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Power Electronics

GATE - 2020/21

Practice

Analysis

Result

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 Power Electronics

S NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 Power Semiconductor Devices 1 - 14

2 Single Phase Rectifiers 1 - 13

3 Three Phase Rectifiers 1-7

4 Choppers 1-9

5 Inverters 1 - 12
 CHAPTER – 01 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Q.1 The SCR in the circuit shown has a

latching current of 40mA. A gate pulse SCR

of 50 s is applied to the SCR. The

maximum value of R in  to ensure  20
successful firing of the SCR is
100 V 5 k
________. [GATE 2014] -
SCR
0.5 H

500
+ (A) 251 sec (B) 150 sec
100 V _ R
(C) 100 sec (D) 5 sec
200mH
Q.4 The typical ratio of latching current to
holding current in a 20 a thyristor is
[GATE 2012]
Q.2 Circuit turn-off time of an SCR is (A) 5.0 (B) 2.0
defined as the time [GATE 2011] (C) 1.0 (D) 0.5
(A) Taken by the SCR to turn off
(B) Required for the SCR current to Q.5 Figure shows a thyristor with the
become zero standard terminations of anode (A),
(C) For which the SCR is reverse biased cathode (K), gate (G) and the different
by the commutation circuit junctions named J1, J2 and J3. When the
(D) For which the SCR is reverse biased thyristor is turned ON and conducting
to reduce its current below the [GATE 2003]
holding current.
Q.3 An SCR having a turn ON time of
5 sec , latching current of 50mA and A
holding current of 40mA is triggered by
a short duration pulse and is used in the P J3
J2
circuit shown in fig. The minimum pulse N
G J1
width required to turn the SCR ON will P
be. [GATE 2006] N

(A) J1 and J2 are forward biased and J3

is reversed biased.
(B) J1 and J3 are forward biased and J2
is reverse biased.
2 | Power Electronics
(C) J1 is forward biased and J2 and J3 Q.9 Which of the following does not cause
are reverse biased. permanent damage of an SCR?
(D) J1, J2 and J3 are all forward biased. [GATE 1996]
Q.6 The triggering circuit of a thyristor is (A) High current
shown in fig. The thyristor requires a (B) High rate of rise of current
gate current of 10mA, for guaranteed (C) High temperature rise
turn-on. The value of R required for the (D) High rate of rise of voltage
thyristor to turn-on reliably under all Q.10 The average on-state current for an SCR
conditions of Vb variation is is 20 A for a resistive load. If an
[GATE 2004] inductance of 5mH is included in the
Load load, then average on-state current
R
would be
100 V (A) More then 20A (B) Less then 20A
Vb 12  4
(C) 15A (D) 20A
(A) 10000 (B) 1600 Q.11 The turn-on time for an SCR is 30μs .
(C) 1200 (D) 800 The pulse train at the gate has a
frequency of 2.5 kHz with a mark/space
ratio of 0.1. This SCR will
Q.7 The latching current of SCR in the
below circuit is 4mA. The minimum (A) Turn-on
width of the gate pulse required to turn (B) Not Turn-on
on the thyristor is (C) Turn-on if pulse-frequency is
0.1 mH increased
(D) Turn-on if pulse-frequency is
 decreased
100 V
- Q.12 A thyristor is triggered by a pulse train
of 5 kHz and duty ratio is 0.4. If the
(A) 6 s (B) 4 s allowable average power is 100W, the
(C) 2 s (D) 1 s maximum allowable gate drive power is:
Q.8 In a commutation circuit employed to turn (A) 100 2W (B) 50W
off an SCR, satisfactory turn-off is (C) 150W (D) 250W
obtained when [GATE 1998] Q.13 The trigger circuit of a thyristor has a
(A) Circuit turn-off time < device turn- source voltage of 15V and the load line
off time has a slope of- 120V per ampere. The
(B) Circuit turn-off time > device turn- minimum gate current to turn-on the
off time SCR is 25mA. The trigger voltage and
(C) Circuit time constant > device turn- trigger current for an average gate
off time power dissipation of 0.4 watts will be
(D) Circuit time constant < device turn- (A) 10.37V, 38.56mA
off time (B) 4.627V, 86.44mA

(C) 10.37V, 86.44mA
(D) 4.627V, 38.56mA
Q.14 A thyristor data sheet given 1.5V and
100mA as the gate-trigger voltage and
gate-trigger current respectively. A
resistance of 20 is connected across
gate-cathode terminals. For a trigger
supply voltage of 8V, compute the value
of resistance that should be connected in
Power Semiconductor Devices | 3
Common Data for Question 18 & 19
For an SCR present in below figure,
Eg  I g characteristic is given as
Eg  7.5  1.8 I g . The gate voltage
consists of rectangular pulses of 10V
and of duration 75 sec with a duty
cycle of 0.5.
A

series with gate circuit in order to ensure Rs S Ig

turn on of the device K
G
(A) 27.14 (B) 37.14 Es
(C) 47.14 (D) 57.14
Q.15 A pulse triggered SCR has average
power dissipation 2W and maximum
Q.18 The value of ( Rs ) series resistor
power dissipation 20W. If triggering
frequency is 2kHz, the mark to space required in gate circuit to limit the peak
ratio for pulse is power dissipation in the gate to 2 watts
(A) 0.1/10 (B) 1/9 will be
(C)1/8.5 (D) 1/7.5 (A) 6.2 (B) 7.2
Q.16 For an SCR, the gate-cathode (C) 8.2 (D) 9.2
characteristic has a straight-line slope of Q.19 The average power dissipation in the
130. For trigger source voltage of 15V gate will be
and allowable gate power dissipation of (A) 1W (B) 2W
0.5 watts, the gate-source resistance is (C) 3W (D) 4W
(A) 111.9 (B) 222.9 Q.20 The SCR is required to give an average
(C) 333.9 (D) 444.9 power dissipation of 0.5W. Its gate
Q.17 If the latching current for the circuit voltage varies from 2.5V to 10V. For a
shown in figure is 2mA. The value of triggering gate pulse of duty cycle 0.6,
minimum width of the gate pulse the value of average gate dissipation
required to properly turn-on the thyristor will be
is (A) 0.3W (B) 0.45W
(C) 0.5W (D) 0.6W
0.2 H T G
A
K Common Data for Question 21 & 22
 For an SCR , the gate-cathode
120 V
- characteristic is given by a straight line
with a gradient of 20 volts per ampere
(A) 1.1 sec (B) 2.2 sec passing through origin. The maximum
(C) 3.3 sec (D) 4.4 sec turn-on time is 4 s and the gate current
4 | Power Electronics
required to quick turn on is 400mA. If Q.26 The thyristor in figure has a latching
the gate source voltage is 15V. current of 50mA and is fired by a pulse
Q.21 The resistance to be connected in series of length 50 s . The maximum value of
will be R to ensure firing of thyristor is
(A) 14.5 (B) 15.5
(C) 16.5 (D) 17.5
Q.22 Given that pulse width is equal to the 20
turn on time and the average power 100V R
dissipation is 0.2W, the maximum 0.5H
triggering frequency that will be
possible when pulse firing is used will
be (A) 2.5 (B) 1.5
(A) 15.6kHz (B) 16.6kHz (C) 5 (D) 3.5
(C) 17.6kHz (D) 18.6kHz Q.27 An SCR, during turn on process has the
Common Date for Questione 23 & 24 following data :
In given circuit the thyristor is gated Anode voltage : 400V 0V
with a pulse width of 40 microsecond. Anode current : 0A 100A
The latching current of thyristor is During turn on time of 8 s , the anode
36mA. current and anode voltage varies
linearly. If triggering frequency is
100Hz, the average power loss in
60 thyristor will be
300V (A) 8.33W (B) 4.33W
2H (C) 6.33W (D) 5.33W
Q.28 The source voltage is 100V and load
resistance is 10ohm. The SCR can with
dv
stand a value of 50v /  sec . If the
dt
snubber discharge current must be
limited to 2A. The value of the snubber
Q.23 For a load of R = 20  and L = 2H in resistor and capacitor is
series the current through thyristor RL
is____ mA.
R

Q.24 For Above case thyristor will turn Vs ~

SCR
ON.[Yes/No]
C
Q.25 To make turn ON a resistance is
connected across load its magnitude will
be____k  . (A) 150,0.6 F (B) 100,0.4 F
 Power Semiconductor Devices | 5
(C) 50,0.2 F (D) 25,0.1 F SCR from applied dv/dt, if dv/dt rating
Q.29 The junction capacitance of a thyristor of SCR is 100v/  sec will be
can be assumed to be independent of
off state assumed to be independent of 0.1mH 25
off state voltage. The limiting value of
charging current to turn on thyristor is RS
+
12 A . If the critical value of dv / dt is 500V _
800v/  s the junction capacitance will be CS

(A) 0.015 F (B) 0.025 F

(C) 0.035 F (D) 0.045 F (A) 10,0.097 F (B) 20,0.097 F
(C) 20,0.057 F (D) 10,0.057 F
Q.30 The junction capacitance of a thyristor is Q.33 A MOSFET rated for 15 A, carries a 10
C j 2  20 pF and can be assumed A periodic current as shown in figure.
independent of off-state voltage. The The ON state resistance of the MOSFET
limiting value of charging current to is 0.15  . The average ON state loss in
turn on the thyristor is 15mA. If a the MOSFET is [GATE 2004]
capacitor of 0.01 F is connected
across the thyristor, the critical value of
dv/dt will be
10A
(A) 1.5V /  s (B) 2.5V /  s
(C) 3.5V /  s (D) 4.5V /  s
Q.31 The maximum values of the di/dt and 0
dv/dt for SCR in the following circuit
will be (A) 33.8W (B) 15.0W
(C) 7.5W (D) 3.8W
Q.34 The figure shows the voltage across a
250 µH
power semiconductor device and the
current through the device during a
15
440 Sin314t ~ 0.1µF 2
switching transitions. Is the transition a
turn ON transition or a turn OFF
transition? The energy lost during the
transition will be [GATE 2005]
(A) 1.76A/  sec, 26.4V /  sec
(B) 1.76A/μsec,16.4V/μsec
(C) 2.76 A /  sec,16.4V /  sec
(D) 2.76 A /  sec, 26.4V /  sec
Q.32 The values of snubber components R
and C in following figure to protect the
6 | Power Electronics
v, i
Q.37 Thyristor shown in figure has I 2t rating
V of 20A2  s . If terminal „A‟ gets short
I circuited to ground, calculate the fault
clearance time so that SCR is not
damaged. Maximum fault current
t
t1 t2 remains constant during clearance time.

