Wind Load Analysis for Roof

Basis for calculation as per ES-EN 1991 1.4 2015

 The wind velocity and the velocity pressure are composed of a mean and a
fluctuating component.
 The mean wind velocity Vm should be determined from the basic wind velocity
Vb which depends on the wind climate, and the height variation of the wind determined
from the terrain roughness and orography. Basic wind velocity
Vb = Cdir*Cseason
*Vb,0 where:
Vb is the basic wind velocity, defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10 m
above ground of terrain category II
Vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, Vb,0=26m/s……...Recommended value.

Cdir is the directional factor, Cdir=1……………...Recommended value.

Cseason is the season factor, Cseason=1……………. Recommended value.

Mean Wind Velocity

Vm(z) = Cr(z)⋅Co(z)⋅Vb

where: Cr(z) is the roughness factor,

𝑧
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝐿𝑛 [𝑧 𝑜 ]0.07 for zmin < z < zmax
𝑜𝐼𝐼

Cr(z)= Cr(zmin)………………………………. for z <

zmin Where:
z0 is the roughness length kr is terrain factor depending on the
roughness length Z0& calculated using
𝑧 0.07
kr=0.19*(𝑧 0 )
0𝐼𝐼

 z0, II = 0.05m (terrain category II)

 zmin is the minimum height.
 zmax is to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National Annex
  z0, zmin depend on the terrain category specified in “ES-EN 1991 1.4 2015,
Table4.1.”

 Co(z) is the orography factor, taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified.

Wind Turbulence

The turbulence intensity Iv(z) at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the turbulence
divided by the mean wind velocity. i.e.
𝜎𝑣 𝑘𝑡
𝑙𝑣 = = 𝑧 ……………………………. for zmin< z < zmax
𝑉𝑚(𝑍) 𝐶0(𝑍) ∗𝑙𝑛
𝑧0

Iv(z)= Iv(zmin) ……………………………………...for z <zmin

where:
kI is the turbulence factor. The value of kI may be given in the National Annex. The recommended
value is kI = 1,0.

Peak Velocity Pressure

The peak velocity pressure qp(z) is a pressure at height z, which includes mean and short-term
velocity fluctuations, and can be determined from the following expressions qp(z)=[1+7*Iv(z)]
*0.5* ρ *Vm(z)2 where:
Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1Air density as per ES-EN section 3.7.1 1991

Size altitude above sea level ρ (kg/m3)

0 1.20
500 1.120

1000 1.06
1500 1.00
2000 0.94

Assumed Location of Bahir Dar

Altitude = 1850m above MSL

ρ = 0.96 kg/m3
ρ is the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be
expected in the region. ρ =0.96kg/m3…..............Recommended value.

Wind Pressure on Surfaces

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we, should be obtained from the following
Expression.
We= qp (ze)*Cpe

 qp(ze) is the peak velocity pressure.

 ze is the reference height for the external pressure given in “ES-EN 1991 1.4 2015,
Section 7.”

 cpe is the external pressure coefficients for buildings and parts of buildings depend
on the size of the loaded area A, which is the area of the structure, that produces the wind
action in the section to be calculated. The external pressure coefficientsare given for loaded
areas A of 1 m2 and 10 m2 in the tables for the appropriate building configurations as cpe,1,
for local coefficients, and cpe,10, for overall coefficients, respectively.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: Graph of external pressure coefficient
with loaded area

Recommended procedure for determining the external pressure coefficient Cpe for buildings with
a loaded area A between 1 m2 and 10 m2 for 1 m2 < A < 10 m2 cpe = cpe,1 - (cpe,1 -cpe,10)
log10 A

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi , should be obtained from the
following Expression.