct legislative inquiry, has been
repealed by the 1987 Constitution.

Ruling:

YES. Section 4(b) of EO No. 1 is directly repugnant with Article VI, Section 21 of the Constitution.
Section 4(b) exempts the PCGG members and staff from the Congress' power of inquiry. This cannot be
countenanced. Nowhere in the Constitution is any provision granting such exemption. The Congress' power of
inquiry, being broad, encompasses everything that concerns the administration of existing laws as well as proposed
or possibly needed statutes. It even extends "to government agencies created by Congress and officers whose
positions are within the power of Congress to regulate or even abolish." PCGG belongs to this class.

Certainly, a mere provision of law cannot pose a limitation to the broad power of Congress, in the absence
of any constitutional basis.The Constitution is the highest law of the land. It is "the basic and paramount law to
which all other laws must conform and to which all persons, including the highest officials of the land, must defer.
No act shall be valid, however noble its intentions, if it conflicts with the Constitution." Consequently, the Court has
no recourse but to declare Section 4(b) of E.O. No. 1 repealed by the 1987 Constitution.

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ARTURO M. TOLENTINO v.THE SECRETARY OF FINANCE and THE COMMISSIONER OF
INTERNAL REVENUE
G.R. Nos. 115455, 115525, 115543, 115544, 115754, 115781, 115852, 115873, 115931, August 25, 1994,
MENDOZA, J.

What the Constitution simply means is that the initiative for filing revenue, tariff, or tax bills, bills
authorizing an increase of the public debt, private bills and bills of local application must come from the House of
Representatives.

Facts:

This involves suits for certiorari and prohibition questioning the constitutionality of Republic Act (RA) No.
7716 or the Expanded Value-Added Tax Law. One of the grounds invoked by petitioners is the violation of Article
VI, Section 26(2) of the Constitution. Petitioners contended that in enacting the said law, Congress violated the
Constitution because, although H. No. 11197 had originated in the House of Representatives, it was not passed by
the Senate but was simply consolidated with the Senate version (S. No. 1630) in the Conference Committee to
produce the bill which the President signed into law. In other words, they alleged that RA 7716 did not originate in
the House of Representatives, as required by the Constitution, and it has not thereby become a law.

Issue:

Whether RA 7716 violated Article VI, Section 26(2) of the Constitution.

Ruling:

NO. It is not the law – but the revenue bill – which is required by the Constitution to "originate
exclusively" in the House of Representatives. It is important to emphasize this, because a bill originating in the
House may undergo such extensive changes in the Senate that the result may be a rewriting of the whole. What is
important to note is that, as a result of the Senate action, a distinct bill may be produced. To insist that a revenue
statute – and not only the bill which initiated the legislative process culminating in the enactment of the law – must
substantially be the same as the House bill would be to deny the Senate's power not only to "concur with
amendments" but also to "propose amendments." It would be to violate the coequality of legislative power of the
two houses of Congress and in fact make the House superior to the Senate.

Indeed, what the Constitution simply means is that the initiative for filing revenue, tariff, or tax bills, bills
authorizing an increase of the public debt, private bills and bills of local application must come from the House of
Representatives on the theory that, elected as they are from the districts, the members of the House can be expected
to be more sensitive to the local needs and problems. On the other hand, the senators, who are elected at large, are
expected to approach the same problems from the national perspective. Both views are thereby made to bear on the
enactment of such laws.

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ASSOCIATION, et al. v. HON. SALVADOR ENRIQUEZ, et al.

G.R. Nos. 113105, 113174, 113766 & 113888, August 19, 1994, QUIASON, J.

Any provision which does not relate to any particular item, or which extends in its operation beyond an
item of appropriation, is considered "an inappropriate provision" which can be vetoed separately from an item.

Facts:

Petitioners, as taxpayers and members of the Senate, assail the constitutionality of Republic Act (RA) No.
7763 or the General Appropriations Bill of 1994. When the law was passed, the President vetoed specific provisions
and imposed certain conditions therein. One of petitioners’ contentions is that the President exceeded his veto
power when he vetoed specific provisions of the Bill and not the entire bill itself.

Issue:

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Whether the President has the power to veto certain provisions of an Appropriations Bill, and not the entire
bill itself.

Ruling:

YES. The Court will indulge every intendment in favor of the constitutionality of a veto, the same as it will
presume the constitutionality of an act of Congress. The veto power, while exercisable by the President, is actually a
part of the legislative process. That is why it is found in Article VI on the Legislative Department rather than in
Article VII on the Executive Department in the Constitution. There is, therefore, sound basis to indulge in the
presumption of validity of a veto. The burden shifts on those questioning the validity thereof to show that its use is a
violation of the Constitution.

Under his general veto power, the President has to veto the entire bill, not merely parts thereof (1987
Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 27[1]). The exception to the general veto power is the power given to the President to
veto any particular item or items in a general appropriations bill (1987 Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 27[2]).In so doing,
the President must veto the entire item.

A general appropriations bill is a special type of legislation, whose content is limited to specified sums of
money dedicated to a specific purpose or a separate fiscal unit. As the Constitution is explicit that the provision
which Congress can include in an appropriations bill must "relate specifically to some particular appropriation
therein" and "be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates," it follows that any provision which
does not relate to any particular item, or which extends in its operation beyond an item of appropriation, is
considered "an inappropriate provision" which can be vetoed separately from an item.

CESAR BENGZON, et al. v. HON. FRANKLIN N. DRILON, et al.

G.R. No. 103524 & A.M. No. 91-8-225-CA, April 15, 1992, GUTIERREZ, JR., J.

The power to disapprove any item or items in an appropriate bill does not grant the authority to veto a part
of an item and to approve the remaining portion of the same item.

Facts:

Republic Act No. (RA) 910, as amended by RA 1797, provided for the retirement pensions of Justices of
the Supreme Court (SC) and of the Court of Appeals (CA). The benefits under the said law were extended to
members of the Constitutional Commissions under RA 1563, as amended by RA 3595. President Marcos issued
Presidential Decree No. (PD) 644 which repealed RAs 1797 and 3595.Subsequently, automatic readjustment of
pensions for retired Armed Forces officers and men was restored through PDs 1638 and 1909. Realizing that the
adjustment of the retirement pensions for members of the AFP was restored while that of the retired Justices of the
SC and CA was not, Congress approved House Bill No. 16297 and Senate Bill No. 740 providing for the
reenactment of the repealed provisions of RAs 1797 and RA 3595. However, President Aquino vetoed House Bill
No. 16297.

Pursuant to the Resolution of the SC in A.M. No. 91-8-225-CA, Congress included in the General
Appropriations Bill for Fiscal Year 1992 (House Bill No. 34925) certain appropriations for the Judiciary intended for
the payment of the adjusted pension rates due the retired Justices of the SC and CA. However, the President vetoed
the provisionsrelating to the said appropriations.Hence, petitioners, who are retired Justices of the SC and the CA,
assailed the constitutionality of the said veto by the President.

Issue:

Whether the challenged veto by the Executive is violative of the doctrine of separation of powers.

Ruling:

YES. Under the principle of separation of powers, neither Congress, the President nor the Judiciary may
encroach on fields allocated to the other branches of government. The legislature is generally limited to the
enactment of laws, the executive to the enforcement of laws and the judiciary to their interpretation and application

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to cases and controversies. The act of the Executive in vetoing the particular provisions is an exercise of a
constitutionally vested power. But even as the Constitution grants the power, it also provides limitations to its
exercise. The veto power is not absolute.

The OSG is correct when it states that the Executive must veto a bill in its entirety or not at all. He or she
cannot act like an editor crossing out specific lines, provisions, or paragraphs in a bill that he or she dislikes. In the
exercise of the veto power, it is generally all or nothing. However, when it comes to appropriation, revenue or tariff
bills, the Administration needs the money to run the machinery of government and it can not veto the entire bill even
if it may contain objectionable features. The President is, therefore, compelled to approve into law the entire bill,
including its undesirable parts. It is for this reason that the Constitution has wisely provided the "item veto power" to
avoid inexpedient riders being attached to an indispensable appropriation or revenue measure.

The Constitution provides that only a particular item or items may be vetoed. The power to disapprove any
item or items in an appropriate bill does not grant the authority to veto a part of an item and to approve the
remaining portion of the same item.

GRECO ANTONIOUS BEDA B. BELGICA, et al. v. HONORABLE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY PAQUITO

N. OCHOA JR., et al.
G.R. Nos. 208566, 208493& 209251, November 19, 2013, PERLAS-BERNABE, J.

The 2013 PDAF Article, insofar as it confers post-enactment identification authority to individual
legislators, violates the principle of non-delegability since said legislators are effectively allowed to individually
exercise the power of appropriation, which is lodged in Congress.

Facts:

These are consolidated petitions assailing the constitutionality of the Pork Barrel System in the Philippines.
The controversy arose when several whistleblowers revealed that certain legislators received “kickbacks” from the
PDAF Funds. They declared that JLN (Janet Lim Napoles) Corporation had swindled billions of pesos from the
public coffers for "ghost projects" using dummy NGOs. While the NGOs were supposedly the ultimate recipients of
PDAF funds, the whistle-blowers declared that the money was diverted into Napoles’ private accounts. After the
NBI conducted an investigation of the Napoles controversy, complaints for plunder, malversation of funds, direct
bribery and violations of Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act were filed against certain legislators. The
Commission on Audit (CoA) also released a report about its three-year audit investigation covering the use of
legislators' PDAF during the last three years of the Arroyo administration, which showed anomalies in the
disbursement of PDAF funds.

Issue:

Whether the 2013 PDAF Article and all other Congressional Pork Barrel Laws similar thereto are
unconstitutional for violation of the principle of non-delegability of legislative powers.

Ruling:

YES. As an adjunct to the separation of powers principle, legislative power shall be exclusively exercised
by the body to which the Constitution has conferred the same. In particular, Section 1, Article VI of the 1987
Constitution states that such power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate
and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and
referendum. Based on this provision, it is clear that only Congress, acting as a bicameral body, and the people,
through the process of initiative and referendum, may constitutionally wield legislative power and no other. This
premise embodies the principle of non-delegability of legislative power.

The Court observes that the 2013 PDAF Article, insofar as it confers post-enactment identification
authority to individual legislators, violates the principle of non-delegability since said legislators are effectively
allowed to individually exercise the power of appropriation, which – as settled in Philconsa – is lodged in
Congress. That the power to appropriate must be exercised only through legislation is clear from Section 29(1),
Article VI of the 1987 Constitution which states that: "No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in

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pursuance of an appropriation made by law." To understand what constitutes an act of appropriation, the Court, in
Bengzon v. Secretary of Justice and Insular Auditor (Bengzon), held that the power of appropriation involves (a) the
setting apart by law of a certain sum from the public revenue for (b) a specified purpose. Essentially, under the 2013
PDAF Article, individual legislators are given a personal lump-sum fund from which they are able to dictate (a) how
much from such fund would go to (b) a specific project or beneficiary that they themselves also determine. As these
two (2) acts comprise the exercise of the power of appropriation as described in Bengzon, and given that the 2013
PDAF Article authorizes individual legislators to perform the same, undoubtedly, said legislators have been
conferred the power to legislate which the Constitution does not, however, allow. Thus, keeping with the principle of
non-delegability of legislative power, the Court hereby declares the 2013 PDAF Article, as well as all other forms of
Congressional Pork Barrel which contain the similar legislative identification feature as herein discussed, as
unconstitutional.

MARIA CAROLINA P. ARAULLO vs. BENIGNO SIMEON C. AQUINO III

G.R. No. 209287 July 1, 2014 J. Bersamin

Appropriation has been defined as nothing more than the legislative authorization prescribed by the
Constitution that money may be paid out of the Treasury, while appropriation made by law refers to the act of the
legislature setting apart or assigning to a particular use a certain sum to be used in the payment of debt or dues
from the State to its creditors.

Facts:

Jinggoy Estarda delivered a privliege speech in the Senate to reveal that some Senators, with him, have
been given an additional P50 Million for voting in favor of the impeachment of Chief Justice Corona. Responding to
this, Secretary Abad issued a statement explaining that the funds for these were part of the DAP, a program designed
to hasten economic expansion. This DAP have been sourced from savings which comes from the pooling of
unreleased and the withdrawal of unobligated allotments also meant for slow-moving programs amd projefcts.
Aruallo then brogutht the case to the Court alleging that the DAP is unconstitutional alleging that its implementing
arm direcrted the withdrawal of unobligated allotments of government agencies and offices with low levels of
obligations, both for continuing and current allotments.

Issue:

Whether there is a law necessary to implement the DAP.

Ruling:

NO. The DAP was a government policy or strategy designed to stimulate the economy through accelerated
spending. In the context of the DAP’s adoption and implementation being a function pertaining to the Executive as
the main actor during the Budget Execution Stage under its constitutional mandate to faithfully execute the laws,
including the GAAs, Congress did not need to legislate to adopt or to implement the DAP. Congress could
appropriate but would have nothing more to do during the Budget Execution Stage. Indeed, appropriation was the
act by which Congress "designates a particular fund, or sets apart a specified portion of the public revenue or of the
money in the public treasury, to be applied to some general object of governmental expenditure, or to some
individual purchase or expense.

In a strict sense, appropriation has been defined as nothing more than the legislative authorization
prescribed by the Constitution that money may be paid out of the Treasury, while appropriation made by law refers
to the act of the legislature setting apart or assigning to a particular use a certain sum to be used in the payment of
debt or dues from the State to its creditors.

The President, in keeping with his duty to faithfully execute the laws, had sufficient discretion during the
execution of the budget to adapt the budget to changes in the country’s economic situation. He could adopt a plan
like the DAP for the purpose. He could pool the savings and identify the PAPs to be funded under the DAP. The
pooling of savings pursuant to the DAP, and the identification of the PAPs to be funded under the DAP did not
involve appropriation in the strict sense because the money had been already set apart from the public treasury by
Congress through the GAAs. In such actions, the Executive did not usurp the power vested in Congress under
Section 29(1), Article VI of the Constitution.

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ABAKADA GURO PARTY LIST vs.HON. CESAR V. PURISIMA

G.R. No. 166715 August 14, 2008 J. Corona

Legislative veto is a statutory provision requiring the President or an administrative agency to present the
proposed implementing rules and regulations of a law to Congress which, by itself or through a committee formed
by it, retains a "right" or "power" to approve or disapprove such regulations before they take effect.

Facts:

Abakada is seeking for prohibition in implementing RA 9335 or the Attrition Act of 2005 which was
enacted to optimize the revenue-generation capability and collection of the BIR and Customs. It provides for a
system of rewards and sanctions to the employees of the agencies for them to exceed their revenue target. Abakada
claims that by establishing such system, the law turns officials and employees of the two agencies into mercenaries
and bounty hunters as they will do their best only in consideration of such rewards. Furthermore, Abakada assails
the creation of a congressional oversight committee on the ground that it violates the doctrine of separation of
powers for it permits legislative participation in the implementation and enforcement of such law.

Issue:

Whether the joint congressional committee is valid and constitutional.

Ruling:

NO. Congressional oversight is not unconstitutional per se, meaning, it neither necessarily constitutes an
encroachment on the executive power to implement laws nor undermines the constitutional separation of powers.
Rather, it is integral to the checks and balances inherent in a democratic system of government. It may in fact even
enhance the separation of powers as it prevents the over-accumulation of power in the executive branch.

However, to forestall the danger of congressional encroachment "beyond the legislative sphere," the
Constitution imposes two basic and related constraints on Congress. It may not vest itself, any of its committees or
its members with either executive or judicial power. And, when it exercises its legislative power, it must follow the
"single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered, procedures" specified under the Constitution including the
procedure for enactment of laws and presentment.

Thus, any post-enactment congressional measure such as this should be limited to scrutiny and
investigation. In particular, congressional oversight must be confined to the following: (1) Scrutiny based primarily
on Congress' power of appropriation and the budget hearings conducted in connection with it, its power to ask heads
of departments to appear before and be heard by either of its Houses on any matter pertaining to their departments
and its power of confirmation and (2) investigation and monitoring of the implementation of laws pursuant to the
power of Congress to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.

Any action or step beyond that will undermine the separation of powers guaranteed by the Constitution.
Legislative vetoes fall in this class.

Legislative veto is a statutory provision requiring the President or an administrative agency to present the
proposed implementing rules and regulations of a law to Congress which, by itself or through a committee formed
by it, retains a "right" or "power" to approve or disapprove such regulations before they take effect. As such, a
legislative veto in the form of a congressional oversight committee is in the form of an inward-turning delegation
designed to attach a congressional leash (other than through scrutiny and investigation) to an agency to which
Congress has by law initially delegated broad powers. It radically changes the design or structure of the
Constitution's diagram of power as it entrusts to Congress a direct role in enforcing, applying
or implementing its own laws.

PRESIDENCY

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MARY GRACE NATIVIDAD S. POE-LLAMANZARES vs. COMELEC AND ESTRELLA C. ELAMPARO,
ANTONIO P. CONTRERAS AND AMADO D. VALDEZ
G.R. Nos. 221697 and 221698-700 March 8 2016 J. Perez

The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns,
and qualifications of the President or Vice-President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.

Facts:

In the May 2016 elections, Grace Poe ran for president and she stated in her COC that she is a natural-born
citizen and that she met the residency requirement to run for the highest position in the land. Before her permanent
stay on May 24, 2005, she was having frequent trips before the US and the Philippines. She was adopted by FPJ and
Susan Roces when she when she was found a newborn infant in Iloilo. She then moved to the US in 1991 and was
naturalized as an American citizen in 2001. Immigration granted her reacquisition of citizenship on July 18, 2006
and when she assumed her post as chairperson of MTRCB, she renounced her American cirizenship. From then on,
she stopped using her American passport. Several petitions were filed before the COMELEC to prevent her
candidancy on the ground that she is not a natural-born citizen as she has not proven that her biological parents are
Filipinos. The COMELEC en banc denied her candidancy for not meeting the citizenship and residency requimrents
and finds that she has done material misrepresentation in her COC.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC validly denied Grace Poe’s COC.

Ruling:

NO. The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election,
returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.

The tribunals which have jurisdiction over the question of the qualifications of the President, the Vice-
President was made clear by the Constitution. The Constitution did not provide any provision for the COMELEC to
have jurisdiction over such issues.

The lack of provision for declaring the ineligibility of candidates, however, cannot be supplied by a mere
rule. Such an act is equivalent to the creation of a cause of action which is a substantive matter which the
COMELEC, in the exercise of its rule-making power under Art. IX, A, 6 of the Constitution, cannot do it. It is
noteworthy that the Constitution withholds from the COMELEC even the power to decide cases involving the right
to vote, which essentially involves an inquiry into qualifications based on age, residence and citizenship of voters.

Aquilino Q. Pimentel, Jr. vs. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass the Votes Cast for President and Vice-
President in the May 10, 2004 Elections.
G.R. No. 163783June 22, 2004 J. Puno

The Senate shall convene in joint session during any voluntary or compulsory recess to canvass the votes
for President and Vice-President not later than thirty days after the day of the elections in accordance with Section
4, Article VII of the Constitution.

Facts:

Senator Pimentel Jr. seeks to declare null and void the continued existence of the Joint Committee and
prohibit it with its continuous action. He claims that with the adjournment on June 11, 2004 by the 12th Congress of
its last regular session, its legal existence has ended thus all pending matters and proceedings end upon the
expiration of the Congress.

Issue:

Whether Senator Pimentel’s action will prosper.

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Ruling:

NO. Petitioner's claim that his arguments are buttressed by legislative procedure, precedent or practice as
borne out by the rules of both Houses of Congress is directly contradicted by Section 42 of Rule XIV of the Rules
adopted by the Senate, of which he is an incumbent member. This section clearly provides that the Senate shall
convene in joint session during any voluntary or compulsory recess to canvass the votes for President and Vice-
President not later than thirty days after the day of the elections in accordance with Section 4, Article VII of the
Constitution.

Moreover, as pointed out in the Comment filed by the Senate Panel for respondent Joint Committee and
that of the Office of the Solicitor General, the precedents set by the 1992 and 1998 Presidential Elections do not
support the move to stop the ongoing canvassing by the Joint Committee, they citing the observations of former
Senate President Jovito Salonga.

Thus, during the 1992 Presidential elections, both Houses of Congress adjourned sine die on May 25, 1992.
On June 16, 1992, the Joint Committee finished tallying the votes for President and Vice-President. Thereafter, on
June 22, 1992, the Eighth Congress convened in joint public session as the National Board of Canvassers, and on
even date proclaimed Fidel V. Ramos and Joseph Ejercito Estrada as President and Vice-President, respectively.

Upon the other hand, during the 1998 Presidential elections, both Houses of Congress adjourned sine die on
May 25, 1998. The Joint Committee completed the counting of the votes for President and Vice-President on May
27, 1998. The Tenth Congress then convened in joint public session on May 29, 1998 as the National Board of
Canvassers and proclaimed Joseph Ejercito Estrada as President and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as President and
Vice-President, respectively.

ATTY. EVILLO C. PORMENTO vs. JOSEPH "ERAP" EJERCITO ESTRADA and COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 191988 August 31, 2010 C.J. Corona

The Constitution prohibits a President from having the highest position twice but he is not considered as
having two terms if he does not win the elections.

Facts:

Former President Estrada won the presidency in the 1998 elections but was later on ousted by former
President Arroyo in which he was not able to finish his term. He sought to run again in 2010. Pormento opposed
such candidacy and filed a petition for Estrada’s disqualification which was denied by the 2nd division of the
COMELEC. His motion for reconsideration was also denied by the COMELEC en banc. Pormento filed for
certiorari on May 7, 2010 but he did not file for any TRO or writ of preliminary injunction thus Estrada was able to
participate as a candidate for the position of President in May 10, 2010 where he garnered the second highest
number of votes.

Issue:

Whether Estrada violated the Constitution when he ran for president in the May 10, 2010 elections.

RULING:

NO. Private respondent was not elected President the second time he ran in the May 2010 elections. Since
the issue on the proper interpretation of the phrase “any reelection” will be premised on a person’s second (whether
immediate or not) election as President, there is no case or controversy to be resolved in this case. No live conflict of
legal rights exists. There is in this case no definite, concrete, real or substantial controversy that touches on the legal
relations of parties having adverse legal interests. No specific relief may conclusively be decreed upon by this Court
in this case that will benefit any of the parties herein.

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Assuming an actual case or controversy existed prior to the proclamation of a President who has been duly
elected in the May 10, 2010 elections, the same is no longer true today. Following the results of that elections,
private respondent was not elected President for the second time. Thus, any discussion of his “reelection” will
simply be hypothetical and speculative. It will serve no useful or practical purpose.

ATTY. ROMULO B. MACALINTAL vs.PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL

G.R. No. 191618 November 23, 2010 J. Nachura

It is expressly provided in the Constitution in a clear and concise language that the Supreme Court is
vested the authority to be the sole judge in all electoral contests against the President or Vice-President.

Facts:

Atty. Macalintal claims that the PET is unconstitutional on the ground that Article 7, Sec 4 of the
Constitution does not provide for the creation of the PET and it violates Art VIII, Sec 12 of the Constitution. The
Solicitor General maintains that the constitution of the PET is valid on the ground that the grant of authority to the
SC to be the sole judge of all electoral contests for the President or Vice-President is given in Article 7, Sec 4, par 7
of the Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the PET is constitutional.

Ruling:

YES. The explicit reference of the Members of the Constitutional Commission to a Presidential Electoral
Tribunal, with Fr. Joaquin Bernas categorically declaring that in crafting the last paragraph of Sec. 4, Art VII of the
1987 Constitution, they “constitutionalized what was statutory.” Judicial power granted to the Supreme Court by the
same Constitution is plenary. And under the doctrine of necessary implication, the additional jurisdiction bestowed
by the last paragraph of Section 4, Article VII of the Constitution to decide presidential and vice-presidential
elections contests includes the means necessary to carry it into effect.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

JOSEPH E. ESTRADA vs. ANIANO DESIERTO

G.R. No. 146710-15 March 2, 2001 J. Puno

The rule is that unlawful acts of public officials are not acts of the State and the officer who acts illegally is
not acting as such but stands in the same footing as any trespasser.

Facts:

Former President Estrada was impeached for allegations of wrong doings eventually amounting to graft and
corruption. In the impeachment proceeding before the Senate, 11 senators were sympathetic towards the president
and they succeeded in suppressing the evidence against Estrada which led to an uproar within the Senate. The PNP
and AFP eventually withdrew their support for Estrada and joined the crowd at the EDSA Shrine. Estrada called for
snap elections to be held with the local and congressional elections where he said he would not be running thus the
SC declared that he constructively resigned from his post. Arroyo became the President in lieu of him. Estrada filed
for prohibition with a prayer for Preliminary Injunction to enjoin the Ombudsman from conducting further
proceedings in cases filed against him until his term as president ends. He also wishes to be declared the President
still albeit the fact that he is only temporarily unable to discharge his duties.

Issue:

Whether Estrada enjoys immunity from suit.

Ruling:

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NO. The cases filed against Estrada are criminal in character. They involve plunder, bribery and graft and
corruption. By no stretch of the imagination can these crimes, especially plunder which carries the death penalty, be
covered by the alleged mantle of immunity of a non-sitting president. He cannot cite any decision of this Court
licensing the President to commit criminal acts and wrapping him with post-tenure immunity from liability. The rule
is that unlawful acts of public officials are not acts of the State and the officer who acts illegally is not acting as such
but stands in the same footing as any trespasser.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION vs. THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

G.R. No. 83896 February 22, 1991 C.J. Fernan

It being clear, as it was in fact one of its best selling points, that the 1987 Constitution seeks to prohibit the
President, Vice-President, members of the Cabinet, their deputies or assistants from holding during their tenure
multiple offices or employment in the government, except in those cases specified in the Constitution itself and as
above clarified with respect to posts held without additional compensation in an ex-officio capacity as provided by
law and as required by the primary functions of their office.

Facts:

Former President Cory Aquino issued EO 284 which allowed members of the Cabinet, their
undersecretaries and assistant secretaries to have other government posts in addition to their primary one. The
petitioner assailed that such law is unconstitutional on the ground that it adds an exception to Article 7, Sec 13 of the
Constitution. It further contends that only the Vice President when appointed as a Cabinet Member and the Secretary
of Justice as member of the JBC is technically allowed to have more than one offense.

Issue:

Whether EO 284 is constitutional.

RULING:

NO. It being clear, as it was in fact one of its best selling points, that the 1987 Constitution seeks to prohibit
the President, Vice-President, members of the Cabinet, their deputies or assistants from holding during their tenure
multiple offices or employment in the government, except in those cases specified in the Constitution itself and as
above clarified with respect to posts held without additional compensation in an ex-officio capacity as provided by
law and as required by the primary functions of their office, the citation of Cabinet members (then called Ministers)
as examples during the debate and deliberation on the general rule laid down for all appointive officials should be
considered as mere personal opinions which cannot override the constitution's manifest intent and the people'
understanding thereof.

In the light of the construction given to Section 13, Article VII in relation to Section 7, par. (2), Article IX-
B of the 1987 Constitution, Executive Order No. 284 dated July 23, 1987 is unconstitutional. Ostensibly restricting
the number of positions that Cabinet members, undersecretaries or assistant secretaries may hold in addition to their
primary position to not more than two (2) positions in the government and government corporations, Executive
Order No. 284 actually allows them to hold multiple offices or employment in direct contravention of the express
mandate of Section 13, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution prohibiting them from doing so, unless otherwise
provided in the 1987 Constitution itself.

DENNIS A.B. FUNA vs. ALBERTO C. AGRA

G.R. No. 191644 February 19, 2013 J. Bersamin

Except as to those officers whose appointments require the consent of the Commission on Appointments by
express mandate of the first sentence in Sec. 16, Art. VII, appointments of other officers are left to the President
without need of confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.

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Facts:

Agra was designated Acting Solicitor General in place of Solicitor General Devandera while being
Government Corporate Counsel. Agra was also designated Acting Secretary of Justice when Devandera resigned. He
relinquished his position as Corporate Counsel to continue performing his duties as Acting Solicitor General. Funa
questioned his appointment. Agra claims that his designation were only temporary in nature in that even if he was
holding multiple offices at the same time, his designation as Solicitor General is merely a hold-over and that he did
not receive any of his salaries and other money benefits as Acting Solicitor General when he was appointed Acting
Secretary of Justice.

Issue:

Whether Agra’s designation as Acting Secretary of Justice is valid.

Ruling:

NO. Section 7, paragraph (2), Article IX-B of the 1987 Constitution, provides that:

Unless otherwise allowed by law or the primary functions of his position, no appointive official shall hold
any other office or employment in the Government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.

While all other appointive officials in the civil service are allowed to hold other office or employment in
the government during their tenure when such is allowed by law or by the primary functions of their positions,
members of the Cabinet, their deputies and assistants may do so only when expressly authorized by the Constitution
itself. In other words, Section 7, Article IX-B is meant to lay down the general rule applicable to all elective and
appointive public officials and employees, while Section 13, Article VII is meant to be the exception applicable only
to the President, the Vice-President, Members of the Cabinet, their deputies and assistants.

On its face, the language of Section 13, Article VII is prohibitory so that it must be understood as intended
to be a positive and unequivocal negation of the privilege of holding multiple government offices or employment.
The phrase "unless otherwise provided in this Constitution" must be given a literal interpretation to refer only to
those particular instances cited in the Constitution itself, to wit: the Vice-President being appointed as a member of
the Cabinet under Section 3, par. (2), Article VII; or acting as President in those instances provided under Section 7,
pars. (2) and (3), Article VII; and, the Secretary of Justice being ex-officio member of the Judicial and Bar Council
by virtue of Section 8 (1), Article VIII.

Being designated as the Acting Secretary of Justice concurrently with his position of Acting Solicitor
General, therefore, Agra was undoubtedly covered by Section 13, Article VII, supra, whose text and spirit were too
clear to be differently read. Hence, Agra could not validly hold any other office or employment during his tenure as
the Acting Solicitor General, because the Constitution has not otherwise so provided.

ULPIANO P. SARMIENTO III AND JUANITO G. ARCILLA vs. SALVADOR MISON, AND GUILLERMO
CARAGUE
G.R. No. 79974 December 17, 1987 J. Padilla

Except as to those officers whose appointments require the consent of the Commission on Appointments by
express mandate of the first sentence in Sec. 16, Art. VII, appointments of other officers are left to the President
without need of confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.

Facts:

Mison was appointed as the Commissioner of the Bureau of Customs by President Aquino. Sarmiento and
Arcilla are assailing the said appointment stating that the said appointment is not valid since it was not submitted to
the Commission on Appointment for approval further arguing that under the constitution the appointments made for
Heads of Bureaus need confirmation from the COA.

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Issue:

Whether the appointment of Mison is valid.

Ruling:

YES. In the 1987 Constitution the clear and expressed intent of its framers was to exclude presidential
appointments from confirmation by the Commission on Appointments, except appointments to offices expressly
mentioned in the first sentence of Sec. 16, Article VII. Consequently, there was no reason to use in the third sentence
of Sec. 16, Article VII the word "alone" after the word "President" in providing that Congress may by law vest the
appointment of lower-ranked officers in the President alone, or in the courts, or in the heads of departments, because
the power to appoint officers whom he (the President) may be authorized by law to appoint is already vested in the
President, without need of confirmation by the Commission on Appointments, in the second sentence of the same
Sec. 16, Article VII.

Moreover, the President is expressly authorized by law to appoint the Commissioner of the Bureau of
Customs under RA 1937 and PD 34.

After the effectivity of the 1987 Constitution, Rep. Act No. 1937 and PD No. 34 have to be read in
harmony with Sec. 16, Art. VII, with the result that, while the appointment of the Commissioner of the Bureau of
Customs is one that devolves on the President, as an appointment he is authorized by law to make, such
appointment, however, no longer needs the confirmation of the Commission on Appointments.

MA. J. ANGELINA G. MATIBAG v. ALFREDO L. BENIPAYO, RESURRECCION Z. BORRA,

FLORENTINO A. TUASON, JR., VELMA J. CINCO, and GIDEON C. DE GUZMAN
G.R. NO. 149036, APRIL 2, 2002, J. CARPIO

An ad interim appointment is a permanent appointment because it takes effect immediately and can no
longer be withdrawn by the President once the appointee has qualified into office. In order to determine whether the
renewal of an ad interim appointment violates the prohibition on reappointment under Section 1 (2), Article IX-C of
the Constitution we must distinguish those which weredisapproved from those which were by-passed, for the by-
passed reappointment is valid and allowed while the disapproved is not and can no longer be renewed.

FACTS:

On March 22, 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo appointed, ad interim, Benipayo as COMELEC
Chairman, and Borra and Tuason as COMELEC Commissioners, each for a term of seven years and all expiring on
February 2, 2008. However, the Commission on Appointments did not act on said appointments. Consequently, On
June 1, 2001, President Arroyo renewed the ad interim appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason to the same
positions and for the same term of seven years, expiring on February 2, 2008. Congress adjourned before the
Commission on Appointments could act on their appointments. Thus, on June 8, 2001, President Macapagal Arroyo
renewed again the ad interim appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason to the same positions.

Petitioner Ma. J. Angelina G. Matibag filed the instant petition questioning the appointments Matibag
claims that the ad interim appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason violate the prohibitions on temporary
appointments and reappointments of its Chairman and members.

Issues:

1. Whether the assumption of office by Benipayo, Borra and Tuason on the basis of the ad interim
appointments issued by the President amounts to a temporary appointment prohibited by Section 1 (2),
Article IX-C of the Constitution.
2. Whether the renewal of their ad interim appointments and subsequent assumption of office to the same
positions violate the prohibition on reappointment under Section 1 (2), Article IX-C of the Constitution.

RULING:

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1. NO. An ad interim appointment is a permanent appointment because it takes effect immediately and can
no longer be withdrawn by the President once the appointee has qualified into office. The fact that it is
subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments does not alter its permanent character. The
Constitution itself makes an ad interim appointment permanent in character by making it effective until
disapproved by the Commission on Appointments or until the next adjournment of Congress. Thus, the ad
interim appointment remains effective until such disapproval or next adjournment, signifying that it can
no longer be withdrawn or revoked by the President. The fear that the President can withdraw or revoke
at any time and for any reason an ad interim appointment is utterly without basis.

In the instant case, the President did in fact appoint permanent Commissioners to fill the vacancies in the
COMELEC, subject only to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments. Benipayo, Borra and Tuason were
extended permanent appointments during the recess of Congress. They were not appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity, unlike Commissioner Haydee Yorac in Brillantes vs. Yorac and Solicitor General Felix
Bautista in Nacionalista Party vs. Bautista. The ad interim appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason are
expressly allowed by the Constitution which authorizes the President, during the recess of Congress, to make
appointments that take effect immediately.

2. NO. We must distinguish those which were disapproved from those which were by-passed. An ad interim
appointee disapproved by the Commission on Appointments can no longer be extended a new
appointment. The disapproval is a final decision of the Commission on Appointments in the exercise of
its checking power on the appointing authority of the President. On the contrary a by-passed ad interim
appointment can be revived by a new ad interim appointment because there is no final disapproval under
Section 16, Article VII of the Constitution, and such new appointment will not result in the appointee
serving beyond the fixed term of seven years.

The ad interim appointments and subsequent renewals of appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason do
not violate the prohibition on reappointments because there were no previous appointments that were confirmed by
the Commission on Appointments. A reappointment presupposes a previous confirmed appointment. The same ad
interim appointments and renewals of appointments will also not breach the seven-year term limit because all the
appointments and renewals of appointments of Benipayo, Borra and Tuason are for a fixed term expiring on
February 2, 2008. Any delay in their confirmation will not extend the expiry date of their terms of office. The
continuing renewal of the ad interim appointment of these three respondents, for so long as their terms of office
expire on February 2, 2008, does not violate the prohibition on reappointments in Section 1 (2), Article IX-C of the
Constitution.

AQUILINO Q. PIMENTEL, JR. v. EXEC. SECRETARY EDUARDOR. ERMITA, FLORENCIO B. ABAD,

AVELINO J. CRUZ, JR.
G.R. No. 164978, OCTOBER 13, 2005, J. CARPIO

Being an alter ego of the president, a department secretary may be appointed in an acting capacity even
when the congress is in session in line with its purpose as a stop-gap measure intended to fill an office for a limited
time until the appointment of a permanent occupant to the office.

Facts:

This is a petition to declare unconstitutional the appointments issued by President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo to respondents Abad et al as Department Secretaries in an acting capacity while the Congress is in session.
Nonetheless, when Congress adjourned on 22 September 2004. On 23 September 2004, President Arroyo issued ad
interim appointments to respondents as secretaries of the departments to which they were previously appointed in an
acting capacity.

Issue:

Whether the appointment of respondents Abad et.al as acting secretaries without the consent of the
Commission on Appointments while Congress is in session is unconstitutional.

Ruling:

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NO. The essence of an appointment in an acting capacity is its temporary nature. It is a stop-gap measure
intended to fill an office for a limited time until the appointment of a permanent occupant to the office. In case of
vacancy in an office occupied by an alter ego of the President, such as the office of a department secretary, the
President must necessarily appoint an alter ego of her choice as acting secretary before the permanent appointee of
her choice could assume office. The office of a department secretary may become vacant while Congress is in
session. Since a department secretary is the alter ego of the President, the acting appointee to the office must
necessarily have the Presidents confidence. Thus, by the very nature of the office of a department secretary, the
President must appoint in an acting capacity a person of her choice even while Congress is in session. That person
may or may not be the permanent appointee, but practical reasons may make it expedient that the acting appointee
will also be the permanent appointee.

Further, contrary to the claims of petitioner members of congress, we find no abuse in the present case. In
addition to the 1 year limit of effectivity of temporary appointments the absence of abuse is readily apparent from
President Arroyo’s issuance of ad interim appointments to respondents immediately upon the recess of Congress,
way before the lapse of one year.

ARMITA B. RUFINO, v. BALTAZAR N. ENDRIGA ET AL.

G.R. NO. 139554, JULY 21, 2006, J. CARPIO

Section 16, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution excludes a situation where the appointing officer appoints
an officer equal in rank as him for what it allow are heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards to
appoint only "officers lower in rank" than such "heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.

Facts:

Presidential Decree No. 15 (PD 15) created the Cultural Center of the Philippines. PD 15 created a Board
of Trustees "Board" to govern the CCP. The case boils down to the constitutionality of the provision of PD 15 on the
manner of filling vacancies in the Board.The clear and categorical language of Section 6(b) of PD 15 states that
vacancies in the CCP Board shall be filled by a majority vote of the remaining trustees. Should only one trustee
survive, the vacancies shall be filled by the surviving trustee acting in consultation with the ranking officers of the
CCP. Should the Board become entirely vacant, the vacancies shall be filled by the President of the Philippines
acting in consultation with the same ranking officers of the CCP Thus, the remaining trustees, whether one or more,
elect their fellow trustees for a fixed four-year term. On the other hand, Section 6(c) of PD 15 does not allow
trustees to reelect fellow trustees for more than two consecutive terms.

The petition claims that Section 6(b) of PD 15 authorizing the CCP trustees to elect their fellow trustees
should be declared unconstitutional being repugnant to Section 16, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution allowing the
appointment only of "officers lower in rank" than the appointing power. Further, PD 15 must be struck down for
impeding the President’s power of control.

Issues:

1. Whether PD 15 violates Section 16, Article VII of the Constitution.

2. Whether PD 15 violates the President’s constitutional power of control and supervision over the CCP.

Ruling:

1. YES. Section 6(b) and (c) of PD 15 is irreconcilably inconsistent with Section 16, Article VII of the 1987
Constitution. Section 6(b) and (c) of PD 15 empowers the remaining trustees of the CCP Board to fill
vacancies in the CCP Board, allowing them to elect their fellow trustees. On the other hand, Section 16,
Article VII of the 1987 Constitution allows heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards to
appoint only "officers lower in rank" than such "heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or
boards." This excludes a situation where the appointing officer appoints an officer equal in rank as him.
Thus, insofar as it authorizes the trustees of the CCP Board to elect their co-trustees, Section 6(b) and (c)
of PD 15 is unconstitutional because it violates Section 16, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.

