Alolayan1

Faisal Alolayan

William Loudermilk

English Composition II

14-July-19

Annotated Bibliography

Arenge, Andrew et al. "Poll: 64 Percent of Americans Say Racism Remains A Major

Problem". NBC News, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/poll-64-

percent-americans-say-racism-remains-major-problem-n877536.

The article “Poll: 64 Percent of Americans Say Racism Remains A Major Problem “ is

written by Andrew Arenge, Stephanie Perry and Dartunorro Clark on May 29, 2018. It is

published by NBC News with the main focus to explain that according to a latest survey 64 %

people agrees that racism is a major problem of the societies. The article mainly discusses about

the incidents of discrimination that occurs recently in many cities of the United States. The

national debate arises after the incident of Starbucks, when two black men were discriminated

within the coffee shop and later got arrested. It emerged the debates on media and the societies of

the country about the discrimination incidents.

The purpose of the article is to show the audience that how race issues are still persisting

in the country and even spreading hatred among the people. The writer wants to explain about a

survey that was conducted to gather the opinions of the people on the race issues and recent

related incidents. The survey was conducted by NBC News platform and the purpose was to
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represent the current opinions of people on the recent incidents based on discrimination

measures.

NBC news is mainly a reliable source as it is the American broadcasting television

network. It is providing servicing of news publications. The article is a published work by

authentic authors who are linked with a famous and popular authentic television network.

I am going to explain about the race issues that still persist in the US societies and why

these are deeply rooted into the societies of the country. I want to research about the thinking of

the people and identify the issues that are creating problems for the minorities. This article will

help me to explain about the opinions of the people, or how many people are dealing with the

issues of racism. The findings and results of the article will help me to examine the

discrimination issues and current racial biases.

Eligon, John. "How Black Students Challenged The Racism At Their High

School". Nytimes.Com, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/08/us/black-students-

racist-high-

school.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FRace%20and%20Ethnicity&action=click

&contentCollection=timestopics&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&

contentPlacement=63&pgtype=collection.

The article “How Black Students Challenged The Racism At Their High School" is

written ‘John Eligon’ on June 8, 2019. This article was published in the recent issue of New

York Times regarding the persisting and never ending issue of racism and its potential effects on

the black students studying in schools with white majority. In this article, Eligon has focused a

recent issue of racism and discrimination that resulted in outrage of a female black student. The
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incident which made the headline was the outrage of black students on the Snapchat post of

while student using a anti-black slur. However, the outrage was not the response of just one

snapchat post but it was a reaction to constant anti-black slurs and actions of white students

persisting in majority at the school. When it was investigated by the author, majority of black

students expressed their anxiety and insecurity regarding racism and continuous intentional or

un-intentional discrimination.

The purpose of this article was to show how the reaction of while people that is

apparently normal to them has a deterrent and negative effect on the black people surviving in

the same environment. As in this article, a very good point is focused that is the constant

pressure of discrimination and racial responses on the black people of every age group. As in this

study, when white students were asked they replied to have no intention of targeting their black

fellows on the basis of racism but when they did it anyway affecting the black students to a great

amount. This concludes the point that how even non-intentional responses of white people affect

the black ones because the racist environment of societies have made them vulnerable to such

events and responses.

‘NY times’ newspaper is a very reliable source through which credible data can be

collected about any topic. Moreover, the author John Eligonis national correspondent that

specially covers the race topic and its potential effects.

I am going to use this topic’s discussion and facts in my research to add to the point of

what factors directly or indirectly influence the black community and potentially affect them

both mentally and physically. The problem of racism and discrimination is so old and

continuously persistent that it has made the black people highly sensitive and vulnerable to it.
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Goldstein, J. R., and A. J. Morning. "The Multiple-Race Population ofThe United States: Issues

And Estimates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 97, no. 11, 2000,

pp. 6230-6235. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

doi:10.1073/pnas.100086897.Accessed 8 July 2019.