VI 1 1
(A) Turn ON, (t1  t2 ) A
2 T
(B) Turn OFF, VI(t1  t2 )
(C) Turn ON, VI(t1  t2 ) ~ 230 2 sin 314t 10 R1 10

VI
(D) Turn OFF, (t1  t2 )
2
Q.35 A thyristor converter of 415V,100A is
operating at rated load. Details of the
thyristor used are as follows :
„ON‟ state power loss=150W,
Thernal resistance;
Junction to case= 0.010 C / W
Case to sink = 0.080 C / W
Sink to atmosphere= 0.090 C / W
Assume ambient temperature as 350 C .
The junction temperature for 100% load
is
(A) 48.50 C (B) 54.50 C
(C) 600 C (D) 620 C
Q.36 A thyristor can withstand a maximum
junction temperature of 1200 C with
ambient temperature of 750 C . If this
SCR has thermal resistance from
junction ambient as 1.50 C / W , the
maximum internal power dissipation
allowed is :
(A) 30W (B) 60W
(C) 80W (D) 50W
(A) 0.911m.sec (B) 1.822m.sec
(C)0.689m.sec (D) 0.19m.sec
Q.38 A thyristor string is rated to carry full
load current with an allowable case
temperature of 1000 C , for maximum
allowable junction temperature of
1250 C and thermal resistance between
case and ambient as 0.50 C / W . The
sink temperature for an ambient
temperature of 400 C . Take thermal
resistance between sink and ambient as
0.40 C / W will be
(A) 680 C (B) 780 C
(C) 880 C (D) 980 C
Q.39 Number of SCRs each with rating 500V,
75A, required in each branch of a series
parallel combination for a circuit with a
total voltage and current ratings of
7.5kV and 1kA respectively. If the
device derating factor is 14% then the
number of SCRs in series and parallel
branch respectively are
 Power Semiconductor Devices | 7
No. of SCRs No. of SCRs Amp in proportion to their ratings will
in series in parallel be
(A) 18 16
(A) 0.005 (B) 0.006
(B) 15 14
(C) 0.007 (D) 0.008
(C) 12 12 Q.43 The maximum power dissipation in the
(D) 16 18 external resistance will be
(A) 157.5 W (B) 167.5 W
Q.40 Figure show two thyristors, each rated (C) 177.5 W (D) 187.5 W
500A (continuous) sharing a load Q.44 It is required to operate 250-A SCR in
current. Current through thyristor y is parallel with 350-A with their on-state
120A. The current through thyristor x voltage drops of 1.6 V and 1.2 V. The
will be nearly _________A. value of resistance to be in series with
[GATE 1995] each SCR so that they share the total
0.06
load of 600 A in proportion to their
x current rating will be
(A) 0.001 (B) 0.002
0.05
(C) 0.003 (D) 0.004
y
120A L Q.45 The number of SCRs required in a series
+ O string to withstand a d.c. voltage of 3500
E_
A
D volts in steady state. If the SCRs have
steady state voltage rating of 1000V and
Q.41 The voltage and current ratings in a the steady state de-rating factor is 30%
particular circuit are 5kV and 100Amp. will be
SCRs with a rating of 1000V and (A) 2 (B) 3
150Amp are available. Minimum de- (C) 4 (D) 5
rating factor is 20%. The number of Q.46 The 800 V, 500 A SCRs are to be used
series connected SCRs required to in a power circuit having rating of 7.5
handle the given source voltage and kV and 1000 Amp. The no. of series and
current will be parallel connected SCRs of the de-rating
factor is 10%, will be
(A) 6 (B) 7
(A) 4, 3 (B) 3, 4
(C) 8 (D) 9
(C) 11, 3 (D) 3, 11
Common Data for questions 42 & 43
Q.47 Two thyristors are connected in series as
A 100 Amp SCR is to be used in parallel
shown in below figure. The supply
with a 150 Amp SCR. The on state voltage is 5 kV. Two equal capacitors
voltage drops of the SCRs are 2.1 V and C1 and C 2 each of 0.1 F are
1.75 V respectively. connected across each thyristor, for
Q.42 The series resistance that should be dynamic voltage sharing. The voltage
connected with each SCR if the SCRs imbalance across the two thyristors
have to share the total current of 250 during turn off will be ________. The
leakage currents of the thyristors are 15
8 | Power Electronics
a a a a
and 20 mA respectively as the whole
storage charge is 40C and 30C
respectively for the thyristors 1 and 2.
+

T1 C1  0.1 μ F

5kV

T2 C2  0.1 μF

_ b b b b
(I) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(A) 2450V, 2550V (B) 1450V, 1550V
(C)2450V, 2450V (D) 1450V, 1450V
(A) (i),(ii)and(iii) (B) (ii),(iii)and(iv)
Q.48 It is required to operate 250-A SCR in
parallel with 350-A SCR with their (C) (ii)and(iii) (D) (i)and(iv)
respective on-state voltage drops of 1.6 Q.51 A steady dc current of 100 A is flowing
V and 1.2 V. ______  is the value of through a power module (S, D) as
resistance to be inserted in series with shown in figure (a). The V-I
each SCR so that they share the total characteristics of the IGBT (S) and the
load of 600 A in proportion to their diode (D) are shown in Figures (b) and
current ratings. (c); respectively. The conduction power
loss in the power module (S, D), in
watts, is __________. [GATE 2016]
Common Data for Questions 49
(A) (B) IS ( A)
A string of four series-connected
thyristors is provided with static and
dynamic equalizing circuits. This string
has to withstand an, off-state voltage of S D
10kV. The static equalizing resistance is V0  1V dV / dI  0.02
25000 and the dynamic equalizing
VS (Volt )
circuit has Rc  40 and C  0.8 F .
V-I characteristic of IGBT
The leakage currents for four thyristors 100A
are 21 mA, 25 mA, 18 mA and 16 mA
respectively.

Q.49 _____ is the number of the thyristor

which shares maximum voltage.
Q.50 Figure shows four electronic switches
(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). Which of the
switches can block voltages of either
polarity (applied between terminals “a”
and “b”) when the active device is in the
OFF state? [GATE 2014]
 Power Semiconductor Devices | 9

(C) I D ( A)

A. (I)
is

dV / dI  0.01 vs
V0  0.7V

VD (Volt)
B (II)
is
V-I characteristic of diode
Q.52 Figure shows a composite switch vs
consisting of a power transistor (BJT) in
series with a diode. Assuming that the
transistor switch and the diode are ideal, C (III)
the I-V characteristic of the composite is
switch is [GATE 2010]
_
+ V vs
I

(IV)
D is
I I

vs
(A) V (B) V

I I
(A) A-I B-II C-III D-IV
(C)
V (D) V (B) A-II B-IV C-I D-III
(C) A-IV B-III C-I D-II
(D) A-IV B-III C-II D-I

Q.54 An electronic switch S is required to

Q.53 Match the switch arrangements on the
block voltage of either polarity during
top row to the steady-state V-I
its OFF state as shown in the fig (a).
characteristics on the lower row. The
This switch is required to conduct in
steady state operating points are shown
only one direction during its ON state as
by large black dots. [GATE 2009]
shown in the figure (b). [GATE 2005]
10 | Power Electronics
(a)
1 S 1‟ Fig.A Fig.B
_
_
+ +
IS IS

(b) VDS VDS

1 i 1‟
S
Fig.C Fig.D
Which of the following are valid IS IS
realizations of the switch S?
V DS VDS

(P) (Q) 1‟
1
1 1‟

( R) (S) (A) Fig. A (B) Fig. B

1 1‟
1 1‟ (C)Fig. C (D) Fig. D
Q.56 Figure shows a MOSFET with an
integral body diode. It is employed as a
(A) Only P (B) P and Q power switching device in the ON and
OFF states through appropriate control.
(C)P and R (D) R and S The ON and OFF states of the switch
Q.55 Figure shows a MOSFET with an are given on the VDS  I s plane by
integral body diode. Its employed as a
power switching device in in the ON [GATE 2003]
and OFF states through appropriate
control. The ON and OFF state of the
D
switch are given on the VDS  I s plane
by [GATE 2005]
D
D VDS
G
VDS S
G
IS
S
IS
 Power Semiconductor Devices | 11
Q.58 A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is
used as a power control switch by
(A) biasing it in the cut-off region (OFF
IS state) or in the saturation region (ON
state)/. In the ON state, for the BJT
VD S [GATE 2004]
(A) Both the base-emitter and base-
collector junction are reverse biased
(B) The base-emitter junction is reverse
biased, and the base-collector junction is
forward biased
(B)
IS
(C) The base-emitter junction is forward
biased, and the base-collector junction is
VD S reverse biased
(D) Both the base-emitter and base-
collector junction are forward biased
Q.59 A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is
(C) used as a power control switch by
IS biasing it in the cut-off region (OFF
state) or in the saturation region (ON
state). In the ON state, for the BJT.
(A) Both the base-emitter and base-
VDS
collector junctions are reverse biased.
(B) The base-emitter junction is reverse
biased and the base-collector junction is
forward biased.
(C) The base-emitter junction is forward
biased, and the base-collector junction is
(D) IS reverse biased.
(D) Both the base-emitter and base-
collector junction are forward biased.
Q.60 For the power semiconductor device
VDS
IGBT, MOSFET, Diode and Thyristor,
which one of the following statements is
TRUE? [GATE 2017]
(A) All the four are majority carrier
Q.57 Which of the following does not cause device .
damage of an SCR ? (B) All the four are minority carrier
(A) High current device .
(B) High rate of rise of current (C) IGBT and MOSFET are majority
(C) High temperature rise carrier devices, whereas Diode and
Thyristor are minority carrier devices.
(D) High rate of rise of voltage
12 | Power Electronics
(D) MOSFET is majority carrier connected to an inductive load, where
devices, whereas IGBT, Diode Thyristor L=150mH in series with a small
are minority carrier devices. resistance and the supply voltage is 200
Q.61 A series string of three SCRs shown in V dc. The forward drops of all
below figure is designed to withstand an transistors/diodes and gate-cathode
off state voltage of 4 kV. The static junction during ON state are 1.0 V.
equalizing resistor Rs  20k  , [GATE 2007]
1
RD  20 and C  0.1 F . Estimate the
+ 10 V S
voltage across SCR2 at the time of turn PT D1 R C
off. The whole storage charge for R
SCR1  140C , SCR 2  150C and L
D2
SCR3  130C .
1:1 200 V