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It does not matter that Section 6(b) of PD 15 empowers the remaining trustees to "elect" and not "appoint"
their fellow trustees for the effect is the same, which is to fill vacancies in the CCP Board. A statute cannot
circumvent the constitutional limitations on the power to appoint by filling vacancies in a public office through
election by the co-workers in that office. Such manner of filling vacancies in a public office has no constitutional
basis. Further, Section 6(b) and (c) of PD 15 makes the CCP trustees the independent appointing power of their
fellow trustees. The creation of an independent appointing power inherently conflicts with the President's power to
appoint. This inherent conflict has spawned recurring controversies in the appointment of CCP trustees every time a
new President assumes office.

2. YES. The CCP does not fall under the Legislative or Judicial branches of government. The CCP is also
not one of the independent constitutional bodies. Neither is the CCP a quasi-judicial body nor a local
government unit. Thus, the CCP must fall under the Executive branch. Under the Revised Administrative
Code of 1987, any agency "not placed by law or order creating them under any specific department" falls
"under the Office of the President."Since the President exercises control over "all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices," the President necessarily exercises control over the CCP which is an
office in the Executive branch. In mandating that the President "shall have control of all executive
offices," Section 17, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution does not exempt any executive office — one
performing executive functions outside of the independent constitutional bodies — from the President's
power of control. There is no dispute that the CCP performs executive, and not legislative, judicial, or
quasi-judicial functions.

The Legislature cannot validly enact a law that puts a government office in the Executive branch outside
the control of the President in the guise of insulating that office from politics or making it independent. If the office
is part of the Executive branch, it must remain subject to the control of the President. Otherwise, the Legislature can
deprive the President of his constitutional power of control over "all the executive offices." Section 6(b) and (c) of
PD 15, which authorizes the trustees of the CCP Board to fill vacancies in the Board, runs afoul with the President's
power of control under Section 17, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution. The intent of Section 6(b) and (c) of PD 15
is to insulate the CCP from political influence and pressure, specifically from the President. Section 6(b) and (c) of
PD 15 makes the CCP a self-perpetuating entity, virtually outside the control of the President. Such a public office or
board cannot legally exist under the 1987 Constitution.

DOMINADOR R. AYTONA v. ANDRES V. CASTILLO, ET AL.

G.R. NO.L-19313, JANUARY 19, 1962, CJ. BENGZON

As early as this case midnight or last minute appointments were already abhorred for an incumbent
president is no more than a "care-taker" administration and should not do acts which he ought to know, would
embarrass or obstruct the policies of his successor such as having midnight appointments.

Facts:

On December 29, 1961, then President Carlos P. Garcia appointed Dominador R. Aytona as ad interim
Governor of the Central Bank and others all in all, about three hundred fifty (350) "midnight" or "last minute"
appointments. On December 30, 1961, at noon, President-elect Diosdado Macapagal assumed office; and on
December 31, 1961, he issued Administrative Order No. 2 recalling, withdrawing, and cancelling all ad interim
appointment made by President Garcia after December 13, 1961, (date when he, Macapagal, had been proclaimed
elected by the Congress).

Aytona claims he was validly appointed, had qualified for the post and that Administrative Order No. 2 is
invalid.

Issue:

Whether the new President had power to issue the order of cancellation of the ad interim appointments
made by the past President, even after the appointees had already qualified.

Ruling:

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YES. Nobody will assert that President Garcia ceased to be such earlier than at noon of December 30,
1961. But it is common sense to believe that after the proclamation of the election of President Macapagal, his was
no more than a "care-taker" administration. He was duty bound to prepare for the orderly transfer of authority the
incoming President, and he should not do acts which he ought to know, would embarrass or obstruct the policies of
his successor. The time for debate had passed; the electorate had spoken. It was not for him to use powers as
incumbent President to continue the political warfare that had ended or to avail himself of presidential prerogatives
to serve partisan purposes. The filling up vacancies in important positions, if few, and so spaced to afford some
assurance of deliberate action and careful consideration of the need for the appointment and the appointee's
qualifications may undoubtedly be permitted. But the issuance of 350 appointments in one night and planned
induction of almost all of them a few hours before the inauguration of the new President may, with some reason, be
regarded by the latter as an abuse Presidential prerogatives, the steps taken being apparently a mere partisan effort to
fill all vacant positions irrespective of fitness and other conditions, and thereby deprive the new administration of an
opportunity to make the corresponding appointments.

Incidentally, it should be stated that the underlying reason for denying the power to revoke after the
appointee has qualified is the latter's equitable rights. Yet it is doubtful if such equity might be successfully set up in
the present situation, considering the rush conditional appointments, hurried maneuvers and other happenings
detracting from that degree of good faith, morality and propriety which form the basic foundation of claims to
equitable relief. The appointees, it might be argued, wittingly or unwittingly cooperated with the stratagem to beat
the deadline, whatever the resultant consequences to the dignity and efficiency of the public service.

Of course, the Court is aware of many precedents to the effect that once an appointment has been issued, it
cannot be reconsidered, especially where the appointee has qualified. But none of them refer to mass ad interim
appointments (three-hundred and fifty), issued in the last hours of an outgoing Chief Executive, in a setting similar
to that outlined herein. On the other hand, the authorities admit of exceptional circumstances justifying
revocation and if any circumstances justify revocation, those described herein should fit the exception.

IN RE APPOINTMENTS DATED MARCH 30, 1998 of HON. MATEO A. VALENZUELA AND HON.
PLACIDO B. VALLARTA
A.M. NO. 98-5-01-SC., NOVEMBER9, 1998, CJ. NARVASA

The prohibited appointments contemplated by Article VII section 15 not only applies to the executive
department but also to appointments by the president to the members of the judiciary. Nonetheless, as an exception
appointments to the judiciary can be made during the period of the ban in the interest of public service.

Facts:

The Hon. Valenzuela and Hon. Vallarta and others were appointed by the president as RTC judges and to
other judicial positions during the prohibited period contemplated by Art. VII, Sec. 15 of the Constitution in light of
the upcoming elections. The President expressed the view that "the election-ban provision Article VII, Sec. 15
applies only to executive appointments or appointments in the executive branch of government," the whole article
being "entitled 'EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.'" He also observed that further proof of his theory "is the fact that
appointments to the judiciary have special, specific provisions applicable to them" citing Article VIII, Sec. 4 [1] and
Article VIII, Section 9. In view thereof, he "firmly and respectfully reiterate his request for the Judicial and Bar
Council to transmit the final list of nominees for the lone Supreme Court vacancy in order to complete the
appointments. On the contrary, Chief Justice Narvasa is of the contrary view, CJ Narvasa claims that the election ban
provision also applies to appointments in the judiciary. Faced by an important and ripe constitutional question,
hence, the Court En banc was called to decide on the instant Administrative matter.

Issues:

1. Whether during the period of the ban on appointments imposed by Section 15, Article VII of the
Constitution, the President is required to fill vacancies in the judiciary, in view of Sections 4(1) and 9 of
Article VIII.
2. Whether the President can make appointments to the judiciary during the period of the ban in the interest
of public service.

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Ruling:

1. NO. The Court's view is that during the period stated in Section 15, Article VII of the Constitution "two
months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term" - the President is
neither required to make appointments to the courts nor allowed to do so; and that Sections 4(1) and 9 of
Article VIII simply mean that the President is required to fill vacancies in the courts within the time
frames provided therein unless prohibited by Section 15 of Article VII. It is noteworthy that the
prohibition on appointments comes into effect only once every six years.

In view of the general prohibition in Art. VII, sec.15, One interpretation that immediately suggests itself is
that Section 4(1), Article VIII is a general provision while Section 15, Article VII is a particular one; that is to say,
normally, when there are no presidential elections - which after all occur only every six years - Section 4(1), Article
VIII shall apply: vacancies in the Supreme Court shall be filled within 90 days; but when (as now) there are
presidential elections, the prohibition in Section 15, Article VII comes into play: the President shall not make any
appointments. The reason for said prohibition, according to Fr. J. Bernas, S.J., an authority on Constitutional Law
and himself a member of the Constitutional Commission, is "In order not to tie the hands of the incoming President
through midnight appointments."

In the ultimate analysis of the provision, it appears that Section 15, Article VII is directed against two types
of appointments: (1) those made for buying votes and (2) those made for partisan considerations. The first refers to
those appointments made within the two months preceding a Presidential election and are similar to those which are
declared election offenses in the Omnibus Election Code. The second type of appointments prohibited by Section
15, Article VII consists of the so-called "midnight" appointments. In Aytona v. Castillo, it was held that after the
proclamation of Diosdado Macapagal as duly elected President, President Carlos P. Garcia, who was defeated in his
bid for reelection, became no more than a "caretaker" administrator whose duty was to "prepare for the orderly
transfer of authority to the incoming President. Therefore, the appointments by Hon. Valenzuela and Vallarta by the
President during the prohibited period is deemed void.

2. YES. The exception allows only the making of temporary appointments to executive positions when
continued vacancies will prejudice public service or endanger public safety. To be sure, instances may be
conceived of the imperative need for an appointment, during the period of the ban, not only in the
executive but also in the Supreme Court. This may be the case should the membership of the court be so
reduced that it will have no quorum or should the voting on a particularly important question requiring
expeditious resolution be evenly divided. Such a case, however, is covered by neither Section 15 of
Article VII nor Section 4 (1) and 9 of Article VIII. The appointments of Valenzuela and Vallarta on March
30, 1998 (transmitted to the Office of the Chief Justice on May 14, 1998) were unquestionably made
during the period of the ban. Consequently, they come within the operation of the first prohibition relating
to appointments which are considered to be for the purpose of buying votes or influencing the election.
While the filling of vacancies in the judiciary is undoubtedly in the public interest, there is no showing in
this case of any compelling reason to justify the making of the appointments during the period of the ban.
On the other hand, as already discussed, there is a strong public policy for the prohibition against
appointments made within the period of the ban.

ARTURO M. DE CASTRO v. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL (JBC) and PRESIDENT GLORIA
MACAPAGAL
ARROYO
G. R. NO. 191002, MARCH 17, 2010, J. BERSAMIN

In reversing the Valenzuela ruling, the prohibition under Section 15, Article VII is now deemed inapplicable
to the appointments in the judiciary.

Facts:

In the consolidated petitions, the petitioners De Castro, with the exception of Soriano, Tolentino and Inting,
submit that the incumbent President can appoint the successor of Chief Justice Puno upon his retirement on May 17,
2010, on the ground that the prohibition against presidential appointments under Section 15, Article VII does not
extend to appointments in the Judiciary. In support thereof, the OSG contends that the incumbent President may

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appoint the next Chief Justice, because the prohibition under Section 15, Article VII of the Constitution does not
apply to appointments in the Supreme Court.

Issue:

Whether Section 15, Article VII applies to appointments to the Judiciary (specifically in this case the
upcoming Chief Justice position).

Ruling:

NO. We reverse Valenzuela. As can be seen, Article VII is devoted to the Executive Department, and,
among others, it lists the powers vested by the Constitution in the President. The presidential power of appointment
is dealt with in Sections 14, 15 and 16 of the Article.Article VIII is dedicated to the Judicial Department and defines
the duties and qualifications of Members of the Supreme Court, among others. Section 4(1) and Section 9 of this
Article are the provisions specifically providing for the appointment of Supreme Court Justices. In particular,
Section 9 states that the appointment of Supreme Court Justices can only be made by the President upon the
submission of a list of at least three nominees by the JBC; Section 4(1) of the Article mandates the President to fill
the vacancy within 90 days from the occurrence of the vacancy.

Had the framers intended to extend the prohibition contained in Section 15, Article VII to the appointment
of Members of the Supreme Court, they could have explicitly done so. They could not have ignored the meticulous
ordering of the provisions. They would have easily and surely written the prohibition made explicit in Section 15,
Article VII as being equally applicable to the appointment of Members of the Supreme Court in Article VIII itself,
most likely in Section 4 (1), Article VIII. That such specification was not done only reveals that the prohibition
against the President or Acting President making appointments within two months before the next presidential
elections and up to the end of the Presidents or Acting Presidents term does not refer to the Members of the Supreme
Court.

Although Valenzuela came to hold that the prohibition covered even judicial appointments, it cannot be
disputed that the Valenzuela dictum did not firmly rest on the deliberations of the Constitutional Commission.
Thereby, the confirmation made to the JBC by then Senior Associate Justice Florenz D. Regalado of this Court, a
former member of the Constitutional Commission, about the prohibition not being intended to apply to the
appointments to the Judiciary, which confirmation Valenzuela even expressly mentioned, should prevail.

Moreover, the usage in Section 4(1), Article VIII of the word shall an imperative, operating to impose a
duty that may be enforced should not be disregarded. Thereby, Sections 4(1) imposes on the President the imperative
duty to make an appointment of a Member of the Supreme Court within 90 days from the occurrence of the vacancy.
The failure by the President to do so will be a clear disobedience to the Constitution.

The 90-day limitation fixed in Section 4(1), Article VIII for the President to fill the vacancy in the Supreme
Court was undoubtedly a special provision to establish a definite mandate for the President as the appointing power,
and cannot be defeated by mere judicial interpretation in Valenzuela to the effect that Section 15, Article VII
prevailed because it was couched in stronger negative language. Such interpretation even turned out to be
conjectural, in light of the records of the Constitutional Commissions deliberations on Section 4 (1), Article VIII.

Consequently, prohibiting the incumbent President from appointing a Chief Justice on the premise that
Section 15, Article VII extends to appointments in the Judiciary cannot be sustained. A misinterpretation like
Valenzuela should not be allowed to last after its false premises have been exposed. It will not do to merely
distinguish Valenzuela from these cases, for the result to be reached herein is entirely incompatible with what
Valenzuela decreed. Consequently, Valenzuela now deserves to be quickly sent to the dustbin of the unworthy and
forgettable.

SEPARATE OPINION:
J. BRION, CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
The Disputed Provisions

In my view, the provisions of the Constitution cannot be read in isolation from what the whole contains. In
considering the interests of the Executive and the Judiciary, a holistic approach starts from the premise that the

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constitutional scheme is to grant the President the power of appointment, subject to the limitation provided under
Article VII, Section 15. At the same time, the Judiciary is assured, without qualifications under Article VIII, Section
4(1), of the immediate appointment of Members of the Supreme Court, i.e., within 90 days from the occurrence of
the vacancy. If both provisions would be allowed to take effect, as I believe they should, the limitation on the
appointment power of the President under Article VII, Section 15 should itself be limited by the appointment of
Members of the Court pursuant to Article VIII, Section 4(1), so that the provision applicable to the Judiciary can be
given full effect without detriment to the President’s appointing authority. This harmonization will result in restoring
to the President the full authority to appoint Members of the Supreme Court pursuant to the combined operation of
Article VII, Section 15 and Article VIII, Section 4(1).

Viewed in this light, there is essentially no conflict, in terms of the authority to appoint, between the
Executive and Judiciary; the President would effectively be allowed to exercise the Executive’s traditional
presidential power of appointment while respecting the Judiciary’s own prerogative. In other words, the President
retains full powers to appoint Members of the Court during the election period, and the Judiciary is assured of a full
membership within the time frame given.

I concluded that the appointment of a Member of the Court even during the election period per se implies
no adverse effect on the integrity of the election; a full Court is ideal during this period in light of the Court’s unique
role during elections. I maintain this view and fully concur in this regard with the majority.

On the Valenzuela Decision

In any case, let me repeat what I stressed about Valenzuela which rests on the reasoning that the evils
Section 15 seeks to remedy – vote buying, midnight appointments and partisan reasons to influence the elections –
exist, thus justifying an election appointment ban. In particular, the "midnight appointment" justification, while fully
applicable to the more numerous vacancies at the lower echelons of the Judiciary (with an alleged current lower
court vacancy level of 537 or a 24.5% vacancy rate), should not apply to the Supreme Court which has only a total
of 15 positions that are not even vacated at the same time. The most number of vacancies for any one year occurred
only last year (2009) when seven (7) positions were vacated by retirement, but this vacancy rate is not expected to
be replicated at any time within the next decade. Thus "midnight appointments" to the extent that they were
understood in Aytona will not occur in the vacancies of this Court as nominations to its vacancies are all processed
through the JBC under the public’s close scrutiny. The institutional integrity of the Court is hardly an issue. If at all,
only objections personal to the individual Members of the Court or against the individual applicants can be made,
but these are matters addressed in the first place by the JBC before nominees are submitted. There, too, are specific
reasons, likewise discussed above, explaining why the election ban should not apply to the Supreme Court. These
exempting reasons, of course, have yet to be shown to apply to the lower courts. Thus, on the whole, the reasons
justifying the election ban in Valenzuela still obtain in so far as the lower courts are concerned, and have yet to be
proven otherwise in a properly filed case. Until then, Valenzuela, except to the extent that it mentioned Section 4(1),
should remain an authoritative ruling of this Court.

ATTY. CHELOY E. VELICARIA-GARAFIL v. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

G.R. No. 203372, JUNE 16, 2015, J. CARPIO

Appointment is a process in which all of its requisites starting with the selection by the appointing power
up to the acceptance of the appointment by the appointee must be present. Hence, if the act of acceptance falls
within the prohibited appointment contemplated by Section 15, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution such
appointment even if the other requisites were done prior to the ban shall be void.

Facts:

On 30 July 2010, President Aquino issued EO 2 recalling, withdrawing, and revoking appointments issued
by President Macapagal-Arroyo which violated the constitutional ban on midnight appointments. Prior to the
conduct of the May 2010 elections, then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued more than 800 appointments to
various positions in several government offices. Atty. Velicaria-Garafil one of the appointed (as State Solicitor II)
persons during the alleged midnight appointments and petitioner in this consolidated case assails that EO No. 2 is
unconstitutional and that their appointments were already perfected before March 11 2010 which was the start of the
ban on midnight appointments. However, as gleaned from the records it was shown that the transmittal of their

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appointments to the MRO and their corresponding Oath and assumption of office all came at a later date than March
10, 2010.

Issue:

Whether Atty. Velicaria-Garafil et AL’s appointments violate Section 15, Article VII of the 1987
Constitution.

Ruling:

YES. All of petitioners’ appointments are midnight appointments and are void for violation of Section 15,
Article VII of the 1987 Constitution. The well-settled rule in our jurisprudence, that an appointment is a process that
begins with the selection by the appointing power and ends with acceptance of the appointment by the appointee,
stands.The following elements should always concur in the making of a valid (which should be understood as both
complete and effective) appointment: (1) authority to appoint and evidence of the exercise of the authority; (2)
transmittal of the appointment paper and evidence of the transmittal; (3) a vacant position at the time of
appointment; and (4) receipt of the appointment paper and acceptance of the appointment by the appointee who
possesses all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications. The concurrence of all these elements should
always apply, regardless of when the appointment is made, whether outside, just before, or during the appointment
ban.

The facts in all these cases show that “none of the petitioners have shown that their appointment papers
(and transmittal letters) have been issued (and released) before the ban.” The dates of receipt by the MRO, which in
these cases are the only reliable evidence of actual transmittal of the appointment papers by President Macapagal-
Arroyo, are dates clearly falling during the appointment ban. Thus, this ponencia (J. Carpio) and the dissent both
agree that all the appointments in these cases are midnight appointments in violation of Section 15, Article VII of the
1987 Constitution. For an appointment to be valid, it must be made outside of the prohibited period or, failing that,
fall under the specified exception like the appointments in the judiciary as held in De Castro v JBC.

The inclusion of acceptance by the appointee as an integral part of the entire appointment process prevents
the abuse of the Presidential power to appoint. It is relatively easy to antedate appointment papers and make it
appear that they were issued prior to the appointment ban, but it is more difficult to simulate the entire appointment
process up until acceptance by the appointee.

Petitioners Atty. Velicaria-Garafil have failed to show compliance with all four elements of a valid
appointment. They cannot prove with certainty that their appointment papers were transmitted before the
appointment ban took effect. On the other hand, petitioners admit that they took their oaths of office during the
appointment ban. Petitioners have failed to raise any valid ground for the Court to declare EO 2, or any part of it,
unconstitutional. Consequently, EO 2 remains valid and constitutional.

RESIDENT MARINE MAMMALS OF THE PROTECTED SEASCAPE TANON STRAIT v. SECRETARY

ANGELO REYES, IN HIS CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
G.R. NO. 180771, APRIL 21, 2015, J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO

Under the principle of qualified political agency the heads of the various executive departments are
assistants and agents of the Chief Executive except in cases where the Chief Executive is required by the
Constitution or law to act in person or the exigencies of the situation demand that he act personally.

Facts:

Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was impleaded as an unwilling co-petitioner, for her express
declaration and undertaking in the ASEAN Charter to protect the Tañon Strait, among others in this case. Petitioners
toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises, and other cetacean species referred to as the "Resident Marine Mammals,
which inhabit the waters in and around the Tañon Strait and Gloria Estenzo Ramos and Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio as
their legal guardians and as friends (to be collectively known as "the Stewards") filed a case against the secretary of
the Dept. of Energy and others for granting JAPEX exploration, development, and production of petroleum

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resources in a block covering approximately 2,850 square kilometers offshore the Tañon Strait which hampers the
environment and habitat of the petitioners resident marine mammals.

In defense, public respondents, through the Solicitor General, contend that petitioners Resident Marine
Mammals and Stewards have no legal standing to file the present petition; that SC-46 does not violate the 1987
Constitution and the various laws cited in the petitions. Further, invoking the alter ego principle in political law, the
public respondents claim that absent any proof that former President Arroyo had disapproved of their acts in entering
into and implementing SC-46 granting JAPEX exploration, development, and production, such acts remain to be her
own.

Issues:

1. Whether former President Macapagal Arroyo can be impleaded as an unwilling co-petitionerfor her
express declaration and undertaking in the ASEAN Charter to protect the Tañon Strait.
2. Whether the alter-ego principle invoked here by the public respondents apply.

Ruling:

1. NO. Albeit the court here ruled that it liberalizes standing for all cases filed enforcing environmental laws
and collapses the traditional rule on personal and direct interest, on the principle that humans are stewards
of nature. The reason cited by the petitioners Stewards for including former President Macapagal-Arroyo
in their petition, is not sufficient to implead her as an unwilling co-petitioner. Impleading the former
President as an unwilling co-petitioner, for an act she made in the performance of the functions of her
office, is contrary to the public policy against embroiling the President in suits, "to assure the exercise of
Presidential duties and functions free from any hindrance or distraction, considering that being the Chief
Executive of the Government is a job that, aside from requiring all of the office holder's time, also
demands undivided attention."Therefore, former President Macapagal-Arroyo cannot be impleaded as
one of the petitioners in this suit. Thus, her name is stricken off the title of this case.

2. NO. Under this doctrine, which recognizes the establishment of a single executive, all executive and
administrative organizations are adjuncts of the Executive Department, the heads of the various executive
departments are assistants and agents of the Chief Executive, and, except in cases where the Chief
Executive is required by the Constitution or law to act in person or the exigencies of the situation demand
that he act personally, the multifarious executive and administrative functions of the Chief Executive are
performed by and through the executive departments, and the acts of the Secretaries of such departments,
performed and promulgated in the regular course of business, are, unless disapproved or reprobated by
the Chief Executive presumptively the acts of the Chief Executive.

As this Court has held in La Bugal, our Constitution requires that the President himself be the signatory of
service agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving the exploration, development, and utilization of our
minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils.

In this case, the public respondents have failed to show that the President had any participation in SC-46.
Their argument that their acts are actually the acts of then President Macapagal-Arroyo, absent proof of her
disapproval, must fail as the requirement that the President herself enter into these kinds of contracts is embodied
not just in any ordinary statute, but in the Constitution itself. These service contracts involving the exploitation,
development, and utilization of our natural resources are of paramount interest to the present and future generations.
Hence, safeguards were put in place to insure that the guidelines set by law are meticulously observed and likewise
to eradicate the corruption that may easily penetrate departments and agencies by ensuring that the President has
authorized or approved of these service contracts herself.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

ABAKADA GURO PARTY LIST (Formerly AASJAS) OFFICERS SAMSON S. ALCANTARA and ED
VINCENT S. ALBANO v. THE HONORABLE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY EDUARDO ERMITA et al.
G.R. NO. 168056,SEPTEMBER 1, 2005, J. AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ

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When the act of the Secretary of Finance is in pursuance of a mandate as an agent of the congress and not
as the president’s alter ego the President cannot alter or modify or nullify, or set aside the findings of the Secretary
of Finance and to substitute the judgment of the former for that of the latter.

Facts:

R.A. No. 9337 or the VAT law provides that the President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of
Finance, shall, effective January 1, 2006, raise the rate of value-added tax to twelve percent (12%), after any of the
following conditions has been satisfied:

(i) Value-added tax collection as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the previous year
exceeds two and four-fifth percent (2 4/5%); or
(ii) National government deficit as a percentage of GDP of the previous year exceeds one and one-half
percent (1 %).

Petitioner Escudero, et al. claims that any recommendation by the Secretary of Finance can easily be
brushed aside by the President since the former is a mere alter ego of the latter.

Issue:

Whether the President notwithstanding the mandate of R.A. 9337 can easily brushed aside the
recommendation by the Secretary of Finance on the assumption that the latter is a mere alter ego of the President.

Ruling:

NO. When one speaks of the Secretary of Finance as the alter ego of the President, it simply means that
as head of the Department of Finance he is the assistant and agent of the Chief Executive. The multifarious
executive and administrative functions of the Chief Executive are performed by and through the executive
departments, and the acts of the secretaries of such departments, such as the Department of Finance, performed and
promulgated in the regular course of business, are, unless disapproved or reprobated by the Chief Executive,
presumptively the acts of the Chief Executive. The Secretary of Finance, as such, occupies a political position and
holds office in an advisory capacity, and, in the language of Thomas Jefferson, "should be of the President's bosom
confidence" and, in the language of Attorney-General Cushing, is subject to the direction of the President."

In the present case, in making his recommendation to the President on the existence of either of the two
conditions, the Secretary of Finance is not acting as the alter ego of the President or even her subordinate. In such
instance, he is not subject to the power of control and direction of the President. He is acting as the agent of the
legislative department, to determine and declare the event upon which its expressed will is to take effect. The
Secretary of Finance becomes the means or tool by which legislative policy is determined and implemented,
considering that he possesses all the facilities to gather data and information and has a much broader perspective to
properly evaluate them. His function is to gather and collate statistical data and other pertinent information and
verify if any of the two conditions laid out by Congress is present. His personality in such instance is in reality but a
projection of that of Congress. Thus, being the agent of Congress and not of the President, the President cannot alter
or modify or nullify, or set aside the findings of the Secretary of Finance and to substitute the judgment of the
former for that of the latter.

LOUIS BAROK C. BIRAOGO v. THE PHILIPPINE TRUTH COMMISSION OF 2010

G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010, J. MENDOZA

Pursuant to Section 17, Article VII of the Constitution which mandates the President to faithfully execute
all laws, the President may create ad hoc committees such as truth commissions to investigate against class of
previous administrations graft and corruptions.

Facts:

This is a consolidated petition assailing Executive Order No.1 dated July 30, 2010, entitled Creating the
Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, a separate body dedicated solely to investigating and finding out the truth

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concerning the reported cases of graft and corruption during the previous administration. Petitioners Louis Biraogo
assails Executive Order No. 1 for being violative of the legislative power of Congress under Section 1, Article VI of
the Constitution as it usurps the constitutional authority of the legislature to create a public office and to appropriate
funds therefor. In addition, Biraogo claims that it is unconstitutional for it is not under the President’s continuing
authority to reorganize the Office of the President. Finally, E.O. No. 1 accordingly, violates the equal protection
clause as it selectively targets for investigation and prosecution officials and personnel of the previous
administration

In defense, the Office of the Solicitor General claims that,E.O. No. 1 does not arrogate the powers of
Congress to create a public office because the Presidents executive power and power of control necessarily include
the inherent power to conduct investigations to ensure that laws are faithfully executed. Also, E.O. No. 1 does not
usurp the power of Congress to appropriate funds because there is no appropriation but a mere allocation of funds
already appropriated by Congress. And that the Truth Commission does not violate the equal protection clause
because it was validly created for laudable purposes.

Issues:
1. Whether the Creation of the Truth Commission of 2010’s basis is the President’s power of control.
2. Whether the Creation of the Truth Commission of 2010’s basis is the President’s duty to faithfully
execute the laws under Section 17,Article VII.
3. Whether the Truth Commission of 2010 is constitutional.

Ruling:

1. NO. The creation of the PTC is not justified by the Presidents power of control. Control is essentially the
power to alter or modify or nullify or set aside what a subordinate officer had done in the performance of
his duties and to substitute the judgment of the former with that of the latter. Clearly, the power of control
is entirely different from the power to create public offices. The former is inherent in the Executive, while
the latter finds basis from either a valid delegation from Congress, or his inherent duty to faithfully
execute the laws. Further, there is no valid delegation from the congress that would warrant the creation
of the commission because P.D. 1416, as amended by P.D. No. 1772 where the respondent anchors its
legality was already held functus oficio. Thus, it begs the question of where does the Truth Commission
of 2010 finds legal basis? This is answered by the second issue herein.

2. YES. While the power to create a truth commission cannot pass muster on the basis of P.D. No. 1416 as
amended by P.D. No. 1772, the creation of the PTC finds justification under Section 17, Article VII of the
Constitution, imposing upon the President the duty to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. The
Presidents power to conduct investigations to aid him in ensuring the faithful execution of laws in this
case, fundamental laws on public accountability and transparency is inherent in the President’s powers as
the Chief Executive. That the authority of the President to conduct investigations and to create bodies to
execute this power is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution or in statutes does not mean that he is
bereft of such authority.Indeed, the Executive is given much leeway in ensuring that our laws are
faithfully executed. The powers of the President are not limited to those specific powers under the
Constitution. One of the recognized powers of the President granted pursuant to this constitutionally-
mandated duty is the power to create ad hoc committees. This flows from the obvious need to ascertain
facts and determine if laws have been faithfully executed.

On the charge that Executive Order No. 1 transgresses the power of Congress to appropriate funds for the
operation of a public office, suffice it to say that there will be no appropriation but only an allotment or allocations
of existing funds already appropriated.

3. NO. It violates the equal protection clause. The intent to single out the previous administration is plain,
patent and manifest. In this regard, it must be borne in mind that the Arroyo administration is but just a
member of a class, that is, a class of past administrations. It is not a class of its own. Not to include past
administrations similarly situated constitutes arbitrariness which the equal protection clause cannot
sanction.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

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NATIONAL ARTIST FOR LITERATURE VIRGILIO ALMARIO, ET. AL V. THE EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY, ET. AL
G.R. No. 189028, July 16, 2013, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.

The President’s discretion in the conferment of the Order of National Artists should be exercised in
accordance with the duty to faithfully execute the relevant laws.

Facts:


After the Cultural Center of the Philippines and National Commission for Culture and the Arts submitted
the recommendation of final list of National Artists to the President, aforementioned letter was referred by the Office
of the President to the Committee on Honors. Meanwhile, the OP allegedly received nominations from various
sectors, cultural groups and individuals strongly endorsing Cecile Guidote-Alvarez, et.al. The Committee on Honors
purportedly processed these nominations and invited resource persons to validate the qualifications and credentials
of the nominees. Acting on this recommendation, Proclamation No. 1823 declaring Manuel Conde a National Artist
was issued. Subsequently, Proclamation Nos. 1824 to 1829 were issued declaring Lazaro Francisco, Federico
Aguilar Alcuaz and Guidote-Alvarez, Caparas, Masa and Moreno, respectively, as National Artists. A petition for
prohibition, certiorari and injunction was filed by Virgilio Almario, et. al who claim that former President
Macapagal-Arroyo gravely abused her discretion in disregarding the results of the rigorous screening and selection
process for the Order of National Artists and in substituting her own choice for those of the Deliberation Panels.
According to them, the Presidents discretion to name National Artists is not absolute but limited. In particular, her
discretion on the matter cannot be exercised in the absence of or against the recommendation of the NCCA and the
CCP.

Issue:

Whether there was grave abuse of discretion committed by former President Arroyo.



Ruling:

YES. The "power to recommend" includes the power to give "advice, exhortation or indorsement, which is
essentially persuasive in character, not binding upon the party to whom it is made."In view of the various stages of
deliberation in the selection process and as a consequence of his/her duty to faithfully enforce the relevant laws, the
discretion of the President in the matter of the Order of National Artists is confined to the names submitted to him/
her by the NCCA and the CCP Boards. This means that the President could not have considered conferment of the
Order of National Artists on any person not considered and recommended by the NCCA and the CCP Boards. That
is the proper import of the provision of Executive Order No. 435, s. 2005, that the NCCA and the CCP "shall advise
the President on the conferment of the Order of National Artists." Applying this to the instant case, the former
President could not have properly considered respondents Guidote-Alvarez, Caparas, Masa and Moreno, as their
names were not recommended by the NCCA and the CCP Boards. Otherwise, not only will the stringent selection
and meticulous screening process be rendered futile, the respective mandates of the NCCA and the CCP Board of
Trustees under relevant laws to administer the conferment of Order of National Artists, draft the rules and
regulations to guide its deliberations, formulate and implement policies and plans, and undertake any and all
necessary measures in that regard will also become meaningless.

CESAR R. DE LEON V. J. ANTONIO M. CARPIO

G.R. No. 85243 October 12, 1989, CRUZ, J.

It is an elementary principle of our republican government, enshrined in the Constitution and honored not
in the breach but in the observance, that all executive departments, bureaus and offices are under the control of the
President of the Philippines.

Facts:

Francisco Estavillo and Cesar de Leon are two NBI agents terminated by then Minister of Justice Neptali
A. Gonzales. Upon appeal to the Review Committee, the said body declined to act on their petitions for

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reconsideration on the ground that it had lost its jurisdiction with the ratification of the new Constitution. They were
advised instead to seek relief from the Civil Service Commission. The Merit Systems Protection Board of CSC held
that their dismissals were invalid and unconstitutional, having been done in violation of their security of tenure
under the 1987 Constitution. Accordingly, the Board ordered their reinstatement. However, respondent Carpio, as
Director of NBI, returned the orders issued by the Secretary of Justice to CSC “without action,” claiming that they
were null and void for having been rendered without jurisdiction.

Issue:

Whether the Director of the NBI can disobey an explicit and direct order issued to him by the Secretary of
Justice.


Ruling:

NO. The President’s power of control is directly exercised by him over the members of the Cabinet who, in
turn and by his authority, control the bureaus and other offices under their respective jurisdictions in the executive
department. The constitutional vesture of this power in the President is self-executing and does not require statutory
implementation, nor may its exercise be limited, much less withdrawn, by the legislature.

In the case of Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, the Court ruled that theoretically, the President has full
control of all the members of his Cabinet and may appoint them as he sees fit or shuffle them at pleasure, subject
only to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments, and replace them in his discretion. Once in place, they
are at all times under the disposition of the President as their immediate superior. “Without minimizing the
importance of the heads of the various departments, their personality is in reality but the projection of that of the
President. Hence, their acts, performed and promulgated in the regular course of business are, unless disapproved or
reprobated by the Chief Executive, presumptively the acts of the Chief Executive.

In the case at bar, there is no question that when the Sec. of Jusice directed Carpio to reinstate Estavillo and
de Leon, Sec. Ordonez was acting in the regular discharge of his functions as an alter ego of the President. His acts
should therefore have been respected by Carpio, the Director of the NBI, which is in the Department of Justice under
the direct control of its Secretary. As a subordinate in this department, Carpio was (and is) bound to obey the
Secretary’s directives, which are presumptively the acts of the President of the Philippines.

LORETO BARRIOQUINTO AND NORBERTO JIMENEZ, PETITIONERS, VS. ENRIQUE A.

FERNANDEZ, ET. AL
G.R. No.L-1278, January 21, 1949,FERIA, J.

Although the accused does not confess the imputation against him, he may be declared by the court or the
Amnesty Commissions entitled to the benefits of the amnesty.

Facts:

Petitioners Norberto Jimenez and Loreto Barrioquinto were charged with the crime of murder. Jimenez was
the only one arrested and after trial was sentenced to life imprisonment. Before the period for perfecting an appeal,
Jimenez decided to submit his case to the Guerrilla Amnesty Commission in accordance with Proclamation No. 8,
issued by the then President Manuel Roxas, which grants amnesty. After a preliminary hearing had started, the
Amnesty Commission returned the cases to the CFI without deciding whether or not they are entitled to the benefits
of the said Amnesty Proclamation, on the ground that inasmuch as neither Barrioquinto nor Jimenez have admitted
having committed the offense, because Barrioquinto alleged that it was Hipolito Tolention who shot and killed the
victim, they cannot invoke the benefits of amnesty.

Issue:

Whether the petitioners are entitled to the benefits of the amnesty issued by the President.

Ruling:

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YES. In order to entitle a person to the benefits of the amnesty proclamation, it is not necessary that he
should, as a condition precedent or sine qua non, admit having committed the criminal act of offense with which he
is charged, and allege the amnesty as a defense; it is sufficient that the evidence, either of the complainant or the
accused, shows that the offense committed comes within the terms of said Amnesty Proclamation. Hence, it is not
correct to say that "invocation of the benefits of amnesty is in the nature of a plea of confession and avoidance."
Although the accused does not confess the imputation against him, he may be declared by the court or the Amnesty
Commissions entitled to the benefits of the amnesty. For, whether or not he admits or confesses having committed
the offense with which he is charged, the Commissions should, if necessary or requested by the interested party,
conduct summary hearing of the witnesses both for the complainants and the accused on whether he has committed
the offense in furtherance of the resistance to the enemy , or against persons aiding in the war efforts of the enemy,
and decide whether he is entitled to the benefits of amnesty and to be "regarded as a patriot or hero who have
rendered invaluable services to the nation," or not, in accordance with the terms of the Amnesty Proclamation. Since
the Amnesty Proclamation is a public act, the courts as well as the Amnesty Commissions created thereby should
take notice of the terms of said Proclamation and apply the benefits granted therein to cases coming within their
province or jurisdiction, whether pleaded or claimed by the person charged with such offenses or not, if the evidence
presented shows that the accused is entitled to said benefits.

SALVACION A. MONSANTO V. FULGENCIO S. FACTORAN, JR.

G.R. No. 78239 February 9, 1989, FERNAN, C.J.

Pardon does not ipso facto restore a convicted felon to public office necessarily relinquished or forfeited by
reason of the conviction although such pardon undoubtedly restores his eligibility for appointment to that office.

Facts:

Salvacion A. Monsanto, then assistant treasurer of Calbayog City, and three other accused were convicted
before the Sandiganbayan of the complex crime of estafa thru falsification of public documents. Monsanto appealed
her conviction to the Court which subsequently affirmed the same. She then filed a motion for reconsideration but
while said motion was pending, she was extended by then President Marcos absolute pardon. By reason of said
pardon, Monsanto wrote the Calbayog City treasurer requesting that she be restored to her former post as assistant
city treasurer since the same was still vacant. The Finance Ministry ruled that Monsanto may be reinstated to her
position without the necessity of a new appointment not earlier than the date she was extended the absolute pardon.

Issue:

Whether a public officer, who has been granted an absolute pardon by the Chief Executive, is entitled to
reinstatement to her former position without need of a new appointment.

Ruling:

NO. Pardon granted after conviction frees the individual from all the penalties and legal disabilities and
restores him to all his civil rights. But unless expressly grounded on the person's innocence, it cannot bring back lost
reputation for honesty, integrity and fair dealing. This must be constantly kept in mind lest we lose track of the true
character and purpose of the privilege. To insist on automatic reinstatement because of a mistaken notion that the
pardon virtually acquitted one from the offense of estafa would be grossly untenable. A pardon, albeit full and
plenary, cannot preclude the appointing power from refusing appointment to anyone deemed to be of bad character,
a poor moral risk, or who is unsuitable by reason of the pardoned conviction.

The absolute disqualification or ineligibility from public office forms part of the punishment prescribed by
the Revised Penal Code for estafa thru falsification of public documents. It is clear from the authorities referred to
that when her guilt and punishment were expunged by her pardon, this particular disability was likewise removed.
Henceforth, Monsanto may apply for reappointment to the office which was forfeited by reason of her conviction.
And in considering her qualifications and suitability for the public post, the facts constituting her offense must be
and should be evaluated and taken into account to determine ultimately whether she can once again be entrusted
with public funds. Stated differently, the pardon granted to petitioner has resulted in removing her disqualification
from holding public employment but it cannot go beyond that. To regain her former post as assistant city treasurer,
she must re-apply and undergo the usual procedure required for a new appointment.

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VICENTE GARCIA V. THE HONORABLE CHAIRMAN, COMMISSION ON AUDIT, ET. AL

G.R. No. 75025 September 14, 1993, BELLOSILLO, J.

