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Salah Alkhafaji
Sur University College
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All content following this page was uploaded by Salah Alkhafaji on 18 July 2017.
By
AssociAte Professor
Dr. engineer
sAlAh AlkhAfAji
Table of Contents
CH 6: Telecommunication& Network
Model A: Telecommunication
6.1-Computer communications?
6.1.1- Telephone lines
6.1.2- Type of telephone
6.1.2.1 Local Exchange Carriers
6.1.2.2 Long-Distance Transmission Media
6.1.3- Wire Transmission:
6.1.3.1 Twisted pair:
6.1.3.2Coaxial cable:
6.1.3.3 Fiber-optic cable:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Only one name appears on the cover of this work, but a great many people have
for his assistance and great efforts. My work has benefited from his insight and
innumerable suggestions.
I would also like to thank my family, Lamia, Ahmed, Ali, and Sama for their
love and support,shared my worries and problems, and provided my mind and
CH1
Computers Hardware
(H/W)
- Input: accepting data that has been represented in a way the computer
can use.
ادﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺼﻮره ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ان ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ
1- First generation: In 1950s used vacuum tubes, and difficult to
programmed, used only machine language
اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻷول وﻛﺎن ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺨﻤﺴ ﯿﻨﯿﺎت ،ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺼ ﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﮭ ﺎ ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم
ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ
2- Second generation: early 1960s used transistor, was easier to program
using high level languages
اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﮫ اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﯿﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮر وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ
3- Third generation: mid 1960s-mid 1970s used integrated circuits (SSI,
MSI, LSI), timesharing, minicomputer
اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﺎت وﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﯿﻨﺎت ،اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ
وﺣﺪه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ وھﻲ اﻟ ﺪاﺋﺮة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ ﻮؤﻟﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﮫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت وﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ
. اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ واﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ دواﺋﺮ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮن
1.2.1.3 Output devices o/p: such as (screen, printer, plotter, speakers, etc)
1.2.2-Peripherals:
اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎت وھﻲ ﻛ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪات واﻷﺟﮭ ﺰة اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﺣ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ واﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة ﻣﺜ ﻞ وﺣ ﺪات
اﻹدﺧﺎﻟﻮاﻹﺧﺮاج
The system unit is the case that houses the computer main
components including the CPU and the memory. Also includes
the following:
وﺣﺪه اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
Mother board: (main board) this is a large printed circuit board, a flat
piece of plastic or fiber-glass to which complex patterns of copper
pathways link the semiconductors chips, including the microprocessor
and the memory chips
A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can work with.
اﻟﺒﺖ ھﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ وﺣﺪه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ
Binary numbers are difficult to work with because so many digits are
required to represent even small numbers ( decimal 14 is 1110 binary)also
it’s tedious to translate binary numbers into their decimal equivalents.
That’s why the programmers like to translate binary number into
hexadecimal numbers (hex).
&Apple expanded the amount of space reserved for character code to 8bits
(Byte) but this extended character sets are not standardized; Macintosh is
differ.
وﺣﺪات ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﮫ أي ﺑﻲ أم8 وﺣﺪات وطﻮر اﻟﻰ7 ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ ﻣﻜﻮن
Unicode وﺣﺪه ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﺣﺮف وأرﻗﺎم ورﻣﻮز اﻟﻠﻐﺎت16 ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
It’s a new character code that solves the problem of the foreign languages
symbols by expanding the number of available bits to 16. Because 16 bit is
enough to code more than 65,000 characters.
ﯾﺴ ﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻻواﻣﺮوﯾﻌﺎﻟﺠﮭ ﺎ وﯾﻌﻄﯿﻨ ﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﮭ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت، ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳ ﻮب: اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺘﺎدﯾﺔ ھﻮﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﺧﻔﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﻮزن ﯾﺨﺮج ﻣ ﻦ أﺳ ﻔﻠﮭﺎ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺑ ﺮ، ﻧﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ
(اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺤﻠﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﻘ ﺒﺲ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻻم وذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﺘﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺑﯿﻨﮭ ﻮﺑﯿﻦpins)
ﯾﺘﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ اﻻﺻ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻼﯾ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳ ﺘﻮرات اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة ﺟ ﺪا ﻣ ﻦ، اﻟﻠﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻷم
وھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻨ ّﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻏﻼﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ )اﻟﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌ ﺔ ( او داﺧﻠﮭ ﺎ، اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻜﻮن
.وذﻟﻚ ﻻﯾﺼﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺳﻔﻞ ﻏﻼﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ
CPU
وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة (cu=control unit) :وھ ﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪةاﻟﻤﺴ ﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﺴ ﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت داﺧ ﻞ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﺗﺒﺎدﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿ ﺔ ،طﺒﻌ ﺎ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة ھ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ،
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ،ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮھﺎ.
وﺣ ﺪة اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻗ ﻞ (bus interface unit) :وھ ﻲ اﻟﻮﺣ ﺪةاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ
واﻻﻋﻀ ﺎء اﻻﺧ ﺮى اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳ ﻮب ،وﺧﺎﺻ ﺔاﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺸ ﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ،أي أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺗ ﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺴ ﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺑ ﯿﻦ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ واﻷﺟﺰاء اﻷﺧﺮ ﻠﻠﺤﺎﺳﺐ.
1- Fetch: Getting the next program instruction from the
computer’s memory.
ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺠﻠﺐ اﻻواﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ واﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ
2- Decode: Figuring out what the programis telling the
computer what to do.
ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻻواﻣﺮ ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ھﺬھﺎﻻواﻣﺮ.
3- Execution: Performing the requested action. Such as
adding two numbers.
ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻻواﻣﺮوﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﮭﺎاﻟﻰ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ.
4- Write-Back (Store): Writing the result to an internal
register or memory.
ﺧﺰن اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺠﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة
The four processes are called the machine cycle or processing cycle and
consist of two phases:
The instruction cycle or instruction time (I-time),which represented by
the fetch and decode processes.
The execution cycle or execution time (E-time), which represented by
the execution and store or write-back processes.
ھ ﺬه اﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة .ﺣ ﺪﯾﺜﺎ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ اﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺼ ﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗ ﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﺷ ﺔ ﺑﻮﺿ ﻊ ﻣﺴ ﺮع ﯾﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿ ﻒ
اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﻟﻌﺎب اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ.
.2اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻼت :ذواﻛﺮ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا وﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﺟﺪا ،ﺗﻮﺟﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻮذﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻻرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﺮاد
ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب و اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ،ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ أي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻻ ﺑﺤﻔﻆ
ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎﺗﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺠﻼت ﻟﺤ ﯿﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﯿ ﺬھﺎ .طﺒﻌﺎاﻟﻤﺴ ﺠﻼت ذواﻛ ﺮ ﻣﺆﻗﺘ ﺔ ) ، (ramﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﻮع
اﻟﺴﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ ) ، (sram=static ramوھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﺴﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺳ ﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﺟ ﺪا ،ﺣﯿ ﺚ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘ ﺎج
اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﻌﺎش ) اﻻﻧﻌﺎش ھﻮ اﻋ ﺎدة ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺔاﻻﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ "اﻟﺘ ﻲ ھ ﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت" ،واﻻ ﻓ ﺈن
اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﺳﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ،وھﺬھﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺒﻄﻰء اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة
an electronic circuit that generate pulse at aﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم 1.3.4 System Clock:
rapid rate to control every event happened in the computer, measured in
millions of cycles per second (MHZ).