+
C=0.1 μF
RS
 20k  SCR1
RD  20 Q.63 The value of resistance R should be
(A) 4.7k (B) 470
C=0.1 μF (C) 47 (D) 4.7
RS
4kV  20k  SCR2 Q.64 The minimum approximate volt-second
RD  20
rating of the pulse transformer suitable
for triggering the SCR should be : (volt-
C=0.1 μF second rating is the maximum of
RS product of the voltage and the width of
 20k  SCR3 RD  20 the pulse that may be applied)
_ (A) 2000V  s (B) 200V  s
(A) 1133.3 V (B) 2233.3 V (C) 20V  s (D) 2.0V  s
(C) 1233.3 V (D) 1483.3 V Q.65 An SCR is considered to be a semi-
Q.62 An SCR has half cycle surge current controlled device because, [GATE 2009]
rating of 3000 A for 50Hz supply. One (A) it can be turned OFF but not ON
cycle surge current rating will be with a gate pulse
(A) 1500 A (B) 2121.32 A (B) it conducts only during one half-
(C) 4242.64 A (D) 6000 A cycle of an alternating current wave
(C) it can be turned ON but not OFF
with a gate pulse
Common Data for Questions 63 & 64
(D) it can be turned ON only during one
A 1:1 pulse transformer (PT) is used to half-cycle of an alternating voltage wave
trigger the SCR in the adjacent figure.
The SCR is rated at 1.5kV, 250 A with Q.66 For SCR the gate cathode characteristic
I L  250mA, I H  150mA, and I G max has a straight line of slope of 140. For
= trigger source voltage of 20 V and
I  100mA. The SCR is
150mA, G min
 Power Semiconductor Devices | 13
allowable gate power dissipation of 0.5  di  1  di 
watts, what is the gate source resistance? (C)   .tr2 (D)   .tr
 dt  2  dt 
(A) 200 (B) 255
(C) 195 (D) 185
Common Data for Questions 70 & 71
Q.67 The voltage (vs ) across and the current A thyristor string is made up of a
(i s ) through a semiconductor during a number of SCR‟s connected in series
turn-ON transition are shown in figure. and parallel. The string has voltage and
The energy dissipated during the turn- current rating of 11kV and 4 kA
ON transition, in mJ, is_______. respectively. The voltage and current
ratings of available SCR‟s are 1800 V
[GATE 2016]
and 1000A respectively.
Q.70 For a string efficiency of 90%, the
number of series and parallel connected
SCR‟s will be
(A) 7, 6 (B) 6, 7
(C) 7, 8 (D) 8, 7
Q.71 For these SCR‟s, maximum, off-state
blocking current is 12 mA. The value of
static equalizing resistance for the string
will be
(A) 11.11k (B) 22.22k
Q.68 A dc source of 100 volts supplies a (C) 33.33k (D) 44.44k
purely inductive load of 0.1 H; the
controller is an SCR in series with
source and load. If the specified latching
current is 100mA, then the minimum
width of the gate pulse to ensure turn-on
of SCR would be
(A) 10 s (B) 50 s
(C) 100 s (D) 1 s
Q.69 A power diode is in the forward
conduction mode and the forward
current is now decreased. The reverse
recovery time of the diode is t r and the
di
rate of fall of the diode current is .
dt
The stored charge is
 di  1  di  2
(A)   .tr (B)   .tr
 dt  2  dt 
14 | Power Electronics

Answer Key : Power Semiconductor Devices

6055-
1 2 C 3 B 4 B 5 B
6065
6 D 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 A

11 A 12 D 13 A 14 B 15 B

16 A 17 C 18 C 19 A 20 A
21 D 22 A 23 5.99 24 No 25 9.998
26 A 27 B 28 C 29 A 30 A
31 A 32 B 33 C 34 A 35 D
36 A 37 C 38 C 39 A 40 100
41 B 42 C 43 A 44 D 45 D
46 C 47 A 48 0.004 49 4 50 C
51 170 52 C 53 C 54 C 55 B
56 B 57 D 58 D 59 D 60 D
61 C 62 B 63 C 64 * 65 C
66 C 67 75 68 C 69 D 70 A
71 B


 CHAPTER – 02 SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIERS

Q.1 In the single phase diode bridge rectifier shown V  Vm sin w t , the current waveform through diode
in below figure, the load resister is R  5 . The D2 will be [GATE 2006]
source voltage is v  200sin(wt ) , where
D1
w  2  50 radians per second. The power iL L
dissipate in the load resistor R is [GATE 2002]

Vin V D2

~ R

3200 400
(A) W (B) W
 
(C) 400 W (D) 800 W
Q.2 The circuit in figure shows a full-wave rectifier.
The input voltage is 230 V (rms) single-phase ac.
The peak reverse voltage across the diodes D1and D2
is

D1 Q.04 The figure shows the circuit of a rectifier fed

from a 230 V (rms), 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage
230 V ~ source. If we want to replace the current source
50Hz with a resistor so that the rms value of the current
230 V/50-0-50 V
supplied by the voltage source remains unchanged,
the value of the resistance (in ohms) is__________
D2 (Assume diodes to be ideal). [GATE 2004]

(A) 100 2 V (B) 100 V

(C) 50 2 V (D) 50 V ~ 10 A
230 V, 50 Hz
Q.3 A single-phase half wave uncontrolled
converter circuit is shown in figure. A 2-winding
transformer is used at the input for isolation.
Assuming the load current to be constant and Ans = 23
Q.05 A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed
step down transformer (4:1) is supplying power to a
2 | POWER ELECTRONICS
half-wave uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for w R = 0.01  L
charging a battery (12 V dc) with the series current i
limiting resistor being 19.04  . The charging
current is [GATE 2007] 

(A) 3.43 A (B) 1.65 A e (t) ~ E 20 V
 
(C) 1.22 A (D) 1.0 A
Q.06 In the circuit of adjacent figure the diode
connects the ac source to a pure inductance L.
Q.09 A half- Wave thyristor converter supplies a
purely inductive load, as shown in figure. If the
D
triggering angle of the thyristor is1200, the
extinction angle will be [GATE 2001]
Pure L
~ AC

+
~ Vm sinωt L
The diode conducts for [GATE 2007] -

(A) 900 (B) 1800

(C) 2700 (D) 3600 (A) 2400 (B) 1800
Q.07 In the circuit shown in the figure, the diode (C) 2000 (D) 1200
used is ideal. The input power factor is _________
(Give the answer up to two-decimal places.) Q.10 Consider a phase-controlled converter shown
in the figure. The thyristor is fired at an angle  in
[GATE 2017] every positive half cycle of the input voltage. If the
park value of the instantaneous output voltage
equals 230 V, the firing angle  is close to

[GATE 2005]
100sin(100 πt) V ~ 10

Q.08 In the circuit shown in figure, L is large and

230 (RMS) ~ R V0
the average value of ‘i’ is 100 A. The thyristor is 50 Hz 
gated in the_______ half cycle of ‘e’ at a delay
angle is equal to [GATE 1992]
(A) 450 (B) 1350
______e(t)  200 2 sin314t V
(C) 900 (D) 83.60
Q.11 The figure shows the circuit diagram of a
rectifier. The load consists of a resistance 10  and
an inductance 0.05 H connected in series. Assuming
ideal thyristor and ideal diode, the thyristor firing
 Single phase Rectifiers | 3
angle (in degree) needed to obtain an average load Q. 14 The maximum value of the resistance to be
voltage of 70 V is _______. [GATE 2014] connected as a load is _________________ 
Q.15 The angle of conduction of thyristor is
_______ degree.
Q.16 When a line commutated converter operates in
325sin(314t)V ~ the inverter mode [GATE 1993]

Load
Q.12 A rectifier type ac voltmeter consists of a
series resistance Rs , an ideal full-wave rectifier
bridge and a PMMC instrument as shown in below
figure. The internal resistance of the instrument is
100  and a full-scale deflection is produced by a
dc current of 1 mA. The value of Rs required to
obtain full scale deflection with an ac voltage of 100
V (rms) applied to the input terminals is :
Rs
PM M C
100 V ~ m illiam m eter
ac input
(A) 63.56  (B) 89.93 
(A) It draws both real and reactive power from the
A.C. supply.
(B) It delivers both real and reactive power to the
A.C. supply.
(C) It delivers real power to the A.C. supply.
(D) It draws reactive power from the A.C. supply.
Q.17 When the firing angle  of a single phase,
fully controlled rectifier feeding constant dc current
into a load is 300, the displacement power factor of
the rectifier is [GATE 1998]
(A) 1 (B) 0.5
1 3
(C) (D)
3 2
Q.18 A single-phase bridge converter is used to
charge a battery of 200 V having an internal
resistance of 2  as shown in figure. The SCRs are
triggered by a constant dc signal. If SCR2gets open
circuited, then the average charging current will be.