The bestowal of executive clemency on Garcia in effect completely obliterated the adverse effects of the
administrative decision which found him guilty of dishonesty and ordered his separation from the service.

Facts:

Vicente Garcia was a Supervising Lineman in the Region IV Station of the Bureau of Telecommunications
in Lucena City. He was summarily dismissed from the service on the ground of dishonesty. A criminal case for
qualified theft was filed against him however the trial court acquitted him. Consequently, Garcia sought
reinstatement to his former position in view of his acquittal in the criminal case. However the same was denied.
Hence, he pleaded to the President of the Philippines for executive clemency, which was granted. Garcia thereafter
filed with COA a claim for payment of back salaries but the same was denied on the ground that the executive
clemency granted to him did not provide for the payment of back salaries and that he has not been reinstated in the
service. He was recalled to the service but the records do not show whether petitioner's reinstatement was to the
same position of Supervising Lineman. Garcia again filed a claim to recover his back salaries when he was
reinstated. The same was denied again.

Issue:

Whether Garcia is entitled to the payment of back wages after having been reinstated pursuant to the grant
of executive clemency.

Ruling:

YES. Garcia's automatic reinstatement to the government service entitles him to back wages. This is meant
to afford relief to Garcia who is innocent from the start and to make reparation for what he has suffered as a result of
his unjust dismissal from the service. Moreover, the right to back wages is afforded to those with have been illegally
dismissed and were thus ordered reinstated or to those otherwise acquitted of the charges against them.

Further, it is worthy to note that the dismissal of petitioner was not the result of any criminal conviction that
carried with it forfeiture of the right to hold public office, but is the direct consequence of an administrative decision
of a branch of the Executive Department over which the President, as its head, has the power of control. The
President's control has been defined to mean "the power of an officer to alter or modify or nullify or set aside what a
subordinate officer had done in the performance of his duties and to the judgment of the former for the latter." In
pardoning Garcia and ordering his reinstatement, the Chief Executive exercised his power of control and set aside
the decision of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The clemency nullified the dismissal of
petitioner and relieved him from administrative liability. The separation of the petitioner from the service being null
and void, he is thus entitled to back wages. After having been declared innocent of the crime of qualified theft,
which also served as basis for the administrative charge, petitioner should not be considered to have left his office
for all legal purposes, so that he is entitled to all the rights and privileges that accrued to him by virtue of the office
held, including back wages.

LEO ECHEGARAY V. SECRETARY OF JUSTICE, ET AL.,

G.R. No. 132601 January 19, 1999, PUNO, J.

For the Secretary of Justice to contend that only the Executive can protect the right to life of an accused
after his final conviction is to violate the principle of co-equal and coordinate powers of the three branches of our
government.

Facts:

On January 4, 1999, the Supreme Court issued a TRO staying the execution of petitioner Leo Echegaray
scheduled on that same day. The Secretary of Justice assailed the issuance of the TRO arguing that the action of the

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Supreme Court not only violated the rule on finality of judgment but also encroached on the power of the executive
to grant reprieve.

Issue:

Whether the court abused its discretion in granting a TRO on the execution of Echegaray despite the fact
that the finality of judgment has already been rendered by which the Court has in effect granted reprieve which is an
executive function.

Ruling:

NO. Section 19, Article VII of the Constitution is simply the source of power of the President to grant
reprieves, commutations, and pardons and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment. The
provision, however, cannot be interpreted as denying the power of courts to control the enforcement of their
decisions after their finality. In truth, an accused who has been convicted by final judgment still possesses collateral
rights and these rights can be claimed in the appropriate courts. The suspension of a death sentence is undisputably
an exercise of judicial power. It is not a usurpation of the presidential power of reprieve though its effects is the
same — the temporary suspension of the execution of the death convict.

ATTY. ALICIA RISOS-VIDAL V. COMELEC and JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA

G.R. No. 206666, January 21, 2015, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.

Estrada was granted an absolute pardon that fully restored all his civil and political rights, which naturally
includes the right to seek public elective office. The wording of the pardon extended to former President Estrada is
complete, unambiguous, and unqualified.

Facts:

The Sandiganbayan convicted former President Estrada for the crime of plunder and was sentenced to
suffer the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua and accessory penalties. However, former President Arroyo extended
executive clemency, by way of pardon, to Estrada, explicitly stating that he is restored to his civil and political
rights. After failing to win during the presidential election, Estrada filed a Certificate of Candidacy for Mayor of the
City of Manila. Atty. Alicia Risos-Vidal filed a Petition for Disqualification against Estrada before
the COMELEC stating that Estrada is disqualified to run for public office because of his conviction for plunder
sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua with perpetual absolute disqualification. Risos-Vidal
relied on Section 40 of the LGC, in relation to Section 12 of the Omnibus Election Code. The COMELEC dismissed
the petition for disqualification holding that President Estrada’s right to seek public office has been effectively
restored by the pardon vested upon him by former President Gloria M. Arroyo. Estrada won the mayoralty race.

Issue:

Whether Estrada may run for public office despite having been convicted of the crime of plunder which
carried an accessory penalty of perpetual disqualification to hold public office.

Ruling:

YES. The pardoning power of the President cannot be limited by legislative action as provided under
Section 19 of Article VII and Section 5 of Article IX-C. Moreover, even if we apply Articles 36 and 41 of the RPC,
it is indubitable from the text of the pardon that the accessory penalties of civil interdiction and perpetual absolute
disqualification were expressly remitted together with the principal penalty of reclusion perpetua. Section 12 of the
OEC allows any person who has been granted plenary pardon or amnesty after conviction by final judgment of an
offense involving moral turpitude, inter alia, to run for and hold any public office, whether local or national position.
Contrary to Risos-Vidal’s declaration, the third preambular clause of the pardon, neither makes the pardon
conditional, nor militate against the conclusion that former President Estrada’s rights to suffrage and to seek public
elective office have been restored. The whereas clause at issue is not an integral part of the decree of the pardon, and
therefore, does not by itself alone operate to make the pardon conditional or to make its effectivity contingent upon
the fulfillment of the aforementioned commitment nor to limit the scope of the pardon.

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JAMAR M. KULAYAN, ET. AL V. GOV. ABDUSAKUR M. TAN

GR. NO.187298, JUY 3, 2012, SERENO. J.

It is only the President, as Executive, who is authorized to exercise emergency powers as provided under
Section 23, Article VI, of the Constitution, as well as what became known as the calling-out powers under Section 7,
Article VII thereof.

Facts:

Three members from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were kidnapped in Sulu. A task
force was created by the ICRC and the PNP. The local group convened under the leadership of Governor Abdusakur
Mahail Tan. He organized the Civilian Emergency Force, a group of armed male civilians coming from different
municipalities, who were redeployed to surrounding areas of Patikul. Later on, Governor Tan issued Proclamation
1-09 declaring a state of emergency in the province of Sulu. In the same Proclamation, respondent Tan called upon
the PNP and the CEF to set up checkpoints and chokepoints, conduct general search and seizures including arrests,
and other actions necessary to ensure public safety. Jamar M. Kulayan, et. al filed a Petition for Certiorari and
Prohibition, claiming that Proclamation 1-09 was issued with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction, as it threatened fundamental freedoms guaranteed under Article III of the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether Governor Tan can exercise the calling out powers of a President.

Ruling:

NO. A local chief executive, such as the provincial governor, exercises operational supervision over the
police, and may exercise control only in day-to-day operations. Moreover, in the discussions of the Constitutional
Commission, the framers never intended for local chief executives to exercise unbridled control over the police in
emergency situations. This is without prejudice to their authority over police units in their jurisdiction as provided
by law, and their prerogative to seek assistance from the police in day to day situations. But as a civilian agency of
the government, the police, through the NAPOLCOM, properly comes within, and is subject to, the exercise by the
President of the power of executive control.

Given the foregoing, Governor Tan is not endowed with the power to call upon the armed forces at his own
bidding. In issuing the assailed proclamation, Governor Tan exceeded his authority when he declared a state of
emergency and called upon the Armed Forces, the police, and his own Civilian Emergency Force. The calling-out
powers contemplated under the Constitution is exclusive to the President. An exercise by another official, even if he
is the local chief executive, is ultra vires, and may not be justified by the invocation of Section 465 of the Local
Government Code.

DATU ZALDY UY AMPATUAN, ET. AL V. HON. RONALDO PUNO

G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011, ABAD, J.

The calling out of the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence in such places is a power that
the Constitution directly vests in the President. It is clearly to the President that the Constitution entrusts the
determination of the need for calling out the armed forces to prevent and suppress lawless violence.

Facts:

After the gruesome massacre of 57 men and women, including some news reporters, then President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo issued Proclamation 1946, placing the Provinces of Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat and the
City of Cotabato under a state of emergency. She directed the AFP and the PNP to undertake such measures as may
be allowed by the Constitution and by law to prevent and suppress all incidents of lawless violence in the named
places. Consequently, President Arroyo also issued AO 273 transferring supervision of the ARMM from the Office
of the President to the DILG. But, due to issues raised over the terminology used in AO 273, the President issued

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AO 273-A amending the former, by delegating instead of transferring supervision of the ARMM to the DILG.C
laiming that the President’s issuances encroached on the ARMMs autonomy, Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan, et. al filed a
petition for prohibition under Rule 65. ARMM officials claimed that the President had no factual basis for declaring
a state of emergency, especially in the Province of Sultan Kudarat and the City of Cotabato, where no critical violent
incidents occurred. The deployment of troops and the taking over of the ARMM constitutes an invalid exercise of
the Presidents emergency powers. Ampatuan, et. al asked that Proclamation 1946 as well as AOs 273 and 273-A be
declared unconstitutional and that respondents DILG Secretary, the AFP, and the PNP be enjoined from
implementing them.

Issue:

1. Whether President Arroyo invalidly exercised emergency powers when she called out the AFP and the
PNP to prevent and suppress all incidents of lawless violence in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, and
Cotabato City.
2. Whether the President had factual bases for her actions.

Ruling:

1. NO. The President did not proclaim a national emergency, only a state of emergency in the three places
mentioned. And she did not act pursuant to any law enacted by Congress that authorized her to exercise
extraordinary powers. The calling out of the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence in such
places is a power that the Constitution directly vests in the President. She did not need a congressional
authority to exercise the same.

2. YES. As the Court acknowledged in Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Hon. Zamora, it is clearly to the
President that the Constitution entrusts the determination of the need for calling out the armed forces to
prevent and suppress lawless violence. Unless it is shown that such determination was attended by grave
abuse of discretion, the Court will accord respect to the Presidents judgment.

Here, Ampatuan, et. al failed to show that the declaration of a state of emergency in the Provinces of
Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City, as well as the Presidents exercise of the calling out power had no
factual basis. They simply alleged that, since not all areas under the ARMM were placed under a state of emergency,
it follows that the take over of the entire ARMM by the DILG Secretary had no basis too.

The imminence of violence and anarchy at the time the President issued Proclamation 1946 was too grave
to ignore and she had to act to prevent further bloodshed and hostilities in the places mentioned. Progress reports
also indicated that there was movement in these places of both high-powered firearms and armed men sympathetic
to the two clans. Thus, to pacify the people’s fears and stabilize the situation, the President had to take preventive
action. She called out the armed forces to control the proliferation of loose firearms and dismantle the armed groups
that continuously threatened the peace and security in the affected places.

PHILIP SIGFRID A. FORTUN and ALBERT LEE G. ANGELES V. GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO,

ET. AL
G.R. No. 190293, March 20, 2012, ABAD, J.

The constitutional validity of the Presidents proclamation of martial law or suspension of the writ
of habeas corpus is first a political question in the hands of Congress before it becomes a justiciable one in the
hands of the Court.

Facts:

After the killing of 57 innocent civilians on a highway in Maguindanao, President Arroyo issued
Presidential Proclamation 1946, declaring a state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat,
and Cotabato City to prevent and suppress similar lawless violence in Central Mindanao. Consequently, President
Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1959 declaring martial law and suspending the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus in that province except for identified areas of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. However, after
her submission of report as required under the Constitution and before Congress could act, the President issued

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Presidential Proclamation 1963, lifting martial law and restoring the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in
Maguindanao. Philip Sigfrid A. Fortun, et. Al challenged the constitutionality of President Arroyos Proclamation
1959 affecting Maguindanao.

Issue:

Whether the Court can rule on the constitutionality of Proclamation 1959.

Ruling:

NO. President Arroyo withdrew Proclamation 1959 before the joint houses of Congress, which had in fact
convened, could act on the same. Consequently, the petitions in these cases have become moot and the Court has
nothing to review. The lifting of martial law and restoration of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in
Maguindanao was a supervening event that obliterated any justiciable controversy.

Since President Arroyo withdrew her proclamation of martial law and suspension of the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus in just eight days, they have not been meaningfully implemented. The military did not take
over the operation and control of local government units in Maguindanao. The President did not issue any law or
decree affecting Maguindanao that should ordinarily be enacted by Congress. No indiscriminate mass arrest had
been reported. Those who were arrested during the period were either released or promptly charged in court. Indeed,
no petition for habeas corpus had been filed with the Court respecting arrests made in those eight days. The point is
that the President intended by her action to address an uprising in a relatively small and sparsely populated
province. In her judgment, the rebellion was localized and swiftly disintegrated in the face of a determined and
amply armed government presence.

FRANCISCO V. GUDANI AND LT. COL. ALEXANDER F. BALUTAN v. LT./GEN. GENEROSO S.

SENGA
G.R. No. 170165, August 15, 2006, TINGA, J.

The Constitution reposes final authority, control and supervision of the AFP to the President, a civilian who
is not a member of the armed forces, and whose duties as commander-in-chief represent only a part of the organic
duties imposed upon the office, the other functions being clearly civil in nature.

Facts:

Senator Biazon invited several senior officers of the AFP to appear at a public hearing regarding allegations
of massive cheating and the surfacing of copies of an audio allegedly of a phone conversation between President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and an official of the COMELEC. That same day, President Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo
issued Executive Order No. 464 enjoining officials of the executive department including the military establishment
from appearing in any legislative inquiry without her approval.

Issue:

Whether the president may prevent a member of the armed forces from testifying before a legislative
inquiry.

Ruling:

YES. The vitality of the tenet that the President is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces is most
crucial to the democratic way of life, to civilian supremacy over the military, and to the general stability of our
representative system of government. The Constitution reposes final authority, control and supervision of the AFP to
the President, a civilian who is not a member of the armed forces, and whose duties as commander-in-chief represent
only a part of the organic duties imposed upon the office, the other functions being clearly civil in nature. Civilian
supremacy over the military also countermands the notion that the military may bypass civilian authorities, such as
civil courts, on matters such as conducting warrantless searches and seizures.

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The President has constitutional authority to do so, by virtue of her power as commander-in-chief, and that
as a consequence a military officer who defies such injunction is liable under military justice. At the same time, any
chamber of Congress which seeks the appearance before it of a military officer against the consent of the President
has adequate remedies under law to compel such attendance. Any military official whom Congress summons to
testify before it may be compelled to do so by the President. If the President is not so inclined, the President may be
commanded by judicial order to compel the attendance of the military officer. Final judicial orders have the force of
the law of the land which the President has the duty to faithfully execute.

The Court’s ruling that the President could, as a general rule, require military officers to seek presidential
approval before appearing before Congress is based foremost on the notion that a contrary rule unduly diminishes
the prerogatives of the President as commander-in-chief. Congress holds significant control over the armed forces in
matters such as budget appropriations and the approval of higher-rank promotions, yet it is on the President that the
Constitution vests the title as commander-in-chief and all the prerogatives and functions appertaining to the position.

PROVINCEOFNORTHCOTABATOv.GOVERNMENTOFTHEREPUBLICOFTHEPHILIPPINES
G.R. No. 183591, October 14, 2008, CARPIO MORALES, J.

The Presidents power to conduct peace negotiations is implicitly included in her powers as Chief Executive
and Commander-in-Chief.

Facts:

Invoking the right to information on matters of public concern, petitioners sought to compel respondents to
disclose and furnish them the complete and official copies of the MOA-AD including its attachments, and to
prohibit the slated signing of the MOA-AD, pending the disclosure of the contents of the MOA-AD. Petitioners
alleged that respondents exceeded their authority by the mere act of guaranteeing amendments to the Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the President, in the course of peace negotiations may agree to pursue reforms that would require
new legislation and constitutional amendments.

Ruling:

YES. That the authority of the President to conduct peace negotiations with rebel groups is not explicitly
mentioned in the Constitution does not mean that she has no such authority. The Presidents power to conduct peace
negotiations is implicitly included in her powers as Chief Executive and Commander-in-Chief. As Chief Executive,
the President has the general responsibility to promote public peace, and as Commander-in-Chief, she has the more
specific duty to prevent and suppress rebellion and lawless violence.

The constitutional provisions on autonomy and the statutes enacted pursuant to them have, to the credit of
their drafters, been partly successful. Nonetheless, the Filipino people are still faced with the reality of an on-going
conflict between the Government and the MILF. If the President is to be expected to find means for bringing this
conflict to an end and to achieve lasting peace in Mindanao, then she must be given the leeway to explore, in the
course of peace negotiations, solutions that may require changes to the Constitution for their implementation. Being
uniquely vested with the power to conduct peace negotiations with rebel groups, the President is in a singular
position to know the precise nature of their grievances which, if resolved, may bring an end to hostilities.

The President may not, of course, unilaterally implement the solutions that she considers viable, but she
may not be prevented from submitting them as recommendations to Congress, which could then, if it is minded, act
upon them pursuant to the legal procedures for constitutional amendment and revision. In particular, Congress
would have the option, pursuant to Article XVII, Sections 1 and 3 of the Constitution, to propose the recommended
amendments or revision to the people, call a constitutional convention, or submit to the electorate the question of
calling such a convention.

RAMON A. GONZALES v. RUFINO G. HECHANOVA

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G.R. No. L-21897, October 22, 1963, CONCEPCION, J.

The main function of the Executive is to enforce laws enacted by Congress.

Facts:

Respondent Executive Secretary authorized the importation of 67,000 tons of foreign rice to be purchased
from private sources, and created a rice procurement committee composed of the other respondents herein for the
implementation of said proposed importation. Herein petitioner, Ramon A. Gonzales, filed a petition averring that
respondents "are acting without jurisdiction or in excess of jurisdiction", because Republic Act No. 3452 which
allegedly repeals or amends Republic Act No. 220 — explicitly prohibits the importation of rice and corn.

Issue:

Whether the Executive Secretary has the authority to authorize the importation of 67,000 tons of foreign
rice to be purchased from private sources.

Ruling:

NO. Under the Constitution, the main function of the Executive is to enforce laws enacted by Congress.
The former may not interfere in the performance of the legislative powers of the latter, except in the exercise of his
veto power. He may not defeat legislative enactments that have acquired the status of law, by indirectly repealing the
same through an executive agreement providing for the performance of the very act prohibited by said laws.

AKBAYAN CITIZENS ACTION PARTY v. THOMAS G. AQUINO

G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008, CARPIO MORALES, J.

While the Court should guard against the abuse of executive privilege, it should also give full recognition to
the validity of the privilege whenever it is claimed within the proper bounds of executive power,

Facts:

Petitioners sought to obtain from respondents the full text of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership
Agreement (JPEPA) including the Philippine and Japanese offers submitted during the negotiation process and all
pertinent attachments and annexes thereto.

Petitioners asserted that the refusal of the government to disclose the documents bearing on the JPEPA
negotiations violates their right to information on matters of public concernand contravenes other constitutional
provisions on transparency, such as that on the policy of full public disclosure of all transactions involving public
interest. Respondents only claimed that from the nature of the JPEPA as an international trade agreement, it is
evident that the Philippine and Japanese offers submitted during the negotiations towards its execution are matters of
public concern and that diplomatic negotiations are covered by the doctrine of executive privilege, thus constituting
an exception to the right to information and the policy of full public disclosure.

Issue:

Whether the information sought by the petitioners are of public concern and are still covered by the
doctrine of executive privilege.

Ruling:

YES. It is well-established in jurisprudence that neither the right to information nor the policy of full public
disclosure is absolute, there being matters which, albeit of public concern or public interest, are recognized as
privileged in nature.The privileged character of diplomatic negotiations has been recognized in this jurisdiction. In
discussing valid limitations on the right to information, the Court in Chavez v. PCGG held that information on inter-
government exchanges prior to the conclusion of treaties and executive agreements may be subject to reasonable
safeguards for the sake of national interest. Even earlier, the same privilege was upheld in Peoples Movement for

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Press Freedom (PMPF) v. Manglapus wherein the Court discussed the reasons for the privilege in more precise
terms.

In PMPF v. Manglapus, the therein petitioners were seeking information from the Presidents
representatives on the state of the then on-going negotiations of the RP-US Military Bases Agreement. The Court
denied the petition, stressing that secrecy of negotiations with foreign countries is not violative of the constitutional
provisions of freedom of speech or of the press nor of the freedom of access to information. Verily, while the Court
should guard against the abuse of executive privilege, it should also give full recognition to the validity of the
privilege whenever it is claimed within the proper bounds of executive power, as in this case. Otherwise, the Court
would undermine its own credibility, for it would be perceived as no longer aiming to strike a balance, but seeking
merely to water down executive privilege to the point of irrelevance.

SENATOR AQUILINO PIMENTEL, JR. v. OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVESECRETARY, represented by

HON. ALBERTO ROMULO, and the DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGNAFFAIRS, represented by HON. BLAS
OPLE
G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005 PUNO J.

The power to ratify is vested in the President, subject to the concurrence of the Senate.

Facts:

Petitioners filed the instant petition to compel the respondents to transmit the signed text of a treaty to the
Senate of the Philippines for ratification. It is the theory of the petitioners that ratification of a treaty, under both
domestic law and international law, is a function of the Senate. Hence, it is the duty of the executive department to
transmit the signed copy of the Rome Statute to the Senate to allow it to exercise its discretion with respect to
ratification of treaties.

Issue:

Whether the Executive Secretary and the Department of Foreign Affairs have a ministerial duty to transmit
to the Senate the copy of the Rome Statute signed by a member of the Philippine Mission to the United Nations even
without the signature of the President.

Ruling:

NO. It should be emphasized that under our Constitution, the power to ratify is vested in the President,
subject to the concurrence of the Senate. The role of the Senate, however, is limited only to giving or withholding its
consent, or concurrence, to the ratification. Hence, it is within the authority of the President to refuse to submit a
treaty to the Senate or, having secured its consent for its ratification, refuse to ratify it. Although the refusal of a state
to ratify a treaty which has been signed in its behalf is a serious step that should not be taken lightly, such decision is
within the competence of the President alone, which cannot be encroached by this Court via a writ of mandamus.
This Court has no jurisdiction over actions seeking to enjoin the President in the performance of his official duties.
The Court, therefore, cannot issue the writ of mandamus prayed for by the petitioners as it is beyond its jurisdiction
to compel the executive branch of the government to transmit the signed text of Rome Statute to the Senate.

In our system of government, the President, being the head of state, is regarded as the sole organ and
authority in external relations and is the country’s sole representative with foreign nations. As the chief architect of
foreign policy, the President acts as the country’s mouthpiece with respect to international affairs. Hence, the
President is vested with the authority to deal with foreign states and governments, extend or withhold recognition,
maintain diplomatic relations, enter into treaties, and otherwise transact the business of foreign relations. In the
realm of treaty-making, the President has the sole authority to negotiate with other states.

BAYAN (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan) v. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY RONALDO ZAMORA

G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000, BUENA, J.

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The power to enter into treaties or international agreements, the Constitution vests the same in the
President, subject only to the concurrence of at least two-thirds vote of all the members of the Senate.

Facts:

The VFA provides for the mechanism for regulating the conditions under which US Armed Forces and
defense personnel may be present in the Philippines. President Joseph E. Estrada, through respondent Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, ratified the VFA and transmitted the document to the Senate of the Philippinesfor concurrence
pursuant to Section 21, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.Petitioners imputed grave abuse of discretion on the part
of the chief Executive in ratifying the VFA, and referring the same to the Senate pursuant to the provisions of
Section 21, Article VII of the Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the Chief Executive committed grave abuse of discretion in ratifying the VFA, and referring the
same to the Senate pursuant to the provisions of Section 21, Article VII of the Constitution.

Ruling:

NO. As regards the power to enter into treaties or international agreements, the Constitution vests the same
in the President, subject only to the concurrence of at least two-thirds vote of all the members of the Senate. In this
light, the negotiation of the VFA and the subsequent ratification of the agreement are exclusive acts which pertain
solely to the President, in the lawful exercise of his vast executive and diplomatic powers granted him no less than
by the fundamental law itself. Into the field of negotiation the Senate cannot intrude, and Congress itself is
powerless to invade it. Consequently, the acts or judgment calls of the President involving the VFA-specifically the
acts of ratification and entering into a treaty and those necessary or incidental to the exercise of such principal acts -
squarely fall within the sphere of his constitutional powers and thus, may not be validly struck down, much less
calibrated by this Court, in the absence of clear showing of grave abuse of power or discretion.

It is the Courts considered view that the President, in ratifying the VFA and in submitting the same to the
Senate for concurrence, acted within the confines and limits of the powers vested in him bythe Constitution. It is of
no moment that the President, in the exercise of his wide latitude of discretion and in the honest belief that the VFA
falls within the ambit of Section 21, Article VII of the Constitution, referred the VFA to the Senate for concurrence
under the aforementioned provision. Certainly, no abuse of discretion, much less a grave, patent and whimsical
abuse of judgment, may be imputed to the President in his act of ratifying the VFA and referring the same to the
Senate for the purpose of complying with the concurrence requirement embodied in the fundamental law. In doing
so, the President merely performed a constitutional task and exercised a prerogative that chiefly pertains to the
functions of his office.

ISABELITA C. VINUYA, et al., v. THE HONORABLE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ALBERTO G. ROMULO

G.R. No. 162230, April 28, 2010,DEL CASTILLO, J.

The President is the sole organ of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign relations.

Facts:

Petitioners are all members of the MALAYA LOLAS, a non-stock, non-profit organization registered with
the Securities and Exchange Commission, established for the purpose of providing aid to the victims of rape by
Japanese military forces in the Philippines during the Second World War.

Petitioners claimed that since 1998, they have approached the Executive Department through the DOJ, DFA, and OSG,
requesting assistance in filing a claim against the Japanese officials and military officers who ordered the establishment of the
comfort women stations in the Philippines. However, officials of the Executive Department declined to assist the petitioners, and
took the position that the individual claims of the comfort women for compensation had already been fully satisfied by Japan’s
compliance with the Peace Treaty between the Philippines and Japan.

Issue:

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Whether the Executive Department committed grave abuse of discretion in not espousing petitioners’ claims for official
apology and other forms of reparations against Japan.

Ruling:

NO. From a Domestic Law Perspective, the Executive Department has the exclusive prerogative to determine whether
to espouse petitioners claims against Japan. The question whether the Philippine government should espouse claims of its
nationals against a foreign government is a foreign relations matter, the authority for which is demonstrably committed by our
Constitution not to the courts but to the political branches. In this case, the Executive Department has already decided that it is to
the best interest of the country to waive all claims of its nationals for reparations against Japan in the Treaty of Peace of 1951. The
wisdom of such decision is not for the courts to question. Neither could petitioners herein assail the said determination by the
Executive Department via the instant petition for certiorari.

In the seminal case of US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., the US Supreme Court held that the President is the sole
organ of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign relations.The Executive Department has
determined that taking up petitioners cause would be inimical to our country’s foreign policy interests, and could disrupt our
relations with Japan, thereby creating serious implications for stability in this region. For the court to overturn the Executive
Departments determination would mean an assessment of the foreign policy judgments by a coordinate political branch to which
authority to make that judgment has been constitutionally committed.

As a general principle and particularly here, where such an extraordinary length of time has lapsed between the treaty’s
conclusion and our consideration the Executive must be given ample discretion to assess the foreign policy considerations of
espousing a claim against Japan, from the standpoint of both the interests of the petitioners and those of the Republic, and decide
on that basis if apologies are sufficient, and whether further steps are appropriate or necessary.

FERDINAND E. MARCOS v. HONORABLE RAUL MANGLAPUS

G.R. No. 88211, September 15, 1989, CORTES, J.

The powers of the President cannot be said to be limited only to the specific powers enumerated in the
Constitution. In other words, executive power is more than the sum of specific powers so enumerated.

Facts:

Ferdinand E. Marcos was deposed from the presidency via the non-violent "people power" revolution and
forced into exile. In his stead, Corazon C. Aquino was declared President of the Republic under a revolutionary
government. Now, Mr. Marcos, in his deathbed, has signified his wish to return to the Philippines. But Mrs. Aquino
has stood firmly on the decision to bar the return of Mr. Marcos and his family.

The petitioners contended that the President is without power to impair the liberty of abode of the Marcoses
because only a court may do so "within the limits prescribed by law." Petitioners likewise advanced the view that the
President's powers are limited to those specifically enumerated in the 1987 Constitution. Thus, they asserted: "The
President has enumerated powers, and what is not enumerated is impliedly denied to her.

Issue:

Whether the President has the power under the Constitution, to bar the Marcoses from returning to the
Philippines.

Ruling:

YES. The Constitution provides that "the executive power shall be vested in the President of the
Philippines." It would not be accurate, however, to state that "executive power" is the power to enforce the laws, for
the President is head of state as well as head of government and whatever powers inherent in such positions pertain
to the office unless the Constitution itself withholds it. Furthermore, the Constitution itself provides that the
execution of the laws is only one of the powers of the President. It also grants the President other powers that do not
involve the execution of any provision of law, e.g., his power over the country's foreign relations.

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On these premises, we hold the view that although the 1987 Constitution imposes limitations on the
exercise of specific powers of the President, it maintains intact what is traditionally considered as within the scope of
"executive power." Corollarily, the powers of the President cannot be said to be limited only to the specific powers
enumerated in the Constitution. In other words, executive power is more than the sum of specific powers so
enumerated.

The President has determined that the destabilization caused by the return of the Marcoses would wipe
away the gains achieved during the past few years and lead to total economic collapse. Given what is within our
individual and common knowledge of the state of the economy, we cannot argue with that determination.

JUDICIARY

FERNANDO LOPEZ v. GERARDO ROXAS and PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL

G.R. No. L-25716, July 28, 1966, CONCEPCION, C.J.

Facts:

Petitioner Fernando Lopez and respondent Gerardo Roxas were the main contenders for the Office of Vice-
President of the Philippines in the general elections. Petitioner Fernando Lopez was proclaimed Vice President of
the Philippines. Respondent filed, with the Presidential Electoral Tribunal, Election Protest No. 2, contesting the
election of petitioner herein as Vice-President of the Philippines, upon the ground that it was not he, but said
respondent, who had obtained the largest number of votes for said office.

Petitioner Lopez instituted in the SC the present action, for prohibition with preliminary injunction, against
respondent Roxas, to prevent the Presidential Electoral Tribunal from hearing and deciding the aforementioned
election contest, upon the ground that Republic Act No. 1793, creating said Tribunal, is “unconstitutional,” and that,
“all proceedings taken by it are a nullity.”

Issue:

Whether the Presidential Electoral Tribunal has judicial power to hear and decide the election contest.

Ruling:

YES. The Presidential Electoral Tribunal has the judicial power to determine whether or not said duly
certified election returns have been irregularly made or tampered with, or reflect the true result of the elections in the
areas covered by each, and, if not, to recount the ballots cast, and, incidentally thereto, pass upon the validity of each
ballot or determine whether the same shall be counted, and, in the affirmative, in whose favor, which Congress has
power to do.

Pursuant to the Constitution, “the judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior
courts as may be established by law. This provision vests in the judicial branch of the government, not
merely some specified or limited judicial power, but “the” judicial power under our political system, and,
accordingly, the entirety or “all” of said power, except, only, so much as the Constitution confers upon some other
agency, such as the power to “judge all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications” of members of
the Senate and those of the House of Representatives which is vested by the fundamental law solely in the Senate
Electoral Tribunal and the House Electoral Tribunal, respectively.

Judicial power is the authority to settle justiciable controversies or disputes involving rights that are
enforceable and demandable before the courts of justice or the redress of wrongs for violations of such rights.The
proper exercise of said authority requires legislative action: (1) defining such enforceable and demandable rights
and/or prescribing remedies for violations thereof; and (2) determining the court with jurisdiction to hear and decide
said controversies or disputes, in the first instance and/or on appeal. For this reason, the Constitution ordains that
“Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts,” subject to
the limitations set forth in the fundamental law.

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IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION FOR HABEAS CORPUS OF TEODOSIO LANSANG RODOLFO
DEL ROSARIO, and BAYANI ALCALA, v. BRIGADIER-GENERAL EDUARDO M. GARCIA, Chief,
Philippine Constabulary
G.R. No. L-33964, December 11, 1971, CONCEPCION, C.J.

When there is a substantial showing that the exertion of state power has overridden private rights secured
by that Constitution, the subject is necessarily one for judicial inquiry.

Facts:

While the Liberal Party of the Philippines was holding a public meeting at Plaza Miranda, Manila, for the
presentation of its candidates in the general elections, two (2) hand grenades were thrown, one after the other, at the
platform where said candidates and other persons were. As a consequence, the President of the Philippines
announced the issuance of Proclamation No. 889, wherein the President suspended the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus,

Petitioner assailed the validity of the proclamation. The respondents, on the other hand, averred that the
determination thus made by the President in suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is "final and
conclusive upon the court and upon all other persons.”

Issue:

Whether the proclamation is subject to judicial inquiry.

Ruling:

YES. In Sterling v. Constantin, in which the Supreme Court of the United States, declared that when there
is a substantial showing that the exertion of state power has overridden private rights secured by that Constitution,
the subject is necessarily one for judicial inquiry in an appropriate proceeding directed against the individuals
charged with the transgression. To such a case the Federal judicial power extends and, so extending, the court has all
the authority appropriate to its
exercise.

In the Court’s resolution, it stated that "a majority of the Court" had "tentatively arrived at a consensus
that it may inquire in order to satisfy itself of the existence of the factual bases for the issuance of Presidential
Proclamations Nos. 889 and 889-A ... and thus determine the constitutional sufficiency of such bases in the light of
the requirements of Article III, sec. 1, par. 14, and Article VII, sec. 10, par 2, of the Philippine Constitution...." Upon
further deliberation, the members of the Court are now unanimous in the conviction that it has the authority to
inquire into the existence of said factual bases in order to determine the constitutional sufficiency thereof.

HON. ISIDRO CARIÑO et al. v. THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS et al.

G.R. No. 9668, December 2, 1991, NARVASA, J.

Fact finding is not adjudication, and cannot be likened to the judicial function of a court of justice, or even
a quasi-judicial agency or official.

Facts:

As a result of their participation in a mass concerted action and their refusal to comply with the “Return to
Work” order, administrative case were filed against the private respondents with the Department of Education,
Culture & Sports (DECS). Furthermore, they were preventively suspended and temporarily replaced. Subsequently,
Secretary Cariño ordered the dismissal and suspension of some of the teachers involved. In the meantime, the
respondent teachers filed with the Commission on Human Rights a complaint alleging that their replacement was
arbitrary and done without due process thereby violating their civil and political rights. Later, Sec. Cariño, through
the OSG, moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of cause of action and that the CHR has no jurisdiction over the

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case. CHR denied the motion to dismiss and it further held that the teachers were denied due process. Hence this
present action of certiorari and prohibition praying to invalidate and set aside the order of the CHR.

Issue:

Whether the Commission on Human Rights has jurisdiction or the power to try and decide, or hear and
determine the complaint filed by the teachers.

Ruling:

NO. The Commission on Human Rights to have no such power and that it was not meant by the
fundamental law to be another court or quasi-judicial agency in this country, or duplicate much less take over the
functions of the latter. The most that may be conceded to the Commission in the way of adjudicative power is that it
may investigate, i.e., receive evidence and make findings of fact as regards claimed human rights violations
involving civil and political rights. But fact finding is not adjudication, and cannot be likened to the judicial
function of a court of justice, or even a quasi-judicial agency or official. The function of receiving evidence and
ascertaining therefrom the facts of a controversy is not a judicial function, properly speaking. To be considered such,
the faculty of receiving evidence and making factual conclusions in a controversy must be accompanied by the
authority of applying the law to those factual conclusions to the end that the controversy may be decided or
determined authoritatively, finally and definitively, subject to such appeals or modes of review as may be provided
by law. This function, to repeat, the Commission does not have.

The Constitution clearly and categorically grants to the Commission the power to investigate all forms of
human rights violations involving civil and political rights. But it cannot try and decide cases (or hear and
determine causes) as courts of justice, or even quasi-judicial bodies do. To investigate is not to adjudicate or
adjudge. Hence it is that the Commission on Human Rights, having merely the power "to investigate," cannot and
should not "try and resolve on the merits" (adjudicate) the matters involved in Striking Teachers HRC Case No.
90-775. These are matters undoubtedly and clearly within the original jurisdiction of the Secretary of Education,
being within the scope of the disciplinary powers granted to him under the Civil Service Law, and also, within the
appellate jurisdiction of the Civil Service Commission.

THE DIRECTOR OF PRISONS and THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY vs. ANG CHO KIO and THE
COURT OF APPEALS
G.R. No.L-30001, June 23, 1970, ZALDIVAR, J.

Under the principle of separation of powers, it is not within the province of the judiciary to express an
opinion, or express a suggestion, that would reflect on the wisdom or propriety of the action of the Chief Executive
on matters purely political in nature.

Facts:

Ang Cho Kio (Kio) was convicted and later granted pardon by the President with a condition that Ang Cho
Kio will voluntarily leave the Philippines upon his release and never to return. Kio agreed to the said conditions.
Later, Kio, under the name "Ang Ming Huy", arrived at the Manila International Airport for a 72-hour stop-over for
his trip to Honolulu. When his friends knew of his presence in the country, they convince him to stay longer. They
sent a letter to the Commissioner of Immigration requesting for an extension for his stay. However, Kio was
identified by the inspector of the Bureau of immigration who later arrested him for violating the condition of his
pardon. Subsequently, the Executive Secretary, by authority of the President, ordered that Kio be recommitted to
prison to serve the unexpired portion of his sentence. Kio filed a motion for reconsideration with the Executive
Secretary but the same remained unacted which prompted him to file a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the
CFI of Rizal against the Director of Prisons and Executive Secretary. The CFI dismissed the petition and held that
Kio was validly recommitted. On appeal, the CA affirmed the decision of the CFI however it recommended that Kio
be allowed to leave the country immediately. The Solicitor General moved for the reconsideration of the CA’s
decision but the same was denied.

Issue:

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Whether Kio can be allowed to leave the country.

Ruling:

NO. The recommendation in the majority opinion of the special division of the Court of Appeals is not
authorized under the provision of Article 5 of the Revised Penal Code. The Court of Appeals was not called upon to
review any sentence that was imposed on Ang Cho Kio. It was simply called upon to determine whether Ang Cho
Kio was illegally confined, or not, in the insular penitentiary under the Director of Prisons. It is not proper that the
majority of the justices in the special division make a recommendation that would suggest a modification or a
correction of the act of the Chief Executive. When the Chief Executive, exercising his powers pursuant to Section
64(i) of the Revised Administrative Code, ordered Ang Cho Kio recommitted to prison, it is assumed that the Chief
Executive had decided that Ang Cho Kio should be dealt with that way under the circumstances. For the court to
suggest to the Chief Executive to modify his decision to recommit Ang Cho Kio to prison by allowing him to leave
the country instead is indeed to interfere with the functions of the Chief Executive. It would be to interfere on, or an
attempt to influence, the exercise by the Chief Executive of the political powers of his office. The matter of whether
an alien who violated the laws in this country may remain or be deported is a political question that should be left
entirely to the Chief Executive to decide.

LEO ECHEGARAY v. SECRETARY OF JUSTICE, ET AL.

G.R. No. 132601, January 19, 1999, PUNO, J.

The power to control the execution of its decision is an essential aspect of jurisdiction. It cannot be the
subject of substantial subtraction for our Constitution vests the entirety of judicial power in one Supreme Court and
in such lower courts as may be established by law.

Facts:

After the decision of the Court convicting Echegaray has attained finality, the Secretary of Justice sought
the reconsideration of the resolution of the Supreme Court temporarily restraining the execution of Echegaray. The
Secretary alleged that since the decision affirming the guilt of Echegaray, the execution of the decision enters the
exclusive ambit of the executive branch and the issuance by the Court of the TRO encroached on the power of the
executive branch. For his part, Echegaray contends that the decision to stay the order is still within the scope of
judicial power and duty and does not trench on executive powers.

