6 Myers Psychology for AP Learning-RWE

Names:_______________________________________________________________
Term/Person RWE
in classical conditioning, the initial
stage, when one links a neutral
stimulus and an unconditioned
stimulus so that the neutral stimulus
1. acquisition
begins triggering the conditioned
response. In operant conditioning, the
strengthening of a reinforced
response
researcher famous for work in
observational or social learning
2. Albert Bandura
including the famous Bobo doll
experiment
learning that certain events occur
together. The events may be two
associative
3. stimuli (as in classical conditioning)
learning
or a response and its consequences
(as in operant conditioning
Aversion therapy is a form of
behavior therapy in which an
aversive (causing a strong feeling of
4. aversion theory
dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired
with an undesirable behavior in order
to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
pioneer of operant conditioning who
believed that everything we do is
determined by our past history of
rewards and punishments. he is
5. B.F. Skinner
famous for use of his operant
conditioning apparatus which he used
to study schedules of reinforcement
on pigeons and rats.
the view that psychology: (1) should
be an objective science that (2)
studies behavior without reference to
6. behaviorism
mental processes. Most research
psychologists today agree with (1)
but not with (2)
Biofeedback is a technique that trains
7. biofeedback
people to improve their health by
 controlling certain bodily processes
that normally happen involuntarily,
such as heart rate, blood pressure,
muscle tension, and skin temperature.

classical a type of learning in which one learns

8.
conditioning to link two or more stimuli and
anticipate events
a mental representation of the layout
of one's environment. (For example,
9. cognitive map after exploring a maze, rats act as if
they have learned a cognitive map of
it)
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing
conditioned power through its association with a
10.
reinforcer primary reinforce; also known as a
secondary reinforce
in classical conditioning, the learned
conditioned
11. response to a previously neutral (but now
response (CR)
conditioned) stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioned, an originally

conditioned
12. irrelevant stimulus that, after association
stimulus (CS)
with an unconditioned stimulus (US),
comes to trigger a conditioned response
continuous reinforcing the desired response every
13.
reinforcement time it occurs
in classical conditioning, the learned
ability to distinguish between a
14. discrimination
conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do
not signal an unconditioned stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that
elicits a response after association with
discriminative
15. reinforcement (in contrast to related
stimulus
stimuli not associated with
reinforcement)
Pioneer in operant conditioning who
Edward discovered concepts in instrumental
16.
Thorndike learning such as the law of effect. Known
for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
the diminishing of a conditioned
17. extinction response; occurs in classical conditioning
when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does
 not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS);
occurs in operant condition when a
response is no longer reinforced
a desire to perform a behavior to receive
extrinsic
18. promised rewards or avoid threatened
motivation
punishment
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
fixed-interval
19. schedule that reinforces a response only
schedule
after a specified time has elapsed
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
fixed-ratio
20. schedule that reinforces a response only
schedule
after a specified number of responses
the tendency, once a response has been
21. generalization conditioned, for stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus to elicit responses
an organism's decreasing response to a
22. habituation
stimulus with repeated exposure to it

a procedure in which the conditioned

stimulus in one conditioning experience
is paired with a new neutral stimulus,
creating a second (often weaker)
higher-order
23. conditioned stimulus. (For example, an
conditioning
animal that has learned that a tone
predicts food might then learn that a light
predicts the tone and begin responding to
the light alone.) (Also called Second-
Order Conditioning)
a sudden and often novel realization of
24. insight
the solution to a problem
intrinsic a desire to perform a behavior effectively
25.
motivation for its own sake
Russian physiologist who observed
26. Ivan Pavlov conditioned salivary responses in dogs
(1849-1936)
Researched taste aversion. Showed that
when rats ate a novel substance before
27. John Garcia being nauseated by a drug or radiation,
they developed a conditioned taste
aversion for the substance.
behaviorism; emphasis on external
28. John Watson behaviors of people and their reactions on
a given situation; famous for Little Albert
 study in which baby was taught to fear a
white rat
learning that occurs but is not apparent
29. latent learning until there is an incentive to demonstrate
it
Thorndike's principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences
30. law of effect become more like, that behaviors
followed by unfavorable consequences
become less likely
the hopelessness and passive resignation
learned
31. an animal or human learns when unable
helplessness
to avoid repeated aversive events
a relatively permanent change in an
32. learning
organism's behavior due to experience
subject in John Watson's experiment,
33. little albert proved classical conditioning principles,
especially the generalization of fear
researcher known for work on learned
Martin
34. helplessness and learned optimism as
Seligman
well as positive psychology
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing
mirror certain actions or when observing another
35.
neurons doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's
actions may enable imitation and empath
the process of observing and imitating a
36. modeling
specific behavior
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative
37. reinforcemen reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed
t after a response, strengthens the response
(negative reinforcement is not punishment)
observational
38. learning by observing others
learning
observational learning by observing others (also social
39.
learning learning)
operant behavior that operates on the environment,
40.
behavior producing consequences

operant in operant conditioning research, a chamber

41.
chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a
bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
 obtain food or water reinforce; attached
devices record the animal's rate of bar
pressing or key pecking

operant a type of learning in which behavior is

42.
conditioning strengthened if followed by a reinforce or
diminished followed by a punisher
partial reinforcing a response only part of the time;
(intermittent) results in slower acquisition of a response but
43.
reinforcemen much greater resistance to extinction than
t does continuous reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive
positive
stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce
44. reinforcemen
in any stimulus that, when presented after a
t
response, strengthens the response
primary an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as
45.
reinforce one that satisfies a biological need
prosocial positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
46.
behavior The opposite of antisocial behavior
an event that decreases the behavior that it
47. punishment
follows
in operant conditioning, any event that
48. reinforce
strengthens the behavior it follows
respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic
49.
behavior response to some stimulus
graduate student of Watson and co-
Rosalie researcher for the famous Little Albert
50.
Rayner demonstration of classically conditioned
emotion
an operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
51. shaping
and closer approximations of the desired
behavior
spontaneous the reappearance, after a pause, of an
52.
recovery extinguished conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned,
unconditione
naturally occurring response to the
53. d response
unconditioned stimulus (US), such as
(UR)
salivation when food is in the mouth
unconditione
54. d stimulus in classical conditioning, a stimulus that
(US) unconditionally - naturally and
 automatically - triggers a response
variable- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
55. interval schedule that reinforces a response at
schedule unpredictable time intervals
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
variable-ratio
56. schedule that reinforces a response after an
schedule
unpredictable number of responses