(C) 89.93 k  (D) 141.3 k  [GATE 2006]

Q.13 A-1 phase half wave converter has 120 V, 60 200 v

Hz input voltage with R  10 . Average output SCR1 SCR2 Battery
voltage is 25% of maximum possible output voltage.
The delay angle in degree of converter is ________.
230 V
50 Hz
~
Common Data for Questions 14 & 15
SCR 3 SCR 4

A half-wave controlled rectifier circuit is connected

to a purely resistive load. When  min  100 . The (A) 23.8 A (B) 15 A
latching and holding current for thyristor are 10 mA (C) 11.9 A (D) 3.54 A
and 5 mA respectively. The circuit is operated from
v = 100sin 314t.
4 | POWER ELECTRONICS
Q.19 A single-phase half controlled converter
shown in the figure feeding power highly inductive
load. The converter is operating at a firing angle of
600 [GATE 2008]
Q.20 A single phase fully controlled converter
bridge is used for electrical breaking of a separately
excited dc motor. The dc motor load is respectively
by an equivalent circuit as shown in the figure.
İ0

2

~ V0 230 V,
~
50 Hz
-
150 V


If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to
state voltage V0waveform of the converter will ensure continuous and ripple free load current. The
become. firing angle of the bridge for a load current of I0= 10
A will be [GATE 2008]
(A) 440 (B) 510
(C) 1290 (D) 1360
Q.21 A single-phase full-wave controlled bridge
converter supplies a load drawing constant and
ripple free load current. If the triggering angle is
300, the input power factor will be [GATE 2008]
(A) 0.65 (B) 0.78
(C) 0.85 (D) 0.866
Q.22 The fully controlled bridge converter in the
figure is fed from a single-phase source. When the
firing angle is 00, the dc output voltage of the
converter is 300 V. The output voltage for a firing
angle of 600 will be, assuming continuous
conduction is [GATE 2010]

V0
-
 Single phase Rectifiers | 5
firing angles of the thyristors T1 and T2 are 900and
(A) 150 V (B) 210 V 2700respectively [GATE 2017]

(C) 300 V (D) 100 V

T1 T2
Q.23 A fully controlled converter bridge feeds a
highly inductive load with ripple free load current. 10 :1
230V, D3 R
The input supply (vs ) to the bridge is a sinusoidal 50Hz ~
source. Triggering angle of the bridge converter is
 = 300. The input power factor of the bridge is D1 D2 i D3
__________ [GATE 2014]

The RMS value of the current through diode D3in

amperes is_________
is Q.26 A single phase full converter supplies power to

RLE load. The source voltage is 230 V, 50 Hz and
Load

Vs ~ for load R  2, L = 10 mH, E =100 V, for a

- firing angle of 300, find the average value of output
current and output voltage in case the load current
extinguishes at 2000?
(A) 36.25 A, 192.5 V (B) 46.25 A, 92.5 V
(C) 36.25 A, 92.5 V (D) 46.25 A, 192.5 V
Q.24 A full-bridge converter supplying an RLE load
is shown in figure. The firing angle of the bridge Q.27 A single phase full converter bridge is
converter is 1200. The supply voltage connected to R-L-E load. The source voltage is 230
V 50 Hz. The average load current of 10 A is
vm (t) = 200 sin(100 t) V, R = 20 , E = 800 V. continuous over the working range. For
The inductor L is large enough to make the output R  0.4 L = 2 mH, the firing angle
current I L a smooth dc current Switches are lossless. corresponding to power flow for E = -120 V is
The real power feedback to the source, in kW, is
(A) 53.21 and Power flow from ac source to dc load.
_________ [GATE 2014]
(B) 53.21 and power flow from dc load to ac source.
IL
Load (C) 124.1 & power flow from dc load to ac source.
T1 T3 L (D) 124.1 & power flow from ac source to dc load.
~ Vm Bridge
Q.28 A single-phase midpoint SCR converter
R = 20 supplies constant load current of 5 amps when the
T4 T2 - E = 800 V triggering angle is maintained at 350. The input
+ voltage to the converter is 220 V, 50 Hz. The turns
ratio from primary to each secondary is 1 / 2 .
Determine the load voltage.
Q.25 The figure below shows the circuit diagram of
a controlled rectifier supplied from a 230 V, 50 Hz, (A) 124.45 V (B) 224.45 V
I-phase voltage source and a 10 : 1 ideal
transformer. Assume that all devices are ideal. The (C) 324.45 V (D) 424.45 V
6 | POWER ELECTRONICS
Q.29 A half-controlled single-phase converter is (D) Or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is
shown in below figure. The control angle  = 300 missed, it will subsequently cause a high load
current in the other SCR.

T1 T2 Q.31 A half-controlled single-phase bridge rectifier

is supplying an R-L load. It is operated at a firing
angle  and the load current is continuous. The
Vac VDC IDC
fraction of cycle that the freewheeling diode
conducts is [GATE 2012]
D1
 1 
D2
1
(A) (B)  
2   
The output dc voltage wave shape will be as shown
in [GATE 2003]  
(C) (D)
(A) 2 
Vdc
Q.32 In the given rectifier, the delay angle of the
thyristor T1 measured from the positive going zero
ωt
π π+α 2π crossing of Vs is 300. If the input voltage Vs is 100
(B) Vdc sin 100 t  V, the average voltage across R (in
Volt) under steady-state is_________ [GATE 2015]
ωt
α π π+ α 2π

(C) T1 D3
Vdc
Vs 


~ -
R V0
ωt -
π 2π
D4 D2
(D)
Vdc

Q.33 A single phase fully controlled thyristor bridge

ωt
ac-dc converter is operating at a firing angle of 250
π 2π
and an overlap angle 100with constant dc output
current of 20 A. The fundamental power factor at
Q.30 A single phase full-wave half-controlled
input ac mains is [GATE 2007]
bridge converter feeds an inductive load. The two
SCRs in the converter are connected to a common (A) 0.78 (B) 0.827
DC bus. The converter has to have a freewheeling
diode [GATE 2007] (C) 0.866 (D) 0.9

(A) Because the converter inherently does not
provide for free-wheeling.
(B) Because the converter does not provide for free-
wheeling for high values of triggering angles.
(C) Or else the free-wheeling action of the converter
will cause shorting of the AC supply.
Q.34 The figure below shows an uncontrolled diode
bridge rectifier supplied from a 220 V, 50 Hz, 1-
phase ac source. The load draws a constant current
I 0 = 14 A . The conduction angle of the diode D1,
in degrees (rounded off to two decimal places) is
________ [GATE 2017]
 Single phase Rectifiers | 7
and a large inductance so as to render the load
Ls = 10 mH D1 D3 current constant. The source inductance is 1.5 mH.
If the firing angle is 300, then the average output
220 V,
50 Hz
~ I0= 14 A
voltage is
(A) 179.4 V (B) 126.78 V

D4 D2 (C) 124.88 V (D) 176.8 V

Q.39 For a 1 full converter with large inductive

Q.35 In the circuit shown the diodes are ideal, the
inductance is small and I 0  0 . Which one of the
following statement is true? [GATE 2017]
D1
~ D2
(A) D1conducts for greater than 1800, D2conducts
for greater than 1800
(B) D2conducts for more than 1800, D1 conducts for
1800
0 0
(C) D1conducts for 180 , D2conducts for 180
0
(D) D1conducts for more than 180 , D2conducts for
1800
Q.36 A single phase full converter is supplied from
230 V, 50 Hz supply. The load current is continuous
and ripple free. If the average current
I 0 = 150 Amp and the souce inductance Ls = 0.1
mH. The overlap angle at  = 100 is
(A) 1.950 (B) 2.950
(C) 3.950 (D) 4.950
Q.37 A single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier
feeds load of 10 Amp. Constant current from 230 V,
50 Hz AC input. If source inductance present is 2.5
mH per phase, the overlap angle (in degree) for
firing angle of 300is ________
Q.38 A single phase full converter is supplied from
230 V 50 Hz source. The load consists of R = 10
load, if the source inductance Ls is considered, the
reduction in the output voltage in volt due to overlap
 = 300 and  = 20 with supply voltage of 230
Volts is____________
Q.40 A single phase full converter operated from
230 V, 50 Hz gives an output voltage of 180 volts.
I0 When loaded with a constant output current
(continuous and ripple free) of 10 amp, the overlap
angle was found to be 60. The source inductance is
______mH.
Q.41 A diode whose internal resistance is 20  is to
supply power to a 1000  load from a 230 V (rms)
source of supply.
(A) The peak load current is _________ A
(B) The dc load current is __________A
(C) The dc diode voltage is __________A
(D) The percentage regulation from no load to given
load is __________%
Q.42 The circuit shows an ideal diode connected to
a pure inductor and is connected to a purely
sinusoidal 50 Hz voltage source.
D
10sin100πt
50 H Z ~ 0.1
L= H
π
Under ideal conditions the current waveform
through the inductor will look like [GATE 2009]
8 | POWER ELECTRONICS
(A) 1.5

1
Current

α
0.5

V0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (ms) (A) Inductive load
(B) 1.5 (B) Resistive load
(C) dc motor
1
Current

(D) Capacitive load

0.5 Q.44 A battery is charged by a single-phase one
pulse thyristor controlled rectifier. The supply is 30
V, 50 Hz and battery emf is constant at 6 V. Find
0 10 20 30 40 50 the resistance to be inserted in series with the battery
Time (ms)
to limit the charging current to 4 amps on the
(C). 1.5 assumption that SCR is triggered continuously. Take
a voltage drop of 1 V across the SCR.