Issues:
1. Whether or not the Court lost its jurisdiction over case upon its finality.
2. Whether or not the execution of the decision falls exclusively on the executive branch.

Ruling:

1. NO. The rule on finality of judgment cannot divest this Court of its jurisdiction to execute and enforce the
same judgment. The finality of a judgment does not mean that the Court has lost all its powers nor the
case. By the finality of the judgment, what the court loses is its jurisdiction to amend, modify or alter the
same. Even after the judgment has become final the court retains its jurisdiction to execute and enforce
it. There is a difference between the jurisdiction of the court to execute its judgment and its jurisdiction
to amend, modify or alter the same. The former continues even after the judgment has become final for
the purpose of enforcement of judgment; the latter terminates when the judgment becomes final. For
after the judgment has become final facts and circumstances may transpire which can render the
execution unjust or impossible. The power to control the execution of its decision is an essential aspect of
jurisdiction. It cannot be the subject of substantial subtraction for our Constitution vests the entirety of
judicial power in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. To be sure,
the important part of litigation, whether civil or criminal, is the process of execution of decisions where
supervening events may change the circumstance of the parties and compel courts to intervene and adjust
the rights of the litigants to prevent unfairness. It is because of these unforeseen, supervening
contingencies that courts have been conceded the inherent and necessary power of control of its processes
and orders to make them conformable to law and justice.

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2. NO. An accused who has been convicted by final judgment still possesses collateral rights and these
rights can be claimed in the appropriate courts. The suspension of such a death sentence is undisputably
an exercise of judicial power. It is not a usurpation of the presidential power of reprieve though its effects
are the same — the temporary suspension of the execution of the death convict. The powers of the
Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary to save the life of a death convict do not exclude each other
for the simple reason that there is no higher right than the right to life.

Re: COA Opinion on the Computation of the Appraised Value of the Properties Purchased by the Retired
Chief/Associate Justices of the Supreme Court.
A.M. No. 11-7-10-SC, July 31, 2012, PER CURIAM

The imposition of restrictions and constraints on the manner the independent constitutional offices allocate
and utilize the funds appropriated for their operations is anathema to fiscal autonomy and violative not only of the
express mandate of the Constitution but especially as regards the Supreme Court, of the independence and
separation of powers upon which the entire fabric of our constitutional system is based.

Facts:

In an opinion issued by the Legal Services Sector, Office of the General Counsel of the Commission on
Audit (COA), it shows that the scheme in the judiciary allowing the sale of their personal properties to retired
justices after their incumbency resulted to an underpayment amounting to P221,021.50. This underpayment was
attributed to the erroneous appraisal of the value of the property involved using the Constitutional Fiscal Autonomy
Group (CFAG) Joint Resolution No. 35 and its guidelines. Acting on this Opinion, Atty. Eden T. Candelaria, Deputy
Clerk of Court and Chief Administrative Officer, Office of Administrative Services, to the Office of the Chief
Justice, submitted Memorandum to the SC praying that the Court advise the COA to respect the scheme existing in
the Judiciary pursuant to the recognize fiscal autonomy of the Judicial Branch.

Issue:

Whether the post-audit examination conducted by COA violated the Judiciary’s fiscal autonomy.

Ruling:

YES. The COA’s authority to conduct post-audit examinations on constitutional bodies granted fiscal
autonomy as provided under Section 2(1), Article IX-D of the 1987 Constitution must be read not only in light of the
Court’s fiscal autonomy, but also in relation with the constitutional provisions on judicial independence and the
existing jurisprudence and Court rulings on these matters. The Constitution mandates that the judiciary shall enjoy
fiscal autonomy, and grants the Supreme Court administrative supervision over all courts and judicial personnel. The
imposition of restrictions and constraints on the manner the independent constitutional offices allocate and utilize
the funds appropriated for their operations is anathema to fiscal autonomy and violative not only of the express
mandate of the Constitution but especially as regards the Supreme Court, of the independence and separation of
powers upon which the entire fabric of our constitutional system is based.

The Judiciary’s fiscal autonomy is realized through the actions of the Chief Justice, as its head, and of the
Supreme Court En Banc, in the exercise of administrative control and supervision of the courts and its personnel.
Thus, under the guarantees of the Judiciary’s fiscal autonomy and its independence, the Chief Justice and the Court
En Banc determine and decide the who, what, where, when and how of the privileges and benefits they extend to
justices, judges, court officials and court personnel within the parameters of the Court’s granted power; they
determine the terms, conditions and restrictions of the grant as grantor.

The use of the formula provided in CFAG Joint Resolution No. 35 is a part of the Court’s exercise of its
discretionary authority to determine the manner the granted retirement privileges and benefits can be availed of. Any
kind of interference on how these retirement privileges and benefits are exercised and availed of, not only violates
the fiscal autonomy and independence of the Judiciary, but also encroaches upon the constitutional duty and
privilege of the Chief Justice and the Supreme Court En Banc to manage the Judiciary’s own affairs.

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THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY et al. v. THE HON. COURT OF APPEALS et al.
G.R. No. 131719, May 25, 2004, CALLEJO, SR., J.

In litigations between governmental and private parties, courts go much further both to give and withhold
relief in furtherance of public interest than they are accustomed to go when only private interests are involved.

Facts:

With the enactment of RA No. 8042 or the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 and the
promulgation of its rules and regulations, the Asian Recruitment Council Philippine Chapter, Inc. (ARCO-Phil.)
filed a petition for declaratory relief praying that provisions of the law be declared unconstitutional and for the court
to restrain its enforcement. ARCO alleged that the enforcement of RA 8042 will cause grave and irreparable injury
to recruitment agencies. Later, 11 other corporation joined the petition for the invalidation of the law. In their
answer, the respondent averred that the presumption of constitutionality should apply and such presumption is based
on the doctrine of separation of powers which enjoin upon each department a becoming respect for the acts of the
other departments. Necessarily, the ancillary remedy of a temporary restraining order and/or a writ of preliminary
injunction prayed for must fall for an act of legislature approved by the executive is presumed to be within
constitutional bounds

Later the RTC issued a writ of preliminary injunction enjoining the enforcement of RA No. 8042.
Dissatisfied, the petitioner filed a petition for certiorari before the CA. The CA dismissed the petition and affirmed
the decision of the RTC. Undeterred the petitioners filed this present petition alleging that the trial court committed
grave abuse of its discretion amounting to excess or lack of jurisdiction in issuing the assailed order and the writ of
preliminary injunction.

Issue:

Whether the RTC in issuing the writ of preliminary injunction committed grave abuse of discretion.

Ruling:

YES. A law is presumed constitutional until otherwise declared by judicial interpretation. The suspension
of the operation of the law is a matter of extreme delicacy because it is an interference with the official acts not only
of the duly elected representatives of the people but also of the highest magistrate of the land. Considering that
injunction is an exercise of equitable relief and authority, in assessing whether to issue a preliminary injunction, the
courts must sensitively assess all the equities of the situation, including the public interest. In litigations between
governmental and private parties, courts go much further both to give and withhold relief in furtherance of public
interest than they are accustomed to go when only private interests are involved. The higher standard reflects judicial
deference toward "legislation or regulations developed through presumptively reasoned democratic processes."

LORENZO M. TAÑADA et al. vs. HON. JUAN C. TUVERA et al.

G.R. No.L-63915, April 24, 1985, ESCOLIN, J.

The implementation/enforcement of presidential decrees prior to their publication in the Official Gazette is
"an operative fact which may have consequences which cannot be justly ignored. The past cannot always be erased
by a new judicial declaration ... that an all-inclusive statement of a principle of absolute retroactive invalidity
cannot be justified.

Facts:

Senator Tañada, invoking the right to be informed, sought to compel respondents via a writ of mandamus to
publish in the Official Gazette of various presidential decrees, letters of instructions, general orders, proclamations,
executive orders, letter of implementation and administrative orders. For their part, Tuvera et al contends that
publication is not a sine qua non requirement for the effectivity of laws. The Court however ruled that law
presidential issuances, letters of instructions, general orders, proclamations, executive orders, letter of
implementation and administrative orders of general application, which have not been published, shall have no force
and effect.

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Issue:

Whether the presidential issuances and orders which have been judicially declared void have absolute
retroactive invalidity.

Ruling:

NO. Some members of the Court, quite apprehensive about the possible unsettling effect this decision
might have on acts done in reliance of the validity of those presidential decrees which were published only during
the pendency of this petition, have put the question as to whether the Court's declaration of invalidity apply to P.D.s
which had been enforced or implemented prior to their publication.

In Chicot County Drainage District vs. Baxter Bank, the court ruled that “the Act of Congress, having been
found to be unconstitutional, was not a law; that it was inoperative, conferring no rights and imposing no duties, and
hence affording no basis for the challenged decree. It is quite clear, however, that such broad statements as to the
effect of a determination of unconstitutionality must be taken with qualifications. The actual existence of a statute,
prior to such a determination, is an operative fact and may have consequences which cannot justly be ignored. The
past cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration. The effect of the subsequent ruling as to invalidity may
have to be considered in various aspects-with respect to particular conduct, private and official. Questions of rights
claimed to have become vested, of status, of prior determinations deemed to have finality and acted upon
accordingly, of public policy in the light of the nature both of the statute and of its previous application, demand
examination. An all-inclusive statement of a principle of absolute retroactive invalidity cannot be justified.”

ARTURO M. TOLENTINO v. THE SECRETARY OF FINANCE and THE COMMISSIONER OF

INTERNAL REVENUE
G.R. No. 115455, G.R. No. 115525, G.R. No. 115543, G.R. No. 115544, G.R. No. 115754, G.R. No. 115781, G.R.
No. 115852, G.R. No. 115873, G.R. No. 115931, August 25, 1994, MENDOZA, J.

The Court does not have power to render advisory opinions or even jurisdiction over petitions for
declaratory judgment.

Facts:

This consolidated petition is filed to question the constitutionality of the R.A. No. 7716, or the Expanded
Value-Added Tax Law. Petitioners alleged that it violated the some provisions of the Constitution and should
therefore be declared invalid. The petitioners alleged that since there has been grave abuse in the passage of the law,
the court has the duty to pass upon all issues presented before it relative to the constitutionality of the law.

Issue:

Whether the Court may pass upon hypothetical issues on the pretext that it has the duty to review acts
tainted with grave abuse of discretion.

Ruling:

NO. The substantive issues raised are presented in abstract, hypothetical form because of the lack of a
concrete record. The issues presented before the Court do not have a fully developed factual record that alone can
impart to our adjudication the impact of actuality to insure that decision-making is informed and well grounded.
Needless to say, the Court does not have power to render advisory opinions or even jurisdiction over petitions for
declaratory judgment.

Furthermore, when the judiciary mediates to allocate constitutional boundaries, it does not assert any
superiority over the other departments; it does not in reality nullify or invalidate an act of the legislature, but only
asserts the solemn and sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to determine conflicting claims of
authority under the Constitution and to establish for the parties in an actual controversy the rights which that
instrument secures and guarantees to them.

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It does not add anything, therefore, to invoke this "duty" to justify this Court's intervention in what is
essentially a case that at best is not ripe for adjudication. That duty must still be performed in the context of a
concrete case or controversy, as Art. VIII, § 5(2) clearly defines our jurisdiction in terms of "cases," and nothing but
"cases." That the other departments of the government may have committed a grave abuse of discretion is not an
independent ground for exercising our power. Disregard of the essential limits imposed by the case and controversy
requirement can in the long run only result in undermining our authority as a court of law. For, as judges, what we
are called upon to render is judgment according to law, not according to what may appear to be the opinion of the
day.

ATTY. OLIVER O. LOZANO and ATTY. EVANGELINE J. LOZANO-ENDRIANO v. SPEAKER

PROSPERO C. NOGRALES
G.R. No. 187883 and G.R. No. 187910, June 16, 2009, PUNO, C.J.

This Court, so long as the fundamentals of republicanism continue to guide it, shall not shirk its bounden
duty to wield its judicial power to settle "actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to a lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government." Be that as it may, no amount
of exigency can make this Court exercise a power where it is not proper.

Facts:

The two petitions, filed by their respective petitioners in their capacities as concerned citizens and
taxpayers, prayed for the nullification of House Resolution No. 1109 entitled "A Resolution Calling upon the
Members of Congress to Convene for the Purpose of Considering Proposals to Amend or Revise the Constitution,
Upon a Three-fourths Vote of All the Members of Congress." In essence, both petitions seek to trigger a justiciable
controversy that would warrant a definitive interpretation by this Court of Section 1, Article XVII, which provides
for the procedure for amending or revising the Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the court rule on the constitutionality of the said House Resolution.

Ruling:

NO. Unfortunately, this Court cannot indulge petitioners’ supplications. While some may interpret
petitioners’ moves as vigilance in preserving the rule of law, a careful perusal of their petitions would reveal that
they cannot hurdle the bar of justiciability set by this Court before it will assume jurisdiction over cases involving
constitutional disputes.

It is well settled that it is the duty of the judiciary to say what the law is. The determination of the nature,
scope and extent of the powers of government is the exclusive province of the judiciary, such that any mediation on
the part of the latter for the allocation of constitutional boundaries would amount, not to its supremacy, but to its
mere fulfillment of its "solemn and sacred obligation" under the Constitution. This Court’s power of review may be
awesome, but it is limited to actual cases and controversies dealing with parties having adversely legal claims, to be
exercised after full opportunity of argument by the parties, and limited further to the constitutional question raised or
the very lis mota presented. The "case-or-controversy" requirement bans this court from deciding "abstract,
hypothetical or contingent questions," lest the court give opinions in the nature of advice concerning legislative or
executive action.

An aspect of the "case-or-controversy" requirement is the requisite of "ripeness." The issue of ripeness is
generally treated in terms of actual injury to the plaintiff. Hence, a question is ripe for adjudication when the act
being challenged has had a direct adverse effect on the individual challenging it. An alternative road to review
similarly taken would be to determine whether an action has already been accomplished or performed by a branch of
government before the courts may step in.

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In the present case, the fitness of petitioners’ case for the exercise of judicial review is grossly lacking. In
the first place, petitioners have not sufficiently proven any adverse injury or hardship from the act complained of. In
the second place, House Resolution No. 1109 only resolved that the House of Representatives shall convene at a
future time for the purpose of proposing amendments or revisions to the Constitution. No actual convention has yet
transpired and no rules of procedure have yet been adopted. More importantly, no proposal has yet been made, and
hence, no usurpation of power or gross abuse of discretion has yet taken place. In short, House Resolution No. 1109
involves a quintessential example of an uncertain contingent future event that may not occur as anticipated, or
indeed may not occur at all. The House has not yet performed a positive act that would warrant an intervention from
this Court.

Yet another requisite rooted in the very nature of judicial power is locus standi or standing to sue. Thus,
generally, a party will be allowed to litigate only when he can demonstrate that (1) he has personally suffered some
actual or threatened injury because of the allegedly illegal conduct of the government; (2) the injury is fairly
traceable to the challenged action; and (3) the injury is likely to be redressed by the remedy being sought. In the
cases at bar, petitioners have not shown the elemental injury in fact that would endow them with the standing to sue.
Locus standi requires a personal stake in the outcome of a controversy for significant reasons. It assures adverseness
and sharpens the presentation of issues for the illumination of the Court in resolving difficult constitutional
questions. The lack of petitioners’ personal stake in this case is no more evident than in Lozano’s three-page petition
that is devoid of any legal or jurisprudential basis.

Neither can the lack of locus standi be cured by the claim of petitioners that they are instituting the cases at
bar as taxpayers and concerned citizens. A taxpayer’s suit requires that the act complained of directly involves the
illegal disbursement of public funds derived from taxation. It is undisputed that there has been no allocation or
disbursement of public funds in this case as of yet. To be sure, standing as a citizen has been upheld by this Court in
cases where a petitioner is able to craft an issue of transcendental importance or when paramount public interest is
involved. While the Court recognizes the potential far-reaching implications of the issue at hand, the possible
consequence of House Resolution No. 1109 is yet unrealized and does not infuse petitioners with locus standi under
the "transcendental importance" doctrine.

The rule on locus standi is not a plain procedural rule but a constitutional requirement derived from Section
1, Article VIII of the Constitution, which mandates courts of justice to settle only "actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable and enforceable."

A lesser but not insignificant reason for screening the standing of persons who desire to litigate
constitutional issues is economic in character. Given the sparseness of our resources, the capacity of courts to render
efficient judicial service to our people is severely limited. For courts to indiscriminately open their doors to all types
of suits and suitors is for them to unduly overburden their dockets, and ultimately render themselves ineffective
dispensers of justice. To be sure, this is an evil that clearly confronts our judiciary today.

Moreover, while the Court has taken an increasingly liberal approach to the rule of locus standi, evolving
from the stringent requirements of "personal injury" to the broader "transcendental importance" doctrine, such
liberality is not to be abused. It is not an open invitation for the ignorant and the ignoble to file petitions that prove
nothing but their cerebral deficit.

JELBERT B. GALICTO v. H.E. PRESIDENT BENIGNO SIMEON C. AQUINO III et al.

G.R. No. 193978, February 28, 2012, BRION, J.

The respondents neither acted in any judicial or quasi-judicial capacity nor arrogated unto themselves any
judicial or quasi-judicial prerogatives. A petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure
is a special civil action that may be invoked only against a tribunal, board, or officer exercising judicial or quasi-
judicial functions.

Facts:

Aiming to curb the grant of unwarranted and excessive allowances, bonuses and other benefits given to
GOCCs and government financial institutions, President Aquino issued EO 7, entitled "Directing the Rationalization
of the Compensation and Position Classification System in the GOCCs and GFIs, and for Other Purposes." The

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Executive Order precluded the Board of Directors, Trustees and/or Officers of GOCCs from granting and releasing
bonuses and allowances to members of the board of directors, and from increasing salary rates of and granting new
or additional benefits and allowances to their employees.

Later, Jelbert Galicto, a Court Attorney of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, filed a Petition for
Certiorari and Prohibition with Application for Writ of Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining Order
seeking to nullify and enjoin the implementation of Executive Order No. 7 for being unconstitutional for having
been issued beyond the powers of the President and for being in breach of existing laws.

Issue:

Whether the issuance of the Executive Order be made subject to a petition for certiorari.

Ruling:

NO. Certiorari is not the proper remedy.Under the Rules of Court, petitions for Certiorari and Prohibition
are availed of to question judicial, quasi-judicial and mandatory acts. Since the issuance of an EO is not judicial,
quasi-judicial or a mandatory act, a petition for certiorari and prohibition is an incorrect remedy; instead a petition
for declaratory relief under Rule 63 of the Rules of Court, filed with the Regional Trial Court (RTC), is the proper
recourse to assail the validity of EO 7.

The respondents neither acted in any judicial or quasi-judicial capacity nor arrogated unto themselves any
judicial or quasi-judicial prerogatives. A petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure is
a special civil action that may be invoked only against a tribunal, board, or officer exercising judicial or quasi-
judicial functions. A respondent is said to be exercising judicial function where he has the power to determine what
the law is and what the legal rights of the parties are, and then undertakes to determine these questions and
adjudicate upon the rights of the parties. Quasi-judicial function is "a term which applies to the actions, discretion,
etc., of public administrative officers or bodies … required to investigate facts or ascertain the existence of facts,
hold hearings, and draw conclusions from them as a basis for their official action and to exercise discretion of a
judicial nature."

MOLDEX REALTY, INC. v. HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD, OFFICE OF
APPEALS, ADJUDICATION AND LEGAL AFFAIRS et al
G.R. No. 149719, June 21, 2007, TINGA, J.

It must be emphasized that this Court does not have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions assailing
the constitutionality of a law or an administrative regulation.

Facts:

Moldex Realty, Inc. is the owner-developer of Metrogate Complex Phase I Subdivision while private
respondent is the association of homeowners in the said subdivision. The controversy arose when Moldex stopped
paying the electric bills for the operation of streetlights in the subdivision and advised the association that it should
assume such obligation. The association objected ad refused to pay. Consequently, Meralco discontinued its services
which prompted the Association to apply for a preliminary injunction and preliminary mandatory injunction with the
HLURB against petitioner. The HLURB granted the application and issued a writ of preliminary mandatory
injunction. Moldex filed a motion for reconsideration but the same was denied.

Aggrieved, Moldex filed a petition for certiorari and prohibition with the CA against the decision of
HLURB and it seeks the nullification of the HUDCC Resolution No. R-562. The CA dismissed the petition holding
that the question of constitutionality of the Resolution should be lodged before the SC and not to the CA. As such,
Moldex filed this present petition. The Solicitor General opposed the petition arguing that it is the Regional Trial
Court, and not the SC nor the CA, which has jurisdiction over the present petition.

Issue:

Whether the doctrine of hierarchy of courts was violated.

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Ruling:

YES. It must be emphasized that this Court does not have exclusive original jurisdiction over petitions
assailing the constitutionality of a law or an administrative regulation. The lower courts also have jurisdiction to
resolve the constitutionality at the first instance.The general rule is that this Court shall exercise only appellate
jurisdiction over cases involving the constitutionality of a statute, treaty or regulation, except in circumstances where
the Court believes that resolving the issue of constitutionality of a law or regulation at the first instance is of
paramount importance and immediately affects the social, economic and moral well being of the people. Thus, the
Court of Appeals erred in ruling that a question on the constitutionality of a regulation may be brought only to this
Court.

The instant petition does not allege circumstances and issues of transcendental importance to the public
requiring their prompt and definite resolution and the brushing aside of technicalities of procedure. Neither is the
Court convinced that the issues presented in this petition are of such nature that would nudge the lower courts to
defer to the higher judgment of this Court. The application of the assailed HUDCC resolution mainly affects the
proprietary interests of the parties involved and can hardly be characterized as overriding to the general well-being
of the people. Ultimately, the Court is called upon to resolve the question of who bears the obligation of paying
electricity cost, a question that the lower courts undoubtedly have the competence to resolve.

TERESITA G. FABIAN v. HON. ANIANO A. DESIERTO, in his capacity as Ombudsman; HON. JESUS F.
GUERRERO, in his capacity as Deputy Ombudsman for Luzon; and NESTOR V. AGUSTIN
G.R. No. 129742, September 16, 1998, REGALADO, J.

Sec. 27, RA No. 6770 cannot validly authorize an appeal to the Court from decisions of the Office of the
Ombudsman in administrative disciplinary cases as it violates the proscription of the Constitution against a law
which increases the appellate jurisdiction of the Court.

Facts:

Teresita Fabian and Nestor Agustin, then incumbent District Engineer, had a relationship. When Fabian
tried to terminate their relationship, Agustin refused and employed acts of harassment. Fabian filed an administrative
case against Agustin. Ombudsman Desierto found Agustin guilty of grave misconduct. Agustin moved for
reconsideration, and he was exonerated from administrative charges. Fabian then appealed to the Supreme Court by
certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, in accordance with Sec. 27, RA No. 6770 (Ombudsman Act of 1989).
She argued that said provision is not violative of Sec. 30, Art. VI of the Constitution. She claimed that what is
proscribed is the passage of law "increasing" the appellate jurisdiction of this Court "as provided in this
Constitution," and such appellate jurisdiction includes "all cases in which only an error or question of law is
involved." Since Sec. 5, Art. VIII of the Constitution authorizes the Court to review on appeal or certiorari these
final judgment or orders as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, said Section 27 does not increase the Court's
appellate jurisdiction since, by providing that the mode of appeal shall be by petition for certiorari under Rule 45,
then what may be raised therein are only questions of law of which the Court already has jurisdiction.

Issue:

Whether Sec. 27, RA No. 6770 (Ombudsman Act of 1989) is valid.

Ruling:

NO. The Court has allowed appeals by certiorari under Rule 45 even if questions of fact are involved and
have to be resolved by the appellate court. Also, Rule 45 specifies that the appellate jurisdiction of the Court
contemplated therein is to be exercised over "final judgments and orders of lower courts," that is, the courts
composing the integrated judicial system. It does not include the quasi-judicial bodies or agencies, hence whenever
the legislature intends that the decisions or resolutions of the quasi-judicial agency shall be reviewable by the
Supreme Court or the CA, a specific provision to that effect is included in the law creating that quasi-judicial agency
and, for that matter, any special statutory court. No such provision on appellate procedure is required for the regular
courts of the integrated judicial system because they are what are referred to and already provided for in Section 5,

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Article VIII. Appeals from judgments and final orders of quasi-judicial agencies are now required to be brought to
the Court of Appeals on a verified petition for review, under the requirements and conditions in Rule 43 which was
precisely formulated and adopted to provide for a uniform rule of appellate procedure for quasi-judicial agencies.
Thus, the Court held that Sec. 27, RA No. 6770 cannot validly authorize an appeal to the Court from decisions of the
Office of the Ombudsman in administrative disciplinary cases. It consequently violates the proscription of the
Constitution against a law which increases the appellate jurisdiction of the Court.

SAMEER OVERSEAS PLACEMENT AGENCY, INC. v. JOY C. CABILES

G.R. No. 170139, August 5, 2014, LEONEN, J.

A law or provision of law that was already declared unconstitutional remains as such unless circumstances
have so changed as to warrant a reverse conclusion.

Facts:

Joy Cabiles, an overseas worker, filed a complaint for illegal dismissal against Sameer Overseas Placement
Agency. The Labor Arbiter dismissed her complaint but the NLRC declared that she was illegally dismissed. Such
decision was affirmed by the CA. Cabiles, having been illegally dismissed, is entitled to her salary for the unexpired
portion of the employment contract that was violated together with attorney’s fees and reimbursement of amounts
withheld from her salary, pursuant to Sec. 10, RA No. 8042 (Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995).
Said provision provides that overseas workers who were terminated without just, valid, or authorized cause "shall be
entitled to the full reimbursement of his placement fee with interest of twelve (12%) per annum, plus his salaries for
the unexpired portion of his employment contract or for three (3) months for every year of the unexpired term,
whichever is less." However, in Serrano v. GallantMaritime Services, Inc. and Marlow Navigation Co., Inc., the
Court ruled that the clause "or for three (3) months for every year of the unexpired term, whichever is less" is
unconstitutional for violating the equal protection clause and substantive due process. Despite being declared
unconstitutional, the clause was reinstated in RA No. 10022 in 2010, amending RA No. 8042. Thus, it creates
confusion on the part of the NLRC and the CA with regard to the execution of the judgment.

Issue:

Whether the clause declared as unconstitutional be cured by reenactment or reincorporation.

Ruling:

NO. When a law is passed, the Court awaits an actual case that clearly raises adversarial positions in their
proper context before considering a prayer to declare it as unconstitutional. However, this case shows a unique
situation. The law passed incorporates the exact clause already declared as unconstitutional, without any perceived
substantial change in the circumstances.

In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution is supreme. No branch or office of the government may exercise
its powers in any manner inconsistent with the Constitution, regardless of the existence of any law that supports such
exercise. The Constitution cannot be trumped by any other law. All laws must be read in light of the Constitution.
Any law that is inconsistent with it is a nullity. Thus, when a law or a provision of law is null because it is
inconsistent with the Constitution, the nullity cannot be cured by reincorporation or reenactment of the same or a
similar law or provision. A law or provision of law that was already declared unconstitutional remains as such unless
circumstances have so changed as to warrant a reverse conclusion. In this case, the parties failed to prove that the
situation has so changed so as to cause the reversal of the binding precedent.

SAMEER OVERSEAS PLACEMENT AGENCY, INC. v. JOY C. CABILES

G.R. No. 170139, August 5, 2014, LEONEN, J.

A law or provision of law that was already declared unconstitutional remains as such unless circumstances
have so changed as to warrant a reverse conclusion.

Facts:

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Joy Cabiles, an overseas worker, filed a complaint for illegal dismissal against Sameer Overseas Placement
Agency. The Labor Arbiter dismissed her complaint but the NLRC declared that she was illegally dismissed. Such
decision was affirmed by the CA. Cabiles, having been illegally dismissed, is entitled to her salary for the unexpired
portion of the employment contract that was violated together with attorney’s fees and reimbursement of amounts
withheld from her salary, pursuant to Sec. 10, RA No. 8042 (Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995).
Said provision provides that overseas workers who were terminated without just, valid, or authorized cause "shall be
entitled to the full reimbursement of his placement fee with interest of twelve (12%) per annum, plus his salaries for
the unexpired portion of his employment contract or for three (3) months for every year of the unexpired term,
whichever is less." However, in Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc. and Marlow Navigation Co., Inc., the
Court ruled that the clause "or for three (3) months for every year of the unexpired term, whichever is less" is
unconstitutional for violating the equal protection clause and substantive due process. Despite being declared
unconstitutional, the clause was reinstated in RA No. 10022 in 2010, amending RA No. 8042. Thus, it creates
confusion on the part of the NLRC and the CA with regard to the execution of the judgment.

Issue:

Whether the clause declared as unconstitutional be cured by reenactment or reincorporation.

Ruling:

NO. When a law is passed, the Court awaits an actual case that clearly raises adversarial positions in their
proper context before considering a prayer to declare it as unconstitutional. However, this case shows a unique
situation. The law passed incorporates the exact clause already declared as unconstitutional, without any perceived
substantial change in the circumstances.

In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution is supreme. No branch or office of the government may exercise
its powers in any manner inconsistent with the Constitution, regardless of the existence of any law that supports such
exercise. The Constitution cannot be trumped by any other law. All laws must be read in light of the Constitution.
Any law that is inconsistent with it is a nullity. Thus, when a law or a provision of law is null because it is
inconsistent with the Constitution, the nullity cannot be cured by reincorporation or reenactment of the same or a
similar law or provision. A law or provision of law that was already declared unconstitutional remains as such unless
circumstances have so changed as to warrant a reverse conclusion. In this case, the parties failed to prove that the
situation has so changed so as to cause the reversal of the binding precedent.

PLANTERS PRODUCTS, INC. v. FERTIPHIL CORPORATION

G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008, REYES, R.T., J.

The Regional Trial Courts have the authority and jurisdiction to consider the constitutionality of statutes,
executive orders, presidential decrees and other issuances. The Constitution vests that power not only in the
Supreme Court but in all Regional Trial Courts.

Facts:

Then President Ferdinand Marcos issued LOI No. 1465 which provided for the imposition of a capital
recovery component (CRC) on the domestic sale of all grades of fertilizers in the Philippines. Pursuant to the LOI,
Fertiphil paid for every bag of fertilizer it sold in the domestic market to the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority
(FPA). After the 1986 EDSA Revolution, FPA stopped the imposition of the levy. Fertiphil then demanded from
Planters Product, Inc. (PPI) a refund of the amounts it paid under the LOI, but the latter refused. Fertiphil filed a
complaint for collection against FPA and PPI and also questioned the constitutionality of LOI No. 1465. The RTC
ruled in favor of Fertiphil, and was affirmed by the CA, as the lis mota of the complaint was the constitutionality of
LOI No. 1465. PPI insisted that the RTC and the CA erred in ruling the constitutionality of the LOI, as it cannot be
collaterally attacked in a complaint for collection and that it is the very lis mota of the case.

Issue:

Whether the RTC has jurisdiction to resolve the constitutionality of LOI No. 1465.

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Ruling:

YES. It is settled that the RTC has jurisdiction to resolve the constitutionality of a statute, presidential
decree or an executive order, under Sec. 5 (2)(a), Art. VIII of the 1987 Constitution. Judicial review of official acts
on the ground of unconstitutionality may be sought or availed of through any of the actions cognizable by courts of
justice, not necessarily in a suit for declaratory relief. Such review may be had in criminal actions or in ordinary
actions. The constitutional issue, however, (a) must be properly raised and presented in the case, and (b) its
resolution is necessary to a determination of the case, i.e., the issue of constitutionality must be the very lis mota
presented.

In this case, the constitutionality of LOI No. 1465 was properly and adequately raised in the complaint for
collection filed with the RTC. The constitutionality of LOI No. 1465 is also the very lis mota of the complaint for
collection. Fertiphil filed the complaint to compel PPI to refund the levies paid under the statute on the ground that
the law imposing the levy is unconstitutional. The thesis is that an unconstitutional law is void. It has no legal effect.
Being void, Fertiphil had no legal obligation to pay the levy. Necessarily, all levies duly paid pursuant to an
unconstitutional law should be refunded under the principle of unjust enrichment. The refund is a mere consequence
of the law being declared unconstitutional. The RTC surely cannot order PPI to refund Fertiphil if it does not declare
the LOI unconstitutional. It is the unconstitutionality of the LOI which triggers the refund. The issue of
constitutionality is the very lis mota of the complaint with the RTC.

PHILIPPINE DUPLICATORS, INC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION and

PHILIPPINE DUPLICATORS EMPLOYEES UNION
G.R. No. 110068, February 15, 1995, FELICIANO, J.

Where the two cases present quite different factual situations and the doctrines enunciated in fact co-exist
one with the other, the later decided case cannot serve as precedent under the doctrine of stare decisis.

Facts:

In November 1993, the Supreme Court dismissed the Petition for Certiorari filed by Philippine Duplicators,
upholding the NLRC’s decision directing the Duplicators to pay 13th month pay to Philippine Duplicators
Employees Union computed on the basis of their fixed wages plus sales commissions. Duplicator’s motion for
reconsideration was also denied. In 1994, a second motion for reconsideration was filed invoking the Court’s
decision in the two consolidated cases of Boie-Takeda Chemicals, Inc. vs. Hon. Dionisio de la Serna and Philippine
Fuji Xerox Corp. vs. Hon. Cresenciano B. Trajano, in December 1993. In the said cases, the Court declared null and
void the second paragraph of Sec. 5 (a)of the Revised Guidelines issued by then Secretary of Labor Drilon.
Duplicators submits that the decision in the 1993 Duplicators case should now be considered as having been
abandoned or reversed by the 1993Boie-Takeda decision, considering that the latter went "directly opposite and
contrary to" the conclusion reached in the former. Duplicators prays that the decision rendered in 1993 Duplicators
casebe set aside and another be entered directing the dismissal of the money claims of Philippine Duplicators
Employees' Union.

Issue:

Whether the 1993 Duplicators case has been abandoned or reversed by the 1993 Boie-Takeda case.

Ruling:

NO. The decision rendered in Boie-Takeda cannot serve as a precedent under the doctrine of stare decisis.
The Boie-Takeda decision was promulgated a month after the Court had rendered the decision in the instant case.
Also, the Duplicators’ first Motion for Reconsideration of the decision dated 10 November 1993 had already been
denied, with finality, on 15 December 1993, i.e.; before the Boie-Takeda decision became final on 5 January 1994.

The Court noted that Duplicators did not put in issue the validity of the Revised Guidelines on the
Implementary on of the 13th Month Pay Law either in its Petition for Certiorari or in its first Motion for
Reconsideration. In fact, Duplicators’ counsel relied upon these Guidelines and asserted their validity in opposing

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the decision rendered by NLRC. More importantly, the decision in Boie-Takeda is not directly opposite or contrary
to the decision in the present case. To the contrary, the doctrines enunciated in these two cases in fact co-exist one
with the other. The two cases present quite different factual situations (although the same word "commissions" was
used or invoked) the legal characterizations of which must accordingly differ.

GROUP COMMANDER, INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY, represented

by COLONEL PEDRO R. CABUAY, JR. v. DR. POTENCIANO MALVAR and MARCELINO LOPEZ
G.R. No. 123780, September 24, 2002, SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.

No doctrine or principle of law laid down by the Supreme Court en banc or its divisions may be modified or
reversed except by the Court sitting en banc. A decision rendered by a division of the Court in violation of the above
constitutional provision would be in excess of jurisdiction and, therefore, invalid.

Facts:

G.R. No. 90380 was rendered by the Supreme Court First Division recognizing the right of ownership of
Hermogenes Lopez (predecessor-in-interest of the Lopez heirs) over the property by reason of his continuous
possession since for 30 years and his full compliance with the requirements by the Public Land Act for the issuance
of a homestead patent. On the other hand, G.R. No. 110900 of the Third Division affirmed, in a Resolution, the CA
Decision sustaining the Land Management Bureau (LMB) decision dismissing Hermogenes’ claim over the property
and ordering the reconstitution of the homestead application of the Adia heirs predecessor-in-interest, Elino Adia, or
the filing of a new application by the Adia heirs. The CA ruled that the Court’s decision in G.R. No. 90380 did not
bind the government. Meanwhile, pursuant to the decision in G.R. No. 90380, the Lopez heirs filed a motion for the
issuance of writ of execution, which was granted by the RTC. Thus, in a writ of execution, the RTC ordered the
demolition of the communication facilities and other structures belonging to the Intelligence and Security Group
(ISG) of the Philippine Army which also purchased a portion of the property from the Adia heirs. This prompted
Col. Pedro Cabuay, Jr. to file a Petition Seeking for Clarification as to the Validity and Forceful Effect of Two Final
and Executory but Conflicting Decisions of the Supreme Court.

Issue:

Whether G.R. No. 110900 of the Third Division is valid.

Ruling:

NO. The Court held that its decision in G.R. No. 90380 is the law of the case binding upon the LMB and
the Court of Appeals and is beyond their authority to reverse. Sec. 4 (3), Art. VIII of the 1987 Constitution provides
that no doctrine or principle of law laid down by the Supreme Court en banc or its Divisions may be modified or
reversed except by the Court sitting en banc. A decision rendered by a Division of the Court in violation of the above
constitutional provision would be in excess of jurisdiction and, therefore, invalid.

In this case, G.R. No. 90380 was rendered by the First Division, while G.R. No. 90380 was rendered by the
Third Division. This obviously runs afoul with the constitutional prohibition.

RE: REQUEST OF JURISCONSULT SAMANODIN L. AMPASO FOR UPGRADING OF HIS POSITION

TO SALARY GRADE 31, EQUIVALENT TO ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT
A.M. No. 91-10-160, May 15, 1996, PER CURIAM

As an aspiring member of the Bench, it is incumbent upon him to check the important personal data being
supplied in his documents.

Facts:

Samadon L. Ampaso was appointed as Jurisconsult in Inslamic Law by then President Corazon Aquino.
Said position was created by virtue of PD No. 1083 (Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines). Ampaso
requested the Court for the upgrading of his position to Salary Grade 31, equivalent to an Associate Justice of the

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Supreme Court, claiming that under PD No. 1083, he is the highest Muslim Judicial Officer of the Philippines.
However, a cursory check by the Office of the Court Administrator into the 201 file of Ampaso revealed that he was
born on January 2, 1952. This information regarding his date of birth was personally supplied by him in his Personal
Data Sheet for judges and in the information sheet for membership in the GSIS. On the basis of such data, it is
evident that when he took his oath as Jurisconsult, he was only 39 years, 3 months and 8 days, and that therefore, he
failed to comply with the age requirement as provided under Art. 165 of PD 1083, which must be at least 40 years of
age. Ampaso argued that his true birthdate is January 2, 1948 and not January 2, 1952, as the said documents were
not personally prepared by him but by his brother who inadvertently mis-stated the year of his birth. He submitted
various documents to bolster his claim. He alleged that the mis-statement in his year of birth was not done in bad
faith nor was it intended to cause damage to any party, it having been the result of an honest mistake.

Issue:

Whether the appointment of Ampaso was valid.

Ruling:

NO. The Senior Deputy Court Administrator found the explanation of Ampaso attributing to his brother the
innocent mis-declaration of his year of birth, to be unacceptable. The Court holds that Ampaso’s claim is nothing but
a lame excuse and a mere after-thought. It is very unlikely, improbable and unbecoming that a person aspiring for
such a high office would request another to fill up and file such personal data forms. But granting that he did make
such request, still, he himself had to sign the forms just the same prior to filing, and in the normal course of things,
he should have read the documents before affixing his signature thereto. That he signed it without reading and/or
understanding its contents is not excusable, nor credible. As an aspiring member of the Bench, it was incumbent
upon Ampaso to check and double-check important personal data being supplied through such forms.

IN RE: UNDATED LETTER OF MR. LOUIS C. BIRAOGO, PETTIONER IN BIRAOGO V. NOGRALES

AND LIMKAICHONG, G.R. No. 179120
A.M. No. 09-02-19-SC, February 24, 2009, PER CURIAM

The internal deliberations of the Supreme Court are confidential. A frank exchange of exploratory ideas
and assessments, free from the glare of publicity and pressure by interested parties, is essential to protect the
independence of decision-making of those tasked to exercise judicial power.