The processor‘s clock rate is called its clock speed and the dingle beat
of the clock is called a clock tick.
• Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time
– Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second
– Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
• Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU
Figure (3): Clock speed a faster clock speed means that more microcode
instruction can be executed in a given time period
طﺒﻌ ﺎ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﮭ ﺎ أﺛ ﺮ ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺼ ﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤ ﺎت ،وﺗﻘﺎﺳﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﺠﺎھﯿﺮﺗﺰ ) ، (mhz=mega hertzواﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﮫ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ:
أ -اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ (internal clock) :وھﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺒﺎدﻻﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ) ،أي ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﻨﺒﻀ ﺎت
اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﺗﺼﺪرھﺎ أي وﺣﺪة داﺧﻼﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ
ب -اﻟﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿ ﺔ (external clock) :واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ system busوھ ﻲ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت
ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ وﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎوث طﺒﻌﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻰء ،ﻷﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
، ﯾﻀﺎﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﯿﺰات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻰ زﯾ ﺎدة اﻟﺴ ﺮﻋﺔﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ
: ﺑﻌﺾ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺰات
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ دﻗﯿﻖ ﻣﺠﺎ ﻣﯿﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻷواﻣﺮ واﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺎت
1.3.6.3- Data Bus Width and Word Size ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺎص اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ أو ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ
The first element that determines a CPU’s speed is its data bus width,
which is measured in bits (8, 16, 32, or 64).
1.3.6.4-Word size: وھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ:ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ
اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ
Is the number of bits tat the computer can work with at a time (a 16-bit
CPU works with a 16-bit word size).all the component of the computer
are connected by a data bus which is a highway of parallel wires, the bus
is a pathway for the electronic impulses that form Bytes. The more lanes
this highway has, the faster data can travel.
The number of operations per clock tick (one pulse of the system clock)
also affects performance of the computer. ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ أﻟﻮا ﺣﺪه
Any CPU that can execute more than one instruction per clock is called
superscalar, and its design is called a superscalar architecture. Today’s
fastest CPU such as Pentium II, use this architecture.
Figure (1.7)Multiprocessing
Advantages
1- provides programmers with many instructions ﯾﺰود اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت
2- High speed of execution ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺮ ﻋﮫ
3- Makes programmer’s job easier ﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ
Disadvantages
1- Complex ﻣﻌﻘﺪ
2- Expensive ﻏﺎﻟﻲ
3- Run hot because they consume so current ﯾﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﺮارة ﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮫ ﻟﻠﺘﯿﺎر
اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ
ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﺒﺎه اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼت ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺨﺰن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت،دواﺋﺮ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻷداء واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة وﻏﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ
واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺰوده ﻟﻜﺎﻓﮫ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ
اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﯾﺖ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻗﯿﺎس ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬ واﻛﺮ ووﺣﺪات اﻟﺨﺰن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ
Characteristics:
each memory location has an address like post office boxes call
)(memory address ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻋﻨﻮان ﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ
و ھﻨﺎك أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ ذاﻛﺮة اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ،وأﺳﻌﺎرھﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف ھﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع.
اﻟﻨ ﻮع اﻷول SD-RAMأو :SDR-RAMھ ﻲ اﺧﺘﺼ ﺎر ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ Single Data Rate Random
Access Memoryواﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ذاﻛﺮة اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ذات اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻷﺣﺎدي .ھ ﺬا
ﯾﻘﻮﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ،ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑ ﻞ ﯾﺴ ﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻗ ﺪرا ً ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮا ً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ
اﻟﻨﻮع م
ﺑ ﺎﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﻷﻧ ﮫ ﯾﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻨﻘ ﻞ ﺑ ﺖ ﻣ ﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻨ ﺪ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع اﻟﻨﺒﻀ ﺔ ﺛ ﻢ ﯾﻌ ﻮد ﻟﯿﺮﻓ ﻊ ﺑﺘ ﺎ ً آﺧ ﺮا ً ﺑﺎرﺗﻔ ﺎع
اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ..وھﻜﺬا ،وﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت اﻟﻮﺣﺪات أدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ .وﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﯿﮭﺎ إﻣﺎ
أن ﺗﻜﻮن 100أو 133ﻣﯿﺠﺎھﺮﺗﺰ.
اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ DD-RAMأو : D-SDRAMھﻨﺎك ﺧﻼف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ ،ﻓ ﺎﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﯾﻘ ﻮل أﻧﮭ ﺎ اﺧﺘﺼ ﺎر
ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ Dual Data RateSynchronous Dynamic Random Accessأي ذاﻛ ﺮة اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل
اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ذات اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻦ ﯾﻘﻮل أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ Double Data Rate-
SynchronousDRAMأي ذاﻛ ﺮة اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل اﻟﻌﺸ ﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨ ﺔ ذات اﻟﻨﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻀ ﺎﻋﻒ أو
اﻟﻤﺰدوج ،وﻛﻼھﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﯾﺆدي ﺿﻌﻒ أداء اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ،ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ 2ﺑ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ
اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰأﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺘﺎ ً ﻟﺪى ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ وآﺧﺮا ً ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﮭﺎ .وﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻋ ﻦ ﺳ ﺎﺑﻘﮫ
ﺑﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ وھﺬا ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮫ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻘ ﻞ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣﻀ ﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ ﻗﯿﺎﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﻞ
.sd-ramﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺪرا ً أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ.
ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﺗﺮدد ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪا ً◌ َ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ 800ﻣﯿﺠﺎھﺮﺗﺰ .وھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻻ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ إﻻ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺎت ﺑﻨﺘﯿ ﻮم 4ﻛﻤ ﺎ
أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ أﻧﻮاﻋ ﺎ ً ﻣﺨﺼﺼ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻠﻮﺣ ﺎت اﻷم ﻣﺜ ﻞ إﻧﺘ ﻞ .850وﺗ ﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠ ﻲ ﻋﻨﮭ ﺎ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ إﺛﺒ ﺎت
ذاﻛﺮة DDRواﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ DDR 2اﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﻤﺎ إﻋﻄﺎء ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺟﺪا وﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺘﻔﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﻗﻞ.
ﻧﻮع رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ذاﻛﺮة ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة ﻓﻘ ﻂ .ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﻧﻘ ﺮأ ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ وﻻ
ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ.
ھﻨ ﺎك ﺳ ﺒﺒﺎن رﺋﯿﺴ ﯿﺎن ﯾﺠﻌ ﻞ ذاﻛ ﺮة ﻟﻠﻘ ﺮاءة ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﻣﺴ ﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮظ ﺎﺋﻒ ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻮب اﻟﺸﺨﺼ ﻲ:
وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻐﺮض ﺧﺰن أواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ )أواﻣﺮ اﻹدﺧﺎل واﻹﺧﺮاج (
-1أن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻻ ﺗﻀﯿﻊ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻗﻄ ﻊ اﻟﺘـ ـﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ـﺎﺋﻲ )و ﻟ ﯿﺲ ﻛﻤ ﺎ
ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟـﺮام اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻀــﯿﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺗـﮭﺎ ﻋــﻨﺪ ﻗﻄــﻊ اﻟﺘــﯿـﺎر(.