1 (A) 2.546 (B) 3.546

Current

(C) 4.546 (D) 5.546

0.5
Q.45 A single-phase one-pulse circuit with RL load
and a freewheeling diode, extinction angle  is less
0 10 20 30 40 50 than  . For a firing angle  , the SCR and
Time (ms) freewheeling diode would, respectively, conduct for
(D) 1.5
(A)    , 0
0
(B)    ,  -

1 (C)  ,    (D)    ,
Current

Q.46 In a single-phase half-wave circuit with RL

0.5 load and a freewheeling diode across the load,
extinction angle  is more than  . For a firing
0 50
angle, the SCR and freewheeling diode would
10 20 30 40
Time (ms)
conduct, respectively, for

Q.43 Referring to the figure the type of load is (A)    ,  (B)    ,  -

(C)    ,    (D)    ,  -
V0
Q.47 A single-phase one-pulse controlled circuit has
resistance and counter emf load and 400 sin 314t as
 Single phase Rectifiers | 9
the source voltage. For a load counter emf of 200 V, conduction, what is the average value of load
the range of firing angle control is current for firing angle delay of 600 ?
(A)300 to 1500 (B) 300 to 1800
(A) 4.63A (B) 6A
(C) 600 to 1200 (D) 600to 1800
(C) 6.5A (D) 5.35A
Q.48 A single SCR is inserted in between voltage
Q.53 A fully controlled line commutated convert
source 200 sin 314 t and a load R = 10  . If the gate
functions as an inverter when firing angel (  ) is in
trigger voltage lags the ac supply voltage by 1200,
the range
then average load current is

15 15 (A) 00  900 (B) 900  1800

(A) A (B) A
 
(C) 900  1800 only when there is a suitable d.c
5 5 source in the load
(C) A (D) A
 
(D) 900  1800 only when it supplies a back e.m.f
Q.49 A single phase half wave converter is operated load
from 220 V 50 Hz supply R= 10 and  = 600 the
efficiency of the converter. Q.54 A single-phase two-pulse bridge converter has
an average output voltage and power output of
(A) 28.32% (B) 31.44% 500V and 10kW respectively. The SCRs used in the
two-pulse bridge converter are now employed to
(C) 40.6% (D) 81.2%
from a single-phase two-pulse much point converter.
Q.50 A single-phase half-wave converter feeds RLE This new controlled converter would give,
load from 220 V mains. The value of E may lie respectively, an average output voltage and power
output of
between 0 and 2Vs . The PIV stress on the SCR is
(A) 500V,10kW (B) 250V,5kW
220
(A) 220 2V (B) V (C) 250V,10kW (D) 500V,5kW
2
Q.55 A half-controlled bridge converter is operating
(C) 2  220  2V (D) 2  220V from an r.m.s. input voltage of 120V. Neglecting the
voltage drops, what are the mean load voltage at a
Q.51 A single-phase full-bridge converter with a 0
free-wheeling diode feeds an inductive load. The firing delay angle of 00 and 180 , respectively?
load resistance is 15.53 and it has a large
inductance providing constant and ripple free d.c. 120  2 2 120  2 2
(A) V and 0 (B) 0 and V
current. Input to converter is from an ideal 230 V,  
50 Hz single phase source. For a firing delay angle
of 600 , the average value of diode current is 120 2 120 2
(C) V and 0 (D) 0 and V
 
(A) 10A (B) 8.165A
Q.56 In the circuit shown below the SCR is fired at
(C) 5.774A (D) 3.33A angle of 600 . The waveform across SCR will be
Q.52 A single phase full converter feeds power to
RLE load with R= 10 , L=10mH and E=50V, the
ac source voltage is 230 V, 50 Hz. For continuous
10 | POWER ELECTRONICS

Q.56 Q.58 A voltage source 200sin 314 t supplies

resistive load of 50 through a controlled thyristor
200 V R L = 2K which perform half wave rectification. If the firing
angle is 300 with respect to supply voltage
waveform, the average power in the load is
(A) 90.3W (B) 80.3W
VT (C) 65.8W (D) 70.6W
Q.59 In a single-phase full converter with resistive
load and for a firing angle delay  , the load current
600 is,
1. zero at  ,    , 2   ...

2. remains zero for duration .

VT
Vm
3. sin  at  ,    , 2  ...
R

600
4. remains zero for duration  
Vm
5. sin  at  only.
R

(C) VT From these, the correct statements are

(A) 1,2,3 (B) 2,3,5

600
(C) 2,3 (D) 4,5
Q.60 A fully controlled natural commutated 1-
phase bridge rectifier is operating, with firing
angle   300 . The peak to the peak voltage
VT
ripple expressed as a ratio of the peak output dc
voltage at the output of the converter bridge is
600 `_________

Common data for Questions 61 & 62

Q.57 A 1  H.W. controlled rectifier with RLE
load has firing angle and extinction angle 300 and
0
210 respectively. The source frequency is 2.5
kHz. The circuit turn-off time is ______ Sec
A single-phase full converter feeds power to
RLE load with R  6 , L=6mH and E=60V.
The ac source voltage is 230V, 50Hz. For
continuous conduction,
Q.61 The average value of load current for a
firing angle delay of 500 is __________A
 Single phase Rectifiers | 11
Q.62 In case one of the four SCRs gets open Q.68 A single phase dual converter is operated
circuited due to a fault the new value of average from a 230V, 50Hz supply and delivers a ripple
load current taking the output current as free current I dc  20 A .The circulating
continuous is_________A
inductance Lr  5mH and delay angles are
Q.63 A single-phase, half-controlled bridge
converter is to supply dc power in to load of α1 = 30 0 and  2  1500 . The peak current of
20 . If converter is supplied by 350 volt, 1- the converter is _______A.
phase, 100Hz AC supply and output voltage Q.69 If the commutation angle of a diode
across the load is to be 40% of maximum DC rectifier (due to source inductance) is ,  then
output voltage, the firing angle to be maintained
inductive voltage regulation is
for converter is_______ degree.
1  cos  cos 
Common data for Questions 64 & 65 (A) (B) 1 
A single-phase semi converter delivers power to 2 2
RLE load with R= 5  , L= 10 mH and E = 80
cos  1  cos 
V. The ac source voltage is 230 V, 50 Hz. (C) 1  (D)
2 2
Q.64 For a continuous conduction, find the
average value of output current for a firing angle Q.70 A single phase full converter feeding R-L-
E load has the following data. Source voltage
delay of 500 .
230V, 50Hz, R= 2.5 , E=100V, firing angle=
(A) 18A (B) 28A 300 . If load inductance is large enough to make
(C) 38A (D) 48A the load current virtually constant, then the
average value of load current and input power
Q.65 If main SCR T2 is damaged and open factor will be
circuited, find the new value of average output (A) 71.76 A, 0.79 lag (B) 71.76A,0.89 lag
current on the assumption of continuous
conduction. (C) 31.76 A, 0.79 lag (D) 31.73A,0.78 lag

(A) 4A (B) 3A Q.71 A single-phase bi-directional voltage

source converter (VSC) is shown in the figure
(C) 2A (D) 1A below. All devices are ideal. It is used to charge
a battery at 400 V with power of 5 kW from a
Common data for Questions 66 & 67
source Vs  220 V (rms) , 50 Hz sinusoidal
AC mains at unity p.f. if its AC side interfacing
In a single phase full converter the reduction in
inductor is 5mH and the switches are operated at
the output voltage due to the effect of source
20kHz, then the phase shift (  ) between AC
inductance is 3 volts. The load current I 0 is
mains voltage ( VS ) and fundamental AC rms
continuous and ripple free equal to 100 Amp. If
 VSC voltage ( VC1 ), in degree, is
supply voltage is 230V 50Hz, and   .
6 _____________. [GATE 2018]

Q.66 The value of source inductance in mH is

_______. 5 mH
+
Xs
Is 1 mF 400 V
Q.67 The value of overlap angle in degree is ~ 220 V
AC -
________.
12 | POWER ELECTRONICS
Is Vs and  is the firing angle. If the power delivered
δ to the lossless battery is 1600 W,  in degree is
________ (up to 2 decimal places).
VC1
I sXs [GATE 2018]

Q.72 The waveform of the current drawn by a 

semi-converter from a sinusoidal AC voltage
2
source is shown in the figure. If I 0  20 A , the
rms value of fundamental component of the
Vmsin (ω t) ~ 10 mH

current is _________ A (Up to 2 decimal  80 V

- Battery
plasces). -
Voltage and
current

Vm Sin(ωt)

I0
ωt
300
π I0

210 0

Q.73 A single phase fully controlled rectifier is

supplying a load with an anti-parallel diode as
shown in the figure. All switches and diodes are
ideal. Which one of the following is true for
instantaneous load voltage and current?
[GATE 2018]

i0
L 
~ o
a
d
V0
-

(A) v0  0 and io  0
(B) vo  0 and io  0
(C) vo  0 and io  0
(D) vo  0 and io  0

Q.74 A phase controlled single phase rectifier,

supplied by an AC source, feeds power to an R-
L-E load as shown in the figure. The rectifier
output voltage has an average value given
Vm
V0  (3  cos  ) , where Vm  80 volts
2
 Single phase Rectifiers | 13

Answer Key : Single Phase Rectifiers

1 C 2 A 3 C 4 23 5 D
6 D 7 0.707 8 +Ve,122 9 A 10 B

11 69-70 12 C 13 120 14 1736.5 15 165

16 C 17 D 18 C 19 A 20 C
21 B 22 A 23 0.74 to 0.82 24 6 25 0
26 D 27 C 28 C 29 B 30 C
31 D 32 61.53 33 C 34 210.86 35 A
36 C 37 2.66 38 D 39 2 40 5.31
41 * 42 C 43 C 44 A 45 A
46 C 47 A 48 D 49 A 50 C
51 A 52 D 53 C 54 B 55 A
56 D 57 1/5000 58 D 59 C 60 2.356
61 12.181 62 1.09 63 101.54 64 A 65 D
66 0.3 67 3.0-3.2 68 47.23 69 D 70 D
71 9.21 72 17.39 73 C 74 90
*41. A) 0.3189 A
B) 0.1015 A
C) -101.5V
D) 1.961%

 CHAPTER – 03 THREE PHASE RECTIFIERS

Q.1 The circuit in fig. shows a 3-phase half- Q.4 A three-phase ac to dc diode bridge
wave rectifier. The source is a symmetrical, rectifier is supplying from a three-phase,
3-phase four-wire system. The line-to-line 440 V source. The rectifier supplies a purely
voltage of the source is 100V. The supply resistive load. The average dc voltage across
frequency is 400Hz. The ripple frequency the load will be _______ V. [GATE 1995]
at the output is [GATE 2004]
Q.5 In a 3-phase bridge rectifier fed from the
R star connected secondary winding of a
transformer, let the voltage to the neutral of
Y the A - phase (phase sequence A, B, C) be
Vm sin t . At the instant when the voltage
B
of A – phase is maximum, the output
N voltage at the rectifier terminals will be

(A) 400Hz (B) 800Hz Vm

(C) 1200Hz (D) 2400Hz (A) (B) Vm
2
Q.2 Figure shown below shows a battery
(C) 1.5Vm (D) 3Vm
charging circuit using SCRs. The input
voltage from neutral to any line is 230 V Q.6 A 3-phase , fully controlled, converter is
(rms) and firing angle for thyristors is 300 feeding power into a dc load at a
constant current of 150 A. The rms
current through each thyristor of the
A1
converter is [GATE 1998]
(A) 50A (B) 100A
A
150 2 150
B1 150V (C) A (D)
3 3
B
3-phase supply

