summary

DEFINETION of Architecture 1. Origin of Architecture- greek word 'Architekton' 2. by

Vitruvious- form, function ,aesthetics. 3. by DK Ching- Art, science, Design,
construction, building, other definitions.

Architectural terminology Dimensions of Architecture- horizontal line, angle, space,

types of space, Experience, time, comprehension of tradition of building.

Approaches through different ages- prehistoric shelter-tree, cave, huts, tent- material
used, Invention of tools, Primitive house-materials-logs, leaves, ice, mats,
chamfered stone pieces, animal skin, mud. Invention of Bricks- moulding, baking,
glazing, Industrial Era- mass production row houses, Modernism.

Facotors affecting Architecture of a region- History, society, religion, geography,

climate. eg. egyptian, greek, roman, German, Indian- north, north east, west,
south, Ganges plains
EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE

Kamini Singh | 2014| Architectural Design | SoA GU

ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE

Conscious Creation Of Utilitarian Space

With The Deliberate Use Of Materials.
ORIGIN OF ARCHITECTURE

FROM THE GREEK WORD ‘ARCHITEKTON’

DIMENSIONS OF ARCHITECTURE
"The first dimension of architecture is a horizontal line: a hand-drawn line that is
transferred to our built environment; a person lying down.
The second dimension of architecture is the angle formed by a vertical and horizontal
line; at the level of a standing person.
The third dimension of architecture is limited or unlimited space, in which a person lies
down or stands; proportions; big / small.
The fourth dimension of architecture is our total experience, which is formed by the
interaction between the senses, the feeling of an environmental experience.
The fifth dimension of architecture is time, light that illuminates space, motion in that
space, a person as part of an aging space, materials and their aging.
The sixth dimension of architecture is the comprehension of the tradition of building;
the history of mankind, the basic requisites of building, the presence of the
architectural archetype.“

-Esa Laaksonen. The Sixth Dimension of Architecture

 Factors Affecting
Architecture
1. History
2. Society
3. Religion
4. Geography
5. Climate
The FIRST Shelter
• Before man knew
how to build
shelters, he lived in
trees.
• Provided shade.
• The trees kept off
some rain.
• They also protected
him from some
animals (those that
could not climb up
the tree).
 Caves
• This was followed by living
in caves.
• Caves are natural shelters,
offering shade and
protection from wind, rain,
and snow.
• Cave dwellers date
generally from the Stone
Age period known as the
Paleolithic, which began
as early as 2.5 million years
ago.
 huts
• Later, man taught
himself to pile branches
and make crude
shelters to protect
himself from the wind
and sun.
 Huts – Terra Amata (France)
 The earliest known structures.
 Built by nomadic hunters who
returned to the same sandy
beaches, each spring.
 The construction consists of
walls made of a timber stakes,
arranged in an oval plan, with
a bracing ring of stoners on
the outside.
 The interior had a central
hearth and the floor was
made of a beaten layer of
ash and organic material.
 tents
Lean-to (Le Lazaret, Nice)
• Erected against one wall of a
cave.
• The assembly probably consisted of
a timber frame with post supports
and a skin covering, pinned to the
ground by a circle of stones.

Tents
• Tepee-like tents were a common
feature of glacial Europe
(Czechoslovakia, Germany and
France).
• The structure consisted of a timber
framework covered with animal
(mammoth) skins.
• The skirts were invariably weighed
down with stones and the interior
paved.
Prihistoric Architecture
 STONEage:
• Use of large stone to construct a
structure or monument either alone
or with other stones.
• Rock(s) in definite shapes for special
purposes.
• Use of stones by an interlocking system
without the use of mortar or cement. Beehive Hut

OTHER MATERIALS
• Animal Skins
• Wooden Frames
• Animal Bones

ORIENTATION
• towards cardinal points
Stonehenge
a Invention of TOOLS
• Man slowly learned to make simple tools, first of stone
and much later of metal.
• These helped him build better houses.
• He built his home from the best material he could find
around him to suit his needs.
 Invention of
a TOOLS
materials-
logs, leaves, ice, mats, chamfered stone
pieces, animal skin, mud.
Primitive Houses - climate
Primitive Houses - climate
HOUSE
• Where there were few
trees, man learned to pile
stones together to make a
shelter.
• In some places, he found
that he could build houses Mud Houses, Yemen
from the earth itself.
• He learned how to form
clay into small blocks that
could be dried in the sun
(Brick).
• He made his shelter by
piling these bricks on top of
each other (Brick Wall).
Brick construction, Iraq
Architecture before Industrial Era

In west Every house was made of stone

blocks cut by hand with stone tools.