-2أن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة إﻣ ﺎ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮھ ﺎ ،أو أن ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ وﻟﻜ ﻦ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ )و ﻟﯿﺲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺮام ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺮاءة(.
Is used to store the instruction to start the computer, this memory is called
the ROM BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), it has the following
characteristics:
وﺻﻮل ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت Direct access
) Non volatile (because there is a battery that supply it with power
ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺰوده ﺑﺒﻄﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺠﮭﺰھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إطﻔﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ
ذاﻛﺮه ﻗﺮاءه ﻓﻘﻂ ) Read only memory (you can’t change its contain
)Types of ROM (read-only memory
)• PROM (programmable read-only memory
)• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory
• EEPTROM(Electrically Erasableprogrammable read-only
)memory
• Flash Memory
To allow ROM upgrades, most computer use flash memory (flash Bios).
ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾ ﺎت اﻟﺨﻼﯾ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺮﻗﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻲ ﯾ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿ ﺔ
وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻔﺮﯾﻐﮭﺎ وﺷﺤﻨﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ،وﻟﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ أي أن ﻣﺤ ﻮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾ ﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﯿ ﺔ
ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮة ﺑﺎﯾﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ.
ﯾ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺼ ﻨﯿﻊ رﻗﺎﻗﺎﺗ ﺎﻟﺒﯿﻮس ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺼ ﻨﻌﯿﻦ أﺑ ﺮزھﻢ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺎت ﻓ ﻮﻧﻜﺲ " "Phoenixوﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ
"أوورد " Awardو ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ " "American megatrendsوإذا ﻧﻈ ﺮت إﻟ ﻰ أي ﻟﻮﺣ ﺔ أم ﻓﺴ ﻮف ﺗﺠ ﺪ
ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ رﻗﺎﻗﺔاﻟﺒﯿﻮس وﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ.
رﻗﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮس :ﺗﺨﺰﻧﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿ ﻮس ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺮﺟﻌﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺑﺪاﯾ ﺔ ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺮة اﻟﻘﺎدﻣ ﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘ ﺎج
ﻟﺒﻄﺎرﯾﺔﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ.
ﻧﻮع آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع أﻟﺬ واﻛﺮ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺨﺰن أواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﮭﯿﺌﺔ 1.4.4- CMOS
اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺔ
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor is a special memory used to
store essential startup configuration, such as the amount of memory that has
been installed in the computer, also it track time and date. On Macintoshes
computer it is called Parameter RAM. It used small battery to keep the
power when the computer is switch off.
ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﯿﻮﺳﺒﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺘﺎد اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻗﺎﻗﺔ رام ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ رﻗﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻤﻮس وھ ﻲ
اﺧﺘﺼ ﺎر ﻟ ـ " "Complementary Metal-Oxide Semi-Conductorوھ ﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ
اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺸ ﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﺰﯾﻨﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت وﻟﻜﻨﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻔﻘ ﺪھﺎ إذا اﻧﻘﻄ ﻊ ﻋﻨﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻟ ﺬا ﺗ ﺰود ھ ﺬه
اﻟﺬاﻛﺮةﺑﺒﻄﺎرﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻓﻲ أوﻗ ﺎت إطﻔ ﺎء اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎز ،وﺗﺴ ﺘﮭﻠﻚ ھ ﺬه
اﻟﺮﻗﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات
.ﺗﺨ ﺰن ﻋﻠ ﻰ رﻗﺎﻗﺔاﻟﺴ ﯿﻤﻮس ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ھﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎز ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ وﻧ ﻮع اﻷﻗ ﺮاص اﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ واﻟﺼ ﻠﺒﺔ
وﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﻮاﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ وﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺨﯿ ﺎرات اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﻣﺜ ﻞ :ھ ﻞ ﺗﺮﯾ ﺪ اﻹﻗ ﻼع ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘ ﺮص اﻟﻤ ﺮن أم
ﻣﻨﺎﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ أوﻻ ً ..إﻟﺦ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ﻣﺌﺎﺗﺎﻟﺒﺎﯾﺘﺎت.
ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﺎدي أن ﯾﻌﺪل ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت ذاﻛﺮةاﻟﺴﯿﻤﻮس وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ إﻋﺪادات اﻟﺒﯿﻮس ) ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً
ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ delﻋﻨ ﺪ إﻗ ﻼع اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎز ) ،ﯾﻤﻜﻨ ﻚ ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﯿ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺷ ﯿﺎء ھﻨ ﺎك وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻛ ﻦ ﺣ ﺬرا ً ﻓﺘﻐﯿﯿ ﺮ
اﻹﻋ ﺪادات دون إﻟﻤﺎﻣﺒﻮظﺎﺋﻔﮭ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﯾﻌﻄ ﻞ ﺣﺎﺳ ﺒﻚ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ،ھ ﺬه ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ﺔ ﺑ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﺷ ﯿﺎء اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن
ﯾﻌﺪﻟﮭﺎﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺒﯿﻮس :
رﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﺳ ﯿﻤﻮس " "CMOSﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﺨ ﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺒﯿ ﻮس ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻗ ﺮاص اﻟﺼ ﻠﺒﺔ
وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ،وﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺒﻄﺎرﯾﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻈﺒﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ.
1.4.5- Cache Memory: Ram is fast, but it isn’t fast enough to support the
new processors speeds such as Motorola & Pentium II. To enable
micro processor to function at maximum speed, designer use cache
memory as shown in figure (6) this has the following
characteristics.
There are two types of cache, first called primary cache located in
the
microprocessor and is the fastest one. The second is called
secondary
cache or level2 (l2) cache located on the motherboard out side the
microprocessor and faster than RAM.
اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﯿﺔ وﺗﻨﺸ ﺊ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺮص اﻟﺼ ﻠﺐ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴ ﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌ ﺔ ،أﻧﺸ ﺄھﺎ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم
اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﻮﺳ ﯿﻊ ﻟﻠ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴ ﯿﺔ ،وھ ﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ ﺗﺒﻄ ﺄ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ ﻻن ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘ ﺮص اﻟﺼ ﻠﺐ اﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ
ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ واﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ.وﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻔﺎدي اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة .
اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﺄﻟﻮف ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ،ﻓﺄﻏﻠﺐ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ھﺬه اﻷﯾﺎم ﺗﺤﺘﻮي
ﻋﻠﻰ 32أو 64ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺑﺎﯾﺖ ذاﻛﺮة رام ،وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺳ ﻒ ﻓﮭ ﺬا اﻟﻘ ﺪر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﻛ ﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﺮﯾ ﺮ ﺻ ﻮر وﻣﺤ ﺮر ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﺔ وﻣﺴ ﺘﻌﺮض إﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ وﺑﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﯾ ﺪ
إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ،ﻓﺈن ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ذاﻛﺮة اﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﯿﺔ ﻓﻠ ﻦ ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ وﺳﺘﺤﺼ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ رﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻣﻨ ﻚ
إﻏ ﻼق ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘ ﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺮﯾ ﺮ ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة ،ﻣ ﻊ وﺟ ﻮد اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻻاﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﯿﺔ ﺳ ﯿﻘﻮم اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ
ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺟﺰاء ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟ ﺮام وﯾﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻨﺴ ﺨﮭﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻘ ﺮص اﻟﺼ ﻠﺐ وھ ﺬا
ﯾﺤﺮر ﻗﺴ ﻤﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟ ﺮام ﻟﯿ ﺘﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘ ﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿ ﺮة اﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﯿﺔ ،ھ ﺬا اﻷﻣ ﺮ ﯾﺤ ﺪث
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺲ ﺑﮫ وﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﺟﮭﺎزك ﯾﺤﺲ أن ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ذاﻛﺮة أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ.
( اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻘ ﻮمsound card) وﻣﺜ ﺎل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻛ ﺮت اﻟﺼ ﻮت، ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
طﺒﻌﺎ ﺷﻘﻮق اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ، ﺑﺼﻨﻊ اﻻﺻﻮات وارﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﺔﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﮭﺎ
pci أﺿﻌﺎف ﺳﺮﻋﺔ8 واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺎدلx 4 اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺟﺪا و اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ واﻟﺒﻄﻰء واﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﻮاﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻘ ﻞpci ﺿﻌﻔﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ16 واﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌ ﺎدلx 8 اﻣﺎ اﻻﺻ ﺪار اﻟﺨﯿ ﺮ واﻻﺣ ﺪث ﻓﮭ ﻮ،
!اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
1.5.1- System Buses: أﻧﻮاع وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ أو اﻟﺒﺎﺻﺎت
fastest
next fastest
next fastest
slowest
1.6 Plug and play: When users tried to install a new peripheral, such as a
modem or a sound card, a port conflict occurs, this conflict occurs when
two or more devices are trying to use the same port. Microsoft and Intel
created the Plug and Play (PNP) standard to remedy the conflict situation;
this standard requires special chips on the motherboard. Only the newest
PCs support this standard.
CH2
Storage isn’t the same thing as memory; storage devices provide nonvolatile
storage for programs and data. Storage devices are like file drawers, they hold
programs and data in units called files, the speed of memory and storage
devices called access speed(the time needed to find requested data) , memories
are much expansive and faster than storage devices.
: ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن اﻟﺘﮭﯿﺌﺔ, ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻘﻮﻣﺒﺘﮭﯿﺌﺘﮫ أوﻻ
و ﺗﻌ ﺮف أﯾﻀ ﺎ ﺑﺘﮭﯿﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻮي اﻟﻤ ﻨﺨﻔﺾPhysical Formatting أوﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺘﮭﯿﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ
Low Level Formatting.
High Level أو ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺘﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲLogical Formatting اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ
Formatting.
Sector
Track
Hard disk works like a floppy disk; magnetic read write heads move
across the surface of a disk coated with magnetically sensitive
material. HD’s spin much faster than floppy, many HD’s spin at
(7200 rpm), and high end drives hit (10,000 rpm).
A head crash can occur. it is one of the causes of bad sectors(areas of the
disk that have become damaged.
EIDE وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎرھﺎ اﻟﻲ " " IDEو ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿ ﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺮص
ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮫ -ﻓﯿﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿ ﺔ -وﻟ ﯿﺲ ﺧﺎرﺟ ﮫ ،وھ ﻲ اﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ ﺷ ﯿﻮﻋﺎ ً ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ
اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ ,وھ ﻲ ﻧﻔﺴ ﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺸ ﻐﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠ ﮫ ,وﯾ ﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻ ﯿﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺮص
اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺒﺎﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻷم ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة دون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺮوت اﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ .
SCSI ھﺬا اﻟﻨ ﻮع أﺳ ﺮع ﺑﻜﺜﯿ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋ ﺎﻻول و ﻟﻜﻨ ﮫ أﯾﻀ ﺎ ﻣﻜﻠ ﻒ ﻋﻨ ﮫ ,وﯾﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ
اﻟﺴﯿﺮﻓﺮات واﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ,وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻠﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻷم ﯾﻠ ﺰم
أن ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ﻛﺎرﺗﺎﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﯾﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻷم .
اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻊ - Partition
Is a section of a disk set aside as if it were a physical separate disk.
Some time Partition is used to enable computer to work with more than
one operating system.
ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻧﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻘﺴﯿﻤﮫ )إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻷﻗﻞ( ﺛﻢ ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻷﻗﺴ ﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ .
ھﻨ ﺎك ﺛ ﻼث أﻧ ﻮاع ﻟﺘﻘﺴ ﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﺮﺻﺎﻟﺼ ﻠﺐ و ھ ﻲ :أﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ Primary ,ﻣﻤﺘ ﺪ Extendedوﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﻲ
Logical .
ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻘﺴ ﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻧﻈ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ )ﻣﺜﻼﻟﻮﯾﻨ ﺪوز( اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ أي ﻣﻠﻔ ﺎت أو ﺑﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت
أﺧ ﺮي )ﻣﺜ ﻞ My documents , Program files) ,و ﻛﻤ ﺎ ذﻛﺮﻧ ﺎ ﻗﺒ ﻞ إن ﯾ ﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺰﯾ ﻞ ﻧﻈ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ
ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺎﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ أوﻻ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم .
ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﺳ ﯿﻌﻤﻞ و ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣﺘ ﺎح
ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام و ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺘﻤﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺑ ﺪء ﺗﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ و ﺑ ﺎﻗﻲ اﻷﻗﺴ ﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ
.ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺤﻤﺨﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ
و ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن, ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ أﻧ ﮫ ﺣﺎوﯾ ﺔﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻗﺴ ﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿ ﺔ
ﺑﻞ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻘﺴﻤﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ, ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
.أن ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﯿﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻸﻗﺴ ﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿ ﺔ أن ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ, ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ أن ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ إﻻ داﺧﻼﻟﻘﺴ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺘ ﺪ
OS/2 , ﻣﻠﻔ ﺎت ﻋﺎدﯾ ﺔ و ﺑﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺑ ﻞ ﻓﯿ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﺣ ﻮال ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ أﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ ﺗﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ )ﻣﺜ ﻞ
LINUX ,WindowsNT) .
The drive interface determines the drive data transfer rate ﻧﺴﺒﮫ أو ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻘﻞ
اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وھﻲ ﻋﺪد أﻟﺒﺘﺎه اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة, is the number of bits per
second (bps) that the drive can funnel data into the computer.
Newer PCs used Enhanced IDE (EIDE) interface and the latest use
Ultra ATA also called Ultra DMA. The fastest SCSI is called Ultra
Wide SCSI.
A type of hard disks that use removable disk cartridges, it can be used
for backup procedures, to archive infrequently used of data files, and
to exchange large data files with other computer users. Removable
hard drives have security benefits.
Many new computers come equipped with a Zip drive, a removable
hard disk that uses 100MB cartridges.
The earliest PCs came with cassette tape drives. Which are sequential
data storages that make access time slow. The new type of tape
drivers are called Quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) that works with
cartridges that can store more that 100MB of data. In mainframe
world, mass storage systems store hundreds or even thousand of high-
capacity tape cartridges.
• Storage medium
• Most PCs include some type of compact disc drive
• Available invariety offormats
CD-R ﺳﻲ دي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻟﻤﺮة واﺣﺪه ﻓﻘﻂ وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ رﺧﯿﺺ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ
CD-recordable, can read CD-ROM discs also write to special CD-R
disks which have a coating of Temperature-sensitive dye, greenish
cold in color, when the laser hit the dye it changes the color.