Facts:

Louis Biraogo circulated to the media an undated letter signed by him, together with the photocopy of the
unpromulgated ponencia (Gilbert copy) of Justice Ruben T. Reyes in the consolidated cases of Limkaichong v.
COMELEC, Villando v. COMELEC, Biraogo v. Nograles and Limkaichong, and Paras v. Nograles. Since the
unauthorized release of a copy of the unpromulgated ponencia infringed on the confidential internal deliberations of
the Court and constituted contempt of court, the Investigating Committee was created under the Court Resolution to
investigate and determine who are responsible for the leakage of a confidential internal document of the En Banc.
The Investigating Committee then found that the leakage was intentionally done as the top page of the Gilbert copy
sent to the Office of the Chief Justice and Justice Nachura’s Office for signature and the top page of Biraogo’s copy
differ. The Committee found that the evident undue interest of Justice Reyes to circulate a draft ponencia of the case
soonest even before the memoranda of all the parties fell due, and to withhold the information to his staff that the
promulgation of the ponencia was put on hold and, instead, allow the immediate promulgation after lunch despite
his admission that the decision to hold the promulgation was arrived at lunchtime, it was Justice Reyes himself who
leaked a photocopy thereof. Subsequently, Justice Reyes retired, but the Committee ruled that the subsequent
retirement of a judge or any judicial officer from the service does not preclude the finding of any administrative
liability to which he is answerable. Thus, the Committee found Justice Reyes administratively liable for gross
misconduct

Issue:

Whether Justice Reyes is administratively liable for the leakage of confidential internal document.

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Ruling:

YES. The Court, in adopting the report of the Committee, reiterates the importance of the task of
preserving the confidentiality and integrity of court records. A number of rules and internal procedures are in place
to ensure the observance of this task by court personnel. The New Code of Judicial Conduct provides that
confidential information acquired by justices and judges in their judicial capacity shall not be used or disclosed for
any other purpose not related to their judicial duties. Thus, any release of a copy to the public, or to the parties, of an
unpromulgated ponencia infringes on the confidential internal deliberations of the Court. It is settled that the internal
deliberations of the Court are confidential. A frank exchange of exploratory ideas and assessments, free from the
glare of publicity and pressure by interested parties, is essential to protect the independence of decision-making of
those tasked to exercise judicial power.

RE: PETITION FOR RECOGNITION OF THE EXEMPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE

INSURANCE SYSTEM FROM PAYMENT OF LEGAL FEES
A.M. No. 08-2-01-0, February 11, 2010, CORONA, J.

The rule-making power is now the Supreme Court’s exclusive domain and is no longer shared by the Court
with Congress and with the Executive.

Facts:

The GSIS seeks exemption from the payment of legal fees imposed on government-owned or controlled
corporations under Sec. 22, Rule 141 (Legal Fees) of the Rules of Court. It anchors its claim on Sec. 39, RA No.
8291 (The GSIS Act of 1997). The GSIS argues that its exemption from the payment of legal fees would not mean
that RA No. 8291 is superior to the Rules of Court. It would merely show deference by the Court to the legislature as
a co-equal branch. This deference will recognize the compelling and overriding State interest in the preservation of
the actuarial solvency of the GSIS for the benefit of its members.

Issue:

Whether Congress may exempt the GSIS from the payment of legal fees.

Ruling:

NO. Rule 141 of the Rules of Court was promulgated by the Court in the exercise of its rule-making
powers under Sec. 5(5), Art. VIII of the Constitution. The Rules of Court is essentially procedural in nature as it
does not create, diminish, increase or modify substantive rights. Corollarily, Rule 141 is basically procedural. It does
not create or take away a right but simply operates as a means to implement an existing right. Thus, the payment of
legal fees under Rule 141 is an integral part of the rules promulgated by the Court and it is part of the rules
concerning pleading, practice and procedure in courts. Indeed, payment of legal fees is a jurisdictional requirement.
Thus, the rules on payment of legal fees cannot be validly annulled, changed or modified by Congress. As one of the
safeguards of the Court’s institutional independence, the rule-making power is now the Supreme Court’s exclusive
domain and is no longer shared by the Court with Congress and with the Executive.

The Court also held that Congress could not exempt GSIS from the payment of legal fees without
transgressing another equally important institutional safeguard of the Court’s independence fiscal autonomy, which
recognizes the power and authority of the Court to levy, assess and collect fees, including legal fees. Moreover, legal
fees have two basic components, the Judiciary Development Fund (JDF) and the Special Allowance for the Judiciary
Fund (SAJF), which guarantee the independence of the Judiciary. Thus, any exemption from the payment of legal
fees granted by Congress to government-owned or controlled corporations and local government units will
necessarily reduce the JDF and the SAJF. Undoubtedly, such situation is constitutionally infirm for it impairs the
Court’s guaranteed fiscal autonomy and fiscal independence.

FIRST LEPANTO CERAMICS, INC. v. THE COURT OF APPEALS and MARIWASA

MANUFACTURING, INC.
G.R. No. 110571, March 10, 1994, NOCON, J.

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Circular 1-91 effectively repealed or superseded Art. 82, EO No. 226 insofar as the manner and method of
enforcing the right to appeal from decisions of the BOI are concerned as these are procedural aspects which the
Supreme Court has the power to regulate by virtue of its rule-making power.

Facts:

The Board of Investments (BOI) granted First Lepanto’s application to amend its BOI certificate of
registration. Mariwasa Manufacturung opposed such decision and filed a petition for review with the CA pursuant to
Supreme Court Circular No. 1-91. The CA temporarily restrained the BOI from implementing its decision. First
Lepanto then filed a motion to dismiss petition and to lift restraining order on the ground that the CA has no
appellate jurisdiction over the BPI case, as the same is being exclusively vested with the Supreme Court pursuant to
Art. 82, EO No. 226 (Omnibus Investments Code of 1987). The CA denied the motion, prompting First Lepanto to
file a petition for certiorari and prohibition before the Supreme Court, arguing that BP Blg. 129 (Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980 and Circular 1-91, "Prescribing the Rules Governing Appeals to the Court of Appeals
from a Final Order or Decision of the Court of Tax Appeals and Quasi-Judicial Agencies" cannot be the basis of
Mariwasa's appeal to the CA because the procedure for appeal laid down therein runs contrary to Art. 82, E.O. 226,
which provides that appeals from decisions or orders of the BOI shall be filed directly with the Supreme Court.

Issue:

Whether EO No. 226 has been repealed or superseded by Circular No. 1-91.

Ruling:

YES. The right of appeal provided in EO No. 226 is clearly not in consonance with the current procedure
before the Court, since only decisions, orders or rulings of a Constitutional Commission may be brought to the
Supreme Court on petitions for certiorari under Rule 65 by the aggrieved party. Thus, the Court, pursuant to its rule-
making power under Sec. 5(5), Art. VIII of the 1987, and by way of implementing BP Blg. 129, issued Circular 1-91
prescribing the rules governing appeals to the CA from final orders or decisions of the CTA and quasi-judicial
agencies to eliminate unnecessary contradictions and confusing rules of procedure.

The argument that Art. 82, EO No. 226 cannot be validly repealed by Circular 1-91 because the former
grants a substantive right which, under the Constitution cannot be modified, diminished or increased by the Court in
the exercise of its rule-making powers is not entirely defensible as it seems. Such provision grants the right of appeal
from decisions or final orders of the BOI and in granting such right, it also provided where and in what manner such
appeal can be brought. These latter portions simply deal with procedural aspects which the Court has the power to
regulate by virtue of its constitutional rule-making powers.

FRANCISCO I. CHAVEZ v. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL, SEN. FRANCIS JOSEPH G. ESCUDERO
and REP. NIEL C. TUPAS, JR.
G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012, MENDOZA, J.

Allowing the Legislature to have more than one representative in the JBC negates the principle of equality
among the three branches of government which is enshrined in the Constitution.

Facts:

Pursuant to Sec. 8(1), Art. VIII of the 1987 Constitution, the Congress, from the moment of the creation of
the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), designated one representative to sit in the JBC to act as one of the ex officio
members. Perhaps in order to give equal opportunity to both houses to sit in the exclusive body, the House of
Representatives and the Senate would send alternate representatives to the JBC. In other words, Congress had only
one representative. In 1994, the composition of the JBC was substantially altered. Instead of having only seven
members, an eighth member was added to the JBC as two representatives from Congress began sitting in the JBC –
one from the House of Representatives and one from the Senate, with each having one-half of a vote. Then, in 2001,
the JBC En Banc decided to allow the representatives from the Senate and the House of Representatives one full
vote each. At present, Senator Escudero and Congressman Tupas simultaneously sit in the JBC as representatives of

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the legislature. Thus, arising from the unexpected departure of Chief Justice Renato Corona, former Solicitor
General Francisco Chavez was nominated and questioned this practice in the JBC.

Issue:

Whether or not this practice of the JBC is violative of the 1987 Constitution.

Ruling:

YES. First, Sec. 8(1), Art. VIII of the 1987 Constitution uses the singular letter "a" preceding
"representative of Congress" which is unequivocal and leaves no room for any other construction. It is indicative of
the intention of the Constitutional Commission that Congress may designate only one representative to the JBC.

Second, the purpose of the seven-member composition of the JBC is to provide a solution should there be a
stalemate in voting. This reason leads the Court to conclude that a single vote may not be divided into half, between
two representatives of Congress, or among any of the sitting members of the JBC for that matter. This practice can
possibly cause disorder and eventually muddle the JBC’s voting process. The purpose would then be rendered
illusory, defeating the precise mechanism which the Constitution itself created.

Lastly, the paramount justification of the Court is that "Congress," in the context of JBC representation,
should be considered as one body. It is evident that the definition of "Congress" as a bicameral body refers to its
primary function in government – to legislate.In the passage of laws, the Constitution is explicit in the distinction of
the role of each house in the process and in its non-legislative powers. An inter-play between the two houses is
necessary in the realization of these powers causing a vivid dichotomy that the Court cannot simply discount. Verily,
each house is constitutionally granted with powers and functions peculiar to its nature and with keen consideration
to 1) its relationship with the other chamber; and 2) in consonance with the principle of checks and balances, to the
other branches of government. This, however, cannot be said in the case of JBC representation because no
mechanism is required between the Senate and the House of Representatives in the screening and nomination of
judicial officers. Hence, the term "Congress" must be taken to mean the entirelegislative department. Therefore, the
practice of having more than one representative from the Congress in the JBC negates the principle of equality
among the three branches of government which is enshrined in the Constitution.

Note: In an En Banc decision (April 16, 2013 penned by J. Mendoza), the Court denied the OSG’s
motion for reconsideration on behalf of Sen. Escudero and Rep. Tupas.

FRANCIS H. JARDELEZAv. CHIEF JUSTICE MARIA LOURDES P. A. SERENO, THE JUDICIAL AND
BAR COUNCIL AND EXECUTIVE SECRETARY PAQUITO N. OCHOA, JR.
G.R. No. 213181, August 19, 2014, Mendoza, J.

As provided for by the 1987 Constitution, the Court has supervisory powers over the Judicial and Bar
Council (JBC). Verily, as a meaningful guidepost, jurisprudence provides the definition and scope of supervision. It
is the power of oversight, or the authority to see that subordinate officers perform their duties. It ensures that the
laws and the rules governing the conduct of a government entity are observed and complied with. Supervising
officials see to it that rules are followed, but they themselves do not lay down such rules, nor do they have the
discretion to modify or replace them. If the rules are not observed, they may order the work done or redone, but only
to conform to such rules. They may not prescribe their own manner of execution of the act. They have no discretion
on this matter except to see to it that the rules are followed.

Facts:

Due to the compulsory retirement of Associate Justice Abad, the JBC announced the opening for
application or recommendation for the said vacated position of Justice Abad. The JBC received a letter nominating
herein petitioner Jardeleza, incumbent Solicitor General of the Republic, for the said position. Upon acceptance of
the nomination, Jardeleza was included in the names of candidates, as well as in the schedule of public interviews.
Subsequently however, Jardeleza received telephone calls from Justice Aurora Santiago Lagman (Justice Lagman),
an incumbent member of the JBC, informing him that Chief Justice and JBC ex-officio Chairperson, Maria Lourdes
P.A. Sereno (Chief Justice Sereno), during the JBC meeting manifested that she is questioning the integrity of

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Jardeleza. As a consequence thereof, Jardeleza was directed to make himself available on June 30, 2014 before the
JBC wherein he would be informed of the objections to his integrity.

Meanwhile, Jardeleza filed a letter-petition with the SC with a prayer that it issue an order, in the exercise
of its constitutional power of supervision over the JBC, directing the latter to give him a written notice of the
specific charges against him and that the hearing on June 30, 2014 as well as the deliberation as to who will be the
nominees to the position vacated by Justice Abad be rescheduled to another date.

On June 30, 2014, both the hearing and the deliberation proceeded. Subsequently, the JBC issued a shortlist
naming therein the nominees for the position vacated by Justice Abad. Jardeleza was not included in the shortlist,
hence, the current petition.

Jardeleza filed the present petition for certiorari and mandamus seeking to compel the JBC to include him
in the list of nominees.

Issue:

Whether the Court can assume jurisdiction over the case.

Ruling:

YES. Section 8, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution provides for the creation of the JBC. The Court was
given supervisory authority over it. Section 8 reads: A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under the
supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice,
and a representative of the Congress as ex officio Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of
law, a retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the private sector.

As a meaningful guidepost, jurisprudence provides the definition and scope of supervision. It is the power
of oversight, or the authority to see that subordinate officers perform their duties. It ensures that the laws and the
rules governing the conduct of a government entity are observed and complied with. Supervising officials see to it
that rules are followed, but they themselves do not lay down such rules, nor do they have the discretion to modify or
replace them. If the rules are not observed, they may order the work done or redone, but only to conform to such
rules. They may not prescribe their own manner of execution of the act. They have no discretion on this matter
except to see to it that the rules are followed.

Based on this, the supervisory authority of the Court over the JBC covers the overseeing of compliance
with its rules. In this case, Jardeleza’s principal allegations in his petition merit the exercise of this supervisory
authority.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

FERDINAND R. VILLANUEVA, PRESIDING JUDGE, MCTC, COMPOSTELA-NEW BATAAN,

COMPOSTELA VALLEY PROVINCE v. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL
G.R. No. 211833, April 07, 2015, Reyes J.

JBC's ultimate goal is to recommend nominees and not simply to fill up judicial vacancies in order to
promote an effective and efficient administration of justice. Given this pragmatic situation, the JBC had to establish
a set of uniform criteria in order to ascertain whether an applicant meets the minimum constitutional qualifications
and possesses the qualities expected of him and his office. Thus, the adoption of the five-year requirement policy
applied by JBC to the petitioner's case is necessary and incidental to the function conferred by the Constitution to
the JBC.

Facts:

Ferdiand Villanueva (Villanueva) herein petitioner, is an MTC Judge who has been serving as such for a
period of one year and a half. Subsequently, Villanueva sought appointment as RTC Judge with the Judicial and Bar
Council. The JBC did not include Villanueva’s name in the list of candidates because the rules of the JBC require
that a judge of a first level court should rendered service for a minimum of five years before he may be considered

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and shortlisted for nomination as RTC judge. Villanueva assails the legality of the aforementioned rule imposed by
the JBC. Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether the five year service rule required upon first level court judges before they may be eligible and
shortlisted for RTC judgeship is valid

Ruling:

YES. As the constitutional body granted with the power of searching for, screening, and selecting
applicants relative to recommending appointees to the Judiciary, the JBC has the authority to determine how best to
perform such constitutional mandate. Pursuant to this authority, the JBC issues various policies setting forth the
guidelines to be observed in the evaluation of applicants, and formulates rules and guidelines in order to ensure that
the rules are updated to respond to existing circumstances. Its discretion is freed from legislative, executive or
judicial intervention to ensure that the JBC is shielded from any outside pressure and improper influence. Limiting
qualified applicants in this case to those judges with five years of experience was an exercise of discretion by the
JBC. The potential applicants, however, should have been informed of the requirements to the judicial positions, so
that they could properly prepare for and comply with them. Hence, unless there are good and compelling reasons to
do so, the Court will refrain from interfering with the exercise of JBC's powers, and will respect the initiative and
independence inherent in the latter.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

In the Matter of the Petitions for Admission to the Bar of Unsuccessful Candidates of 1946 to 1953; ALBINO
CUNANAN, ET AL.
94 Phil. 534, March 18, 1954, Diokno J.

Laws are unconstitutional on the following grounds: first, because they are not within the legislative
powers of Congress to enact, or Congress has exceeded its powers; second, because they create or establish
arbitrary methods or forms that infringe constitutional principles; and third, because their purposes or effects
violate the Constitution or its basic principles. As has already been seen, the contested law suffers from these fatal
defects.

Facts:

Sometime in 1953, Republic Act No. 972 (RA 972) or the “Bar Flunkers’ Act of 1953” was passed which in
essence sought to admit to the Bar, those candidates between the years 1946 up to 1953 who flunked the Bar
examinations. The reason for the law was that allegedly because of the recently concluded wars in the Philippines,
the flunkers suffered from insufficiency of reading materials and inadequate preparation.

Now, the constitutionality of RA 972 is being questioned, hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether or not RA 972 is unconstitutional

Ruling:

YES. By the disputed law, Congress has exceeded its legislative power to repeal, alter and supplement the
rules on admission to the Bar. Such additional or amendatory rules are, as they ought to be, intended to regulate acts
subsequent to its promulgation and should tend to improve and elevate the practice of law, and this Tribunal shall
consider these rules as minimum norms towards that end in the admission, suspension, disbarment and reinstatement
of lawyers to the Bar, inasmuch as a good bar assists immensely in the daily performance of judicial functions and is
essential to a worthy administration of justice. It is therefore the primary and inherent prerogative of the Supreme
Court to render the ultimate decision on who may be admitted and may continue in the practice of law according to
existing rules.

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CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

SIXTO S. BRILLANTES, JR. vs. HAYDEE B. YORAC, in her capacity as ACTING CHAIRPERSON of the
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990, Cruz J.

Article IX-A, Section 1, of the Constitution expressly describes all the Constitutional Commissions as
"independent." Although essentially executive in nature, they are not under the control of the President of the
Philippines in the discharge of their respective functions. Each of these Commissions conducts its own proceedings
under the applicable laws and its own rules and in the exercise of its own discretion.

Facts:

Sixto Brillantes Jr (Brillantes) herein petitioner assails the legality of the action of the President in
appointing Associate Commissioner Haydee Yorac (Yorac) as acting Chairman of the COMELEC when then
Chairman Hilario Davide was named chairman of the fact-finding commission to investigate a coup d’ etat attempt.

Sixto argues that the President has no authority to appoint an official of an independent commission created
by the Constitution such as the COMELEC and therefore such act is void for having been made outside the ambit of
law. Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether the action of the President in appointing Assoc. Comm. Yorac as Chairman of the COMELEC was
valid.

Ruling:

NO. The choice of a temporary chairman in the absence of the regular chairman comes under that
discretion. That discretion cannot be exercised for it, even with its consent, by the President of the Philippines.

A designation as Acting Chairman is by its very terms essentially temporary and therefore revocable at will.
No cause need be established to justify its revocation. Assuming its validity, the designation of the respondent as
Acting Chairman of the Commission on Elections may be withdrawn by the President of the Philippines at any time
and for whatever reason she sees fit. It is doubtful if the respondent, having accepted such designation, will not be
estopped from challenging its withdrawal.

It is true, as the Solicitor General points out, that the respondent cannot be removed at will from her
permanent position as Associate Commissioner. It is no less true, however, that she can be replaced as Acting
Chairman, with or without cause, and thus deprived of the powers and perquisites of that temporary position.

The lack of a statutory rule covering the situation at bar is no justification for the President of the
Philippines to fill the void by extending the temporary designation in favor of the respondent. This is still a
government of laws and not of men. The problem allegedly sought to be corrected, if it existed at all, did not call for
presidential action. The situation could have been handled by the members of the Commission on Elections
themselves without the participation of the President, however well-meaning.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

THELMA P. GAMINDE v. COMMISSION ON AUDIT and/or Hon. CELSO D. GANGAN, Hon. RAUL C.
FLORES and EMMANUEL M. DALMAN
G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000, Pardo J.

The operation of the rotational plan requires two conditions, both indispensable to its workability: (1) that
the terms of the first three (3) Commissioners should start on a common date, and, (2) that any vacancy due to
death, resignation or disability before the expiration of the term should only be filled only for the unexpired balance
of the term. Consequently, the terms of the first Chairmen and Commissioners of the Constitutional Commissions
under the 1987 Constitution must start on a common date, irrespective of the variations in the dates of appointments

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and qualifications of the appointees, in order that the expiration of the first terms of seven, five and three years
should lead to the regular recurrence of the two-year interval between the expiration of the terms.

Facts:

On June 11, 1993, the President appointed Thelma Gaminde (Gaminde) herein petitioner as ad interim
Commissioner of the Civil Service Commission (CSC). Verily, her appointment letter provides that her term would
expire on February 2, 1999 pursuant to provisions of existing law. Come February 24, 1998, Gaminde sought
clarification from the President as to the date of the end of her term in office. The Chief Presidential Legal Counsel
opined that Gaminde’s term of office would expire on February 2, 2000 and not on February 2, 1999. Thereafter,
Gaminde remained in office after February 2, 1999. Subsequently, the Commission on Audit (COA) questioned the
extension of Gaminde’s term. Since as per her appointment letter, Gaminde’s term of office should have been only
until February 2, 1999.

Issue:

Whether the term of Gaminde expired on February 2, 1999 as per her letter of appointment.

Ruling:

YES. The term of office of Gaminde expired on February 2, 1999. The term of office of the Chairman
and members of the Civil Service Commission is prescribed in the 1987 Constitution, as follows:

"Section 1 (2). The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent
of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, the
Chairman shall hold office for seven years, a Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner for three
years, without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the predecessor.
In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity."

In a string of cases, we said that "the operation of the rotational plan requires two conditions, both
indispensable to its workability: (1) that the terms of the first three (3) Commissioners should start on a common
date, and, (2) that any vacancy due to death, resignation or disability before the expiration of the term should only be
filled only for the unexpired balance of the term."

Consequently, the terms of the first Chairmen and Commissioners of the Constitutional Commissions under
the 1987 Constitution must start on a common date, irrespective of the variations in the dates of appointments and
qualifications of the appointees, in order that the expiration of the first terms of seven, five and three years should
lead to the regular recurrence of the two-year interval between the expiration of the terms.

On June 11, 1993, the President appointed Atty. Thelma P. Gaminde Commissioner, Civil Service
Commission, for a term expiring February 02, 1999. This terminal date is specified in her appointment paper. On
September 07, 1993, the Commission on Appointments confirmed the appointment. She accepted the appointment
and assumed office on June 22, 1993. She is bound by the term of the appointment she accepted, expiring February
02, 1999. In this connection, the letter dated April 07, 1998, of Deputy Executive Secretary Renato C. Corona
clarifying that her term would expire on February 02, 2000, was in error. What was submitted to the Commission on
Appointments was a nomination for a term expiring on February 02, 1999. Thus, the term of her successor must be
deemed to start on February 02, 1999, and expire on February 02, 2006.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

DENNIS A. B. FUNA v. THE CHAIRMAN, COMMISSION ON AUDIT, REYNALDO A. VILLAR

G.R. No. 192791, April 24, 2012, Velasco J.

Appointments to vacancies resulting from certain causes (death, resignation, disability or impeachment)
shall only be for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor, but such appointments cannot be less than the
unexpired portion as this will likewise disrupt the staggering of terms laid down under Sec. 1(2), Art. IX(D).

Facts:

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On February 15, 2001, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (President Macapagal-Arroyo) appointed
Guillermo N. Carague (Carague) as Chairman of the Commission on Audit (COA) for a term of seven (7) years.
Carague’s term of office started on February 2, 2001 to end on February 2, 2008.

Meanwhile, on February 7, 2004, President Macapagal-Arroyo appointed Reynaldo A. Villar (Villar) as the
third member of the COA for a term of seven (7) years starting February 2, 2004 until February 2, 2011.Following
the retirement of Carague on February 2, 2008 and during the fourth year of Villar as COA Commissioner, Villar
was designated as Acting Chairman of COA from February 4, 2008 to April 14, 2008. Subsequently, on April 18,
2008, Villar was nominated and appointed as Chairman of the COA. Shortly thereafter, on June 11, 2008, the
Commission on Appointments confirmed his appointment. He was to serve as Chairman of COA, as expressly
indicated in the appointment papers, until the expiration of the original term of his office as COA Commissioner or
on February 2, 2011.

Villar, insists that his appointment as COA Chairman accorded him a fresh term of seven (7) years which is
yet to lapse. He would argue, in fine, that his term of office, as such chairman, is up to February 2, 2015, or 7 years
reckoned from February 2, 2008 when he was appointed to that position.

Now, Dennis Funa (Funa) assails the constitutionality of Villar's appointment as Chairman of COA on the
ground that an appointee of a vacant office shall only serve the unexpired portion of the term of the vacated office.
Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether the appointment of Villars as Chairman was unconstitutional.

Ruling:

YES. The appointment of members of any of the three constitutional commissions, after the expiration of
the uneven terms of office of the first set of commissioners, shall always be for a fixed term of seven (7) years; an
appointment for a lesser period is void and unconstitutional. The appointing authority cannot validly shorten the full
term of seven (7) years in case of the expiration of the term as this will result in the distortion of the rotational
system prescribed by the Constitution. Appointments to vacancies resulting from certain causes (death, resignation,
disability or impeachment) shall only be for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor, but such
appointments cannot be less than the unexpired portion as this will likewise disrupt the staggering of terms laid
down under Sec. 1(2), Art. IX(D). Members of the Commission, e.g. COA, COMELEC or CSC, who were
appointed for a full term of seven years and who served the entire period, are barred from reappointment to any
position in the Commission. Corollary, the first appointees in the Commission under the Constitution are also
covered by the prohibition against reappointment. A commissioner who resigns after serving in the Commission for
less than seven years is eligible for an appointment to the position of Chairman for the unexpired portion of the term
of the departing chairman. Such appointment is not covered by the ban on reappointment, provided that the
aggregate period of the length of service as commissioner and the unexpired period of the term of the predecessor
will not exceed seven (7) years and provided further that the vacancy in the position of Chairman resulted from
death, resignation, disability or removal by impeachment. The Court clarifies that "reappointment" found in Sec.
1(2), Art. IX(D) means a movement to one and the same office (Commissioner to Commissioner or Chairman to
Chairman). On the other hand, an appointment involving a movement to a different position or office
(Commissioner to Chairman) would constitute a new appointment and, hence, not, in the strict legal sense, a
reappointment barred under the Constitution. Any member of the Commission cannot be appointed or designated in
a temporary or acting capacity.

Thus, Villar’s appointment as chairman ending February 2, 2011 which Justice Mendoza considers as valid
is likewise unconstitutional, as it will destroy the rationale and policy behind the rotational system or the staggering
of appointments and terms in COA as prescribed in the Constitution. It disturbs in a way the staggered rotational
system of appointment under Sec. 1(2), Art. IX(D) of the 1987 Constitution.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

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DENNIS A. B. FUNA v. THE CHAIRMAN, CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION (CSC), FRANCISCO T.
DUQUE III, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY LEANDRO R. MENDOZA, OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
G.R. No. 191672, November 25, 2014, Bersamin J.

Duque’s designation as member of the governing Boards of the GSIS, PHILHEALTH, ECC and HDMF
impairs the independence of the CSC. Under Section 17,Article VII of the Constitution, the President exercises
control over all government offices in the Executive Branch which includes the aforementioned agencies. Thus the
appointment of is unconstitutional.

Facts:

Pursuant to Executive Order No. 864 (EO 864) CSC Commissioner Francisco Duque III was appointed as
member of the Board of Trustees or Directors in an ex officio capacity of the GSIS, PhilHealth, the Employees
Compensation Commission (ECC) and the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF). Dennis Funa (Funa) assails
the constitutionality of EO 864 on the ground that it violates the independence of constitutionally created office of
the CSC since the aforementioned agencies are within the control and supervision of the President, thus subjecting
Duque under the control and supervision of the President. Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether EO 864 is unconstitutional.

Ruling:

YES. the President sits at the apex of the Executive branch, and exercises "control of all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices." There can be no instance under the Constitution where an officer of the
Executive branch is outside the control of the President. The Executive branch is unitary since there is only one
President vested with executive power exercising control over the entire Executive branch. Any office in the
Executive branch that is not under the control of the President is a lost command whose existence is without any
legal or constitutional basis.

As provided in their respective charters, PHILHEALTH and ECC have the status of a government
corporation and are deemed attached to the Department of Health45 and the Department of Labor,46 respectively.
On the other hand, the GSIS and HDMF fall under the Office of the President.47 The corporate powers of the GSIS,
PHILHEALTH, ECC and HDMF are exercised through their governing Boards, members of which are all appointed
by the President of the Philippines. Undoubtedly, the GSIS, PHILHEALTH, ECC and HDMF and the members of
their respective governing Boards are under the control of the President. As such, the CSC Chairman cannot be a
member of a government entity that is under the control of the President without impairing the independence vested
in the CSC by the 1987 Constitution.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

ATTY. ROMULO B. MACALINTAL vs. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, HON. ALBERTO ROMULO, in

his official capacity as Executive Secretary, and HON. EMILIA T. BONCODIN, Secretary of the Department
of Budget and Management
G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003, Austria-Martinez J.

The Court has no general powers of supervision over COMELEC which is an independent body except
those specifically granted by the Constitution, that is, to review its decisions, orders and rulings. In the same vein, it
is not correct to hold that because of its recognized extensive legislative power to enact election laws, Congress may
intrude into the independence of the COMELEC by exercising supervisory powers over its rule-making authority.

Facts:

Atty. Romulo Macalintal (Macalintal) herein petitioner, assails the constitutionality of some of the
provisions in Republic Act 9189 (RA 9189) or the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 on the ground that the
aforementioned provisions are in violation of the independence of the constitutionally created office – that is
COMELEC. Specifically, Macalintal assails the power of Congress through a Joint Congressional Oversight

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Committee (JCOC) to review, revise, amend and prove the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) for RA 9189
that the COMELEC shall promulgate. Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether the provisions authorizing the JCOC to review, revise, amend and approve the IRR of RA 9189 to
be issued by the COMELEC is valid.

Ruling:

NO. By vesting itself with the powers to approve, review, amend, and revise the IRR for The Overseas
Absentee Voting Act of 2003, Congress went beyond the scope of its constitutional authority. Congress trampled
upon the constitutional mandate of independence of the COMELEC. Under such a situation, the Court is left with no
option but to withdraw from its usual reticence in declaring a provision of law unconstitutional.

The second sentence of the first paragraph of Section 19 stating that [t]he Implementing Rules and
Regulations shall be submitted to the Joint Congressional Oversight Committee created by virtue of this Act for
prior approval, and the second sentence of the second paragraph of Section 25 stating that [i]t shall review, revise,
amend and approve the Implementing Rules and Regulations promulgated by the Commission, whereby Congress,
in both provisions, arrogates unto itself a function not specifically vested by the Constitution, should be stricken out
of the subject statute for constitutional infirmity. Both provisions brazenly violate the mandate on the independence
of the COMELEC.

Similarly, the phrase, subject to the approval of the Congressional Oversight Committee in the first
sentence of Section 17.1 which empowers the Commission to authorize voting by mail in not more than three
countries for the May, 2004 elections; and the phrase, only upon review and approval of the Joint Congressional
Oversight Committee found in the second paragraph of the same section are unconstitutional as they require review
and approval of voting by mail in any country after the 2004 elections. Congress may not confer upon itself the
authority to approve or disapprove the countries wherein voting by mail shall be allowed, as determined by the
COMELEC pursuant to the conditions provided for in Section 17.1 of R.A. No. 9189. Otherwise, Congress would
overstep the bounds of its constitutional mandate and intrude into the independence of the COMELEC.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Civil Service Commission (CSC) v Department of Budget and Management (DBM)

G.R. No. 158791, July 22, 2005, Carpio-Morales J.

That the no report, no release policy may not be validly enforced against offices vested with fiscal
autonomy is not disputed. Indeed, such policy cannot be enforced against offices possessing fiscal autonomy without
violating Article IX (A), Section 5 of the Constitution which provides: Sec. 5. The Commission shall enjoy fiscal
autonomy. Their approved appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.

Facts:

The CSC herein petitioner, seeks to compel the DBM herein respondent, to release the balance of its budget
pursuant to the General Appropriations Act (GAA) for the fiscal year 2002. Verily, the balance in favor of CSC was
intentionally withheld by DBM on the basis of DBM’s no report, no release policy whereby allocations for agencies
are withheld pending their submission of certain documents which CSC allegedly failed to undertake. On its part the
CSC contends that the application of the no report, no release policy upon an independent constitutional body such
as the CSC is a violation of its fiscal autonomy and is therefore void. Hence this petition.

Issue:

Whether the DBM can validly withhold the appropriated balance of funds against the CSC

Ruling:

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NO. By parity of construction, automatic release of approved annual appropriations to petitioner, a
constitutional commission which is vested with fiscal autonomy, should thus be construed to mean that no condition
to fund releases to it may be imposed.

If respondent’s theory were adopted, then the constitutional mandate to automatically and regularly release
approved appropriations would be suspended every year, or even every month that there is a shortfall in revenues,
thereby emasculating to a significant degree, if not rendering insignificant altogether, such mandate.

Furthermore, the Constitution grants the enjoyment of fiscal autonomy only to the Judiciary, the
Constitutional Commissions of which petitioner is one, and the Ombudsman. To hold that petitioner may be
subjected to withholding or reduction of funds in the event of a revenue shortfall would, to that extent, place
petitioner and the other entities vested with fiscal autonomy on equal footing with all others which are not granted
the same autonomy, thereby reducing to naught the distinction established by the Constitution.

The agencies which the Constitution has vested with fiscal autonomy should thus be given priority in the
release of their approved appropriations over all other agencies not similarly vested when there is a revenue
shortfall.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

ERLINDA P. MERAM v. FILIPINA V. EDRALIN, THE MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND

THE PRESIDENTIAL ASSISTANT FOR LEGAL AFFAIRS
G.R. No. 71228, September 24, 1987, GUTIERREZ, JR., J.

Civil service laws are not enacted to penalize anyone. They are designed to eradicate the system of
appointment to public office based on political considerations and to eliminate as far as practicable the element of
partisanship and personal favoritism in making appointments. These laws intend to establish a merit system of
fitness and efficiency as the basis of appointment; to secure more competent employees, and thereby promote better
government.

Facts:

Private respondent Filipino V. Edralin (Edralin) was proposed to be appointed to the position of
Administrative Officer V. Alleging that they are the next-in rank to the position of Administrative Officer V, thus,
much more entitled to be appointed to the said position, petitioner ErlindaMeram (Erlinda) and Hermocio M.
Agravio (Agravio), filed their protests against the proposal. Meanwhile, respondent Minister of Natural Resources
(Minister) appointed Edralin to the position of Administrative Officer V. The Civil Service Commission (CSC)
approved the appointment of Edralin but noted that it was still subject to the outcome of the protests of Erlinda and
Agravio.S ubsequently, the Minister issued a decision dismissing the protests of Erlinda and Agravio. On appeal,
however, by Agravio, the Merits Systems Board (MSB)reversed the decision of the Minister and directed the
Minister to appoint Agravio to the contested position instead of Edralin. Both the Erlinda and Edralin filed motions
for reconsideration. The MSB promulgated another decision modifying the earlier one and appointed Erlinda.
Edralin appealed with the CSC, but the same was denied.

Subsequently, Edralin filed a letter-petition with the Office of the President. In her petition, Edralin argued
that it is the Office of the President that has jurisdiction over an appeal from the decision of the Ministry head and
not the MSB nor the CSC. Acting favourably on the letter-petition of Edralin, the Office of the President issued a
decision affirming the decision of the Minister dismissing the protests of Erlinda and Agravio. Hence, this petition.

Issue:

Whether the Office of the President acted correctly in taking cognizance of respondent's letter-petition, and
passing upon the same, and thereafter, setting aside the decisions of the Merit Systems Board and the Civil Service
Commission.

Ruling:

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NO. P.D. No. 1409, Section 5(2) provides: Sec. 5. Powers and Functions of the Board. — The Board shall
have the following functions, among others: (2) Hear and decide cases brought before it by officers and employees
who feel aggrieved by the determination of appointing authorities involving appointment, promotion, transfer, detail
reassignment and other personnel actions, as well as complaints against any officers in the government arising from
abuses arising from personnel actions of these officers or from violations of the merit system."

In connection with this power of the MSB, Section 8 of this decree also provides: Sec. 8. Relationship with
the Civil Service Commission. — Decisions of the Board involving the removal of officers and employees from the
service shall be subject to automatic review by the Commission. The Commission shall likewise hear and decide
appeals from other decisions of the Board, provided that the decisions of the Commission shall be subject to review
only by the Courts.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

EDUARDO DE LOS SANTOS v. GIL R. MALLARE, LUIS P. TORRES

G.R. No.L-3881, August 31, 1950, Tuason, J.

Three specified classes of positions — policy-determining, primarily confidential and highly technical —
are excluded from the merit system and dismissal at pleasure of officers and employees appointed therein is allowed
by the Constitution.

Facts:

Eduardo de los Santos, the petitioner, was appointed City Engineer of Baguio, by the President,
appointment which was confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. Subsequently, Gil R. Mallare was extended
an ad interim appointment by the President to the same position, after which, the Undersecretary of the Department
of Public Works and Communications directed Santos to report to the Bureau of Public Works for another
assignment. Santos refused to vacate the office, and when the City Mayor and the other officials named as Mallare's
co-defendants ignored him and paid Mallare the salary corresponding to the position, he commenced these
proceedings.

Issue:

Whether Petitioner’s removal from office is legal.

Ruling:

NO. The office of city engineer is neither primarily confidential, policy-determining, nor highly technical.
Every appointment implies confidence, but much more than ordinary confidence is reposed in the occupant of a
position that is primarily confidential. The latter phrase denotes not only confidence in the aptitude of the appointee
for the duties of the office but primarily close intimacy which insures freedom of intercourse without embarrassment
or freedom from misgivings of betrayals of personal trust or confidential matters of state. Nor is the position of city
engineer policy-determining. A city engineer does not formulate a method of action for the government or any its
subdivisions. His job is to execute policy, not to make it. Finally, the position of city engineer is technical but not
highly so. A city engineer is not required nor is he supposed to possess a technical skill or training in the supreme or
superior degree, which is the sense in which "highly technical" is employed in the Constitution.

THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMARINES NORTEv. BEATRIZ O. GONZALES

G.R. No. 185740, July 23, 2013, Brion, J.

The nature of a position may change by law according to the dictates of Congress. The right to hold a
position, on the other hand, is a right that enjoys constitutional and statutory guarantee, but may itself change
according to the nature of the position. For purposes of determining whether Gonzales’ termination violated her
right to security of tenure, the nature of the position she occupied at the time of her removal should be considered,
and not merely the nature of her appointment at the time she entered government service.

Facts:

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Gonzales was appointed as the provincial administrator of the Province of Camarines Norte on a permanent
capacity by then Governor Roy A. Padilla, Jr. Years after, he was dismissed by Governor Pimentel. Gonzales
appealed Governor Pimentel’s decision to the Civil Service Commission which held him guilty of insubordination
and suspending her for six months. Governor Pimentel reinstated Gonzales as provincial administrator but
terminated her services the next day for lack of confidence. He then wrote a letterto the CSC regarding his dismissal
for lack of confidence. The CSC, in its response, held that the conversion of the provincial administrator position
from a career to a non-career service should not jeopardize Gonzales’ security of tenure guaranteed to her by the
Constitution. As a permanent appointee, Gonzales may only be removed for cause, after due notice and hearing.
Loss of trust and confidence is not among the grounds for a permanent appointee’s dismissal or discipline under
existing laws.

Issue:

Whether Gonzales has security of tenure over her position as provincial administrator which was converted
from career to a non-career service.

Ruling:

NO. Congress has the power and prerogative to introduce substantial changes in the provincial
administrator position and to reclassify it as a primarily confidential, non-career service position. Flowing from the
legislative power to create public offices is the power to abolish and modify them to meet the demands of society;
Congress can change the qualifications for and shorten the term of existing statutory offices. When done in good
faith, these acts would not violate a public officer’s security of tenure, even if they result in his removal from office
or the shortening of his term. Modifications in public office, such as changes in qualifications or shortening of its
tenure, are made in good faith so long as they are aimed at the office and not at the incumbent.
In the case, Congress, through RA 7160, did not abolish the provincial administrator position but
significantly modified many of its aspects. It is now a primarily confidential position under the non-career service
tranche of the civil service. This change could not have been aimed at prejudicing Gonzales, as she was not the only
provincial administrator incumbent at the time RA 7160 was enacted. Rather, this change was part of the reform
measures that RA 7160 introduced to further empower local governments and decentralize the delivery of public
service.