5 Q.7 A thyristorised, three phase, fully

C1
controlled converter feeds a dc load that
C draws a constant current. Then the input
N ac line current of the converter has
The average charging current is [GATE 2000]
________ A. (A) an rms value equal to the dc load current
Q.3 The output voltage of a six-pulse double (B) an average value equal to the dc load
star rectifier is the same as that of a three- current
phase half wave rectifier. (True/false). (C) A peak value equal to the dc load
[GATE 1994] current
(D) A fundamental frequency component,
whose rms value is equal to the dc load
current.
2 | Power Electronics
Q.8 A six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge is Q.12 A three-phase, fully controlled thyristor
connected to a balanced 50 Hz three bridge converter is used as line
phase ac source. Assuming that the dc commutated inverter to feed 50kW
output current of the rectifier is constant, power at 420V dc to a three-phase,
the lowest frequency harmonic 415V (line), 50Hz ac mains. Consider
component in the ac source line current dc link current to be constant. The rms
is [GATE 2002] current of the thyristor is [GATE 2007]
(A) 100Hz (B) 150Hz (A) 119.05A (B) 79.37A
(C) 250Hz (D) 300Hz (C) 68.73A (D) 39.68A
Q.9 A fully controlled natural commutated Statement for Linked Answer
3-phase bridge rectifier is operating with Questions 13 & 14
a firing angle   300 , the peak to peak A solar energy installation utilizes a
voltage ripple expressed as a ratio of the three-phase bridge converter to feed
peak output dc voltage at the output of energy into power system through a
the converter bridge is [GATE 2003] transformer of 400V/400V, as shown
3 below.
(A) 0.5 (B)
2
F ilter Choke
 3
(C) 1   (D) 3  1
2  ~

Battery

Q.10 A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is
fed from a 400 V RMS, 50 Hz, three-
phase AC source. If the load is purely The energy is collected in a bank of
resistive, then peak instantaneous output 400V battery and is connected to
voltage is equal to [GATE 2005] converter through a large filter choke of
resistance 10 . [GATE 2011]
(A) 400V (B) 400 2V
Q.13 The maximum current through the
2 400 battery will be
(C) 400 V (D) V
3 3 (A) 14A (B) 40A
Q.11 A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to (C) 80A (D) 94A
an ac supply of 440V, 50Hz through a 3- Q.14 The kVA rating of the input transformer
phase fully controlled bridge converter. is
A large inductance is connected in the (A) 53.2kVA (B) 46.0kVA
dc circuit to maintain the dc current
(C) 22.6kVA (D) 19.6kVA
circuit 20A. If the solar cell resistance is
Q.15 A three phase diode bridge rectifier is
0.5 , then each thyristor will be
feeding a constant DC current of 100A
reverse biased for a period of
to a highly inductive load. If three
[GATE 2006]
phase, 415V,50Hz AC source is
(A) 1250 (B) 1200 supplying to this bridge rectifier then the
(C) 600 (D) 550

rms value of the current in each diode,
in ampere, is________.
Q.16 In a 3-phase controlled bridge rectifier,
with an increase of overlap angle the
output dc voltage [GATE 1997]
(A) Decreases
(B) Increases
(C) Does not change
(D) Depends upon load inductance
Q.17 A 3-phase fully controlled bridge
converter with free-wheeling diode is
fed from 400 V, 50 Hz AC source and is
operating at a firing angle of 600 . The
load current is assumed constant at 10 A
due to high load inductance. The input
displacement factor (IDF) and the input
power factor (IPF) of the converter will
be
(A) IDF=0.867 IPF=0.828
(B) IDF=0867 IPF=0.552
(C) IDF=0.5 IPF=0.478
(D) IDF=0.5 IPF=0.318
Q.18 A three phase fully controlled bridge
converter is feeding a load drawing a
constant and ripple free load current of
10A at a firing angle of 300 . The
approximate total harmonic Distortion
(%THD) and the rms value of
fundamental component of the input
circuit will respectively be
[GATE 2008]
(A) 31% and 6.8A (B) 31% and 7.8A
(C) 66% and 6.8A (D)66% and 7.8A
Q.19 3-pulse converter feeds a pure resistive
load at a firing angle of   600 . The
average value of current flowing in the
load is 10 A. If a very large inductance
is connected in the load circuit, then the
Three phase Rectifiers | 3
(A) Average value of current will
remain as 10A
(B) Average value of current will
become greater than 10 A
(C) Average value of current will
become less than 10 A
(D) Trend of variation of current cannot
be predicted unless the exact value, of
the inductance connected is known
Q.20 A 3-phase M-3 converter is operated is
from 3-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply with
load resistance R  10 . An Average
output voltage of 50% of the maximum
possible output voltage is required.
(A) The firing angle is ____degree.
(B) Average load current is _____A.
(C) RMS load current is______A.
(D) _____% is the rectification
efficiency.
Common Data for Question 21 & 24
A 3-phase half-wave controlled
converter is fed from 3-phase, 400 V, 50
Hz source and is connected to load
taking a constant of 36 A. Thyristors
have a voltage drop of 1.4 V.
Q.21 The average output voltage for α = 300
is____
Q.22 The rms current rating of thyristor is
_______ A.
Q.23 The PIV rating of thyristor is _______
V.
Q.24 The average power dissipation in each
thyristor is __________ W.
Q.25 A 3-phase thyristor controlled rectifier is
feeding a purely resistive load on the
DC side. The firing angle of the 6
thyristor of the converter is 900 AC side
is connected to a balanced 3-phase
4 | Power Electronics
supply considering only the fundamental
of the input current, active power P and
reactive power Q estimated at the AC
side of the rectifier are
(A) P  0, Q=0 (B) P=0, Q  0
(C) P  0, Q  0 (D) P=0, Q=0
Q.26 A 3-phase converter feeds a pure
resistance load at a firing angle of
  600 . The average value of current
flowing in the load is 10A. If a very
large inductance is connected in the load
circuit, then the
(A) Average value of current will remain
as 10 A.
(B) Average value of current will
become greater 10 A.
(C) Average value of current will
become less then 10 A.
(D) Trend of variation of current cannot
be predicted unless the exact value of
inductance connected is known.
Q.27 A three-phase fully-controlled bridge
converter is connected to a 415 V
supply, having a source resistance of
0.3 and inductance of 1.2 mH per
phase. The converter is working in the
inversion mode at a firing advance angle
of 300 . What is the average generator
voltage for the condition : dc current
I d  60 A , thyristor drop =1.5 V and
f  50 Hz?
(A) 180 V (B) 210 V
(C) 230 V (D) 240 V
Q.28 A 3-phase full converter, fed from 3-
phase, 400 V, 50 Hz source, delivers
power to load R, Each SCR is triggered
sequentially. If the peak value of the
instantaneous output voltage is 400 V,
the firing of 3-phase full converter
would be.
(A) 300 (B) 450
(C) 600 (D) 750
Q.29 A 3-phase full converter feeds power to
a resistive load of 10 for a firing angle
delay of 500 , the load takes 5 kW. The
magnitude of per phase input supply
voltage is ___________ W.
Common Data for Questions 30 & 31
A 3-phase fully controlled bridge
rectifier is fed from a 440 V, 3-phase, 50
Hz mains through a transformer with 2 :
1 turns ratio. The rectifier supplies
power to dc motor. The motor draws a
current of 10 A. If the delay angle of
SCR is 300 , and motor resistance is 2 .
Q.30 Calculate the output voltage of the
rectifier.
(A) 442.66 V (B) 443.66 V
(C) 444.66 V (D) 445.66 V
Q.31 Calculate the peak inverse voltage of
the SCR.
(A) 438.89 (B) 538.89
(C) 638.89 (D) 738.89
Common Data for Questions 32
A 3-phase full converter is delivering
constant load current of 50 A at 230 V
dc when its input is 3-phase , 415 V, 50
Hz source. If each thyristor has a
voltage drop of 1.1 volt when
conducting.
Q.32 The firing angle delay of SCR’s in
degree is ___________.
Common Data for Questions 33 &35
A 3-phase full converter charge a
battery from a three-phase supply of 230

V, 50 Hz. The battery emf is 200 V and
its internal resistance is 0.5 . On
account inductance connected in series
with the battery, charging current is
constant at 20 A. Compute the firing
angle delay and the supply power factor.
Q.33 The firing angle is _________ degree.
Q.34 The SPF is ___________.
Q.35 In case it is desired that power flows
from DC source to AC load, the firing
angle delay for the same current is
_________ degree.
Q.36 A three-phase semi-converter feeds the
armature of a separately excited dc
motor supplying a non-zero load torque.
For steady state operation the motor
current is found to assume zero value at
certain instances of time. At such
instances the armature voltage
(A) Is equal to the instantaneous value
of ac voltage
(B) is equal to the instantaneous value of
motor back emf
(C) Assumes an arbitary value
(D) Becomes zero
Q.37 A 3-phase semi-converter is feeding a
separately excited dc motor at constant
field current . The motor can operate in
the following condition.
(A) Speed positive, torque positive
(B) Speed positive or negative, torque
positive
(C) Speed positive, torque positive or
negative
(D) Speed positive or negative, torque
positive or negative
Q.38 In a 3-phase semiconverter, for firing
angle less than or equal to 600 ,
freewheeling diode conducts for
Three phase Rectifiers | 5
(A) 900 (B) 600
(C) 300 (D) 00
Q.39 In a 3-phase semiconverter, frequency
of the ripple in the output voltage wave
may be
1. 3 times the supply frequency f for
firing angle   600
2. 3 f for   600
3. 6 f for   600
4. 6 f for   600
From above, the correct statement are
(A) 1,3 (B) 1,4
(C) 2,3 (D) 2,4
Common Data for questions 40 & 41
A 3-phase M-3. Converter, fed from 3-
phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply, has a load
R  1 , E  230V and large L so that
load current of 15 A is level.
Q.40 The firing angle in degree for inverter
operation is ________.
Q.41 If source has an inductance of 4 mH.
_____degree is delay angle and _____
degree is overlap angle.
Common Data for question 42
A 3-phase fully controlled bridge
converter is fed from 440 V, 50 Hz main
through a transformer with leakage
inductance per phase equal to 2.5mH.
The output current of converter is 18A
and output voltage is 250 V.
Q.42 The firing angle of SCRs is __________
degree.
Q.43 Two fully controlled three-phase bridges
are connected in anti parallel across a
load to provide reversible DC voltage to
the load. The bridges operate in
circulating current mode. The input is 3-
phase 440 volt, 50 Hz AC supply, and
6 | Power Electronics
S ystem 1 System 2
the maximum load current is 30 Amp. I
The peak value of the circulating current + +