Characteristics
capacity of 17 GB
high speed 12Mbps
work with video and images
- Database files contain data that has been stored in a proprietary files
format of database programﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت
CH 3
Function keys
Viewable
size
Screen size
Video standards:
3.2.2.1 Impact Printers: When part of the printer presses the paper
to form the character, the printer is conisdered as impact
printer.
اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌ ﺎت اﻟﺘﺼ ﺎدﻣﯿﺔ وﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ط ﺮق اﻟﺸ ﺮﯾﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻮرﻗ ﺔ ﻻﻧﺘ ﺎج.
. اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ واﻻھﺘﺰاز
line printer:
ﺗﺘﻢ طﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﺟﺪا ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﺎس اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪد اﻻﺳﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﻘﺔ
اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة
High-speed impact printer that prints entire line at a
time
Speed measured by number of lines per minute (lpm) it
can print
Band printe`r prints fully-formed characters using a
hammer mechanism
Shuttle-matrix printer is high-speed printer that works
more like a dot-matrix printer
3.2.2.2 Non-impact printers: Are most widely used for PCs today, It
can produce both text and graphics. Because nothing strike the
paper, its quite
CH 4
Model A
SystemsSoftware
ﯾﻘ ﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ ﺑﻨﺴ ﺦ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻠﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺬاﻛﺮة وﯾﺴ ﻤﻰ
)اﻟﻤﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة (آﻣ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﻗﻲ ﺑ ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻠﻲ ﻓﺘﺒﻘ ﻰ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻘ ﺮص اﻟﺼ ﻠﺐ )وﯾﺴ ﻤﻰ اﻟﻐﯿ ﺮ
.ﻣﻘﯿﻢ ( وﯾﺘﻢ ﻧﺴﺨﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ
ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺷﻐﯿﻞ وﺣﺪات اﻻدﺧﺎل واﻻﺧﺮاج وھ ﺬه اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ
ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ﻣﺸ ﻐﻼت اﻻﺟﮭ ﺰة ،اﻏﻠ ﺐ ﻧﻄ ﻢ اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺰودة ﺑﻤﺜ ﻞ ھ ﺬه
اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﯾﺮ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﻤﻌﺪات
طﺒﺎﻋ ﮫ اﻻواﻣ ﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺮاد ﺗﻨﻔﯿ ﺬھﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﮫ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎﺗﯿﺢ وھ ﺬا ﯾﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﮫ ﺑ ﺄواﻣﺮ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم
اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﻲ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﮫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب
2- Menu -driven user interface:
Select from a text based menu that show all the option available
ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻻﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬه وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﺋﻤﮫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﯿﺎرات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﮫ
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﯾﻘﻮﻧﺎت ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻟﻔﺄره
Every O.S provides a default user interface which accepts user commands
and provides messages in response.
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻠﻲ واﺟﮭﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل رﺋﯿﺴﯿﮫ او اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﮫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ واﺣﮭﺎت اﺧﺮى
4.2.1- UNIX:
Developed at AT&T’s Bell laboratories in early 1970s, is a pioneering O.S
that has the following features
first O.S with preemptive multitasking اول ﻧﻈﺎم اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﺎﺻﯿﮫ اداره
اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪده
efficient in a secure ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺴﺮﯾﮫ واﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
support net working (client / server computing) ﯾﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت
support multiprocessing ﯾﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ
4.2.2- MSDOS:
Or DOS for short is an O.S for Intel-based PCs that uses the command line
User interface ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻧﺘﻞ وﺑﺎﺳﻠﻮب طﺒﺎﻋﮫ اﻻواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﮫ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬﯾﮫ
4.2.3- Mac OS: For Macintosh PCs ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش
:ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻻداره اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﮫ وﯾﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ
1.Security اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺔ
2.Remote administration اﻻداره ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ
3.Directory services ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻻدﻟﮫ
4.Web server ﻣﺨﺪم ﺟﺒﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ
4.2.6- Linux: a new version of Unix that is used for Intel-based PCs ,
including Macintosh
ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻮﻧﻜﺲ وھﻮ ﺟﯿﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ وﻣﻄﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻧﺘﻞ وﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش
وﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻘﻮﺗﮫ وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﮫ وﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﻓﻲ اداره اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺼﻮرﯾﮫ واﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﮫ
This O.S is powerful & free, powerful because its includes all
respected features of UNIX (multitasking, virtual memory, internet
support, multiprocessing). Free because it is distributed using the open
software foundation’s General Public License (GPL).
ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﻲ ﻗﻮي ﺟﺪا ﻻﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﻓﺮﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﯿﺪه ﻣﺜﻞ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ وﻏﯿﺮه وﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ
ﻻﻧﮫ وزع ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻤﺔ اﺟﺰاء اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺒﻌﺜﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ 4- Disk defragmentation programs:
اﻟﻘﺮص واﻋﺎدة ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ وﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎءﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻌﺜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺮه اﻻﺟﺮاءات
اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ واﻟﺤﺬف وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ
Model B
Application Software
4.4 Applications software: Programs that perform specific tasks for users,
also called a software application or an application.Several reasons to use
application software
ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ
o To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
Graphics and multimedia دﻋﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻮم واﻟﻮﺳﺎءط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة
o To serve as a productivity/business tool
Business support (enterprise) دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺴﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت
o To support household activities, for personal business, or for
educationPersonal support اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ
o To facilitate communications:
Group support ( Net work) دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ
They are not natural languages; they are artificial language to tell
the computer what to do. They are consist of a set of rules called
(syntax)
ﺑﻞ ھﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت، ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻟﻐﺎت طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث
اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﮫ ﺑﻨﯿﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ وﺑﺘﺄﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ واﻋﻼﻣﮫ ﻣﺎذا
syntax وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻤﻔﺮدات ﻟﻐﻮﯾﺔ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ.ﯾﻔﻌﻞ
اي ارﻗﺎم ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺑ ﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ1 و0 ﻟﻐﮫ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ
ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت ﯾﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻟﻐ ﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﮫ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺳ ﻤﯿﺖ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ، اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ
machine dependent ﺑﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ
ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻻول ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎت:( ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮاطﻰء )ﻟﻐﮫ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ
اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ وھﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت وﻗﺪ ﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ
. اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮاطﻰء ﻻﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪور او ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث داﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
ﻗﺒﻞ ان ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔاي
( اﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﮫ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻔﮭﻤﮭﺎsource code) ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ھﻮ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻧﺼﻲ اﺳﻤﮫ
.اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
High level languages, they are procedural languages that tell the
computer what to do, and there is no need for programmers to understand
the intimate details of how the computer processes data. Like (COBOL,
BASIC, FORTRAN, and BASCAL)
وھﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت اﺟﺮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ: ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻓﮭﻢ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اي ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ان ﯾﻜﻮن
ﺑﯿﺴﻚ ( و، ﻛﻮﺑﻮل، ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل، ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ )اﻟﻔﻮرﺗﺮان. اﻟﻤﺒﺮﺟﻢ ﯾﻌﺮف ﻟﻐﮫ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ او ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ
(Modular language) ( اواﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎرﯾﮫstructure language) ھﺬه اﻟﻠﻐﺎت ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻐﺎت ﻣﮭﯿﻜﻠﺔ
Compiler: اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ
Is a translation program that translates all the source code into object
code (a file that contains instruction in a specific computer machine
language).