PHILIPPINE AMUSEMENT AND GAMING CORPORATION v. MARITA A. ANGARA

G.R. NO.142937, November 15, 2005, Austria-Martinez, J.

Justice Regalado’s incisive discourse yields three (3) important points: first, the classification of a
particular position as primarily confidential, policy-determining or highly technical amounts to no more than an
executive or legislative declaration that is not conclusive upon the courts, the true test being the nature of the
position. Second, whether primarily confidential, policy-determining or highly technical, the exemption provided in
the Charter pertains to exemption from competitive examination to determine merit and fitness to enter the civil
service. Such employees are still protected by the mantle of security of tenure. Last, and more to the point, Section
16 of P.D. 1869, insofar as it declares all positions within PAGCOR as primarily confidential, is not absolutely
binding on the courts.

Facts:

Respondents Beatriz T. La Victoria (La Victoria) and Marita A. Angara (Angara) were Slot Machine
Roving Token Attendants (SMRTAs) of petitioner Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)
assigned at its casino in Davao City. Eventually, they were dismissed by the PAGCOR Board of Directors for loss of
trust and confidence. Respondents filed a motion for reconsideration but their motion was denied. They, then, filed
their appeal memorandum with the Civil Service Commission (CSC) which ruled in their favor; hence, the case.

Issue:

Whether respondents hold confidential positions whose removal from the service can be justified through
loss of trust and confidence.

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Ruling:

NO. From the nature of respondents’ functions, their organizational ranking, and their compensation level,
it is obviously beyond debate that respondents, occupying one of the lowest ranks in petitioner, cannot be considered
confidential employees. Their job description spells out their routinary functions.

Petitioner, therefore, cannot justify respondents’ dismissal on loss of trust and confidence since the latter
are not confidential employees. Being regular employees that enjoy security of tenure, respondents can only be
dismissed for just cause and with due process, notice and hearing. Petitioner cannot, in the alternative, allege that
respondents are being dismissed for dishonesty since petitioner’s thesis, in its motion for reconsideration in the CSC
and petition before the CA, has always been that respondents, as confidential employees, can be dismissed for loss
of trust and confidence. Besides, dishonesty is not the reason for which they were dismissed per the letter of
dismissal of July 23, 1997, but for loss of trust and confidence.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION v. NITA P. JAVIER

G.R. No. 173264, February 22, 2008, Austria-Martinez, J.

Presently, it is still the rule that executive and legislative identification or classification of primarily
confidential, policy-determining or highly technical positions in government is no more than mere declarations, and
does not foreclose judicial review, especially in the event of conflict. Far from what is merely declared by executive
or legislative fiat, it is the nature of the position which finally determines whether it is primarily confidential, policy
determining or highly technical, and no department in government is better qualified to make such an ultimate
finding than the judicial branch.

Facts:

Respondent Javier was first employed as Private Secretary in the GSIS on a "confidential" and permanent
status. She spent her entire career with GSIS. Before her 64th birthday, respondent opted for early retirement but
GSIS President Winston F. Garcia, with the approval of the Board of Trustees, reappointed respondent as Corporate
Secretary, the same position she left and retired from barely a year earlier. Respondent was 64 years old at the time
of her reappointment. In its Resolution, the Board of Trustees classified her appointment as "confidential in nature
and the tenure of office is at the pleasure of the Board.” Subsequently, petitioner issued a resolution, invalidating the
reappointment of respondent as Corporate Secretary, on the ground that the position is a permanent, career position
and not primarily confidential; thus she cannot be reappointed for being at the age of retirement. They may reappoint
her even she is beyond the retirement age but only if the position is primarily confidential position but the CSC, in
its resolution, held that the position occupied by respondent is a career position.

Issue:

Whether the courts may determine the proper classification of a position in government.

Ruling:

YES. Jurisprudence establishes that the Court is not bound by the classification of positions in the civil
service made by the legislative or executive branches, or even by a constitutional body like the petitioner. The Court
is expected to make its own determination as to the nature of a particular position, such as whether it is a primarily
confidential position or not, without being bound by prior classifications made by other bodies. The findings of the
other branches of government are merely considered initial and not conclusive to the Court. Moreover, it is well-
established that in case the findings of various agencies of government, such as the petitioner and the CA in the
instant case, are in conflict, the Court must exercise its constitutional role as final arbiter of all justiciable
controversies and disputes.

HON. RICARDO T. GLORIAv. HON. COURT OF APPEALS AND DR. BIENVENIDO A. ICASIANO
G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000, Purisima, J.

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While a temporary transfer or assignment of personnel is permissible even without the employees prior
consent, it cannot be done when the transfer is a preliminary step toward his removal, or is a scheme to lure him
away from his permanent position, or designed to indirectly terminate his service, or force his resignation. Such a
transfer would in effect circumvent the provision which safeguards the tenure of office of those who are in the Civil
Service.

Facts:

Private respondent Icasiano was appointed Schools Division Superintendent, Division of City Schools,
Quezon City, by the then President Corazon C. Aquino. Subsequently, Respondent Secretary Gloria recommended to
the President of the Philippines that the petitioner be reassigned as Superintendent of the MIST (Marikina Institute
of Science and Technology), to fill up the vacuum created by the retirement of its Superintendent; which
recommendation was approved by the President. When Private Respondent learned of such reassignment, he
requested respondent Secretary Gloria to reconsider the reassignment, but the latter denied the request. The
petitioner prepared a letter to the President of the Philippines asking for a reconsideration of his reassignment.
However, he subsequently changed his mind and refrained from filing the letter with the Office of President.

Issue:

Whether the reassignment of private respondent from School Division Superintendent of Quezon City to
Vocational School Superintendent of MIST is violative of his security of tenure.

Ruling:

YES. It appears that the reassignment of private respondent to MIST appears to be indefinite. The same can
be inferred from the Memorandum of Secretary Gloria for President Fidel V. Ramos to the effect that the
reassignment of private respondent will "best fit his qualifications and experience" being "an expert in vocational
and technical education." It can thus be gleaned that subject reassignment is more than temporary as the private
respondent has been described as fit for the (reassigned) job, being an expert in the field. Besides, there is nothing in
the said Memorandum to show that the reassignment of private respondent is temporary or would only last until a
permanent replacement is found as no period is specified or fixed; which fact evinces an intention on the part of
petitioners to reassign private respondent with no definite period or duration. Such feature of the reassignment in
question is definitely violative of the security of tenure of the private respondent.

CESAR Z. DARIOv. HON. SALVADOR M. MISON, HON. VICENTE JAYME

G.R. No. 81954, August 8, 1989, Sarmiento, J.

The present organic act requires that removals "not for cause" must be as a result of reorganization. As we
observed, the Constitution does not provide for "automatic" vacancies. It must also pass the test of good faith. As a
general rule, a reorganization is carried out in "good faith" if it is for the purpose of economy or to make
bureaucracy more efficient. In that event, no dismissal (in case of a dismissal) or separation actually occurs because
the position itself ceases to exist. Be that as it may, if the "abolition," which is nothing else but a separation or
removal, is done for political reasons or purposely to defeat security of tenure, or otherwise not in good faith, no
valid "abolition" takes place and whatever "abolition" is done, is void ab initio. There is an invalid "abolition" as
where there is merely a change of nomenclature of positions, or where claims of economy are belied by the existence
of ample funds.

Facts:

President Corazon Aquino promulgated Proclamation No. 3 providing for an orderly transition to a
government under a new constitution. Subsequently, the President promulgated an executive order providing for the
reorganization of the Bureau of Customs (BOC) and prescribing a new staffing patter. During the said period, the
Filipino people adopted the new constitution. The problem arose when incumbent Commissioner of Customs
Salvador Mison issued a Memorandum prescribing the procedure in personnel placement. On the same date,
Commissioner Mison constituted a Reorganization Appeals Board charged with adjudicating appeals from removals
under the above Memorandum which issued notices to the petitioners for their separation. A total of 394 officials
and employees of the BOC were given individual notices of separation. A number supposedly sought reinstatement

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with the Reorganization Appeals Board while others went to the Civil Service Commission (CSC). The first thirty-
one mentioned above came directly to the SC. The petitions under the CSC where granted ordering the reinstatement
of the employees. All the petitions were consolidated in this case.

Issue:

Whether Commissioner Mison acted in good faith in issuing the notices of separation.

Ruling:

NO. The Court finds that Commissioner Mison did not act in good faith since after February 2, 1987 no
perceptible restructuring of the Customs hierarchy - except for the change of personnel - has occurred, which would
have justified the contested dismissals. There is also no showing that legitimate structural changes have been made
or a reorganization actually undertaken at the Bureau since Commissioner Mison assumed office, which would have
validly prompted him to hire and fire employees. The records indeed show that Commissioner Mison separated
about 394 Customs personnel but replaced them with 522 as of August 18, 1988. This betrays a clear intent to
"pack" the Bureau of Customs. He did so, furthermore, in defiance of the President's directive to halt further layoffs
as a consequence of reorganization. Finally, he was aware that layoffs should observe the procedure laid down by
Executive Order No. 17.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION v. PEDRO O. DACOYCOY

G.R. No. 135805, April 29, 1999, Pardo, J.

Under the definition of nepotism, one is guilty of nepotism if an appointment is issued in favor of a relative
within the third civil degree of consanguinity or affinity of any of the following: a) appointing authority;
b) recommending authority; c) chief of the bureau or office, and d) person exercising immediate supervision over the
appointee. To constitute a violation of the law, it suffices that an appointment is extended or issued in favor of a
relative within the third civil degree of consanguinity or affinity of the chief of the bureau or office, or the person
exercising immediate supervision over the appointee.

Facts:

Respondent was found guilty for nepotism on two counts by the Civil Service Commission (CSC) as a
result of the appointment of his two sons, Rito and Ped Dacoycoy, as driver and utility worker, respectively, and
their assignment under his immediate supervision and control as the Vocational School Administrator Balicuatro
College of Arts and Trades, and imposed on him the penalty of dismissal from the service. On appeal, the CA
reversed the decision of the CSC ruling that respondent did not appoint or recommend his two sons Rito and Ped,
and, hence, was not guilty of nepotism.

Issue:

Whether respondent is guilty for nepotism.

Ruling:

YES. Respondent Dacoycoy is the Vocational School Administrator, Balicuatro College of Arts and Trades,
Allen, Northern Samar. It is true that he did not appoint or recommend his two sons to the positions of driver and
utility worker in the Balicuatro College of Arts and Trades. In fact, it was Mr. Jaime Daclag, Head of the Vocational
Department of the BCAT, who recommended the appointment of Rito. Mr. Daclag's authority to recommend the
appointment of first level positions such as watchmen, security guards, drivers, utility workers, and casuals and
emergency laborers for short durations of three to six months was recommended by respondent Dacoycoy and
approved by DECS Regional Director Eladio C. Dioko, with the provision that such positions shall be under Mr.
Daclags immediate supervision. On July 1, 1992, Atty. Victorino B. Tirol II, Director III, DECS Regional Office
VIII, Palo, Leyte, appointed Rito Dacoycoy driver of the school. On January 3, 1993, Mr. Daclag also appointed Ped
Dacoycoy casual utility worker. However, it was respondent Dacoycoy who certified that funds are available for the
proposed appointment of Rito Dacoycoy and even rated his performance as very satisfactory. On the other hand, his
son Ped stated in his position description form that his father was his next higher supervisor. The circumvention of

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the ban on nepotism is quite obvious. Unquestionably, Mr. Daclag was a subordinate of respondent Pedro O.
Dacoycoy, who was the school administrator. He authorized Mr. Daclag to recommend the appointment of first level
employees under his immediate supervision. Then Mr. Daclag recommended the appointment of respondents two
sons and placed them under respondents immediate supervision serving as driver and utility worker of the
school. Both positions are career positions.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION v. MARICELLE M. CORTES

G.R. No. 200103, April 23, 2014, ABAD, J.

Nepotism is defined as an appointment issued in favor of a relative within the third civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity of any of the following: (1) appointing authority; (2) recommending authority; (3) chief of
the bureau or office; and (4) person exercising immediate supervision over the appointee. By way of exception, the
following shall not be covered by the prohibition: (1) persons employed in a confidential capacity; (2) teachers; (3)
physicians; and (4) members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Facts:

Respondent Cortes was appointed by the Commission En Banc of the Commission on Human Rights
(CHR) to the position of Information Officer V (IO V). Commissioner Eligio P. Mallari, father of respondent Cortes,
abstained from voting and requested the CHR to render an opinion on the legality of the respondent's appointment.
The opinion given by the CSC is that the appointment is not valid because it is covered by the rule on nepotism
under Section 9 of the Revised Omnibus Rules on Appointments and Other Personnel Actions. According to the
CSC-NCR, Commissioner Mallari is considered an appointing authority with respect to respondent Cortes despite
being a mere member of the Commission En Banc. On appeal, the CA granted the petition.

Issue:

Whether the CA erred when it ruled that the appointment of respondent Cortes as IO V in the CHR is not
covered by the prohibition against nepotism.

Ruling:

YES. It is undisputed that respondent Cortes is a relative of Commissioner Mallari in the first degree of
consanguinity, as in fact Cortes is the daughter of Commissioner Mallari. In the present case, however, the
appointment of respondent Cortes as IO V in the CHR does not fall to any of the exemptions provided by law.
Moreover, basic rule in statutory construction is the legal maxim that "we must interpret not by the letter that killeth,
but by the spirit that giveth life." To rule that the prohibition applies only to the Commission, and not to the
individual members who compose it, will render the prohibition meaningless. Apparently, the Commission En Banc,
which is a body created by fiction of law, can never have relatives to speak of.

LUCIANO VELOSOv. COMMISSION ON AUDIT

G.R. No. 193677, September 6, 2011, Peralta, J.

IRR of RA 7160 reproduced the Constitutional provision that "no elective or appointive local official or
employee shall receive additional, double, or indirect compensation, unless specifically authorized by law, nor
accept without the consent of the Congress, any present, emoluments, office, or title of any kind from any foreign
government." Section 325 of the law limit the total appropriations for personal services37 of a local government unit
to not more than 45% of its total annual income from regular sources realized in the next preceding fiscal year.

Facts:

The City Council of Manila enacted an ordinance Authorizing the Conferment of Exemplary Public Service
Award to Elective Local Officials of Manila Who Have Been Elected for Three (3) Consecutive Terms in the Same
Position. However, Atty. Espina, Supervising Auditor of the City of Manila, observed that the monetary award is
tantamount to double compensation in contravention to Article 170 (c) of the IRR of RA 716 which provides that no

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elective or appointive local official shall receive additional, double or indirect compensation unless specifically
authorized by law.

Issue:

Whether the conferment of exemplary public service award to Elective Local officials are considered
double compensation.

Ruling:

YES. The recomputation of the award disclosed that it is equivalent to the total compensation received by
each awardee for nine years that includes basic salary, additional compensation, Personnel Economic Relief
Allowance, representation and transportation allowance, rice allowance, financial assistance, clothing allowance,
13th month pay and cash gift. This is not disputed by petitioners. There is nothing wrong with the local government
granting additional benefits to the officials and employees. The laws even encourage the granting of incentive
benefits aimed at improving the services of these employees. Considering, however, that the payment of these
benefits constitute disbursement of public funds, it must not contravene the law on disbursement of public funds.
Undoubtedly, the above computation of the awardees' reward is excessive and tantamount to double and additional
compensation. This cannot be justified by the mere fact that the awardees have been elected for three (3) consecutive
terms in the same position. Neither can it be justified that the reward is given as a gratuity at the end of the last term
of the qualified elective official. The fact remains that the remuneration is equivalent to everything that the awardees
received during the entire period that he served as such official. Indirectly, their salaries and benefits are doubled,
only that they receive half of them at the end of their last term.

CONRADO L. DE RAMAv. THE COURT OF APPEALS

G.R. No. 131136, February 28, 2001, Ynares-Santiago, J.

The prohibition under Article VII, section 15 of the 1987 Constitution applies only to presidential
appointments. In truth and in fact, there is no law that prohibits local elective officials from making appointments
during the last days of his or her tenure.

Facts:

Petitioner de Rama is seeking for the recall of the appointments of fourteen (14) municipal employees
alleging that the appointments of the said employees were "midnight" appointments of the former mayor, Ma.
Evelyn S. Abeja, done in violation of Article VII, Section 15 of the 1987 Constitution. The CSC denied the request
for the recall of the appointments of the fourteen employees for lack of merit. The CA upheld CSC’s decision;
hence, the case.

Issue:

Whether the CA erred in finding that the CSC was correct in not upholding the Petitioner’s recall of the
appointments of private respondent.

Ruling:

NO. The records reveal that when the petitioner brought the matter of recalling the appointments of the
fourteen (14) private respondents before the CSC, the only reason he cited to justify his action was that these were
"midnight appointments" that are forbidden under Article VII, Section 15 of the Constitution. However, the CSC
ruled, and correctly so, that the said prohibition applies only to presidential appointments. In truth and in fact, there
is no law that prohibits local elective officials from making appointments during the last days of his or her tenure.

COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

RENATO CAYETANO v. CHRISTIAN MONSOD, HON. JOVITO R. SALONGA, COMMISSION ON

APPOINTMENT, and HON. GUILLERMO CARAGUE, in his capacity as Secretary of Budget and
Management

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G.R. No. 100113, September 3, 1991, PARAS, J.

Practice of law means any activity, in or out of court, which requires the application of law, legal
procedure, knowledge, training and experience. "To engage in the practice of law is to perform those acts which are
characteristics of the profession. Generally, to practice law is to give notice or render any kind of service, which
device or service requires the use in any degree of legal knowledge or skill."

Facts:

Christian Monsod was nominated by President Corazon C. Aquino to the position of Chairman of the
COMELEC in a letter received by the Secretariat of the Commission on Appointments on April 25, 1991. Renato
Cayetano opposed the nomination because allegedly Monsod does not possess the required qualification of having
been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years as required under Section 1 (1), Article IX-C of the 1987
Constitution. Commission on Appointments confirmed the nomination of Monsod as Chairman of the COMELEC
and he took his oath of office. On the same day, he assumed office as Chairman of the COMELEC. Renato Cayetano
challenged the validity of the confirmation by the Commission on Appointments of Monsod's nomination and filed
the instant petition for certiorari and Prohibition praying that said confirmation and the consequent appointment of
Monsod as Chairman of the Commission on Elections be declared null and void.

Issue:

Whether there was a valid nomination and confirmation of appointment of Monsod as he satisfied the ten
year practice of law requirement.

Ruling:

YES. Practice of law means any activity, in or out of court, which requires the application of law, legal
procedure, knowledge, training and experience. "To engage in the practice of law is to perform those acts which are
characteristics of the profession. Generally, to practice law is to give notice or render any kind of service, which
device or service requires the use in any degree of legal knowledge or skill." (111 ALR 23)

Interpreted in the light of the various definitions of the term Practice of law". particularly the modern
concept of law practice, and taking into consideration the liberal construction intended by the framers of the
Constitution, Atty. Monsod's past work experiences as a lawyer-economist, a lawyer-manager, a lawyer-entrepreneur
of industry, a lawyer-negotiator of contracts, and a lawyer-legislator of both the rich and the poor — verily more
than satisfy the constitutional requirement — that he has been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.

LABAN NG DEMOKRATIKONG PILIPINO, REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN EDGARDO J.

ANGARA V. THE COMMISION ON ELECTIONS AND AGAPITO A. AQUINO
G.R. No. 161265, February 24, 2004,TINGA, J.

COMELEC is empowered to register political parties [Sec. 2(5), Article IX-C.] Necessarily, the power to
act on behalf of a party and the responsibility for the acts of such political party must be fixed in certain persons
acting as its officers. In the exercise of the power to register political parties, the COMELEC must determine who
these officers are. Consequently, if there is any controversy as to leadership, the COMELEC may, in a proper case
brought before it, resolve the issue incidental to its power to register political parties.

Facts:

General Counsel of the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) political party, manifested to the
COMELEC that only the Party Chairman, Senator Edgardo J. Angara, or his authorized representative may endorse
the certificate of candidacy of the party’s official candidates. It further stated that Sen. Angara had placed the LDP
Secretary General, Representative Agapito A. Aquino, on “indefinite forced leave.” In the meantime, Ambassador
Enrique A. Zaldivar was designated Acting Secretary General. Rep. Aquino filed his Comment, contending that the
Party Chairman does not have the authority to impose disciplinary sanctions on the Secretary General. The
COMELEC resolved that the chairman and the secretary general should share the authority to nominate certain
number of nominations of LDP’s candidates. Sen. Angara filed a petition for certiorari.

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Issues:

1. Whether the COMELEC has jurisdiction to decide who is authorized to nominate candidates for a
political party.
2. Whether the Party Chairman has the authority to sign certificates of candidacy of the official candidates
of the political party.

Ruling:

1. YES. In Palmares v. Commission on Elections, to which the assailed Resolution made reference and
which involved the Nacionalista Party, this Court ruled… that the COMELEC has jurisdiction over the
issue of leadership in a political party. Under the Constitution, the COMELEC is empowered to register
political parties [Sec. 2(5), Article IX-C.] Necessarily, the power to act on behalf of a party and the
responsibility for the acts of such political party must be fixed in certain persons acting as its officers. In
the exercise of the power to register political parties, the COMELEC must determine who these officers
are. Consequently, if there is any controversy as to leadership, the COMELEC may, in a proper case
brought before it, resolve the issue incidental to its power to register political parties.

2. YES. The LDP has a set of national officers composed of, among others, the Party Chairman and the
Secretary General. The Party Chairman is the Chief Executive Officer of the Party, whose powers and
functions include:

(1) To represent the Party in all external affairs and concerns, sign documents for and on its behalf, and call the
meetings and be the presiding officer of the National Congress and the National Executive Council…

The Secretary General, on the other hand, assists the Party Chairman in overseeing the day-to-day
operations of the Party. Among his powers and functions is:

(1) When empowered by the Party Chairman, to sign documents for and on behalf of the Party….

The Secretary General’s authority to sign documents, therefore, is only a delegated power, which originally
pertains to the Party Chairman.

Assuming that Rep. Aquino previously had such authority, this Court cannot share the COMELEC’s
finding that the same “has not been revoked or recalled.” No revocation of such authority can be more explicit than
the totality of Sen. Angara’s Manifestations and Petition before the COMELEC, through which he informed the
Commission that Rep. Aquino’s had been placed on indefinite forced leave and that Ambassador Zaldivar has been
designated Acting Secretary General, who “shall henceforth exercise all the powers and functions of the Secretary
General under the Constitution and By-Laws of the LDP.” As the prerogative to empower Rep. Aquino to sign
documents devolves upon Sen. Angara, so he may choose, at his discretion, to withhold or revoke such power.

MA. SALVACION BUAC AND ANTONIO BAUTISTA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS AND ALAN
PETER S. CAYETANO
G.R. No. 155855, January 26, 2004, EN BANC, PUNO, J.

The power of the COMELEC to ascertain the true results of the plebiscite is implicit in its power to enforce
all laws relative to the conduct of plebiscite.

Facts:

A plebiscite was held in Taguig for the ratification of the Taguig Cityhood Law (Republic Act No. 8487)
proposing the conversion of Taguig from a municipality into a city. The Plebiscite Board of Canvassers declared that
the "NO" votes won without completing the canvass of sixty-four (64) other election returns. The Board of
Canvassers was ordered by the COMELEC en banc to reconvene and complete the canvass. The Board did and it
issued an Order proclaiming that the negative votes prevailed in the plebiscite conducted. Salvacion Buac and
Antonio Bautista filed with the COMELEC a petition to annul the results of the plebiscite with a prayer for revision

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and recount of the ballots cast therein. Cayetano intervened and moved to dismiss the petition on the ground of lack
of jurisdiction of the COMELEC. COMELEC treated the petition akin to an election protest. Cayetano filed an MR
which was granted. It dismissed the petition to annul the results of the Taguig plebiscite and ruled that the
COMELEC has no jurisdiction over said case as it involves an exercise of quasi-judicial powers not contemplated
under Section 2 (2), Article IX (C) of the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC has jurisdiction over the plebiscite protest?

Ruling:

YES. Article LX-C, Section 2(1) is very explicit that the COMELEC has the power to "enforce administer
all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum and recall." To
enforce means to cause to take effect or to cause the performance of such act or acts necessary to bring into actual
effect or operation, a plan or measure. When we say the COMELEC has the power to enforce all laws relative to the
conduct of a plebiscite, it necessarily entails all the necessary and incidental power for it to achieve the holding of an
honest and credible plebiscite. Obviously, the power of the COMELEC is not limited to the mere administrative
function of conducting the plebiscite. The law is clear. It is also mandated to enforce the laws relative to the conduct
of the plebiscite. Hence, the COMELEC, whenever it is called upon to correct or check what the Board of
Canvassers erroneously or fraudulently did during the canvassing, can verify or ascertain the true results of the
plebiscite either through a pre-proclamation case or through revision of ballots. To remove from the COMELEC the
power to ascertain the true results of the plebiscite through revision of ballots is to render nugatory its
constitutionally mandated power to "enforce" laws relative to the conduct of plebiscite. It is not correct to argue that
the quasi-judicial power of the COMELEC is limited to contests relating to the elections, returns and qualifications
of all elective regional, provincial and city officials, and appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective
municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective Barangay officials decided by
trial courts of limited jurisdiction. If the COMELEC has quasi-judicial power to enforce laws relating to elective
officials then there is no reason why it cannot exercise the same power to ascertain the true results of a plebiscite. All
that the Constitution provides is that the COMELEC shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over all contests relating to
elective officials. The provision is not a limiting provision in the sense that it only limits the quasi-judicial power of
the COMELEC to said cases. To repeat, the power of the COMELEC to ascertain the true results of the plebiscite is
implicit in its power to enforce all laws relative to the conduct of plebiscite.

ALROBEN J. GOH v. HON. LUCILO R. BAYRON AND COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

G.R. No. 212584, November 25, 2014, EN BANC, CARPIO, J.

The 1987 Constitution not only guaranteed the COMELEC’s fiscal autonomy, but also granted its head, as
authorized by law, to augment items in its appropriations from its savings.

Facts:

Goh filed before the COMELEC a recall petition, against Mayor Bayron due to loss of trust and confidence
brought about by “gross violation of pertinent provisions of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, gross violation
of pertinent provisions of the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials, Incompetence, and other
related gross inexcusable negligence/dereliction of duty, intellectual dishonesty and emotional immaturity as Mayor
of Puerto Princesa City.” The COMELEC found the recall petition sufficient in form and substance, but suspended
the funding of any and all recall elections until the resolution of the funding issue. Mayor Bayron filed with the
COMELEC an Omnibus Motion for Reconsideration and for Clarification. COMELEC en banc affirmed the
resolution of the division.

Issue:

Whether the 2014 GAA provides the line item appropriation to allow the COMELEC to perform its
constitutional mandate of conducting recall elections.

Ruling:

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YES. the 1987 Constitution expressly provides the COMELEC with the power to “enforce and administer
all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.” The
1987 Constitution not only guaranteed the COMELEC’s fiscal autonomy, but also granted its head, as authorized by
law, to augment items in its appropriations from its savings.

Under these factual circumstances, we find it difficult to justify the COMELEC’s reasons why it is unable
to conduct recall elections in 2014 when the COMELEC was able to conduct recall elections in 2002 despite lack of
the specific words “Conduct and supervision of x x x recall votes x x x” in the 2002 GAA. In the 2002 GAA, the
phrase “Conduct and supervision of elections and other political exercises” was sufficient to fund the conduct of
recall elections. In the 2014 GAA, there is a specific line item appropriation for the “Conduct and supervision
of x x x recall votes x x x.”

More importantly, the COMELEC admits in its Resolution No. 9882 that the COMELEC has “a line
item for the ‘Conduct and supervision of elections, referenda, recall votes and plebiscites.’” This admission of the
COMELEC is a correct interpretation of this specific budgetary appropriation. To be valid, an appropriation must
indicate a specific amount and a specific purpose. However, the purpose may be specific even if it is broken down
into different related sub-categories of the same nature. For example, the purpose can be to “conduct elections,”
which even if not expressly spelled out covers regular, special, or recall elections. The purpose of the appropriation
is still specific – to fund elections, which naturally and logically include, even if not expressly stated, not only
regular but also special or recall elections.

KILOSBAYAN, INC., FERNANDO A. SANTIAGO, QUINTIN S. DOROMAL, EMILIO C. CAPULONG

JR., RAFAEL G. FERNANDO v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, SALVADOR ENRIQUEZ, FRANKLIN
DRILON, CESAR SARINO, LEONORA V. DE JESUS, TIBURCIO RELUCIO, RONALDO V. PUNO,
BENITO R. CATINDIG, MANUEL CALUPITAN III, VICENTE CARLOS, FRANCISCO CANCIO,
JIMMY DURANTE, MELVYN MENDOZA
G.R. No. 128054 October 16, 1997, HERMOSISIMA, JR., J.

Indeed probable cause need not be based on clear and convincing evidence of guilt, neither on evidence
establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt and definitely, not on evidence establishing absolute certainty of guilt,
but it certainly demands more than "bare suspicion" and can never be "left to presupposition, conjecture, or even
convincing logic".

Facts:

Countrywide Development Fund (CDF) under Republic Act No. 7180, otherwise known as the "General
Appropriations Act (GAA) of 1992" allocates a specific amount of government funds for infrastructure and other
priority projects and activities. Cesar Sarino as Secretary of DILG entered into a MOA with an accredited NGO
known as the "Philippine Youth Health and Sports Development Foundation, Inc." (PYHSDFI). PYHSDFI applied
with the DILG for accreditation as NGO. Memorandum of Agreement was entered into by PYHSDFI President
Catindig and DILG-NCR Regional Director Relucio to transfer 70 million pesos. Commission on Elections
(Comelec) received from petitioner Kilosbayan a letter informing the former of two serious violations of election
laws: That the amount of P70 million was released by his department, shortly before the elections of May 11, 1992,
in favor of a private entity, the so-called "Philippine Youth, Health and Sports Development Foundation," headed by
Mr. Ronaldo Puno and the illegal diversion of P330 million by Malacanang from the Countryside Development
Fund to the Department of Interior and Local Government which disbursed this huge amount shortly before the May
11, 1992 elections. COMELEC en banc issued a resolution dismissing the charge against Secretary Enriquez
(Secretary of DBM) and held in abeyance the charges as to the others for further investigation. MR was denied and
the supplemental MR was also denied.

Issue:

Whether the COMELEC committed grave abuse of discretion in dismissing the letter-complaint.

Ruling:

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NO. The COMELEC, whenever any election offense charge is filed before it, must have first, before
dismissing the same or filing the corresponding information, conducted the preliminary investigation proper of the
case. At this initial stage of criminal prosecution, is the determination of probable cause, i.e., whether or not there is
reason to believe that the accused is guilty of the offense charged and, therefore, whether or not he should be
subjected to the expense, rigors and embarrassment of trial or as the COMELEC Rules of Procedure phrase it,
whether or not "there is reasonable ground to believe that a crime has been committed".

Kilosbayan must have necessarily tendered evidence, independent of and in support of the allegations in its
letter-complaint, of such quality as to engender belief in an ordinarily prudent and cautious man that the offense
charged therein has been committed by herein respondents. Indeed probable cause need not be based on clear and
convincing evidence of guilt, neither on evidence establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt and definitely, not on
evidence establishing absolute certainty of guilt, but it certainly demands more than "bare suspicion" and can never
be "left to presupposition, conjecture, or even convincing logic". The efforts of petitioner Kilosbayan, thus, in order
to successfully lead to the judicial indictment of respondents, should have gone beyond a largely declamatory
condemnation of respondents and diligently focused on its two-fold obligation of not only substantiating its charges
against respondents but also proffering before the COMELEC substantial evidence of respondents' utilization,
through conspiratorial, cooperative and/or interrelated acts, of Seventy Million Pesos from the CDF for
electioneering activities in violation of the pertinent provisions on election offenses as enumerated in the Omnibus
Election Code.

COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS v. HON LUCENITO N. TAGLE, PRESIDING JUDGE, REGIONAL

TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 20, IMUS, CAVITE
G. R. Nos. 148948 & 148951-60, February 17, 2003,DAVIDE JR., C.J.

Respondents in I.S. No. 1-99-1080, who are the accused in Criminal Cases Nos. 7950-00 to 7959-00 and
7980-00, are exempt from criminal prosecution for vote-selling by virtue of the proviso in the last paragraph of
Section 28 of R.A. No. 6646.

Facts:

Florentino A. Bautista ran for the position of mayor in the Municipality of Kawit, Cavite. He filed with the
COMELEC a complaint against then incumbent mayor Atty. Federico Poblete, Bienvenido Pobre, Reynaldo
Aguinaldo, Arturo Ganibe, Leonardo Llave, Diosdado del Rosario, Manuel Ubod, Angelito Peregrino, Mario
Espiritu, Salvador Olaes and Pedro Paterno, Jr., for violation of Section 261 (a) and (b) of the Omnibus Election
Code or vote-buying activities. Law Department of the COMELEC filed the information. Office of the Provincial
Prosecutor resolved to file separate informations for vote-selling (I.S. No. 1-99-1080) in the various branches of the
RTC in Imus, Cavite. The Law Department of the COMELEC filed motions to suspend proceedings which was
granted. COMELEC en banc declared null and void the resolution of the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor in I.S.
No. 1-99-1080 pursuant to the fourth paragraph of Section 28 of R.A. No. 6646 otherwise known as “The Electoral
Reforms Law of 1987,” which grants immunity from criminal prosecution persons who voluntarily give information
and willingly testify against those liable for vote-buying or vote-selling. Law Department filed a motion to dismiss
for the criminal cases but it was denied.

Issue:

Whether the respondents of I.S. No. 1-99-1080 should be exempted from criminal liability pursuant to the
immunity to witnesses of vote-buying or vote-selling.

Ruling:

YES. The respondents in I.S. No. 1-99-1080, who are the accused in Criminal Cases Nos. 7950-00 to
7959-00 and 7980-00, are exempt from criminal prosecution for vote-selling by virtue of the proviso in the last
paragraph of Section 28 of R.A. No. 6646. Respondent judge lost sight of the fact that at the time the complaint for
vote-selling was filed with the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor, the respondents in I.S. No. 1-99-1080 had already
executed sworn statements attesting to the corrupt practice of vote-buying in the case docketed as Criminal Case No.
7034-99. It cannot then be denied that they had already voluntarily given information in the vote-buying case. In
fact, they willingly testified in Criminal Case No. 7034-99 per petitioner’s Memorandum filed with this Court.

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BARANGAY ASSOCIATION FOR NATIONAL ADVANCEMENT AND TRANSPARENCY (BANAT)

PARTY-LIST, REPRESENTED BY SALVADOR B. BRITANICO v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
G.R. No. 177508, August 07, 2009, CARPIO, J.

It is settled that every statute is presumed to be constitutional. The presumption is that the legislature
intended to enact a valid, sensible and just law.

Facts:

Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) Party List filed a petition for
prohibition with a prayer for the issuance of a temporary restraining order or a writ of preliminary injunction,
assailing the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 9369 (RA 9369)and enjoining respondent Commission on
Elections (COMELEC) from implementing the statute. BANAT also assails the constitutionality of Sections 34, 37,
38, and 43 of RA 9369.

Issues:

1. Whether o RA 9369 violates Section 26(1), Article VI of the Constitution.

2. Whether Sections 37 and 38 violate Section 17, Article VI and Paragraph 7, Section 4, Article VII of the
Constitution.
3. Whether Section 43 violates Section 2(6), Article IX-C of the Constitution.
4. Whether Section 34 violates Section 10, Article III of the Constitution.

Ruling:

1. NO. It is settled that every statute is presumed to be constitutional. The presumption is that the legislature
intended to enact a valid, sensible and just law. Those who petition the Court to declare a law
unconstitutional must show that there is a clear and unequivocal breach of the Constitution, not merely a
doubtful, speculative or argumentative one; otherwise, the petition must fail.

The constitutional requirement that "every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject
which shall be expressed in the title thereof" has always been given a practical rather than a technical
construction. The requirement is satisfied if the title is comprehensive enough to include subjects related to the
general purpose which the statute seeks to achieve. The title of a law does not have to be an index of its contents and
will suffice if the matters embodied in the text are relevant to each other and may be inferred from the
title. Moreover, a title which declares a statute to be an act to amend a specified code is sufficient and the precise
nature of the amendatory act need not be further stated.

2. NO. In the present case, Congress and the COMELEC en banc do not encroach upon the jurisdiction of
the PET and the SET. There is no conflict of jurisdiction since the powers of Congress and the
COMELEC en banc, on one hand, and the PET and the SET, on the other, are exercised on different
occasions and for different purposes. The PET is the sole judge of all contests relating to the election,
returns and qualifications of the President or Vice President. The SET is the sole judge of all contests
relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of members of the Senate. The jurisdiction of the PET
and the SET can only be invoked once the winning presidential, vice presidential or senatorial candidates
have been proclaimed. On the other hand, under Section 37, Congress and the COMELEC en banc shall
determine only the authenticity and due execution of the certificates of canvass. Congress and the
COMELEC en banc shall exercise this power before the proclamation of the winning presidential, vice
presidential, and senatorial candidates.

3. NO. It is clear that the grant of the "exclusive power" to investigate and prosecute election offenses to the
COMELEC was not by virtue of the Constitution but by BP 881, a legislative enactment. If the intention
of the framers of the Constitution were to give the COMELEC the "exclusive power" to investigate and
prosecute election offenses, the framers would have expressly so stated in the Constitution. They did not.

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4. NO. Section 34 would still be constitutional because the law was enacted in the exercise of the police
power of the State to promote the general welfare of the people. We agree with the COMELEC that the
role of poll watchers is invested with public interest. In fact, even petitioner concedes that poll watchers
not only guard the votes of their respective candidates or political parties but also ensure that all the votes
are properly counted. Ultimately, poll watchers aid in fair and honest elections. Poll watchers help ensure
that the elections are transparent, credible, fair, and accurate. The regulation of the per diem of the poll
watchers of the dominant majority and minority parties promotes the general welfare of the community
and is a valid exercise of police power.

COMMISSION ON AUDIT

CALTEX PHILIPPINES, INC. v. THE HONORABLE COMMISSION ON AUDIT, HONORABLE

COMMISSIONER BARTOLOME C. FERNANDEZ and HONORABLE COMMISSIONER ALBERTO P.
CRUZ
G.R. No. 92585, May 8, 1992, DAVIDE, JR., J.

There can be no doubt, however, that the audit power of the Auditor General under the 1935 Constitution
and the Commission on Audit under the 1973 Constitution authorized them to disallow illegal expenditures of funds
or uses of funds and property. Our present Constitution retains that same power and authority, further strengthened
by the definition of the COA's general jurisdiction in Section 26 of the Government Auditing Code of the
Philippines and Administrative Code of 1987.

Facts:

COA sent a letter to Caltex Philippines, Inc. (CPI) directing it to remit to the Oil Price Stabilization Fund
(OPSF) its collection, excluding that unremitted for the years 1986 and 1988, of the additional tax on petroleum
products authorized under the aforesaid Section 8 of P.D. No. 1956 which amounted to P335,037,649.00 and
informing it that, pending such remittance, all of its claims for reimbursement from the OPSF shall be held in
abeyance. COA sent another demand letter with a grand total of P1,287,668,820.00. Caltex requested the COA for
an early release of its reimbursement certificates from the OPSF covering claims with the Office of Energy Affairs
since June 1987 up to March 1989 but COA denied. Caltex submitted a letter of proposal to pay which was granted
but prohibiting petitioner from further offsetting remittances and reimbursements for the current and ensuing years.
Caltex filed an MR. Unsatisfied with the decision, Caltex filed the present petition.

Issue:

Whether the Constitution gives the COA discretionary power to disapprove irregular or unnecessary
government expenditures.

