3 Marks

1. Mind-reading:
a. making guesses about what other people are thinking
b. Example:
i. “She ignored me on purpose”,
ii. “He‘s mad with me”.

2. Schema:
a. It helps to understand what to expect from experiences and situations.
b. It is developed and based on information provided by life experiences
c. It develops from personal experiences and interaction with others.
d. Experiences that might contribute to negative schemas include:
i. Death of a parent or sibling.
ii. Parental rejection, criticism, overprotection, neglect or abuse.
iii. Bullying at school or exclusion from peer group
e. Depression prone individuals develop a negative self-schema
f. People with negative schemas:
i. tend to make logical errors
ii. Tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation; ignoring
equally relevant information.

3. Automatic thoughts:
a. Are a stream of thinking coexisting with a more obvious stream of thought
b. Unlike unusual psychological distress; these though are experiences common to us all.
c. Most of the time we are unaware of these thoughts; and can be brought back into
consciousness.
d. When automatic thoughts are very negative a person becomes depressed
e. Examples:
i. my girlfriend fancies my best friend
ii. I‘m getting fat, I have no money
iii. My parents hate me

4. Goals of CBT:
a. To remove biases or distortions in thinking
b. To pay attention to the way the individual process information.
c. To Challenge, test and discuss an individual’s‘cognitive distortions to bring about more
positive feelings, behaviors and thinking.
d. To change schemas: The therapist aims at removing distortions by attending to
automatic thoughts and cognitive schemas that the client represent.

5. Goals of REBT:
a. To teach clients how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy
ones.
b. To assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and
unconditional other acceptance (UOA); and to see how these are interrelated.
6. Choice theory:
a. Choice theory states that; an internal control psychology explains why and how we make
the choices that determine the course of our lives.
b. It teaches that we do not satisfy our needs directly.
c. We develop pictures in our heads to satisfy innate needs.
d. As needs are met, we store pictures of people, objects, or events that satisfy us.
e. The stored pictures are referred to as the “Quality World”.

7. QUALITY WORLD
a. It is the world we would like to live in if we could.
b. It is completely based on our wants and needs
c. It is very specific.
d. The quality world consists of specific images of people, activities, events, beliefs,
possessions, and situations that fulfill our needs
e. It is the “all-we-want world”
f. It contains our expectations, our core beliefs, and our opportunities to fulfill our needs
g. The most important component of our quality world are:
i. The people we want to connect with most
ii. People we are closest to & enjoy most
iii. People we imagine it would be nice to be with
iv. Things we own or would like to own
v. Beautiful things in nature important to us e.g. sunsets
vi. Systems of beliefs that give us pleasure, religious, political, personal

8. View of Human Nature of Reality:

a. Rational emotive behaviour therapy is based on the assumption that human
beings are born with a potential for both rational, or “straight,” thinking and irrational,
or “crooked,” thinking.
b. People have tendencies for self-preservation, happiness, thinking and verbalizing,
loving, communion with others, and growth and self-actualization.
c. They also have propensities for self-destruction, avoidance of thought,
procrastination, endless repetition of mistakes, superstition, intolerance, perfectionism
and self-blame, and avoidance of actualizing growth potentials.
d. REBT encourages people accept themselves even though they will make mistakes.

9. Total Behaviour:
a. All of Behaviour is an attempt at making the real world conform to the picture in our
Quality World.
b. All behavior which is called the Total behavior’ has four components. These components
occur simultaneously and therefore all behavior is total behavior. The components are:
i. Acting: i.e., walking, talking, movement of body parts
ii. Thinking: voluntary or involuntary e.g. thoughts, learning, problem solving,
fantasies, dreams.
iii. Feeling: e.g. happiness, anger, excitement, frustration, sadness, fear
iv. Physiology: e.g. headaches, sweating, tension, blood pressure, temperature,
adrenaline rushes