With some compilers, it’s necessary to use a program called linker or
assembler to transform the object code into executable program.
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت: اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ
( وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬي ﺑﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻢobject code) ( اﻟﻰsource code)
ﻓﮭﻤﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ
Interpreter: it translates one line of the source code at a time and executes
the translated instruction. It’s run programs more slowly than programs
compiled into object code.
They are helpful tools for learning and debugging.
وھﻮ، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺧﻂ او ﺻﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ً اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬي
( وﯾﺴﺘﺤﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﺸﻒ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔcompiler) اﺑﻄﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻻول
( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞDebugger) اﻻﺧﻄﺎء
وھﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﺟﺮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻠﻐﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﮫ ﺑﻨﺎء: اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
.واﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ واﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم او اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم واﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
وھﺬه اﻟﻠﻐﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻻﻋﺘﯿﺎدﯾﺔ او اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ
وھﻲ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪه ﺗﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﺰ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻏﯿﺮ
ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺚ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺧﺰن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
Object:Is a unit of computer information that contains data as well as the
procedures or operation, called (methods)
. وﺣﺪه ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﮫ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﺎص وﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت
اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ
CH 5
وھﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺺ ورﺳﻢ او ﺻﻮت:اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة
ﺳﻤﺎﻋﺎت، ﻣﺸﻐﻞ اﻗﺮاص ﺳﻲ دي، وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪات اﻻوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ )ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺼﻮت، ﻣﻊ ﺻﻮرة
.وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ( أدﻧﺎه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض
- bit-mapped graphics ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺮﺳﻮم
- vector graphics ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻮم
- edited photographs ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ادﺧﺎل اﻟﺼﻮر وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮭﺎ
- 3 dimensional images ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺼﻮر واﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﯿﺎت ﺛﻼﺛﯿﮫ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد
- edited videoﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻻﻓﻼم اﻟﻔﺪﯾﻮﯾﺔ
- synthesized soundﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ
أن ﻣﺼﺎدر أﻻ وﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﺗﺨﺰن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت رﻗﻤﯿﮫ وﻟﻜﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮه اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ
وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﮫ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ھﻲ، ﺿﻐﻂ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺮاص ﺳﻲ دي
.) ﻛﻮدﯾﻜﺲ (واﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ھﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ادﻧﺎه
ﯾﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ رﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ واﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ
Are used to create vector graphics, in which each on-screen object is stored as a
complex mathematical description.
وھﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣﺢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة واﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺮو ﻣﯿﺪﯾﺎ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ادﻧﺎه
Enable you to modify digitized video, and to save files to the following video
file formats:
ھﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ ادﺧﺎل وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻔﺪﯾﻮﯾﺔ وھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ھﯿﺌﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ادﻧﺎه
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) , (MPEG2)
- Lossy compression standards for full motion video
- High resolution
- Use DVD-ROM discs
CH 6
Telecommunication& Network
اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت
Model A
Telecommunication
6.1- Computer communications?
Process in which one computer transfers data, instructions,
and information to another computer(s), Communications system contains
many types of devices:
o personal computers
o notebook computers
o Web-enabled cellular telephones
o Web-enabled handheld computers
o WebTV™
o GPS receivers
ان اﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ ارﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻻﺷﺎره اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﺔ واول ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ھﻮ
ﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ اﻋﻼه
(PSTN)
أﻻن ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت )اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ( اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﺣﺪﯾﺜﮫ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ
6.3.Microwave station:
ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎﻛﺮووﯾﻒ وھﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت رادﯾﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻻﺷﺎره واﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮﻧﯿﺔ
ﻣﯿﻞ ﻻن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺮووﯾﻒ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺨﻄﻮط30 وﺗﺰود ﺑﻤﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ،ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت طﻮﯾﻠﺔ
.ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ
اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻗﻤﺎراﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ وﺗﺪور ھﺬه اﻻﻗﻤﺎر ﺣﻮل اﻻرض ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪارات ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ارﺳﺎل
اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ
Figure(6.5): Satellite
ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﺧﺮى ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻮن ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻻف اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت
ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪھﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت، ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
-وھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ اﻗﺮت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﻣﻘﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺟﯿﻨﯿﻒ،
. ﺳﻮﯾﺴﺮا
As we learned most phones are analog devices tied to local loop’s twisted-pair
wiring, but there are other way to access the system.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺄن ﻣﻌﻀﻢ اﺟﮭﺰة اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﺧﺮى اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﮭﺬا
اﻟﻐﺮض ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ادﻧﺎه
1- private Branch Exchange (PBX) اﻟﺒﺪاﻻت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺸﻔﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ
2- Cellular Telephones اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي
3- Leased Lines اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮه
6.4- MODEMS:اﻟﻤﻮدم
• Communications device that converts computer's digital signals to
analog signals and analog signals to digital signals
• ISDN and DSL use digital modem with a digital telephone line
ھﻲ اﻻﺟﮭﺰه اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮل اﺷﺎره ارﻗﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ اﺷﺎرة ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ
Modem: mo + dem
Modulate Demodulate
To convert a digital signal into an To convert an analog signal into
analog signal a digital signal
ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ اﺳ ﻤﮭﺎ )ﻣﻮدﻟﯿﺸ ﻦ( ﯾ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﺷ ﺎرات اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺳ ﻞ اﻟ ﻰ اﺷ ﺎرات ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿ ﺔ
وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﯾ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﻻﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺐ، ﺗﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت )اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ( او اﻟﻨﺎﻗ ﻞ
ﻋﻤﻠﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ.(اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ اﻟﻰ اﺷﺎره رﻗﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﻤﮭﺎ) دﯾﻤﻮدﻟﯿﺸﻦ
. ﻣﻦ رﻗﻤﻲ واﻟﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮدم
وھﻲ طﺮﯾﻘﮫ رﺑﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮدم ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ارﺳﺎل ﺑﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻣﻦ
ﺛﻢ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺒﺖ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ وھﻜﺬا وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﯾﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﺔ
وﻟﻘ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ. ھﻲ ﺳﻌﮫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اوﺳﺎط اﻟﻨﻘﻠﻮ ﯾﻘﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ او ﻛﯿﻜﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ
ﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ وھﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻻﺳﻼك اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳ ﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟ ﺔ
. ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ
6.5.2- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or (ADSL) ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎل رﻗﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ
Is used for metropolitan markets, very fast up to (1.5Mbps), and is
linked to (ISDN)
ﻣﯿﻜﺎﺑ ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ ﮫ1.5 ﺗﻘﻨﯿ ﺔ اﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﺳ ﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﺟ ﺪا ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠ ﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻ ﻤﻲ وﺑﺤ ﺪود
وﯾﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ
6.5.3- SONET
Computers as telephones
ﻟﻘ ﺪ ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻌ ﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿ ﻮﺗﺮ ﯾﺴ ﺘﺤﺪم ﻛﺠﮭ ﺎز ﺗﻠﻔ ﻮن وذﻟ ﻚ ﻋﺒ ﺮ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺸ ﺒﻜﮫ
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿ ﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت )اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿ ﺖ ( ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﺑﺘ ﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺧﺪﻣ ﮫ
اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل اﻟﮭ ﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺮ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺸ ﺒﻜﮫ وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ودﻣ ﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﮫ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﻋﺒ ﺮ
اﻟﺸﺒﻜﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﮫ
Model B
A Computer network links two or more computers so that they can exchange
data and share resources, including printers.
ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺗ ﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﺎﺳ ﺒﺘﯿﻦ او اﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ ﺗﺘﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت وﺗﺘﺸ ﺎرك ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺼ ﺎدر
ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ
communications
satellite
6.12.1- Bus topology: also called daisy chain طﺮﯾﻘﮫ رﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﺎص
Consists of a single central cable, to which all computers and
other devices connect
Bus is physical cable or backbone
Inexpensive and easy to install
personal personal
computer computer
PC PC
PC
Host
computer
PC
File server
printer
What is Hub: A device that provides a central point for cables in a network
6.12.1- The middle layers include the following: اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل واﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ
ﺑﺒﺮاﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل
ﺷﺒﻜﮫ وان ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻚ واﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷ ﺒﻜﮫ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿ ﺖ ﻣﺜ ﻞ
اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ
o LAN-to-LAN Connections اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺎطﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﮫ
o Transaction Acquisition اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم او ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
o Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮫ
6.14.3-Backbones:
Is the high-capacity transmission limes that carry WAN traffic, some
are regional, connecting towns, other are continental or even
transcontinental.
Ch 7
The Internet (World Wide Web)
& E-Commerce
7.1 The Internet is like many other technologies, it provides a wide range
of services, some of which are effective and practical for use today, others are
still evolving, and still others will fade away from lack of use.Originally
developed as a document-management system, the World Wide Web is a
menu-based system that is easy to use for personal and business applications.
اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ واﺣ ﺪة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﺪم اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨ ﺎ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿ ﺔ ﻓﻘ ﺪ
. اﻧﺸﺄت ﻛﻨﻈﺎم ﻻدارة اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت
Before the Internet and the World Wide Web become universally used and
accepted for business use, management issues; service and speed issues; and
fraud, security, and unauthorized Internet sites must be addressed and solved.
7.2 Hypermedia:
Connects data on pages, allowing users to access topics in whatever order
they wish. Hypermedia documents are created using Hypertext Markup
Language. Hypertext Markup Language is the standard page description
language for the Web. The HTML tags let the browser know how to format
the text. Users mark up a page by placing HTML tags before and after a word
or words. HTML documents can be created using a text editor, such as
Notepad. If a person uses a text editor they must type in text as well as the
HTML tags to create the HTML document. Word processing programs such
Microsoft Word can be used to create and save a file in a HTML format so
that it can be viewed on the Web. Using Microsoft Word, create the following
table of Web site locations and Web site URLs.
Goal:
To allow scientists at different locations to share
information
To function if part of network were disabled
ﻻ اﺣﺪ ﯾﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺨ ﺪﻣﺎت
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Internet2 (I2)
• Internet-related research and development project
• Develops and tests advanced Internet technologies
7.5.1- Access the Internet ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺠﮭﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ
ﻣﺜﻞ
Regional ISP ﻣﺠﮭﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﻲ
National ISP ﻣﺠﮭﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ
OSP(Ex. AOL)ﻣﺠﮭﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ
Wireless Internet Service Provider ﻣﺠﮭﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻲ
• Hosts
• Routers forward packets to other networks
• Internet Protocol Stack (TCP/IP)
– Internet Protocol (IP)
– Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
• Backbones
Regional
Step 3 ISP
Step 5
Step 1
Step 2 Step 4
National
ISP
Step 6
Local ISP
Internet
backbone
Step 8
Step 7
National ISP
Figure ( 7.1): How internet works
IP address
199.95.72.10
IP address 199.95.72.10
7.5.7- The URL: Unique address for Web page located on Web server.
اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/index.html
delmon_academy@edu.bh
Spider
Program used by search engines to find Web pages that
contain search text, also called a crawler or bot.
7.6 The six basic types of Web pages اﻻﻧﻮاع اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ
Advocacyﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﺎع واﻟﺘﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت
Business/marketing ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻻﻋﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ
Newsﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻻﺧﺒﺎر
Portal اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﯾﺎھﻮ وﻛﻮﻛﻞ
Informationalﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ وﯾﻜﯿﺒﯿﺪﯾﺎ
Personal ﺻﻔﺤﺎت او ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ
Search engine
ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ،إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻹﻋ ﻼن واﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾ ﺔ ﻟﺘﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺴ ﻠﻊ
واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ،ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ .وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ
اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ،إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻼت اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻮال وذﻟﻚ ﻋ ﻦ
طﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ.
ﯾﺮﻛﺰ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت وإﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ،واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ ً ذات ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﯾﺤﺘﺎج
إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻮى .وﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿ ﺎت اﻟ ﺪﻓﻊ -ﺳ ﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻮى
اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ أو اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ أو اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ -ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ذات ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﺘﻘﺪم وﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺬ اﻟﺤﯿﻄﺔ واﻟﺤﺬر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى.
References:
Test Bank
MCQ:
1. How many Americans have personal computers in their homes as we
begin the 21st century?
a. 25%
b. 33%
c. 50%
d. 75%
9. Which of the following energy-related tasks are NOT done with the use
of computers?
a. Recording home and business energy use
b. Monitoring power networks
c. Locating oil, natural gas, coal and uranium
d. All of the above tasks use computers
10. Your mother just bought a new car. Which of the following aspects of
how her car functions are monitored by computers?
a. Electrical system functioning
b. Temperature levels
c. Fluid levels
d. All of the above
11. Maria Hernandez owns and operates a strawberry farm and fresh air
cafe. Customers pick their own strawberries and can have them prepared
fresh in strawberry shortcake at the cafe. Which of the following
computer uses are relevant to Maria?
12. TV and movies have featured technology where miniaturized craft and
humans travel through the human body to study body functioning and
perform needed "repairs." Robots
a. can travel through the bloodstream today.
b. will be able to travel through the bloodstream in the next year or
two.
c. will be able to travel through the bloodstream in five to seven years.
d. are unlikely to be able to travel through the bloodstream in less than
10 years.
13. Which aspect of "where computers are used" is most relevant to the
availability of telecommuting as an option for workers?
a. Robotics
b. Connectivity
c. Graphics
d. Government
14. Your six year old niece wanted a special doll for her birthday. You went
online and ordered one with the same eye, skin, and hair color as your
niece. This doll is an example of
a. a product available online only.
b. online advertising.
c. mass customization.
d. all of the above.
16. The step-by-step instructions that direct a computer to find your school's
website are called
a. hardware.
b. a program.
c. an input device.
d. network tools.
18. The main aspects of data handling required for a computer to function
are
a. input, processing, output, and storage.
b. input, data analysis, reports, and connectivity.
c. processing, connectivity, speed, and a variety of programs.
d. connectivity, input, output, and speed.
19. The computer hardware that accepts commands in a form that the
computer can use is called a(n)
a. storage device.
b. input device.
c. output device.
d. processor.