Ruling:

YES. There can be no doubt, however, that the audit power of the Auditor General under the 1935
Constitution and the Commission on Audit under the 1973 Constitution authorized them to
disallow illegal expenditures of funds or uses of funds and property. Our present Constitution retains that same
power and authority, further strengthened by the definition of the COA's general jurisdiction in Section 26 of the
Government Auditing Code of the Philippines and Administrative Code of 1987. Pursuant to its power to
promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations for the prevention of irregular, unnecessary, excessive or
extravagant expenditures or uses of funds, the COA promulgated on 29 March 1977 COA Circular No. 77-55. Since
the COA is responsible for the enforcement of the rules and regulations, it goes without saying that failure to comply
with them is a ground for disapproving the payment of the proposed expenditure.

DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, JESUS P. ESTANISLAO, DOLORES A. SANTIAGO,

LYNN H. CATUNCAN, NORMA O. TERREL, MA. ANTONIA G. REBUENO v. COMMISSION ON AUDIT
G.R. No. 88435, January 16, 2002,CARPIO, J.

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The clear and unmistakable conclusion from a reading of the entire Section 2 is that the COA’s power to
examine and audit is non-exclusive. On the other hand, the COA’s authority to define the scope of its audit,
promulgate auditing rules and regulations, and disallow unnecessary expenditures is exclusive.

Facts:

Philippine government obtained from the World Bank an Economic Recovery Loan of US$310 million. As
a condition for granting the loan, the World Bank required the Philippine government to rehabilitate the DBP.
Philippine government sent the World Bank a letter assuring the World Bank that pursuant to Central Bank Circular
No. 1124, “all Banks, including government banks, shall be fully audited by external independent auditors in
addition to that provided by the Commission on Audit.” The new COA Chairman, Eufemio Domingo protested the
Central Bank’s issuance of Circular No. 1124 which allegedly encroached upon the COA’s constitutional and
statutory power to audit government agencies. DBP Chairman wrote the COA Chairman for an MR but it was
denied. COA en banc also denied. DBP filed this petition for review.

Issue:

Whether the COA has the sole and exclusive power to examine and audit government banks under Section
2, Article IX-D of the 1987 Constitution.

Ruling:

NO. The qualifying word “exclusive” in the second paragraph of Section 2 cannot be applied to the first
paragraph which is another sub-section of Section 2. A qualifying word is intended to refer only to the phrase to
which it is immediately associated, and not to a phrase distantly located in another paragraph or sub-section. Thus,
the first paragraph of Section 2 must be read the way it appears, without the word “exclusive”, signifying that non-
COA auditors can also examine and audit government agencies. Besides, the framers of the
Constitution intentionally omitted the word “exclusive” in the first paragraph of Section 2 precisely to allow
concurrent audit by private external auditors.

The clear and unmistakable conclusion from a reading of the entire Section 2 is that the COA’s power to
examine and audit is non-exclusive. On the other hand, the COA’s authority to define the scope of its audit,
promulgate auditing rules and regulations, and disallow unnecessary expenditures is exclusive.

Manifestly, the express language of the Constitution, and the clear intent of its framers, point to only one
indubitable conclusion - the COA does not have the exclusive power to examine and audit government agencies.
The framers of the Constitution were fully aware of the need to allow independent private audit of certain
government agencies in addition to the COA audit, as when there is a private investment in a government-controlled
corporation, or when a government corporation is privatized or publicly listed, or as in the case at bar when the
government borrows money from abroad.

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY FOR THEPREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS v. COMMISSION ON

AUDIT

G.R. No. 169752, September 25, 2007, AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.

The fact that a private corporation is impressed with public interest does not make the entity a public
corporation subject to the audit authority of the Commission on Audit.

Facts:

The Philippine Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PSPCA) was incorporated as a juridical
entity over one hundred years ago by virtue of Act No. 1285at the time it was created, was composed of animal
aficionados and animal propagandists. The objects of PSPCA, as stated in Section 2 of its charter, shall be to enforce
laws relating to cruelty inflicted upon animals or the protection of animals in the Philippines and generally, to do and
perform all things which may tend in any way to alleviate the suffering of animals and promote their welfare. On
December 1, 2003, an audit team from respondent COA visited the office of the petitioner to conduct an audit survey

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addressed to the PSPCA. The petitioner demurred on the ground that it was a private entity not under the jurisdiction
of COA.
Issue:

Whether PSPCA is subject to COA’s jurisdiction.

Ruling:

NO. COA shall have the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts owned or held
in trust by, or pertaining to the Government, or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including
government-owned and controlled corporations with original charters, and on a post-audit basis: (a) constitutional
bodies, commissions and officers that have been granted fiscal autonomy under the Constitution; (b) autonomous
state colleges and universities; (c) other government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and (d)
such non-governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the government,
which are required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a condition of subsidy or equity.

However on the case at hand, PSPCA is not an agency of the government. The mere fact that a corporation
has been created by a special law doesn’t necessarily qualify it as a public corporation. At the time PSPCA was
formed, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was the applicable law and no proscription similar to the charter test can be
found therein. Moreover, PSPCA’s charter shows that it is not subject to control or supervision by any agency of the
State. The fact that a private corporation is impressed with public interest does not make the entity a public
corporation. They may be considered quasi-public corporations which are private corporations that render public
service, supply public wants and pursue other exemplary objectives.

LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES v. COMMISSION ON AUDIT


G.R. Nos. 89679-81, September 28, 1990, MELENCIO-HERRERA, J.

The power to compromise or release claims or liabilities of banking institutions, is not limited to the COA,
although commercial banks granted with such authority may still be subjected to COA’s general audit jurisdiction.

Facts:

Pursuant to Resolution No. 80-222, the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), through its Loan Executive
Committee, waived the penalty charges in the amount of P9,636.36 on the loan of Home Savings Bank and Trust
Company (HSBTC), a thrift banking institution organized under Philippine laws. The LBP asserts that it has the
power to condone penalties being a commercial bank clothed with authority to exercise all the general powers
mentioned in the Corporation Law and the General Banking Act. COA, on the other hand, maintains that such power
is exclusively vested in the Commission pursuant to Section 36 of Pres. Decree No. 1445, or the Government
Auditing Code.

Issue:

Whether LBP is authorized to release claims or liabilities in whole or in part.

Ruling:

YES. LBP was created as a body corporate and government instrumentality to provide timely and adequate
financial support in all phases involved in the execution of needed agrarian reform under RA 3844. Section 75 of its
Charter also authorizes it to exercise the general powers mentioned in the General Banking Act including writing-off
loans and advances with an outstanding amount of one hundred thousand pesos or more. Thus, that LBP is a unique
and specialized banking institution, not an ordinary government agency within the scope of Section 36 of P.D. No
1445.
However, LBP is still subject to COA's general audit jurisdiction under Sec 26 of P.D. No. 1445, to see to it
that the fiscal responsibility that rests directly with the head of the government agency has been properly and
effectively discharged.

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THE COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

G.R. No. 101976, January 29, 1993, NARVASA, C.J.,J.

COA is vested with the power, authority and duty to examine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to the
expenditures or uses of funds owned by, or pertaining to, the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or
instrumentalities.

Facts:

Tirso B. Savellano furnished the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) with a confidential affidavit of
information denouncing the National Coal Authority (NCA) and the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) for
non-payment of taxes totalling P234 Million on interest earnings. BIR Commissioner Bienvenido Tan, Jr.
recommended to the Minister of Finance payment to petitioner Savellano of an informer's reward equivalent to 15%
of the amount of P15,986,165.00. COA disllowed in audit the payment of informer's reward to Savellano on the
ground that payment of an informer's reward under Section 281 of the National Internal Revenue Code is
conditioned upon the actual recovery or collection of revenues, and no such revenue or income was actually
realized, since two government agencies were involved. Under Sec 90, the final determination by the Department of
Finance, through the recommendation of the BIR, of petitioner Savellano's entitlement to the informer's reward is
conclusive only upon the executive agencies concerned.

Issue:

Whether the final determination made by the Finance Department can bind respondent COA or foreclose its
review.

Ruling:

NO. The exercise by respondent COA of its general audit power is among the constitutional mechanisms
that give life to the check-and-balance system inherent in a republican form of government such as ours. Taken in
this light, such exercise cannot be regarded as an unlawful or unwarranted invasion of, or interference with, the
authority and power of the executive agency concerned to determine whether or not a person is entitled to a reward
provided by law and the amount thereof. Under Art IX-D, not only is the COA vested with the power and authority,
but it is also charged with the duty, to examine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to the expenditures or uses of
funds owned by, or pertaining to, the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities. The
disallowance in audit by respondent COA is not in itself final. The same may be set aside and nullified by this Court,
if done with grave abuse of discretion.

FELIX UY, ROMAN CAGATIN, JAMES ENGUITO et al., v. COMMISSION ON AUDIT


G.R. No. 130685, March 21, 2000, PUNO, J.

The audit authority of COA is intended to prevent irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or
unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties, therefore it cannot disallow the necessary
payment of the Provincial Government of its liabilities.

Facts:

Petitioners were among the more than sixty permanent employees of the Provincial Engineering Office,
Province of Agusan del Sur, who were dismissed from the service by then Governor Ceferino S. Paredes, Jr. when
the latter assumed office, allegedly to scale down the operations. However, the COA ruled that payment of their back
salaries and other money benefits became the personal liability of former Governor Ceferino Paredes Jr. and not of
the Provincial Government of Agusan del Sur.

Issue:

Whether the COA can disallow the payment of backwages of illegally dismissed employees by the
Provincial Government.

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Ruling:

NO. The audit authority of COA is intended to prevent irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or
unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties. Payment of backwages to illegally
dismissed government employees can hardly be described as irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or
unconscionable. The exercise of the power to decide administrative cases involving expenditure of public funds
involves the quasi-judicial aspect of government audit. This pertains to the examination, audit, and settlement of all
debts and claims of any sort due from or owing to the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies and
instrumentalities. Its work as adjudicator of money claims for or against the government means the exercise of
judicial discretion. It includes the investigation, weighing of evidence, and resolving whether items should or should
not be included, or as applied to claim, whether it should be allowed or disallowed in whole or in part. Its
conclusions are not mere opinions but are decisions which may be elevated to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the
aggrieved party.

GUALBERTO J. DELA LLANA v. THE CHAIRPERSON, COMMISSION ON AUDIT, THE EXECUTIVE

SECRETARY and THE NATIONAL TREASURER

G. R. No. 180989, February 7, 2012, SERENO, J.

The conduct of a pre-audit is not a mandatory duty of COA. COA has the exclusive authority to define the
scope of its audit and examination.

Facts:

The COA issued Circular No. 82-195, lifting the system of pre-audit of government financial transactions,
albeit with certain exceptions. After the change in administration due to the February 1986 revolution, grave
irregularities and anomalies in the government’s financial transactions were uncovered. Hence, the COA issued
Circular No. 86-257, which reinstated the pre-audit of selected government transactions. Thereafter, COA issued a
series of circulars which lifted and again reinstated the pre-audit of government transactions of national government
agencies (NGAs) and government-owned or -controlled corporations (GOCCs).In the interregnum, Gualberto dela
Llana wrote to the COA regarding the recommendation of the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Food that the
Department of Agriculture set up an internal pre-audit service. Gualberto alleges that the pre-audit duty on the part
of the COA cannot be lifted by a mere circular, considering that pre-audit is a constitutional mandate enshrined in
Section 2 of Article IX-D of the 1987 Constitution.

Issue:

Whether the pre-audit of government transactions is the duty of COA, that cannot be lifted by a mere
circular.


Ruling:

No. There is nothing in Sec 2 of Art IX-D that requires the COA to conduct a pre-audit of all government
transactions and for all government agencies. The only clear reference to a pre-audit requirement is found in Sec 2,
par 1, which provides that a post-audit is mandated for certain government or private entities with state subsidy or
equity and only when the internal control system of an audited entity is inadequate. In such a situation, the COA
may adopt measures, including a temporary or special pre-audit, to correct the deficiencies. Hence, the conduct of a
pre-audit is not a mandatory duty that this Court may compel the COA to perform. This discretion on its part is in
line with the constitutional pronouncement that the COA has the exclusive authority to define the scope of its audit
and examination.

ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

ABAKADA GURO PARTY LISTOFFICERSv. HON. CESAR V. PURISIMA, HON. GUILLERMO L.

PARAYNO, JR. and HON. ALBERTO D. LINA

G.R. No. 166715, August 14, 2008, CORONA, J.

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A system of incentives for exceeding the set expectations of a public office is not anathema to the concept of
public accountability.

Facts:

RA 9335 or the Attrition Act of 2005 was enacted to optimize the revenue-generation capability and
collection of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Bureau of Customs (BOC).The law intends to encourage
BIR and BOC officials and employees to exceed their revenue targets by providing a system of rewards and
sanctions through the creation of a Rewards and Incentives Fundand a Revenue Performance Evaluation Board. The
petitioner challenge the constitutionality of RA 9335, contending that by establishing a system of rewards and
incentives, the law transforms the officials and employees of the BIR and the BOC into mercenaries and bounty
hunters as they will do their best only in consideration of such rewards. Thus, the system of rewards and incentives
invites corruption and undermines the constitutionally mandated duty of these officials and employees to serve the
people with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency.

Issue:

Whether the implementation of RA 9335 runs counter to the concept of public accountability.

Ruling:

NO. Petitioners’ claim is not only without any factual and legal basis but is also purely speculative. Public
officers enjoy the presumption of regularity in the performance of their duties. This presumption necessarily obtains
in favor of BIR and BOC officials and employees. The presumption is disputable but proof to the contrary is
required to rebut it. It cannot be overturned by mere conjecture especially in this case where it is an underlying
principle to advance a declared public policy. Public service is its own reward. Nevertheless, public officers may by
law be rewarded for exemplary and exceptional performance. A system of incentives for exceeding the set
expectations of a public office is not anathema to the concept of public accountability. In fact, it recognizes and
reinforces dedication to duty, industry, efficiency and loyalty to public service of deserving government personnel.

CONCHITA CARPIO MORALES, IN HER CAPACITY AS THE OMBUDSMAN v. COURT OF APPEALS

(SIXTH DIVISION) AND JEJOMAR ERWIN S. BINAY, JR.,

G.R. Nos. 217126-27, November 10, 2015, PERLAS-BERNABE, J.

The condonation doctrine is abandoned, for being inconsistent with the concept of public office as a public
trust and the corollary requirement of accountability to the people at all times.

Facts:

A complaint for Plunder and violation of RA 3019 or the the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act was filed
before the Office of the Ombudsman against Jejomar Erwin S. Binay, Jr. and other public officers and employees of
the City Government of Makati in connection with the five phases of the procurement and construction of the
Makati City Hall Parking Building. Primarily, Binay, Jr. argued that he could not be held administratively liable
since Phases I and II were undertaken before he was elected Mayor of Makati in 2010 and Phases III to V transpired
during his first term. Binay Jr assails and that his re-election as City Mayor of Makati for a second term effectively
condoned his administrative liability, if any, thus rendering the administrative cases against him moot and academic.
Binay Jr. added that in view of the condonation doctrine his suspension from office would undeservedly deprive the
electorate of his services.

Issue:

Whether or not the condonation doctrine can be applied to pardon a public official’s administrative liability.

Ruling:

NO. Condonation is a victim's express or implied forgiveness of an offense, especially by treating the
offender as if there had been no offense. It is a jurisprudential creation that originated from the 1959 case of Pascual

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v. Hon. Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija. The decision in Pascual was based on American authorities who argued
that when the people have elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did this with knowledge of his life
and character, and that they disregarded or forgave his faults or misconduct, if he had been guilty of any.

However, the doctrine of condonation is actually bereft of legal bases. The concept of public office is a
public trust and the corollary requirement of accountability to the people at all times, as mandated under the
Constitution, is plainly inconsistent with the condonation doctrine. Election is not a mode of condoning an
administrative offense. Furthermore, Sec 40 (b) of the LGC precludes condonation since, an elective local official
who is meted with the penalty of removal could not be re-elected to an elective local position due to a direct
disqualification from running for such post. Also, it cannot be inferred from Section 60 of the LGC that the grounds
for discipline enumerated therein cannot anymore be invoked against an elective local official to hold him
administratively liable once he is re-elected to office. In addition, it is contrary to human experience that the
electorate would have full knowledge of a public official's misdeeds. Thus, there could be no condonation of an act
that is unknown.

However, the abandonment of the condonation doctrine should be prospective in application for the reason
that judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution, until reversed, shall form part of the
legal system of the Philippines.

MAYOR FRANCISCO LECAROZ v. SANDIGANBAYAN


G.R. No. 56384.March 22, 1984, RELOVA, J.

Sandiganbayan has jurisdictional competence not only over criminal and civil cases involving graft and
corrupt practices committed by public officers and employees but also over other crimes committed by them in
relation to their office, though not involving graft and corrupt practices.

Facts:

Francisco Lecaroz was charged with the crime of grave coercion when he allegedly took over the operation
and control of the gasoline station owned by Pedro Par, to sell the gasoline therein to the public. The information
was amended with the insertion of the phrase "by ordering his policemen companions" between the words "Pedro
Par" and "to sell the gasoline.” Lecaroz claimed that offense of grave coercion is not among those mentioned or
determined by Section 4(c), P.D. No. 1486 or the Act Creating the Sandiganbayan.

Issue:

Whether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over cases not involving graft and corrupt practices committed
by public officers.

Ruling:

Yes. Under Section 5, Article XIII of the Constitution, Sandiganbayan has jurisdictional competence not
only over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices committed by public officers and employees
but also over other crimes committed by them in relation to their office, though not involving graft and corrupt
practices, as may be determined by law. The intention of the framers of the Constitution is patent from the explicit
language thereof as well as from Section 1 of the same Article XIII on Accountability of Public Officers. On the case
at hand, the original and amended information clearly alleged that petitioner took advantage of his position as mayor
when he intimidated the gasoline station’s owner in taking over the operation and control of the establishment,
ordering his policemen to sell the gasoline therein and padlocking the dispensing pump thereof without legal
authority. Stated differently, if petitioner were not the mayor he would not have allegedly directed the policeman and
the latter would not have followed his orders and instructions to sell Pedro Par’s gasoline and padlocked the station

MIGUEL CUENCOv.HON. MARCELO B. FERNAN


A.M. No. 3135, February 17, 1988, PER CURIAM

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Members of the Supreme Court may be removed from office only by impeachment and not through
disbarment during the Member’s incumbency.

Facts:

Vito Borromeo died without any forced heirs, but instituted Fortunate, Tomas and Amelia Borromeo, under
a will, as the sole heirs. The probate court rendered a Decision declaring the will to be a forgery. That decision
became final after being affirmed by the Supreme Court. Atty. Miguel Cuenco ordered the disbarment of Mr. Justice
Marcelo B. Fernan, Chairman of the Third Division of the Supreme Court. Miguel alleges that Justice Fernan
despite having already accepted his appointment as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court continued to be
counsel for the instituted heirs. Moreover, Miguel asserted that Justice Fernan exerted personal efforts to take away
from the Supreme Court en banc, the First and Second Divisions of the Tribunal, the Vito Borromeo proceedings to
his Office as Chairman of the Third Division to enable him to influence the decision or the outcome of the Vito
Borromeo proceedings.

Issue:

Whether Justice Fernan as member of the Supreme Court, can be disbarred.

Ruling:

No. The charges against Mr. Justice Fernan were completely unsupported by the facts and evidence of
record. There was nothing in the record to indicate that Mr. Justice Fernan had appeared as counsel in such
proceedings representation of instituted heir. The record reveals that Mr. Justice Fernan withdrew as such counsel. It
is entirely clear that Mr. Justice Fernan's professional involvement in the Special Proceedings had ceased long
before his appointment to the Supreme Court in April of 1986. Moreover, Mr. Justice Fernan inhibited himself from
participating in the deliberations on the Vito Borromeo estate cases and, in fact, did not take part in the resolution
thereon. Consequently, Members of the Supreme Court must, under Article VIII (7) (1) of the Constitution, be
members of the Philippine Bar and may be removed from office only by impeachment as provided under Article XI
[2] of the Constitution. To grant a complaint for disbarment of a Member of the Court during the Member's
incumbency, would in effect be to circumvent and hence to ran afoul of the constitutional mandate that Members of
the Court may be removed from office only by impeachment for and conviction of certain offenses listed in Article
XI (2) of the Constitution. Precisely the same situation exists in respect of the Ombudsman, a majority of the
members of the Commission on Elections and the members of the Commission on audit who are not certified public
accountants all of whom are constitutionally required to be members of the Philippine Bar.

OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN v. HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS AND FORMER DEPUTY

OMBUDSMAN FOR THE VISAYAS ARTURO C. MOJICA

G.R. No. 146486, March 4, 2005, CHICO-NAZARIO, J.

The list of impeachable officials under the Constitution is exclusive and it excludes the Deputy
Ombudsman.

Facts:

Officials and employees of the Office of the Deputy Ombudsman for the Visayas, led by its two directors,
filed a formal complaint with the Office of the Ombudsman requesting an investigation on Arturo Mojica, then
Deputy Ombudsman who allegedly committed offenses including sexual harassment, forfeiture of money from
confidential employees and oppression against employees. The Ombudsman directed his Fact-Finding and
Intelligence Bureau (FFIB) to conduct a verification and fact-finding investigation. The FFIB report was referred by
the Ombudsman to a constituted Committee of Peers. The Committee of Peers initially recommended that the
investigation be converted into one solely for purposes of impeachment. However, this recommendation was denied
by the Ombudsman after careful study that the Deputy Ombudsmen and The Special Prosecutor are not removable
through impeachment.

Issue:

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Whether the Deputy Ombudsman is an impeachable officer.

Ruling:

NO. Sec 2, Art XI of the Constitution provides the list of impeachable officers namely the President, Vice-
President, Members of the Supreme Court, Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman. The
deliberations of the Constitutional Commission reveal that the term Ombudsman refers to the person and not to the
office. Therefore only the Ombudsman may be removed through impeachment, excluding his deputies. Moreover,
the leading legal luminaries of the Constitution agree that the list under Sec 2 is exclusive and may not be increased
or reduced by legislative enactment. The power to impeach is essentially a non-legislative prerogative and can be
exercised by the Congress only within the limits of the authority conferred upon it by the Constitution. This
authority may not be expanded by the grantee itself even if motivated by the desire to strengthen the security of
tenure of other officials of the government.

ERNESTO B. FRANCISCO, JR.,NAGMAMALASAKIT NA MGA MANANANGGOL NG MGA

MANGGAGAWANG PILIPINO, INC., ITS OFFICERS AND MEMBERS, WORLD WAR II VETERANS
LEGIONARIES OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.v.THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, REPRESENTED
BY SPEAKER JOSE G. DE VENECIA, THE SENATE, REPRESENTED BY SENATE PRESIDENT
FRANKLIN M. DRILON, REPRESENTATIVE GILBERTO C. TEODORO, JR. AND REPRESENTATIVE
FELIX WILLIAM B. FUENTEBELLA, JAIME N. SORIANO

SENATOR AQUILINO Q. PIMENTEL
G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003, CARPIO MORALES, J.

Judicial review is indeed an integral component of the delicate system of checks and balances which,
together with the corollary principle of separation of powers, forms the bedrock of our republican form of
government and insures that its vast powers are utilized only for the benefit of the people for which it serves.

Facts:

Former President Estrada filed an the first impeachment complaint against Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide
Jr. (CJ Davide) for culpable violation of the Constitution, betrayal of the public trust and other high crimes. The
House Committee on Justice ruled that the first impeachment complaint was sufficient in form, but voted to dismiss
the same for being insufficient in substance.

Four months after the dismissal of the first complaint, the second impeachment complaint was filed by
Representatives Gilberto C. Teodoro, Jr. and Felix William B. Fuentebella against CJ Davide, Jr. founded on the
alleged results of the investigation, in aid of legislation, on the manner of disbursements and expenditures by the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Judiciary Development Fund (JDF).

The instant petitions arose against the House of Representatives, et. al., most of which contend that the
filing of the second impeachment complaint is unconstitutional as it violates the provision of Section 5 of Article XI
of the Constitution that "no impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once
within a period of one year."

Issue:

Whether the power of judicial review extends to those arising from impeachment proceedings.

Ruling:

YES. As reflected above, petitioners plead for this Court to exercise the power of judicial review to
determine the validity of the second impeachment complaint.

This Court's power of judicial review is conferred on the judicial branch of the government in Section 1,
Article VIII of our present 1987 Constitution which states that the judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice
to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine

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whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of
any branch or instrumentality of the government.

The separation of powers is a fundamental principle in our system of government. The Constitution has
provided for an elaborate system of checks and balances to secure coordination in the workings of the various
departments of the government and the judiciary in turn, with the Supreme Court as the final arbiter, effectively
checks the other departments in the exercise of its power to determine the law, and hence to declare executive and
legislative acts void if violative of the Constitution.

Finally, there exists no constitutional basis for the contention that the exercise of judicial review over
impeachment proceedings would upset the system of checks and balances. Verily, the Constitution is to be
interpreted as a whole and one section is not to be allowed to defeat another. Both are integral components of the
calibrated system of independence and interdependence that insures that no branch of government act beyond the
powers assigned to it by the Constitution.

Consequently, the second impeachment complaint against Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide, Jr. which was
filed by Representatives Gilberto C. Teodoro, Jr. and Felix William B. Fuentebella with the Office of the Secretary
General of the House of Representatives on October 23, 2003 is barred under paragraph 5, section 3 of Article XI of
the Constitution.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

MA. MERCEDITAS N. GUTIERREZ v. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON

JUSTICE, RISA HONTIVEROS-BARAQUEL,FELICIANO BELMONTE, JR.et al.
G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011, CARPIO MORALES, J.

It bears stressing that, unlike the process of inquiry in aid of legislation where the rights of witnesses are
involved, impeachment is primarily for the protection of the people as a body politic, and not for the punishment of
the offender.

Facts:

Respondents Risa Hontiveros-Baraquel, Danilo Lim, and spouses Felipe and Evelyn Pestaño (Baraquel
group) filed an impeachment complaint against Ma. Merceditas Gutierrez. Also, respondents Renato Reyes, Jr.,
Mother Mary John Mananzan, Danilo Ramos, Edre Olalia, Ferdinand Gaite and James Terry Ridon (Reyes group)
filed another impeachment complaint against Ombudsman Gutierrez.

During its plenary session, the House of Representatives simultaneously referred both complaints to the
public respondent HOR Committee on Justice. After hearing, public respondent, through two separate Resolutions,
found both complaints sufficient in form and in substance which both allege culpable violation of the Constitution
and betrayal of public trust.

Petitioner Gutierrez, challenges via petition for certiorari and prohibition the Resolutions of the House of
Representatives Committee on Justice. Respondents raise the impropriety of the remedies of certiorari and
prohibition. They argue that public respondent was not exercising any judicial, quasi-judicial or ministerial function
in taking cognizance of the two impeachment complaints as it was exercising a political act that is discretionary in
nature.

Issue:

Whether HOR Committee on Justice committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction in issuing its two assailed Resolutions.

Ruing:

NO. Petitioner alleges that public respondent’s chairperson, Representative NielTupas, Jr. (Rep. Tupas), is
the subject of an investigation she is conducting, while his father, former Iloilo Governor Niel Tupas, Sr., had been
charged by her with violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act before the Sandiganbayan. To petitioner,

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the actions taken by her office against Rep. Tupas and his father influenced the proceedings taken by public
respondent in such a way that bias and vindictiveness played a big part in arriving at the finding of sufficiency of
form and substance of the complaints against her.

The Court finds petitioner’s allegations of bias and vindictiveness bereft of merit, there being hardly any
indication thereof. Mere suspicion of partiality does not suffice. The act of the head of a collegial body cannot be
considered as that of the entire body itself.

The determination of sufficiency of form and substance of an impeachment complaint is an exponent of the
express constitutional grant of rule-making powers of the House of Representatives which committed such
determinative function to public respondent. In the discharge of that power and in the exercise of its discretion, the
House has formulated determinable standards as to the form and substance of an impeachment complaint. Prudential
considerations behoove the Court to respect the compliance by the House of its duty to effectively carry out the
constitutional purpose, absent any contravention of the minimum constitutional guidelines.

In another vein, petitioner, pursuing her claim of denial of due process, questions the lack of or, more
accurately, delay in the publication of the Impeachment Rules. Public respondent counters that "promulgation" in
this case refers to "the publication of rules in any medium of information, not necessarily in the Official Gazette or
newspaper of general circulation."

Promulgation must thus be used in the context in which it is generally understood—that is, to make known.
Generalia verba sunt generaliter inteligencia. What is generally spoken shall be generally understood. Between the
restricted sense and the general meaning of a word, the general must prevail unless it was clearly intended that the
restricted sense was to be used.

Since the Constitutional Commission did not restrict "promulgation" to "publication," the former should be
understood to have been used in its general sense. It is within the discretion of Congress to determine on how to
promulgate its Impeachment Rules, in much the same way that the Judiciary is permitted to determine that to
promulgate a decision means to deliver the decision to the clerk of court for filing and publication. Publication in the
Official Gazette or a newspaper of general circulation is but one avenue for Congress to make known its rules.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

CHIEF JUSTICE RENATO C. CORONA v. SENATE OF THE PHILIPPINES sitting as an

IMPEACHMENT COURT, BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, PHILIPPINE SAVINGS BANK,
ARLENE "KAKA" BAG-AO, GIORGIDI AGGABAO, MARILYN PRIMICIAS-AGABAS, NIEL TUPAS,
RODOLFO FARINAS, SHERWIN TUGNA, RAUL DAZA, ELPIDIO BARZAGA, REYNALDO UMALI,
NERI COLMENARES (ALSO KNOWN AS THE PROSECUTORS FROM THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES)
G.R. No. 200242, July 17, 2012, VILLARAMA, JR., J.

Given their concededly political character, the precise role of the judiciary in impeachment cases is a
matter of utmost importance to ensure the effective functioning of the separate branches while preserving the
structure of checks and balance in our government. Moreover, in this jurisdiction, the acts of any branch or
instrumentality of the government, including those traditionally entrusted to the political departments, are proper
subjects of judicial review if tainted with grave abuse or arbitrariness.

Facts:

A caucus was held by the majority bloc of the House of Representatives (HOR) during which a verified
complaint for impeachment against Chief Justice Renato Corona (CJ Corona) was submitted by the leadership of the
Committee on Justice. On the same day, the complaint was voted in session and 188 Members signed and endorsed
it. The complaint was transmitted to the Senate which convened as an impeachment court the following day.

CJ Corona received a copy of the complaint charging him with culpable violation of the Constitution,
betrayal of public trust and graft and corruption. On January 16, 2012, the Senate, acting as an Impeachment Court,
commenced trial proceedings against CJ Corona.

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CJ Corona filed with the SC a petition for certiorari and prohibition with prayer for immediate issuance of
TRO and writ of preliminary injunction assailing the impeachment case initiated by the Members of the HOR and
trial being conducted by Senate. Senate contends that unless there is a clear transgression of these constitutional
limitations, this Court may not exercise its power of expanded judicial review over the actions of Senator-Judges
during the proceedings.

Issue:

Whether the certiorari jurisdiction of this Court may be invoked to assail matters or incidents arising from
impeachment proceedings, and to obtain injunctive relief for alleged violations of right to due process of the person
being tried by the Senate sitting as Impeachment Court.

Ruling:

YES. Impeachment, described as the most formidable weapon in the arsenal of democracy, was foreseen as
creating divisions, partialities and enmities, or highlighting pre-existing factions with the greatest danger that the
decision will be regulated more by the comparative strength of parties, than by the real demonstrations of innocence
or guilt. Our own Constitution’s provisions on impeachment were adopted from the US Constitution. CJ Corona was
impeached through the mode provided under Art. XI, par. 4, Sec. 3, in a manner that he claims was accomplished
with undue haste and under a complaint which is defective for lack of probable cause.

In the first impeachment case decided by this Court, Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit na mga
Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., the Court ruled that the power of judicial review in this
jurisdiction includes the power of review over justiciable issues in impeachment proceedings. Subsequently, in
Gutierrez v. House of Representatives Committee on Justice, the Court resolved the question of the validity of the
simultaneous referral of two impeachment complaints against petitioner Ombudsman which was allegedly a
violation of the due process clause and of the one-year bar provision.

In the meantime, the impeachment trial had been concluded with the conviction of CJ Corona by more than
the required majority vote of the Senator-Judges. Petitioner immediately accepted the verdict and without any
protest vacated his office. Unarguably, the constitutional issue raised by CJ Corona had been mooted by supervening
events and his own acts. An issue or a case becomes moot and academic when it ceases to present a justiciable
controversy so that a determination thereof would be without practical use and value. In such cases, there is no
actual substantial relief to which the petitioner would be entitled to and which would be negated by the dismissal of
the petition.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. THE HONORABLE SANDIGANBAYAN (Fifth Division) and EFREN
L. ALAS
G.R. Nos. 147706-07, February 16, 2005, CORONA, J.

The Court ruled that the concerned officers of government-owned or controlled corporations, whether
created by special law or formed under the Corporation Code, come under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan for
purposes of the provisions of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.

Facts:

Two separate informationsf or violation of Section 3(e) of RA 3019were filed with the Sandiganbayan
against Efren Alas (Alas) for the alleged anomalous advertising contracts entered into by Alas, in his capacity as
President and COO of the Philippine Postal Savings Bank (PPSB), with Bagong Buhay Publishing Company which
caused damage and prejudice to the government.

Alas filed a motion to quash the informations for lack of jurisdiction. The Sandiganbayan ruled that PPSB
was a private corporation and that its officers did not fall under Sandiganbayan’s jurisdiction. The records disclosed
that while PPSB is a subsidiary of the Philippine Postal Corporation which is a GOCC, the same is not created by a
special law. It was organized and incorporated under the Corporation Code.

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The People, through the OSP, contends that in further defining the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, RA
8249 did not make a distinction as to the manner of creation of the GOCC for their officers to fall under its
jurisdiction. Hence, being President and COO of the PPSB at the time of commission of the crimes charged, Alas
came under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.

Issue:

Whether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of
government-owned or controlled corporations organized and incorporated under the Corporation Code for purposes
of the provisions of RA 3019.

Ruling:

YES. PPSB fits the bill as a government-owned or controlled corporation, and organized and incorporated
under the Corporation Code as a subsidiary of the Philippine Postal Corporation (PHILPOST). More than 99% of
the authorized capital stock of PPSB belongs to the government while the rest is nominally held by its incorporators
who are/were themselves officers of PHILPOST.

It is not disputed that the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over presidents, directors or trustees, or managers
of government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters whenever charges of graft and corruption are
involved. However, a question arises whether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over the same officers in
government-owned or controlled corporations organized and incorporated under the Corporation Code in view of
the delimitation provided for in Article IX-B Section 2(1) of the 1987 Constitution which states that the Civil
Service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the government, including
government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters.

It should be pointed out however, that the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan is separate and distinct from
the Civil Service Commission. The same is governed by Article XI, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution which
provides that the present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its
jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.

On March 30, 1995, Congress, pursuant to its authority vested under the 1987 Constitution, enacted RA
7975 maintaining the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan over presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of
government-owned or controlled corporations without any distinction whatsoever. The legislature, in mandating the
inclusion of presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of government-owned or controlled corporations within
the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan, has consistently refrained from making any distinction with respect to the
manner of their creation.

The deliberate omission, in Court’s view, clearly reveals the intention of the legislature to include the
presidents, directors or trustees, or managers of both types of corporations within the jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan whenever they are involved in graft and corruption. Had it been otherwise, it could have simply
made the necessary distinction. But it did not. Corollarily, Article XI Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution, on the
jurisdiction of the Ombudsman (the government’s prosecutory arm against persons charged with graft and
corruption), includes officers and employees of government-owned or controlled corporations, likewise without any
distinction.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN v. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

G.R. No. 159940, February 16, 2005, CARPIO-MORALES, J.

It bears emphasis that that under P.D. No 807, Sec. 9 (h) which authorizes the CSC to approve
appointments to positions in the civil service, except those specified therein, its authority is limited only to determine
whether or not the appointees possess the legal qualifications and the appropriate eligibility, nothing else.

Facts:

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The CSC approved the Qualification Standards for several positions in the Office of the Ombudsman
including that for Graft Investigation Officer III. The Career Executive Service Board (CESB) advised the
Ombudsman that the position of Graft Investigation Officer IIIwas classified as a Career Executive Service (CES)
position, hence, governed by the rules of the CES pertaining to eligibility, appointment to CES ranks, and
performance evaluation.

Melchor Arthur H. Carandang (Carandang), Paul Elmer M. Clemente (Clemente) and Jose Tereso U. de
Jesus, Jr (De Jesus) were temporarily appointed Graft Investigation Officers III of the Ombudsman. The CSC
approved the appointments on the condition that for the appointees to acquire security of tenure, they must obtain
Civil Service Executive (CSE) eligibility. It appears that Carandang and Clemente were conferred with CSE
Eligibility.

Ombudsman subsequently reclassified several positions, including Graft Investigation Officer III which
was reclassified to Graft Investigation and Prosecution Officer III. With respect to the reclassified Graft
Investigation and Prosecution Officer III position, the Qualification Standards were the same as those for Graft
Investigation Officer III.

The CSC issued the questioned resolution changing the status of Carandang’s and Clemente’s appointments
to permanent, but not with respect to De Jesus on the ground that he has not met the eligibility requirements. The
questioned resolution provided that a Graft Investigation Officer III position is a career service position requiring a
CSE Eligibility. Considering that De Jesus has not met the eligibility requirement, the change of status of his
appointment from temporary to permanent cannot be effected.

Issue:

Whether the of CSC can constitutionally and validly restrict the specific discretionary power of
appointment, including the grant of security of tenure, by the Ombudsman as an independent constitutional body in
favor of the latter’s own officials.

Ruling:

NO. The positions subject of the present case are unique and highly technical in nature, as are those of the
Judiciary. A person occupying the position of Graft Investigation Officer III is not, however, appointed by the
President but by the Ombudsman as provided in Article IX of the Constitution which states that the officials and
employees of the ombudsman, other than the deputies, shall be appointed by the ombudsman according to the civil
service law.

To classify the position of Graft Investigation Officer III as belonging to the CES and require an appointee
thereto to acquire CSE eligibility before acquiring security of tenure would be absurd as it would result either in 1)
vesting the appointing power for said position in the President, in violation of the Constitution; or 2) including in the
CES a position not occupied by a presidential appointee, contrary to the Administrative Code.

It is not disputed that, except for his lack of CSE eligibility, De Jesus possesses the basic qualifications of a
Graft Investigation Officer III, as provided in the Qualification Standards. Such being the case, the CSC has the
ministerial duty to grant the request of the Ombudsman that appointment be made permanent effective December
18, 2002. To refuse to heed the request is a clear encroachment on the discretion vested solely on the Ombudsman as
appointing authority. It goes without saying that the status of the appointments of Carandang and Clemente, who
were conferred CSE eligibility pursuant to CSC Resolution No. 03-0665 dated June 6, 2003, should be changed to
permanent effective December 18, 2002 too.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

EMILIO A. GONZALES IIIv.OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES, acting through and
represented by EXECUTIVE SECRETARY PAQUITO N. OCHOA, JR., SENIOR DEPUTY EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY JOSE AMOR M. AMORANDO, Officer in Charge, Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary
for Legal Affairs, ATTY. RONALDO A. GERON, DIR. ROWENA TURINGAN-SANCHEZ, and ATTY.
CARLITOD. CATAYONG
G.R. No. 196231, September 4, 2012, PERLAS-BERNABE, J.

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In giving the President the power to remove a Deputy Ombudsman and Special Prosecutor, Congress
simply laid down in express terms an authority that is already implied from the President's constitutional authority
to appoint the aforesaid officials in the Office of the Ombudsman.

Facts:

G.R. No. 196231

P/S Insp. Rolando Mendoza (Mendoza), and four others were charged criminally and administratively for
Grave Misconduct. Petitioner Emilio A. Gonzales III (Gonzales) requested all relevant documents and evidence in
relation to said case to the Office of the Deputy Ombudsman for appropriate administrative adjudication. Upon the
recommendation of Gonzales, a decision in the administrative case finding Mendoza and his fellow police officers
guilty of Grave Misconduct was approved by the Ombudsman with the penalty of dismissal from the service.

Mendoza and his fellow police officers filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the foregoing Decision. The
motion remained pending for final review and action when P/S Insp. Mendoza hijacked a bus-load of foreign
tourists on that fateful day of August 23, 2010 in a desperate attempt to have himself reinstated in the police service.