is taken to be 6 A. What is the value of V1 V2

inductance for limiting circulating - -

current?
(A)30 mH (B) 32 mH (A) V1  500kV ,V2  485kV and
(C) 36 mH (D) 38 mH I  1.5kA
Q.44 A 3-pulse converter feed an RLE Load. (B) V1  485kV ,V2  500kV and
The source has a definite inductance I  1.5kA
causing overlap. The thyristors are ideal. (C) V1  500kV ,V2  485kV and
It has an overlap angle V of 200 at the I  1.5kA
minimum firing angle ' ' . The current
(D) V1  500kV ,V2  485kV and
remains constant in the complete range
I  1.5kA
of firing angles. The range of firing
angles of the converter would be Q.47 A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is
feeding a constant DC current of 100 A
(A) 00    1800 (B) 200    1800
to a highly inductive load. If three-
(C) 200    1600 (D) 00    1600 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz AC source is
Q.45 A 3-phase full controlled bridge supplying to this bridge rectifier then the
converter is fed from 440 V, 50Hz main rms value of the current in each diode,
through a transformer with leakage in ampere, is __________.
inductance per phase equal to 2.5 mH.
The output current of converter is 18 A
and output voltage is 250 V. The time of
commutation of SCRs is
(A) 150  sec (B) 160  sec
(C) 170  sec (D) 180  sec
Q.46 Consider a HVDC link which uses
thyristor based line-commutated
converters as shown in the figure. For a
power flow of 750 MW from System 1
to System 2, the voltage at the two ends,
and the current are given by:
V1  500kV ,V2  485kV and I  1.5kA .
If the direction of power flow is to be
reversed (that is, from System 2 to
System 1) without changing the
electrical connections, then which one
of the following combinations is
feasible?
 Three phase Rectifiers | 7

Answer Key : Three Phase Rectifiers

1 C 2 19.95 3 False 4 594.208 5 C
6 D 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 B

11 D 12 C 13 B 14 C 15 57.73

16 A 17 C 18 B 19 C 20 67.7
21 232.474 22 20.785 23 565 24 16.8 25 C
26 A 27 A 28 D 29 139.50 30 D
31 B 32 64-65 33 47.453 34 0.646 35 127.72
36 B 37 A 38 D 39 C 40 142.763
41 * 42 63.676 43 C 44 C 45 B
46 B 47 57.73
*41) 139.712, 2.508


 CHAPTER – 04 CHOPPERS

Q.1 Figure shows a chopper operating from
a 100 V dc input. The duty ratio of the
main switch S is 0.8. The road is
sufficiently inductive so that the load
current is ripple free. The average
current through the diode D under
steady state is [GATE 2004]
S L
+ pulses of duration 1msec in an overall
10
100 V D
_ (A) 25V, 1
(A) 1.6A (B) 6.4A
(C) 8.0A (D) 10.0A
Q.2 An ideal chopper is operating at a
frequency of 500 Hz from a 60V
battery input. It is supplying a load
having 3 resistance and 9mH
inductance. Assuming the load is
shunted by a perfect commutating diode
and assuming battery is loss less, what is
the mean load current at an on/off ratio
of 1/1?
(A) 10A (B) 15A
(C) 20A (D)None of the above
Q.3 In a type-A chopper, given that source
voltage =100 V d.c. On-period =
100 sec , OFF-period = 150 sec and
R  2 , L=5 mH with back emf E=10V
Q.4 A d.c. chopper has a resistive load of 10
ohms and an input voltage of 220V.
When the chopper switch is ‘ON’, its
voltage drop is 2V and the chopping
frequency is 1 KHz. If the duty cycle is
50%, then the average output voltage
will be _________ V.
Q.5 A dc chopper is fed from 100V dc. Its
load voltage consists of rectangular
cycle time of 3msec. The average output
voltage and ripple factor for this
chopper are respectively
(B) 50V, 1
(C) 33.33V, 2 (D) 33.33V, 1
Common Data for Question 06 & 09
Following figure shows the circuit
schematic of a chopper driven separately
excited DC motor. The single pole
double-throw switch operates with a
switching period T of 1 ms. The duty
ratio of the switch TON / T  is 0.2. The
motor may be assumed lossless, with an
armature inductance of 10 mH. The
motor draws an average current of 20A
at a constant back emf of 80V, under
steady state
TON i0
TOFF
+

connected in series for continuous V0 L

400V
conduction, average output voltage and E
_ If
average output current will be
respectively
TON  TOFF  T
(A) 40V and 15A
(B) 66.66V and 28.33A
(C) 60V and 25A
(D) 40V and 20A
2 | Power Electronics

Q.6 The frequency of chopper current is 5 A L  20 mH

Vdc 60 V
______kHz.

Chopper
Q.7 The maximum current of motor is Vdc 200μ s
t
_______ A. 12 V
1 ms
Q.8 The minimum current of motor is
_______ A.
Q.9 The peak to peak ripple current of motor
is _______ A. (A) 0.48A (B) 1.2A
Q.10 A step down chopper is operated in the (C) 2.4A (D) 1A
continuous conduction mode in steady Q.13 A chopper operating at a fixed
state with a constant duty ratio D. If V0 frequency is feeding and R-L load, As
is the magnitude of the dc output the duty ratio of the chopper is increased
voltages if Vs is the magnitude of the from 25% to 75%, the ripple in the load
dc input voltage, the ratio V0 / Vs is current [GATE 1993]
given by [GATE 2002] (A) Remains constant
(A) D (B) 1-D (B) Decreases, reaches a minimum at
50% duty ratio and then increases
1 D
(C) (D) (C) Increases reaches a maximum at
1 D 1 D 50% duty ratio and then decreases
Q.11 Below figure shows a step-chopper (D) Keeps on increasing as the duty
switched at 1 kHz with a duty ratio ratio is increased.
D=0.5. The peak-peak ripple in the load
current is close to [GATE 2005] Q.14 A step down, chopper operates from a
dc voltage source and feeds a dc motor
armature with a back e.m.f Eb . From
200 mH
oscilloscope traces, it is found that the
current increases for time t r , falls to
i 5 zero over time t f and remains zero for
100 V
time t0 in every chopping cycle, then the
average dc voltage across the free-
wheeling diode is [GATE 2000]
(A) 10A (B) 0.5A
Vs tr (Vstr  Ebt f )
(C) 0.125A (D) 0.25A (A) (B)
(tr  t f  t0 ) (tr  t f  t0 )
Q.12 A chopper is employed to charge a
battery as shown in below figure. The (Vs tr  Ebt0 ) Vstr  Eb [t f  t0 ]
charging current is 5A. The duty ratio is (C) (D)
(tr  t f  t0 ) (tr  t f  t0 )
0.2. The chopper output voltage is also
shown in below figure. The peak to peak Q.15 An ideal chopper operating at a
ripple current in the charging current is frequency of 500Hz, supplies a load
[GATE 2003] having resistance of 3 ohms and
inductance of 9mH from a 60V battery.
The mean value of the load voltage of
 CHOPPERS | 3
the load voltage for on/off ratio of 4/1, Q.18 A step-down chopper is operated in the
(assuming that load is shunted by a discontinuous conduction mode in
perfect commutating diode and battery steady state with a constant duty ratio 
is loss-less) is . If t x -extinction time, Vs  dc source
(A) 240V (B) 48V voltage, T = chopping period and E =
(C) 15V (D) 4V constant dc load voltage, then the
magnitude of the average output voltage
Q.16 The chopper of figure has load
is given by
resistance R  0.2 , input voltage
V  200 volts and battery voltage  t 
(A) Vs  1  x E
E  0V . The average load current  T 
I a  200 A , and the chopping frequency
 t 
is f  200Hz(T  5ms) . The value of (B) Vs  1  x  E
 T
load inductance L, which would limit
 t 
the maximum load ripple current to5% (C) Vs  1  x E
of I a is _________ mH.  T 
T 
(D) Vs    1 E
 tx 

Statement For Linked Answer Question 19

S1 I a  520amp
+
& 20
L A chopper, fed from a 220V dc source,
is working at a frequency of 50Hz and is
V  220 volts D1 connected to an R-L load of R  5
R  0.2
and L=40 mH.
E  0 volts Q.19 _____ is the value of duty cycle at
_
which the minimum load current will be
5 A.
Q.20 For the obtained value of duty ratio the
ripple factor is ______.
Q.21 In type-A chopper, source voltage is
Q.17 A dc chopper feeds power to an RLE 100V dc, on-period = 100 s , off-period
load with R  2 , L=10mH and E=6V. = 150 s and load RLE consists of R =
If this chopper is operating at a 2 , L= 5mH, E = 10V. For continuous
chopping frequency of 1 kHz and with conduction, average output voltage and
duty cycle of 10% from a 220V dc average output current for this chopper
source. The maximum and minimum are respectively
currents taken by the load are (A) 40V, 15A (B) 66.66V, 28.33A
respectively
(C) 60V, 25A (D) 40V, 20A
(A) 9A, 7A (B) 8A, 7A
Q.22 A step-up chopper is used to feed a load
(C) 9A, 6A (D) 8A, 6A at 400V dc from a 250 V dc source. The
inductor current is continuous. If the
4 | Power Electronics
‘off’ time of the switch is 20 s , the
switching frequency of the chopper in
kHz is ____________. [GATE 2014]
S Load
Q.23 The semiconductor switch S in the +
_
2mH 36 V
circuit of figure is operated at a _24 V +
frequency of 20 kHz and a duty ratio D
= 0.5. The circuit operates in the steady
state. The power transferred from the dc
voltage source V1 to V2 is _____kW.
[GATE 2002] Q.25 A DC-DC boost converter as shown in
V1 V2 the figure below is used to boost 360 V
100 V 200V to 400 V at a power of 4 kW. All
devices are ideal considering continuous
inductor current, the rms current in the
100μH solid state switch (S), in ampere, is
_______. [GATE 2016]