20. Each of the members of your history class project team has written a
section of the required paper. Which secondary storage device should be
used to provide all this information to the team member who will
compile the entire paper?
a. Printer
b. E-mail attachment
c. Diskette
d. All of the above are suitable secondary storage devices
21. Using a computer word processor to do a report for school differs from
using an electric typewriter to prepare your report in that
a. you can input the text of your report using something other than a
keyboard.
b. you can output your report to your instructor without printing it on
paper.
c. you can easily produce another copy for your instructor if you drop
the original in the mud on the way to class.
26. One of your classmates was injured in an accident and broke both
wrists. Which input device will he need to use in the computer lab until
he has recovered?
a. Mouse
b. Keyboard
c. Scanner
d. Speech-recognition
30. The portion of the computer that actually transforms data into
information is called
a. the CPU.
b. memory.
c. a diskette.
d. all of the above.
34. After playing a computer game for over two hours, you have finally
started working on your African Culture term paper and your Business
Statistics spreadsheet. Your mother wants to check her email. She has
announced that if you do not let her use the computer in 10 minutes, she
will unplug it when you least expect it. You work for another 9 minutes
and turn the mouse over to her, because if she unplugs the computer
a. you will lose any data not saved to a secondary storage device.
b. you will lose your entire term paper.
c. you will lose your entire spreadsheet.
d. all of the above.
37. Raw data that has been processed by the computer is known as
a. numeric data.
b. textual data.
c. alphanumeric data.
d. information.
39. The most common form of secondary storage for personal computers
are
a. magnetic tape.
b. optical disk drives.
c. magnetic disks.
d. RAM.
41. The hardware devices that are attached to the computer are called
a. central processing units.
b. primary storage devices.
c. peripheral equipment.
d. backup devices.
47. Two employees from a local computer store have played computer
games together for years. They connected their computers together
directly by running appropriate hardware from one house to the other,
over the fence that separates the houses. The system they are using is
called
a. the Internet.
b. a LAN.
c. broadband.
d. a web site.
53. Software that allows the use of a mouse to point and click on screen text
or pictures, to explore the Internet is called a(n)
a. menu.
b. toolbar.
c. ISP.
d. browser.
57. A limited piece of hardware with a CPU and minimal memory, offered
with Internet access in mind is called a
a. net computer.
b. workstation.
c. personal computer.
d. mainframe computer.
59. Which of the following places computers in the correct order, from
smallest to largest?
a. Laptop, personal digital assistant, notebook, pocket PC
b. Personal digital assistant, pocket PC, notebook, laptop
c. Laptop, notebook, pocket PC, personal digital assistant
d. Notebook, personal digital assistant, laptop, pocket PC
61. Which of the following is NOT likely to need or use the services of a
mainframe computer?
a. Bank
b. Insurance company
c. Government accounting services
d. Local florist shop
the Web
c. One of the best methods of learning about the Internet is exploring it
yourself
d. The Internet is a highly regulated, global information exchange
3. The stated purpose of the Carnivore system was to collect e-mail and
Web page views to combat terrorism and drug dealers.
a. True
b. False
4. Most errors resulting from computer use are the result of hardware
problems.
a. True
b. False
6. Your textbook was tracked from the time it was printed until you
purchased it by use of a bar code on the back cover.
a. True
b. False
8. Members of the animal rights group, PETA, are likely to be great fans
of increased computer use in animal research because computer models
increasingly substitute for animals in research.
a. True
b. False
10. A classic scene in the fourth Star Trek movie shows Scotty (the Chief
Engineer) attempting to input data by speaking commands to the
computer. This scene would still be appropriate today, since voice input
is not possible.
a. True
b. False
11. Computer memory holds data even after the computer's power is shut
off.
a. True
b. False
13. Computers help to reduce the costs of goods and services in our
economy by helping hold down the costs of labor, energy, and
paperwork.
a. True
b. False
14. Will always does better in classes where he can "learn by doing." Using
a word processor and spreadsheet in a computer lab should help him do
better in this class.
a. True
b. False
typically regarded by students as fun, but such training costs more than
typical flight training.
a. True
b. False
17. The major problem with computer books is that they are still quite
heavy, weighing over 5 pounds.
a. True
b. False
18. You can produce output from a computer using film, voice, and music.
a. True
b. False
19. Secondary storage devices such as DVD-ROMs and ZIP drives are
increasingly used for backup purposes, or data insurance due to the high
cost of magnetic tape.
a. True
b. False
21. The comprehensive index that tells you where information is available
on the Internet is maintained by the U.S. Government.
a. True
b. False
22. The home page of a website is the page that was developed first.
a. True
b. False
23. Net computers are becoming increasingly popular, because they have
hard drives and cost a lot less than typical "cheap" personal computers.
a. True
b. False
24. PDA, Pocket PC, and pen-based computers are all terms for the same
hardware.
a. True
b. False
25. The Internet, the World Wide Web, and the Web are all terms for the
same network system.
a. True
b. False
2. Input, processing, output and storage are the four main aspects of
____________.
12. An unpleasant or dangerous job that robots have taken over from
humans is _________.
15. Primary storage, which is also called _________, holds data and
programs only temporarily.
17. An output device that varies its form of display to include text, numbers,
art, photographs and even video is called a(n) ______.
20. The Internet subset consisting of text, images, and sounds linked
together is called the _________.
22. The WebTV is the best known ______, which has a CPU and minimal
memory, and is intended to provide easy Internet access.
23. A(n) ______ is a handheld computer that can help you keep track of
24. ______ are large computers that are capable of processing billions of
instructions per second.
25. Members of the military, construction engineers, and oil rig managers
are among those who use ____ computers that have titanium alloy
cases, sealed keyboards and dust-resistant external connections.
26. ____ were initially used only by the federal government, and can
process trillions of instructions per second.
27. _____ are the people who buy and use computer software.
Short Questions
5. Name, and briefly describe, one application or problem that you believe
requires a supercomputer for a solution. Why do you think that this
problem is not appropriate for a less capable computer?
Questions Answers:
1. True 2. False
2. Inputs for word processing include: the keyboard, the mouse, wand reader, bar code
reader, flatbed scanner, or sheet-fed scanner, speech-recognition software, devices
for access by the physically challenged (e.g. special switches), or
Processing includes:
housing of a personal computer, such as RAM memory, expansion cards, the CPU,
a power supply and so forth should be scored as incorrect.
Many secondary storage devices, e.g., magnetic tape drives, Zip disks, and external
CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives could be classified as peripherals and scored as
correct here, if it is clear that they are external to the main computer housing.
(Ch. 1, YOUR PERSONAL COMPUTER HARDWARE, The Complete Hardware
System)
Calculating the orbits of stars and planets, many scientific simulations, searching
for prime numbers, code breaking and human genome research.
Acceptable answers to the "Why" portion of the question need not be lengthy, but
should indicate an awareness that the problem is appropriate for supercomputers
because it requires a large number of calculations, very complex calculations, very
large amounts of data, or contains a large amount of "trial and error."
For instance, special effects for movies may be created on supercomputers because
of the required very high-resolution images, and large numbers of frames mean that
many calculations are required.
Poor or partial-credit answers either select problems that are much too simple and
which even laypersons should realize are currently solved on smaller computers, or
which name a problem but do not elaborate on the rationale for requiring the use of
a supercomputer. Keeping the books for a small business is an example of a clearly
wrong answer.
(Ch. 1, CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS, Supercomputers)