Incident Investigation and Review Committee (IIRC) found that Deputy Ombudsman Gonzales committed
serious and inexcusable negligence and gross violation of their own rules of procedure by allowing Mendoza's
motion for reconsideration to languish for more than nine months without any justification. The inaction is gross,
considering there is no opposition thereto. The prolonged inaction precipitated the desperate resort to hostage-
taking.

The Office of the President issued a resolution, after due investigation, finding Deputy Ombudsman
Gonzales guilty of Gross Neglect of Duty and Grave Misconduct constituting betrayal of public trust, and meted out
the penalty of dismissal from service.

G.R. No. 196232

Major General Carlos F. Garcia and his family were charged with Plunder and Money Laundering before
the Sandiganbayan. The government, represented by petitioner Special Prosecutor Wendell Barreras-Sulit (Barreras-
Sulit), sought the Sandiganbayan's approval of a Plea Bargaining Agreement entered into with the accused. The
Sandiganbayan approved the Plea Bargaining Agreement.

The House of Representatives' Committee on Justice conducted public hearings on the Plea Bargaining
Agreement which in effect recommended to the President the dismissal of petitioner Barreras-Sulit from the service
and the filing of appropriate charges.

The Office of the President initiated an investigation against petitioner Barreras-Sulit. In her written
explanation, petitioner raised the defenses of prematurity and the lack of jurisdiction of the OP with respect to the
administrative disciplinary proceeding against her.

Issue:

Whether the Office of the President has jurisdiction to exercise administrative disciplinary power over a
Deputy Ombudsman and a Special Prosecutor who belong to the constitutionally-created Office of the Ombudsman.

Ruling:

YES. It is a basic canon of statutory construction that in interpreting a statute, care should be taken that
every part thereof be given effect, on the theory that it was enacted as an integrated measure and not as a hodge-
podge of conflicting provisions. A construction that would render a provision inoperative should be avoided; instead,
apparently inconsistent provisions should be reconciled whenever possible as parts of a coordinated and harmonious
whole. Otherwise stated, the law must not be read in truncated parts. Every part thereof must be considered together
with the other parts, and kept subservient to the general intent of the whole enactment.

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A harmonious construction of these two apparently conflicting provisions in R.A. No. 6770 leads to the
inevitable conclusion that Congress had intended the Ombudsman and the President to exercise concurrent
disciplinary jurisdiction over petitioners as Deputy Ombudsman and Special Prosecutor, respectively. This sharing
of authority goes into the wisdom of the legislature, which prerogative falls beyond the pale of judicial inquiry.

Indubitably, the manifest intent of Congress in enacting both provisions - Section 8(2) and Section 21 - in
the same Organic Act was to provide for an external authority, through the person of the President, that would
exercise the power of administrative discipline over the Deputy Ombudsman and Special Prosecutor without in the
least diminishing the constitutional and plenary authority of the Ombudsman over all government officials and
employees. Such legislative design is simply a measure of "check and balance" intended to address the lawmakers'
real and valid concern that the Ombudsman and his Deputy may try to protect one another from administrative
liabilities.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

GEORGE UYv. SANDIGANBAYAN, OMBUDSMAN and ROGER C. BERBANO, SR., Special Prosecution
Officer III, Office of the Special Prosecutor
G.R. Nos. 105965-70, August 9, 1999, PARDO, J.

It can be deduced from provisions of law that both the nature of the offense and the position occupied by
the accused are conditions sine qua non before the Sandiganbayan can validly take cognizance of the case.

Facts:

George Uy (Uy) was Deputy Comptroller of the Philippine Navy and has the authority is to sign
disbursement vouchers relative to the procurement of equipment needed by the Philippine Navy. Six informations
for estafa through falsification of official documents and one information for violation of Section 3 (e), R.A. No.
3019, were filed with the Sandiganbayan against petitioner Uy and 19 co-accused.

The Special Prosecutor Desierto recommended that the informations for estafa through falsification of
official documents be withdrawn and, in lieu thereof, informations for violation of Section 3 (e) of R. A. No. 3019,
as amended, be filed against five accused including the petitioner Uy.

Petitioner Uy filed with the Sandiganbayan a motion to quash the informations on the grounds that the
Sandiganbayan has no jurisdiction over the offense charged or the person of the accused, the facts charged do not
constitute an offense and more than one offense is charged. The Sandiganbayan denied petitioner Uy's motion to
quash for lack of merit.

Issue:

Whether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over the subject criminal cases or the person of petitioner Uy.

Ruling:

NO. The Court rules that the Sandiganbayan has no jurisdiction over petitioner, at the time of the filing of
the informations, and as now prescribed by law. RA No. 8249, the latest amendment to P. D. 1606 creating the
Sandiganbayan, provides the prevailing scope of the Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction.

The pertinent portions of Section 4 of the Sandiganbayan Law states that the Sandiganbayan shall exercise
exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases involving; a. Violations of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, otherwise
known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 1379, and Chapter II, Section 2, Title VII,
Book II of the Revised Penal Code, where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following
positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the
offense: xxx (d.) Philippine army and air force colonels, naval captains, and all officers of higher rank.

In the instant case, while petitioner Uy is charged with violation of Section 3(e) of R. A. No. 3019, as
amended, which is an offense covered by Section 4 of the Sandiganbayan Law, his position as Lieutenant

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Commander of the Philippine Navy is a rank lower than "naval captains and all officer of higher rank" as prescribed
under sub-paragraph (d) of Section 4.

Thus, not falling within the "rank" requirement stated in Section 4, exclusive jurisdiction over petitioner is
vested in the regular courts pursuant to the provision of Section 4 of the Sandiganbayan Law, as amended by R.A.
No. 8249, which states that "In cases where none of the accused are occupying positions corresponding to Salary
Grade "27" or higher, as prescribed in the said Republic Act No. 6758, or military and PNP officers mentioned
above, exclusive original jurisdiction thereof shall be vested in the proper regional trial court, metropolitan trial
court, municipal trial court, and municipal circuit trial court, as the case may be, pursuant to their respective
jurisdictions as provided in Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended.

In this connection, it is the prosecutor, not the Ombudsman, who has the authority to file the corresponding
information/s against petitioner Uy in the regional trial court. The Ombudsman exercises prosecutorial powers only
in cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

RENATO A. TAPIADOR v. OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN and ATTY. RONALDO P. LEDESMA

G.R. No. 129124, March 15, 2002, DE LEON, JR., J.

Under Section 13, subparagraph (3), of Article XI of the 1987 Constitution, the Ombudsman can only
"recommend" the removal of the public official or employee found to be at fault, to the public official concerned.

Facts:

Walter Beck (Beck), a U.S. citizen, filed a complaint-affidavit against the Renato Tapiador (Tapiador), a
BID Special Investigator, with the BID Resident Ombudsman alleging that Tapiador demanded and received from
herP10, 000.00 in exchange for the issuance of an alien certificate of registration (ACR) which was subsequently
withheld by Tapiadorunless Beck pay an additional P7, 000.00. Tapiador denied that he demanded nor received any
amount of money from Beck in consideration for the issuance of Beck’s ACR.

BID Resident Ombudsman found Tiapador liable for violating civil service rules and penal laws and thus,
recommended that criminal and administrative charges be filed against the Tapiador.The Ombudsman dismissed the
criminal charge for lack of evidence but found Tapiador liable for grave misconduct and imposed the penalty of
dismissal from the government service.

Issue:

Whether or not the Ombudsman erred in finding Tapiadorliable for grave misconduct and imposing the
penalty of dismissal from the government service.

Ruling:

YES. In administrative proceedings, the complainant has the burden of proving, by substantial evidence,
the allegations in the complaint. Substantial evidence does not necessarily import preponderance of evidence as is
required in an ordinary civil case; rather, it is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
to support a conclusion.

Notably, the instant administrative complaint was resolved by the Ombudsman merely on the basis of the
evidence extant in the record of OMB-ADM-0-94-0983. The preliminary conference required under Republic Act
No. 6770was dispensed with after the nominal complainant. Consequently, the only basis for the questioned
resolution of the Ombudsman dismissing the petitioner from the government service was the unverified complaint-
affidavit of Walter H. Beck and that of his alleged witness, PurisimaTerencio.

A thorough review of the records, however, showed that the subject affidavits of Beck and Terencio were
not even identified by the respective affiants during the fact-finding investigation conducted by the BID Resident
Ombudsman at the BID office in Manila. Neither did they appear during the preliminary investigation to identify
their respective sworn statements despite prior notice before the investigating officer who subsequently dismissed

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the criminal aspect of the case upon finding that the charge against the petitioner "was not supported by any
evidence". Hence, Beck's affidavit is hearsay and inadmissible in evidence. On this basis alone, the Administrative
Adjudication Bureau of the Office of the Ombudsman should have dismissed the administrative complaint against
Tapiador in the first instance.

Nonetheless, a perusal of the affidavit executed by Walter Beck does not categorically state that it was
petitioner Tapiador who personally demanded from Beck the amount of P10,000.00 in consideration for the issuance
of the latter's ACR. Walter Beck could have easily stated in his affidavit that he paid the said amount directly to
Tapiador if it were indeed the latter who actually received the same, but he did not. This significant omission in his
affidavit is fatal in establishing the alleged administrative liability of the petitioner.

The complainant clearly failed to present the quantum of proof necessary to prove the charge in the subject
administrative case, that is, with substantial evidence. Besides, assuming arguendo, that Tapiador was
administratively liable, the Ombudsman has no authority to directly dismiss Tapiador from the government service,
more particularly from his position in the BID.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

EDGARDO V. ESTARIJA v. EDWARD F. RANADA and the Honorable OMBUDSMAN Aniano A. Desierto
(now succeeded by Hon. Simeon Marcelo), and his Deputy OMBUDSMAN for Mindanao, Hon. Antonio E.
Valenzuela
G. R. No. 159314, June 26, 2006, QUISUMBING, J.

Rep. Act No. 6770 provides for the functional and structural organization of the Office of the Ombudsman.
In passing Rep. Act No. 6770, Congress deliberately endowed the Ombudsman with the power to prosecute offenses
committed by public officers and employees to make him a more active and effective agent of the people in ensuring
accountability in public office. Moreover, the legislature has vested the Ombudsman with broad powers to enable
him to implement his own actions.

Facts:

Edward Ranada, a member of the Davao Pilots Association, Inc. (DPAI) and Davao Tugboat and Allied
Services, Inc., (DTASI) filed an administrative complaint for Gross Misconduct before the Office of the
Ombudsman-Mindanao, against petitioner Captain Edgardo V. Estarija (Estarija), who as Harbor Master, issues the
necessary berthing permit for all ships that dock in the Davao Port.

NBI caught Estarija in possession of the P5, 000 marked money used by the NBI to entrap Estarija for his
alleged extortion activities. Estarija denied demanding money for the approval of berthing permits. The Ombudsman
issued a decision in the administrative case finding Estarija guilty of dishonesty and grave misconduct imposed the
penalty of dismissal from the service with forfeiture of all leave credits and retirement benefits.

Estarija questioned the penalty of dismissal imposed upon him with the CA claiming that dismissal was
unconstitutional since the Ombudsman did not have direct and immediate power to remove government officials,
whether elective or appointive, who are not removable by impeachment. He maintains that under the 1987
Constitution, the Ombudsman’s administrative authority is merely recommendatory, and that Republic Act No.
6770, otherwise known as "The Ombudsman Act of 1989", is unconstitutional because it gives the Office of the
Ombudsman additional powers that are not provided for in the Constitution. The CA dismissed the petition and
affirmed the Ombudsman’s decision.

Issue:

Whether the power of the Ombudsman to directly remove, suspend, demote, fine or censure erring officials
is constitutional.

Ruling:

YES. When the issue of unconstitutionality of a legislative act is raised, the Court may exercise its power
of judicial review only if the following requisites are present: (1) an actual and appropriate case and controversy; (2)

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a personal and substantial interest of the party raising the constitutional question; (3) the exercise of judicial review
is pleaded at the earliest opportunity; and (4) the constitutional question raised is the very lismota of the case.

In Ledesma v. Court of Appeals, the Court held that Rep. Act No. 6770 is consistent with the intent of the
framers of the 1987 Constitution. Thus, in addition to the power of the Ombudsman to prosecute and conduct
investigations, the lawmakers intended to provide the Ombudsman with the power to punish for contempt and
preventively suspend any officer under his authority pending an investigation when the case so warrants. He was
likewise given disciplinary authority over all elective and appointive officials of the government and its
subdivisions, instrumentalities and agencies except members of Congress and the Judiciary.The Court also held
in Ledesma that the statement in Tapiador v. Office of the Ombudsman that made reference to the power of the
Ombudsman is, at best, merely an obiter dictum and cannot be cited as a doctrinal declaration of this Court.

Lastly, the Constitution gave Congress the discretion to give the Ombudsman other powers and functions.
Thus, the Constitution does not restrict the powers of the Ombudsman in Section 13, Article XI of the 1987
Constitution, but allows the Legislature to enact a law that would spell out the powers of the Ombudsman. Through
the enactment of Rep. Act No. 6770, specifically Section 15, par. 3, the lawmakers gave the Ombudsman such
powers to sanction erring officials and employees, except members of Congress, and the Judiciary.To conclude, the
Court holds that Sections 15, 21, 22 and 25 of Republic Act No. 6770 are constitutionally sound. The powers of the
Ombudsman are not merely recommendatory. His office was given teeth to render this constitutional body not
merely functional but also effective. Thus, the Court rules that under Republic Act No. 6770 and the 1987
Constitution, the Ombudsman has the constitutional power to directly remove from government service an erring
public official other than a member of Congress and the Judiciary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

BONIFACIO SANZ MACEDA, Presiding Judge, Branch 12, Regional Trial Court, Antique v. HON.
OMBUDSMAN CONRADO M. VASQUEZ AND ATTY. NAPOLEON A. ABIERA
G.R. No. 102781, April 22, 1993, NOCON, J.

Article VIII, section 6 of the 1987 Constitution exclusively vests in the Supreme Court administrative
supervision over all courts and court personnel, from the Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeals down to the
lowest municipal trial court clerk. By virtue of this power, it is only the Supreme Court that can oversee the judges'
and court personnel's compliance with all laws, and take the proper administrative action against them if they
commit any violation thereof. No other branch of government may intrude into this power, without running afoul of
the doctrine of separation of powers.

Facts:

Respondent Napoleon Abiera (Abeira) of the Public Attorney's Office filed his affidavit-complaint before
the Office of the Ombudsman, alleging that Judge Bonifacio Sanz Maceda (Maceda) had falsified his Certificate of
Service by certifying "that all civil and criminal cases which have been submitted for decision or determination for a
period of 90 days have been determined and decided on or before January 31, 1998," when no decision had been
rendered in five civil and ten criminal cases that have been submitted for decision.

Judge Maceda contends that he had been granted by this Court an extension of 90 days to decide the cases
and that the Ombudsman has no jurisdiction over said case despite this Court's ruling in Orap vs. Sandiganbayan,
since the offense charged arose from the judge's performance of his official duties, which is under the control and
supervision of the Supreme Court.

Issue:

Whether the Office of the Ombudsman could entertain a criminal complaint for the alleged falsification of a
judge's certification submitted to the Supreme Court.

Ruling:

NO. The Court disagrees with the first Part of Judge Maceda’s basic argument. There is nothing in the
decision in Orap that would restrict it only to offenses committed by a judge unrelated to his official duties. A judge

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who falsifies his certificate of service is administratively liable to the Supreme Court for serious misconduct and
inefficiency under Section 1, Rule 140 of the Rules of Court, and criminally liable to the State under the Revised
Penal Code for his felonious act.

However, the Court agrees with Judge Maceda that in the absence of any administrative action taken
against him by this Court with regard to his certificates of service, the investigation being conducted by the
Ombudsman encroaches into the Court's power of administrative supervision over all courts and its personnel, in
violation of the doctrine of separation of powers.

The Ombudsman cannot justify its investigation of Jude Macedaon the powers granted to it by the
Constitution, for such a justification not only runs counter to the specific mandate of the Constitution granting
supervisory powers to the Supreme Court over all courts and their personnel, but likewise undermines the
independence of the judiciary.

Thus, the Ombudsman should first refer the matter of petitioner's certificates of service to this Court for
determination of whether said certificates reflected the true status of his pending case load, as the Court has the
necessary records to make such a determination. The Ombudsman cannot compel this Court, as one of the three
branches of government, to submit its records, or to allow its personnel to testify on this matter, as suggested by
Abiera in his affidavit-complaint.

In fine, where a criminal complaint against a Judge or other court employee arises from their administrative
duties, the Ombudsman must defer action on said complaint and refer the same to this Court for determination
whether said Judge or court employee had acted within the scope of their administrative duties.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

JUDGE JOSE CAOIBES, JR. v. OMBUDSMAN and JUDGE FLORENTINO ALUMBRES

G.R. No. 132177, July 19, 2001, BUENA, J.

Under Section 6, Article VIII of the Constitution, it is the SC which is vested with exclusive administrative
supervision over all courts and its personnel. The Ombudsman cannot determine for itself and by itself whether a
criminal complaint against a judge, or court employee, involves an administrative matter. The Ombudsman is duty
bound to have all cases against judges and court personnel filed before it, referred to the SC for determination as to
whether an administrative aspect is involved therein.

Facts:

Alumbres filed before the Ombudsman, 2 complaints, the 2nd one being an administrative case against
Caoibes Jr., praying for his dismissal from the judiciary. Caoibes Jr. filed an Ex-Parte Motion for Referral to the SC
and contended that the SC, not the Ombudsman, has the authority to make a preliminary determination of their
respective culpability, both being members of the bench, are under its exclusive supervision and control.
Ombudsman denied and invoked Sec 15(1) of RA 6770. MR denied, hence a petition for certiorari was filed.

Issue:

Whether the Ombudsman should defer action on the case before it, pending the resolution of the
administrative case.

Ruling:

YES. Section 15(1) of RA 6770 grants the powers and duties to the Ombudsman. The provisions supply the
legal basis for the Ombudsman in maintaining its jurisdiction over the charges of physical injuries, malicious
mischief and assault upon a person in authority filed by Alumbres against Caoibes Jr. This conclusion seems to be
reinforced by Section 16 which states that the powers of the Ombudsman apply to all kinds of malfeasance,
misfeasance and nonfeasance committed by public officers and employees during their tenure or office.

But it appears that the present case involves two members of the judiciary who were entangled in a fight
within court premises over a piece of office furniture. Under Section 6, Article VIII of the Constitution, it is the SC

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which is vested with exclusive administrative supervision over all courts and its personnel. The Ombudsman cannot
determine for itself and by itself whether a criminal complaint against a judge, or court employee, involves an
administrative matter. The Ombudsman is duty bound to have all cases against judges and court personnel filed
before it, referred to the SC for determination as to whether an administrative aspect is involved therein. This rule
should hold true regardless of whether an administrative case based on the act subject of the complaint before the
Ombudsman is already pending with the Court. For, aside from the fact that the Ombudsman would not know of this
matter unless he is informed of it, he should give due respect for and recognition of the administrative authority of
the Court, because in determining whether an administrative matter is involved, the Court passes upon not only
administrative liabilities but also other administrative concerns.

The Ombudsman cannot dictate to, and bind the Court, to its findings that a case before it does or does not
have administrative implications. To do so is to deprive the Court of the exercise of its administrative prerogatives
and to arrogate unto itself a power not constitutionally sanctioned. This is a dangerous policy which impinges, as it
does, on judicial independence. By virtue of its constitutional power of administrative supervision over all courts
and court personnel, from the Presiding Justice of the CA down to the lowest MTC clerk, it is only the SC that can
oversee the judges’ and court personnel’s compliance with all laws, and take the proper administrative action against
them if they commit any violation thereof. No other branch of government may intrude into this power, without
running afoul of the doctrine of separation of powers.

JUAN GALLANOSA FRIVALDO v. COMELEC AND THE LEAGUE OF MUNICIPALITIES, SORSOGON

CHAPTER, REPRESENTED BY ITS PRESIDENT, SALVADOR NEE ESTUYE
G.R. No. 87193, June 23, 1989, CRUZ, J.

Article XI, Section 9, of the Constitution: all public officials and employees owe the State and the
Constitution "allegiance at all times". Under CA 473 and PD 725, Philippine citizenship may be reacquired by
direct act of Congress, by naturalization, or by repatriation.

Facts:

Frivaldo was proclaimed governor-elect of Sorsogon and assumed office in due time. The League filed with
COMELEC a petition for the annulment of Frivaldo’s election and proclamation on the ground that he was not a
Filipino citizen, having been naturalized in the US. Frivaldo admitted that he was naturalized but pleaded the special
and affirmative defenses that he had sought American citizenship only to protect himself against Marcos..

Issue:

Whether Frivaldo was a citizen of the Philippines at the time of his election as provincial governor of
Sorsogon.

Ruling:

NO. Article XI, Section 9, of the Constitution: all public officials and employees owe the State and the
Constitution "allegiance at all times". Sec 42 of the LGC: a candidate for local elective office must be inter alia a
citizen of the Philippines and a qualified voter of the constituency where he is running. Sec 117 of the OEC: a
qualified voter must be, among other qualifications, a citizen of the Philippines, this being an indispensable
requirement for suffrage.

The SC cannot agree that as a consequence thereof he was coerced into embracing American citizenship.
His feeble suggestion that his naturalization was not the result of his own free and voluntary choice is totally
unacceptable and must be rejected outright.There were many other Filipinos in the US similarly situated as Frivaldo,
and some of them subject to greater risk than he, who did not find it necessary nor do they claim to have been
coerced to abandon their cherished status as Filipinos. They did not take the oath of allegiance to the US, unlike
Frivaldo who solemnly declared "on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and
fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or
citizen," meaning in his case the Republic of the Philippines. The martyred Ninoy Aquino heads the impressive list
of those Filipinos in exile who, unlike Frivaldo, held fast to their Philippine citizenship despite the perils of their
resistance to the Marcos regime. If he really wanted to disavow his American citizenship and reacquire Philippine

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citizenship, he should have done so in accordance with the laws of our country. Under CA 473 and PD 725,
Philippine citizenship may be reacquired by direct act of Congress, by naturalization, or by repatriation.

It does not appear that Frivaldo has taken these categorical acts. He contends that by simply filing his
certificate of candidacy he had, without more, already effectively recovered Philippine citizenship. But that is hardly
the formal declaration the law envisions surely, Philippine citizenship previously disowned is not that cheaply
recovered. If the Special Committee had not yet been convened, what that meant simply was that Frivaldo had to
wait until this was done, or seek naturalization by legislative or judicial proceedings.

MATEO CAASI v. CA and MERITO C. MIGUEL

G.R. No. 88831, November 8, 1990, GRIÑO-AQUINO, J.

To be qualified to run for elective office, the law requires that the candidate who is a green card holder
must have waived his status as a permanent resident or immigrant of a foreign country. His act of filing a COC for
elective office in the Philippines, did not of itself constitute a waiver of his status as a permanent resident or
immigrant of the US. The waiver of his green card should be manifested by some act or acts independent of and
done prior to filing his candidacy for elective office. Without such prior waiver, he was disqualified to run for any
elective office.

Facts:

Under dispute is the disqualification under Section 68 of the OEC of Miguel for the position of municipal
mayor of Bolinao on the ground that he is a green card holder, hence, a permanent resident of the USA. Miguel
admitted that he holds a green card issued to him by the US Immigration Service, but he denied that he is a
permanent resident of the US. He allegedly obtained the green card for convenience in order that he may freely enter
the US for his periodic medical examination and to visit his children there. COMELEC dismissed the petitions. RTC
denied the MD. CA ordered RTC to dismiss and desist from the quo warranto case.

Issue:

Whether Miguel is disqualified to hold the position of municipal mayor of Bolinao.

Ruling:

YES. “Section 68 of the OEC: Any person who is a permanent resident of or an immigrant to a foreign
country shall not be qualified to run for any elective office under this Code, unless said person has waived his status
as permanent resident or immigrant of a foreign country in accordance with the residence requirement provided for
in the election laws.” In the "Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration", Miguel's answer to Question
21 therein regarding his "Length of intended stay", was," Permanently."On its face, the green card that was
subsequently issued to Miguel identifies him in clear bold letters as a RESIDENT ALIEN. Miguel's immigration to
the US constituted an abandonment of his domicile and residence in the Philippines. Based on that application of
his, he was issued by the US the requisite green card or authority to reside there permanently.

“To be qualified to run for elective office, the law requires that the candidate who is a green card holder
must have waived his status as a permanent resident or immigrant of a foreign country. Therefore, his act of filing a
COC for elective office in the Philippines, did not of itself constitute a waiver of his status as a permanent resident
or immigrant of the US. The waiver of his green card should be manifested by some act or acts independent of and
done prior to filing his candidacy for elective office in this country. Without such prior waiver, he was disqualified to
run for any elective office.” Miguel's said application and his possession of a green card attesting to such status are
conclusive proof that he is a permanent resident of the US despite his occasional visits to the Philippines. The
waiver of such immigrant status should be as indubitable as his application for it. Absent clear evidence that he
made an irrevocable waiver of that status or that he surrendered his green card before he ran for mayor of Bolinao in
the local elections, our conclusion is that he was disqualified to run for said public office, hence, his election thereto
was null and void.

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PRESIDENTIAL AD HOC FACT-FINDING COMMITTEE ON BEHEST LOANS, MAGTANGGOL
GUNIGUNDO and ORLANDO SALVADOR v. HON. ANIANO DESIERTO; JOSE OSIAS; PACIFICO
MARCOS; EDUARDO ROMUALDEZ; FERNANDO and JUANITO ORDOVEZA
G.R. No. 130140, October 25, 1999, DAVIDE, JR., C.J.

Behest loans are part of the ill-gotten wealth which Marcos and his cronies accumulated and which the
Government through the PCGG seeks to recover. Besides, even assuming ex gratia that the right to file criminal
charges against Osias, et. al. is prescriptible, the prescriptive period should be counted from the discovery of the
crimes charged, and not from the date of their commission.

Facts:

President Ramos issued AO no. 13, creating the Committee. The Committee reported that the PSI of which
Osias, et. al. were the Directors, was one of the 21 corporations which obtained behest loans. Through Salvador, the
Committee filed a sworn complaint against the Directors of PSI. The Ombudsman dismissed the complaint on the
ground of prescription and relied on the ruling in People v. Dinsay(CA 40 O.G., 12th Supp., 50): the questioned
transactions were evidenced by public instruments and were thus open for the perusal of the public, the prescriptive
period commenced to run from the time of the commission of the crime, not from the discovery thereof.

Issue:

Whether the Ombudsman committed grave abuse of discretion in holding that the offenses with which
Osias, et. al. were charged had already prescribed.

Ruling:

YES. Behest loans are part of the ill-gotten wealth which Marcos and his cronies accumulated and which
the Government through the PCGG seeks to recover. Besides, even assuming ex gratia that the right to file criminal
charges against Osias, et. al. is prescriptible, the prescriptive period should be counted from the discovery of the
crimes charged, and not from the date of their commission. The ruling in Dinsay is not applicable to the case at
bar. First, it is a decision of CA. Second, it involved a prosecution for estafa. Third, Dinsay involved private parties,
while the instant case involves the Government and public officers. Fourth, the ruling is not absolute.

Since the law alleged to have been violated, i.e., paragraphs (e) and (g) of Sec 3, RA 3019, is a special law,
the applicable rule in the computation of the prescriptive period is Sec 2 of Act No. 3326. This simply means that if
the commission of the crime is known, the prescriptive period shall commence to run on the day it was committed.

In the present case, it was well-nigh impossible for the State, the aggrieved party, to have known the
violations at the time the questioned transactions were made because, as alleged, the public officials concerned
connived or conspired with the beneficiaries of the loans. Thus, we agree with the Committee that the prescriptive
period should be computed from the discovery of the commission thereof and not from the day of such
commission.The Ombudsman’s reliance on Dinsay is misplaced. The estafa committed by the accused was known to
the offended party from the very start; hence, it could even be said that the commission and the discovery of the
offense were simultaneous. Since the computation of the prescriptive period for the filing of the criminal action
should commence from the discovery of the offense, the Ombudsman clearly acted with grave abuse of discretion in
dismissing outright the case. It should have first received the evidence to resolve the case on its merits and on the
issue of the date of discovery of the offense.

ILUMINADO URBANO and MARCIAL ACAPULCO v. FRANCISCO I. CHAVEZ, RAMON

BARCELONA and AMY LAZARO-JAVIER
G.R. No. 87977, March 19, 1990, GANCAYCO, J.

This Court held that once an information is filed against the public official, the OSG can no longer
represent the said official in the litigation. The anomaly in this paradigm becomes obvious when, in the event of a
judgment of conviction, the case is brought on appeal to the appellate courts. The OSG, as the appellate counsel of
the People of the Philippines, is expected to take a stand against the accused. More often than not, it does.
Accordingly, there is a clear conflict of interest here, and one which smacks of ethical considerations.

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Facts:

Chavez caused to be published certain defamatory imputations against Urbano. Chavez was the counsel of
the PCGG and a Solicitor General(Solgen). By way of a Motion seeking the disqualification of the OSG to act as
counsel of Solgen Chavez, Urbano manifested that he is suing the Solgen in his personal capacity for acts which he
committed beyond the scope of his authority and as such he cannot be represented by the said Office in the civil suit
instituted. RTC denied Urbano’s motion.

Issue:

Whether the OSG has the authority to appear for Solgen Chavez in the said civil suit for damages.

Ruling:

NO. This Court held that once an information is filed against the public official, the OSG can no longer
represent the said official in the litigation. The anomaly in this paradigm becomes obvious when, in the event of a
judgment of conviction, the case is brought on appeal to the appellate courts. The OSG, as the appellate counsel of
the People of the Philippines, is expected to take a stand against the accused. More often than not, it does.
Accordingly, there is a clear conflict of interest here, and one which smacks of ethical considerations, where the
OSG as counsel for the public official, defends the latter in the preliminary investigation stage of the criminal case,
and where the same office, as appellate counsel of the People of the Philippines, represents the prosecution when the
case is brought on appeal. This anomalous situation could not have been contemplated and allowed by the law, its
unconditional terms and provisions notwithstanding. It is a situation which cannot be countenanced by the Court.
Otherwise, if the Solgen who represents the state on appeal in criminal cases can appear for the accused public
official in a preliminary investigation, then by the same token a provincial or city fiscal, his assistant or any
government prosecutor who represents the People of the Philippines at the preliminary investigation of a case up to
the trial thereof can appear for an accused public official at the preliminary investigation being conducted by another
fiscal, prosecutor or municipal judge. The situation would simply be scandalous, to say the least.

This observation should apply as well to a public official who is haled to court on a civil suit for damages
arising from a felony allegedly committed by him. Any pecuniary liability he may be held to account for on the
occasion of such civil suit is for his own account. The State is not liable for the same. A fortiori, the OSG likewise
has no authority to represent him in such a civil suit for damages.

HON. RICARDO T. GLORIA, in his capacity as Secretary of the DECS v. CA, AMPARO A. ABAD,
VIRGILIA M. BANDIGAS, ELIZABETH A. SOMEBANG and NICANOR MARGALLO
G.R. No. 131012, April 21, 1999, MENDOZA, J

Preventive suspension pending investigation, as already discussed, is not a penalty but only means of
enabling the disciplining authority to conduct an unhampered investigation. On the other hand, preventive
suspension pending appeal is actually punitive although it is in effect subsequently considered illegal if respondent
is exonerated and the administrative decision finding him guilty is reversed. Hence, he should be reinstated with full
pay for the period of the suspension.

Facts:

Abad, et. al. are public school teachers. They were administratively charged and placed under preventive
suspension. The investigation was concluded before the lapse of 90-day suspension and they were found guilty as
charged. Merit Systems and Protection Board(MSPB) found Margallo guilty and imposed on him a six-month
suspension and dismissed the appeal of the others. Civil Service Commission(CSC) affirmed with respect to
Margallo, but found the other three guilty only of violation of reasonable office rules and regulation, by filing to file
applications for leave of absence and, therefore, reduced the penalty imposed on them to reprimand and ordered
them reinstated to their former positions. CA affirmed but ruled that they were entitled to the payment of salaries
during their suspension beyond 90 days.

Issue:

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Whether Abad, et. al. were entitled to the payment of salaries during their suspension beyond 90 days.

Ruling:

YES. Preventive suspension pending investigation, as already discussed, is not a penalty but only means of
enabling the disciplining authority to conduct an unhampered investigation. On the other hand, preventive
suspension pending appeal is actually punitive although it is in effect subsequently considered illegal if respondent
is exonerated and the administrative decision finding him guilty is reversed. Hence, he should be reinstated with full
pay for the period of the suspension. Thus, respondent "shall be considered as under preventive suspension during
the pendency of the appeal in the event he wins." On the other hand, if his conviction is affirmed, i.e., if he is not
exonerated, the period of his suspension becomes part of the final penalty of suspension or dismissal.

Sec. 47 of the present law providing that an administrative decision meting out the penalty of suspension or
dismissal shall be immediately executory and that if the respondent appeals he shall be considered as being merely
under preventive suspension if eventually he prevails is taken from P.D No. 807. Nonetheless, under R.A. No. 2260
the payment of salaries was ordered in cases in which employees were found to be innocent of the charges or their
suspension was held to be unjustified, because the penalty of suspension or dismissal was executed without a finding
by the Civil Service Commissioner that it was necessary "in the interest of the public service." On the other hand,
payment of back salaries was denied where it was shown that the employee concerned was guilty as charged and the
immediate execution of the decision was ordered by the Civil Service Commissioner "in the interest of the public
service."To be entitled to such compensation, the employee must not only be found innocent of the charges but his
suspension must likewise be unjustified. But through an employee is considered under preventive suspension during
the pendency of his appeal in the event he wins, his suspension is unjustified because what the law authorizes is
preventive suspension for a period not exceeding 90 days. Beyond that period the suspension is illegal. Hence, the
employee concerned is entitled to reinstated with full pay.

AMENDMENTS AND REVISIONS

MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO, ALEXANDER PADILLA, and MARIA ISABEL ONGPIN v.

COMELEC, JESUS DELFIN, ALBERTO & CARMEN PEDROSA, as founding members of PIRMA
G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997, DAVIDE, JR., J.

Section 2 of Article XVII of the Constitution is not self-executory. While the Constitution has recognized or
granted that right, the people cannot exercise it if Congress, for whatever reason, does not provide for its
implementation. There is, of course, no other better way for Congress to implement the exercise of the right than
through the passage of a statute or legislative act. This is the essence or rationale of the last minute amendment by
the Constitutional Commission to substitute the last paragraph of Section 2 of Article XVII.

Facts:

Delfin filed with COMELEC a Petition to Amend the Constitution, to Lift Term Limits of Elective
Officials, by People's Initiative. The provisions sought to be amended are Sec 4 and 7 of Article VI, Sec 4 of Article
VII, and Sec 8 of Article X of the Constitution. Said Petition for Initiative will first be submitted to the people, and
after it is signed by at least 12% of the total number of registered voters in the country it will be formally filed with
the COMELEC. Hearing ensued. Santiago, et. al. filed this SCA for prohibition.

Issue:

Whether RA no. 6735 which intended to include the system of initiative on amendments to the Constitution
is inadequate to cover that system.

Ruling:

YES. Section 2 of Article XVII of the Constitution is not self-executory. While the Constitution has
recognized or granted that right, the people cannot exercise it if Congress, for whatever reason, does not provide for
its implementation. There is, of course, no other better way for Congress to implement the exercise of the right than

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through the passage of a statute or legislative act. This is the essence or rationale of the last minute amendment by
the Constitutional Commission to substitute the last paragraph of Section 2 of Article XVII.

We agree that R.A. No. 6735 was, as its history reveals, intended to cover initiative to propose amendments
to the Constitution. But R.A. No. 6735 is not a full compliance with the power and duty of Congress to provide for
the implementation of the exercise of the right. First, Sec 2 of the Act does not suggest an initiative on amendments
to the Constitution. That section is silent as to amendments on the Constitution. Initiative on the Constitution is
confined only to proposals to AMEND. The people are not accorded the power to "directly propose, enact, approve,
or reject, in whole or in part, the Constitution" through the system of initiative. They can only do so with respect to
"laws, ordinances, or resolutions." Second, the Act does not provide for the contents of a petition for initiative on the
Constitution. It does not include, as among the contents of the petition, the provisions of the Constitution sought to
be amended, in the case of initiative on the Constitution. Third,no subtitle is provided for initiative on the
Constitution. This conspicuous silence simply means that the main thrust of the Act is initiative and referendum on
national and local laws. If Congress intended it to fully provide for the implementation of the initiative on
amendments to the Constitution, it could have provided for a subtitle therefor, considering that in the order of things,
the primacy of interest, or hierarchy of values, the right of the people to directly propose amendments to the
Constitution is far more important than the initiative on national and local laws.

While R.A. No. 6735 exerted utmost diligence and care in providing for the details in the implementation
of initiative and referendum on national and local legislation thereby giving them special attention, it failed, rather
intentionally, to do so on the system of initiative on amendments to the Constitution. There was, therefore, an
obvious downgrading of the more important or the paramount system of initiative. RA. No. 6735 thus delivered a
humiliating blow to the system of initiative on amendments to the Constitution by merely paying it a reluctant lip
service. Thus, R.A. No. 6735 is incomplete, inadequate, or wanting in essential terms and conditions insofar as
initiative on amendments to the Constitution is concerned. Its lacunae on this substantive matter are fatal and cannot
be cured by "empowering" the COMELEC "to promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry
out the purposes of the Act.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

RAUL L. LAMBINO and ERICO B. AUMENTADO, TOGETHER WITH 6,327,952 REGISTERED

VOTERS v. COMELEC
G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006, CARPIO, J.

Two essential elements must be present: the people must author and sign the entire proposal and it must be
embodied in a petition. These are present only if the full text of the proposed amendments is first shown to the people
who express their assent by signing such complete proposal in a petition. Thus, an amendment is "directly proposed
by the people through initiative upon a petition" only if the people sign on a petition that contains the full text of the
proposed amendments.

Facts:

Lambino Group, commenced gathering signatures for an initiative petition to change the 1987 Constitution.
They filed a petition with the COMELEC to hold a plebiscite that will ratify their initiative petition under Sec 5(b)
and (c) and Sec 7 of RA No. 6735. They alleged that their petition had the support of 6,327,952 individuals
constituting at least 12% of all registered voters, with each legislative district represented by at least 3% of its
registered voters. COMELEC denied the petition.

Issue:

Whether the Lambino Group's initiative petition complies with Section 2, Article XVII of the Constitution.

Ruling:

NO. The framers intended that the "draft of the proposed constitutional amendment" should be "ready and
shown" to the people "before" they sign such proposal, before they sign there is already a draft shown to them and
that the people should sign on the proposal itself because the proponents must "prepare that proposal and pass it
around for signature."The essence of amendments "directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a

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petition" is that the entire proposal on its face is a petition by the people. Two essential elements must be present: the
people must author and sign the entire proposal andit must be embodied in a petition. These are present only if the
full text of the proposed amendments is first shown to the people who express their assent by signing such complete
proposal in a petition. Thus, an amendment is "directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition"
only if the people sign on a petition that contains the full text of the proposed amendments. The full text of the
proposed amendments may be either written on the face of the petition, or attached to it. If so attached, the petition
must state such fact. This is an assurance that every one of the several millions of signatories had seen the full text of
the proposed amendments before signing. Otherwise, it is physically impossible to prove.

The Lambino Group did not attach to their present petition, a copy of the paper that the people signed as
their initiative petition. The Lambino Group submitted a copy of a signature sheet after the oral arguments. The
signature sheet merely asks a question whether the people approve a shift from the Bicameral-Presidential to the
Unicameral-Parliamentary system of government. The signature sheet does not show to the people the draft of the
proposed changes before they are asked to sign the signature sheet. Clearly, the signature sheet is not the "petition"
that the framers of the Constitution envisioned when they formulated the initiative clause in Section 2, Article XVII
of the Constitution.

Indeed, it is basic in American jurisprudence that the proposed amendment must be incorporated with, or
attached to, the initiative petition signed by the people. In the present initiative, the Lambino Group's proposed
changes were not incorporated with, or attached to, the signature sheets. The Lambino Group's citation of Corpus
Juris Secundum pulls the rug from under their feet. With only 100,000 printed copies of the petition, it would be
physically impossible for all or a great majority of the 6.3 million signatories to have seen the petition before they
signed the signature sheets. The inescapable conclusion is that the Lambino Group failed to show to the 6.3 million
signatories the full text of the proposed changes. If ever, not more than one million signatories saw the petition
before they signed the signature sheets.

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