Medieval Paris
Industrial Era

MASS PRODUCTION
Industrial Era
• Homes became more comfortable in the 1800s, as iron stoves
replaced the fireplaces. Kerosene lamps took the place of
candles, and gaslight later replaced both. Indoor toilets also
became common then.
Modern Houses
• Today a house must supply
comfort and satisfaction as
well as protection.

• It has bedrooms, a kitchen, a

dining room, a drawing room
and of course bathrooms
instead of the public bathing
places.
Modern Houses
• Many bungalows have a
garden in the front, too. Today
people are privileged enough
to have washing machines,
heating and cooling systems,
refrigerators and electricity.
Modern Houses
shapes, sizes and styles
• Apartments have emerged as a
new building type.
• Due to lack of available space
and time , these apartments
have shared gardens and
circulation.
• The units are repeated one
above the other.
• The comfort level have further
increased due to centralized
waste disposal systems.
• Centralized security system
(CCTV)
Modern Houses
shapes, sizes and styles
Ancient Architecture
• The ancient Egyptians began
building their flat-topped
houses of sun-dried bricks at
around 3100BC.
• In about 2500BC, the
Assyrians (Northern
Harappa 3000 BC
Mesopotamia near Iraq) too
adopted this method of
building.
• But they had improved on
the techniques. They
discovered that baking
bricks in fire made them
harder and stronger.

Egypt 1000 BC
Egyptian Architecture

• They discovered that

baking bricks in
fire made them harder
and stronger.

• They also learned how

to put a glass coating
on to their bricks. We
call this glazing.
Greek Architecture
• The ancient Greeks
lived in well-made
stone houses
with slanted roofs;
that let the snow
and rain slide off.
Roman Architecture
• The Romans hacked the Greek
ideas about building and
added a few of their own, such
as central heating.
• They laid rows of earthenware
pipes under the roofs and floors
and ran hot water or air through
them to heat.
Roman Architecture
• They built their houses aroundatriums , or a
central court, with rooms off the court.
• Sometimes they left the court entirely open, but
generally they roofed the sides and left the centre
open.
German Architecture
• German and Scandinavian
tribes overran Europe.
• These northern men constructed
a set of buildings called a ‘ham',
from which the word ‘home' was
later derived.
• The principal building of the ham
was a long hall called the heal.
• These northern men supported
their buildings with frameworks of
heavy timber or wood and filled
the spaces between the wood
with clay.

German Ham
German Architecture
• Some of these houses
developed into the fortified
castles with thick
stonewalls, water filled moats,
and drawbridges.

• Inside the walls, people built

stables for horses, barracks for
soldiers, shops for making tools
and weapons, kitchens,
dining halls, and even a
prison for captured enemies.

German Castle
European Architecture
• Around the 1400s, Europeans
began building half-timbered
houses, with stone or brick
foundations. They placed a tree
trunk at each corner of the
house, and set upright wooden
beams between the trundle.
Then they fastened crossbeams
at the top and bottom of the
beams and added slanting
braces.
• They covered the walls with lath,
or thin wooden strips, plastered
with a mixture of clay and straw.
By l500s, many more additions
were made to such houses.

European House
Indian Architecture
• The Indian plains had few trees, they
lived among herds of buffaloes.
These tribes made their

teepees by tying a few

poles together at the top,
spreading them at the
bottom like an umbrella, and
covering it with buffalo skin. TODA Hut

TEEPEES Hut
 Indian Architecture
Architecture in India varied with location and Climate, In hot dry Areas Mud –wall
construction and double roof with thatch or terracotta tiles became a
popular choice.

Kuch , Gujrat