The article “The Multiple-Race Population of The United States: Issues And Estimates"

is written by “Joshua R. Goldstein” and “Ann J. Morning” on May 23, 2000. This article was

published in “Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

and it discusses the possible and potential effects of the categorization of different races present

in the society of the United States of America. The categorization and classification of different

races and people will eventually affect many things and factors. As first there were only number

of recognized races or racial identities that held number of different varieties of races and racial

groups. But now, after this classification, people who were once under the same racial category

will be in different ones and will receive both advantages and disadvantages according to that.

The purpose of this article is to focus on the potential changes that are expected to happen

and prevail after this classification is done and this topic not only informs about the expected

changes but also discusses the major ones with their possible outcome. Every major revolution in

the society has both positive and negative sides and so does this one also affects many people

belonging to different races both positively and negatively.

Joshua R. Goldsteinand Ann J. Morningboth are scholars teaching in different

universities and both have worked on this topic to understand the potential effects of this racial

classification on the overall society of the United States both in positive as well as in negative

manners.
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This topic will effectively help me in my research data because it not only includes the

topic of changes does by government and state management but also encounters the effects and

discusses them in detail so that readers can get a clear picture of discussion and main point of

authors. The point is not labeling this change good or bad but the point is to acknowledge the

change and know its possible and potential outcomes.

Lee, Randy T. et al. "On The Prevalence Of Racial Discrimination In The United States". PLOS

ONE, vol 14, no. 1, 2019, p. e0210698. Public Library Of Science (Plos),

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210698. Accessed 8 July 2019.

The article, “On The Prevalence Of Racial Discrimination In The United States" is

written by “Randy T. Lee , Amanda D. Perez , C. Malik Boykin, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton” on

January 10, 2019. This article was published by PLOS, an authorized non-profit authorization. In

this research article, two researched made on the same topic of discrimination incidents

experienced by non-white individuals are compared by their results and successive findings. In

both researches, the percentage of non-white respondents greatly varied who claimed to

experience discrimination incidents. The research of Pew Research Centre tends to be more

authentic because it fits the reality better than the other than presents very less percentage of non-

white individuals who experienced discrimination.

In this article, the topic of who faces racial discrimination more, either white or non-

white individuals is discussed and results of two research made on the same topic were also

compared and evaluated. Though the question frame of both researches was similar, still the

results varied greatly and the second research tend to be more authentic. The point to be noted is

that the sample not only involved non-white individuals but also the white ones and the white
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ones also reported experiencing incidents of non-courtesy and less respect but the racial

discrimination events were more and markedly reported by the individuals belonging to non-

white races.

All of the authors, Randy T. Lee , Amanda D. Perez , C. Malik Boykin, Rodolfo

Mendoza-Denton, are scholars working in the Departments of Psychology of different

universities in the United States. All of them have worked on this topic because of its elevated

importance and significant effects on the lives of involved individuals. In addition to that, the

source is completely reliable and credible containing many more other researches on significant

topics.

This topic will increasingly help in my research because of its close connection with my

topic. This topic includes the major point of how discrimination is affecting a considerably large

percentage of non-white individuals as compared to the white individuals. Non-white individuals

not only face racism and discrimination at a greater pace but also are now overly vulnerable to

such incidents because of their continuity and severity.

MENASCE HOROWITZ, JULIANA et al. "Views on Race in America 2019". Pew Research

Center’S Social & Demographic Trends Project, 2019,

https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/.

The article, "Views on Race in America 2019" is written by “Juliana Menasce Horowitz,

Anna Brown AndKiana Cox” on April 9, 2019. This article was published by Pew Research

Center that is one of the most prominent and significant research centers of the United States. In

this article, the topic of continuous curse of racism and discrimination affecting the lives of black

people in the USA and it never seems to end. This research has included detailed and significant
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research data material on the percentage of people having particular perceptions and ideas about

racism and racial discrimination. Most of the people have now become skeptical about the

ending of racist era as it has been 150 years since the official end of slavery but it has not left us

from the roots. Moreover, many people also claim that the present government has done nothing

but increased the negative effect of racism.

