Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences

1. 1. Minerals and Rocks

2. 2. Learning Outcomes • I can identify the physical properties of minerals • I can identify the
chemicaL properties of minerals. • I can identify some minerals and their uses. • I will
appreciate the importance of conserving mineralsI can identify and describe the different
properties of rocks.
3. 3. Minerals Minerals - naturaly formed, generally inorganic, crystalline, solid and has a definite
chemical composition. building blocks of rocks Mineralogy - Branch of Geology that deals with
the study of Minerals There are about 3,000 known minerals, of that 20 minerals make up most
rocks
4. 4. Physical Properties of Minerals - can be used to easily identify a mineral. 1. Color 2. Streak 3.
Hardness 4. Cleavage and Fracture 5. Crystalline structure 6. Transparency or diaphaneity 7.
Magnetism 8. Tenacity 9. Luster 10. Odor 11. Specific Gravity
5. 5. Physical Properties of Minerals 1. Color - usually the property used to identify minerals easily.
It is the result of the way minerals absorb light. Some Colors of Quartz
6. 6. Physical Properties of Minerals 2. Streak - is the color of the mineral in powder form. For
opaque minerals, if you rub the sample across a streak plate, it will leave a colored powder.
This streak is distinctive for minerals and is used to identify minerals.
7. 7. Varieties of Hematite – all same color streak
8. 8. Physical Properties of Minerals 3. Hardness - refers to the measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching. Minerals with higher numbers will scratch minerals below. To measure
the relative hardness of minerals, the Moh's scale is used.
9. 9. Physical Properties of Minerals 4. Cleavage and Fractures - used to describe how minerals
break into pieces. Some minerals split along flat surfaces (called cleavage planes) when struck
hard--this is called mineral cleavage Other minerals break unevenly along rough or curved
surfaces--this is called fracture A few minerals have both cleavage and fracture ( mica )
10. 10. FLUORITE HALITE Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF2) Cleavage – due to weak bonds in the crystal
structure
11. 11. Cleavage BIOTITE MUSCOVITE
12. 12. Rose Quartz – Conchoidal Fracture
13. 13. Conchoidal Fracture - Quartz Obsidian
14. 14. Physical Properties of Minerals 5. Crystalline structure - crystal lattice, tells how a mineral’s
crystals are arranged. A hand lens is a necessary tool in checking for crystalline structure.
crystal solid - form regular repeating three dimensional crystal lattice amorphous solid - forms
aggregates that have particular order or arrangement
15. 15. Physical Properties of Minerals 6. Transparency or diaphaneity - indicates the extent of light
that can pass through the mineral.
16. 16. Physical Properties of Minerals 7. Magnetism - indicates the ability of a mineral to attract or
repel other minerals. 8. Tenacity - level of resistance or reaction of minerals to stress such as
crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing. 9. Luster - refers to the reaction of a mineral to light. It
determines how brilliant or dull the mineral is. Categories: Metallic or Non-metallic Metallic –
luster of metal – shines like a hard metal Many non-metallic minerals are SHINY because they
are transparent or semi-transparent
17. 17. Examples of metallic luster
18. 18. Pyrite (FeS2) Galena (PbS) More Examples of Metallic Luster PYRITE GALENA
19. 19. Example of non-metallic luster • Vitreous--quartz
20. 20. Example of non-metallic luster • Silky--example plagioclase feldspar
21. 21. Non-metallic and metallic luster – earthy hematite – metallic hematite
22. 22. Physical Properties of Minerals 10. Odor - -a distinct smell of a mineral that is usually
released from a chemical reaction when subjected to water, heat, air or friction. 11. Specific
Gravity - is a measure of the density of a mineral. Determines how heavy the mineral is by its
weight to water.
23. 23. Chemical Properties of Minerals Another way of identfying and classifying minerals is
according to their chemical compositon. This classification was first used in 1848 by James
Dwight Dana (1813- 1895). 1. Silicate class 5. Oxide class 2. Carbonate class 6. Sulphide class
3. Sulphate class 7. Phosphate class 4. Halide class 8. Native element class
24. 24. Chemical Properties of Minerals 1. Silicate Class - largest and most abundant group
containing Si and O with some Al, Mg, Fe, and Ca. (Ex. feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, mica, garnet.
olivine and amphibole
25. 25. Chemical Properties of Minerals 2. Carbonate class - mostly found depositedin marine
environments. 3. Sulphate Class - forms in areas with high evaporation rates and where salty
waters slowly evaporate. (Ex. anhydrite, celestine, barite, gypsum) 4. Halide class - contains
natural salts includes fluorite, halite, sylvite and sal ammoniac components. Usually form in
lakes, and sal ammoniac components.
26. 26. Chemical Properties of Minerals • 5. Oxide class - is a diverse class. In science, these
minerals are important as thet carry histories of changes in Earth's magnetic field. They are
formed as precipitates close to Earth's surface or as oxidation products of minerals during the
process of weathering. • 6. Sulphide class - has important metals such as copper, lead and
silver which are considered economically significant.
27. 27. Chemical Properties of Minerals 7. Phosphate class- contains minerals with phosphorus.
Considered as important biological mineral found in teeth and bones in many animals. 8.
Native element class - contains metals and intermettalic elements, semimetals nonmetals or
natural alloys and constituents of a few rare meteorites.
28. 28. Rocks - are natural substances consisting of aggregate minerals clumped together with
other materials through natural processes. Rocks, like some materials, are products of a
natural cyclic process.
29. 29. Properties of Rocks 1. Rocks exhibit different properties. As to color, rocks may be dark,
light, reddish, ggray, brown, yellow o even black. 2. Rocks differ in texture: some are fine,
others are rough. 3. Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch. 4. Most rocks are
hard, others are brittle.
30. 30. Classification of Rocks 1. Igneous rocks - derived from the Latin word ignis meaning “fire”
are crystallized from magma or molten or partially molten volcanic materials that came from
within Earth. Magma rises from the asthenosphere or at the base of the crst through volcanoes
or any cracks and fisures on Earth's surface. When it reaches the sface of Erth. thr molten
volcanic material is called lava. (granite, rholite, diorite, andesite, basalt, gabbro)
31. 31. Importance of Igneous Rocks • contains fossils that are evidences of geologic past • coal,
petroleum and natural gas are major energy source • iron , aluminum and manganes are used
in the construction industry.
32. 32. Classification of Rocks 2. Sedimentary rocks - frm the root word sediments which means
“remaining particles” are rocks that have formed from the deposition of different materials on
Earth's surface. They come from preexistinf rocks or pieces of dead organisms that have been
“lithified” or cemented by natural processes. (limestone, conglomerate, haite, calcite,
sandstone, limestone and gypsum)
33. 33. 2 major groups of sedimentary rocks 1. clastic - form from the accumulation and
lithification of sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. They are further
classified according to dominant grain size. 2. nonclastic - derived from sediments that
precipitated from concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater) or from the accumulation of biologic
or organic material (e.g. shells, plant material). They are further classified on the basis of
chemical composition.
34. 34. Classification of Rocks 3. Metamorphic rocks - meta means “change”” and morph means
“form” are rocks derived from gneous or sedimentary rocks that were exposed to high
pressure, high temperature or a combination of both, deep below te surface of Earth. Because
of this exposure, some of the minerals in these roocks undergo chemical and physical changes.