In this research article, authors have tried to evaluate the percentage of people having

particular views on the different races present in the United States of America and racism. As it

is described that four out of ten people say that there has been no significant improvement in the

racial discrimination status of the country as it has not decreased but only a little bit which is

definitely not sufficient. Like this, every fact is presented by the percentage of people having that

particular view so that a general idea can be made about the overall thinking of people of USA

about races and races discernment.

Juliana Menasce Horowitz is the associate director of research at Pew Research Center

and both Anna Brown and Kiana Cox are research associates at the same center and all three

experts have tried to gather most authentic form of data using precise data collection techniques

and methods for least possibility of error. Pew Research Center is one of the most credible

existing research centers and its research articles are considered highly authentic and reliable.

This research article will increasingly help in my research because of its direct

connection and discussion on a topic very similar to my own. This source has the potential to

provide me with up-to-date research data as well as fresh views of general public on the issue of

racial discrimination.
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ZIABARI, KOUROSH, and AKIL HOUSTON."Being Black in America". Fair Observer, 2019,

https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/racism-america-black-african-

american-culture-news-latest-world-news-today-20126/.

The article “Being Black in America” is written by “KouroshZiabari and Akil Houston”

on January 9, 2019. This article was published by ‘Fair Observer Education ltd” that is an

authorized leadership academy network. In this article, the issue of persisting racism is discussed

in a significant way as it outlines its past and present and forecasts its future. It is discussed by

authors that situation has been worse not only since the abolition of Jim Crow laws but it has

always been worse (more or less) and now it has progressively worsened in the government of

president Donald Trump. As the world has grew, betterment in every aspect and manner is

expected but in this matter, the ray of hope is getting thinner and thinner with the passage of

time. Despite of many official claims, when it comes to action and follow-up of official claims,

there come the discrimination based on different races and ethnicities.

This article has outlined the problem of racial discrimination in a very unique way as it

has outlined the effects of discernment based on racial difference at all possible levels and places

in the society. Whether it is about getting a job, working in an office, studying at a

school/college/university, or simply living in a neighborhood, racism is everywhere. It is faced

by all non-white ethnicities in more or less worse form and the situation has unfortunately

become worse with the government of Donald Trump. To access the thinking and ideas of

general public, different surveys and polls have been conducted in recent past and they have

revealed that almost 45% of people believe that Trump’s government has worsened the racism

problem.
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KouroshZiabariis an Iranian journalist and a master of his field with brilliant experience

and great work history. Akil Houston, on the other hand, is a cultural studies scholar who is

specialized in African Media Studies. For that reason, both scholars have made research and

discussion on a single topic in different respects and levels. Fair Observer is a reliable network

concerned with leadership studies and contains many articles on highly significant topics.

This article will help me evaluate my research topic at different possible levels and

scenarios and will also provide me the data to see my research topic status in different phases of

history and time of United States.

Causadias, José M., and Kevin M. Korous. "Racial Discrimination in the United States: A

National Health Crisis That Demands a National Health Solution". Journal of Adolescent

Health, vol 64, no. 2, 2019, pp. 147-148. Elsevier BV,

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.001. Accessed 8 July 2019.

The article, “Racial Discrimination in the United States: A National Health Crisis That

Demands a National Health Solution” is written by José M. Causadias, Ph.D., Kevin M. Korous,

M.Sc. from T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University,

Tempe, Arizona. It is a published journal article and published in Journal of Adolescent Health.

It mainly describes the impacts of racial issues on the health of people especially the minorities.

Authors of the article mentioned that it is mainly a national health crisis and require a national

health solution. The study explains that how discrimination impacts the health of the minorities

as more than 60 percent minorities faces discrimination in some form in the United States. The

study shows that recently discrimination measures impacted the mental health of youth of

minorities in the forms of stress and depression. Also the study mentions that hate crimes and
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incidents related to the discrimination measures increased. In the end, the study suggests the

government need to take action and provide an effective solution of these issues as it is a national

health crisis.

The purpose of the study is to show the audience that how race issues are disturbing the

health of minorities in the country and how these issues required certain attention. This study

will help me to understand that how the race issues impacting negatively to the health of

minorities in the country.