10mH
+
Load +
360V S 1mF 400V
_
S _

Q.26 A buck converter, as shown in figure (a)

below, is working in steady state. The
output voltage and the inductor current
can be assumed to be ripple free. Figure
Q.24 A buck boost DC-DC converter, shown (b) shows the inductor voltage vL during
in the figure below, is used to covert 24 V
a complete switching interval. Assuming
battery voltage to 36 V DC voltage to feed a
all devices are ideal, the duty cycle of
load of 72 W. It is operated at 20 kHz with an
the buck converter is ________.
inductor of 2 mH and output capacitor of 1000
 F . All devices are considered to be ideal. The [GATE 2016]
peak voltage across the solid state switch (S), in M
VL
_ +
volt, is _______. [GATE 2016] + VL
30V
+
Vg D C V0 R TON TOFF
_ 0
_ t
-20V

TS
(a)
(b)
 CHOPPERS | 5
Q.27 For the switching converter shown in voltage VD across the diode has the
the following figure, assume steady- wave shape as shown in figure (ii). The
state operation. Also assume that the capacitance C is large so that the voltage
components are ideal, the inductor across it, is constant. If switch S and the
current is always positive and diode are ideal, the peak to peak ripple
continuous and switching period is Ts . (in A) in the inductor current is ______.
If the voltage VL is as shown, the duty [GATE 2014]
cycle of the switch S is _________.
[GATE 2015] S 1 mH

100V VD C Load
VL _
+ V0
_
L 15 V
VL Ts t
Vin + S + R Fig.(i)
 C _ -45 V VD

100 V

Q.28 The circuit shown is meant to supply a

resistive load RL from two separate DC
voltage sources. The switches S1 and S2
are controlled so that only one of them
is ON at any instant. S1 is turned on for
0.2 ms and S2 is turned on for 0.3 ms in
a 0.5 ms switching cycle time period.
Assuming continuous conduction of the
inductor current and negligible ripple on
the capacitor voltage, the output voltage
V0 )in volt) across RL is __________.
[GATE 2015]
S1
L __________.
t(msec)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Fig.(ii)
Q.30 A buck converter feeding a variable
resistive load is shown in the figure. The
switching frequency of the switch S is
100 Hz and the duty ratio is 0.6. The
output voltage V0 is 36 V. Assume that
all the components are ideal, and that
the output voltage is ripple-free. The
value of R (in Ohm) that will make the
inductor current (iL ) just continuous is
[GATE 2015]

S2 +
C RL V S 5 mH
_0 iL
10V +

+ 5V


+ +
60V_ 36V_ V0 R

Q.29 Figure (i) shows the circuit diagram of a

chopper. The switch S in the circuit in
figure (i) is switched such that the
6 | Power Electronics
Q.31 In the following chopper, the duty ratio
of switch S is 0.4. If the inductor and
capacitor are sufficiently large to ensure
continuous inductor current and ripple
free capacitor voltage, the charging
current (in Ampere) of the 5 V battery,
under steady-state, is _____.
[GATE 2015]
In the figure shown below, the chopper
feeds a resistive load from a battery
source MOSFET Q is switched at 250
kHz, with a duty ratio of 0.4. All
elements of circuit are assumed to be
ideal. [GATE 2013]

L
S
100 μ H

3
20 V +
 C
+ 12 V Q 470 μF 20
_5 V

Q.33 The average source current in Amps in

Q.32 A self-commutating switch SW, steady state is,
operated at duty cycle  is used to
control the load voltage as shown in the (A) 3/2 (B) 5/3
figure. [GATE 2015] (C) 5/2 (D) 15/4
VL Q.34 The peak-to-peak source current ripple
D
in Amps is
L
(A) 0.96 (B) 0.144
δ RL (C) 0.192 (D) 0.288
Vdc C VC
SW Q.35 In the circuit shown, an ideal switch S is
operated at 100 kHz with a duty ratio of
50 %. Given that ic is 1.6 A peak-to-
peak and I 0 is 5 A dc, the peak current
Under steady state operating conditions,
the average voltage across the inductor in S is [GATE 2012]
and the capacitor respectively, are
1 S L
(A) VL  0 and VC  Vdc
1 
iC I0
 1
(B) VL  Vdc and VC  Vdc +
2 1  24 V D C R V0
_

(C) VL  0 and VC  Vdc
1 
 
(D) VL  Vdc and VC  Vdc
2 1  (A) 6.6 A (B) 5.0 A
Common Data for Question 33 &34 (C)5.8 A (D) 4.2 A
 CHOPPERS | 7
Q.36 In the circuit shown in the figure, the S
switch is operated at a duty cycle of 0.5.
A large capacitor is connected across the
load. The inductor current is assumed to
V1 L C R V2
be continuous.
The average voltage across the load and
the average current through the diode
will respectively be [GATE 2008]
The circuit shown in the above figure
will work as which one of the
IL  4 A L ID D following?
(A) Buck-Boost converter
(B) Buck converter
V0 Load
(C) Boost converter
s
20V (D) Dual converter
Q.39 In the chopper circuit shown in figure,
the input DC voltage has a constant
value Vs . The output voltage V0 is
(A) 10V, 2A (B) 10V, 8A assumed ripple-free. The switch S is
(C) 40V, 2A (D) 40V, 8A operated with a switching time period T
Q.37 The power electronic converter shown and a duty ratio  . What is the value of
in the figure has a single-pole double-  at the boundary of continuous and
throw switch. The pole P of the switch is discontinuous condition of inductor
connected alternately to throws A and B. current iL ? [GATE 2002]
The converter shown is a [GATE 2010]
L
A S
P L iL
+
+ +
Vs_ C_ R V0
B
Vin Vout

Vs 4L
(A)   1  (B)  
(A) Step-down chopper (buck converter) V0 RT
(B) Half-wave rectifier 2L RT
(C) Step-up chopper (boost converter) (C)   1  (D)  
RT L
(D) Full-wave rectifier
Q.40 A boost-regulator has an input voltage
Q.38
of 5 V and the average output voltage of
15V. The duty cycle is
3 2
(A) (B)
2 3
8 | Power Electronics
5 15 operated in steady state at the boundary
(C) (D) of continuous and discontinuous
2 2
conduction, so that the inductor current
Q.41 The input voltage VDC of the buck-boost i is as shown in figure (b).
converter shown below varies from 32
[GATE 2002]
V to 72 V. Assume that all components
are ideal, inductor current is continuous,
and output voltage is ripple free. The S
range of duty ratio D of the converter
for which the magnitude of the steady-
state output voltage remains constant at 100 μH 500V
100V
48 V is [GATE 2017]

S
-
S
VDC L C V0 ON OFF ON

2 3 2 3
(A) D (B) D
5 5 3 4 i
IP
1 2
(C) 0  D  1 (D)  D 
3 3 0 t
Q.42 In the circuit shown all element are ideal Ton T off
and the switch S is operated at 10 kHz
and 60% duty ratio. The capacitor is
large enough so that the ripple across it Q.43 The on-time Ton of the switch is
is negligible and at steady state acquires (A) 53.33 sec (B) 63.33 sec
a voltage as shown. The peak current in
amperes drawn from the 50 V DC (C) 73.33 sec (D) 83.33 sec
source is ________. [GATE 2017] Q.44 The value of the peak current I p is
(Given the answer up to one decimal (A) 63.33 A (B) 73.33 A
place.)
(C) 83.33 A (D) 93.33 A
S

 -
0.6mH 75V 5
50V
- 

Common Data for Questions 43 & 44

In below figure (a), the ideal switch S is
switched on and off with a switching
frequency f  10 kHz . The circuit is
 CHOPPERS | 9

Answer Key : CHOPPERS

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. 109 5. C
6. 1 7. 23.2 8. 16.8 9. 6.4 10. A

11. C 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. B

16. 27.5 17. A 18. B 19. 0.328 20. 1.43

31.0 to
21. A 22. 23. 1.25 24. 59.5 to 60.5 25. 3 to 4
31.5
0.9 to
26. 27. 0.75 28. 7 29. 2.49 to 2.51 30. 2.5
0.41
31. 1 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. C
36. C 37. A 38. A 39. C 40. B
41. A 42. 40 43 D 44 C


 CHAPTER – 05 INVERTERS

Q.1 A single-phase full-bridge voltage

source inverter (VSI) is fed from a 300 +
V battery. A pulse of 1200 duration is T1
used trigger the appropriate devices in Vdc / 2  250 V
each half-cycle. The rms value of the
iL
fundamental component of the output _
voltage, in volts, is [GATE 2016]
+ X L  16  at R  12
(A) 234 (B) 245
(C) 300 (D) 331 T2
Vdc / 2  250 V
Q.2 The switches T1 and T2 in figure (a) are
switched in a complementary fashion _
with sinusoidal pulse width modulation
technique. The modulating voltage (a)
vm (t )  0.8sin(200 t )V and the vc
triangular carrier voltage (vc ) are as
shown in figure (b). The carrier 1
frequency is 5 kHz. The peak value of 0.8
the 100 Hz component of the load
t
current (i1 ) , in ampere, is ___________.
[GATE 2016] vm

(b)

Q.3 The single-phase full-bridge voltage

source inverter (VSI), shown in figure,
has an output frequency of 50 Hz. It
uses unipolar pulse width modulation
with switching frequency of 50 kHz and
modulation index of 0.7. For Vin = 100V
DC, L = 9.55mH, C = 63.66 μF and
R  5 , the amplitude of the
fundamental component in the output
voltage V0 (in Volt) under steady-state
is ___________. [GATE 2015]

L
+
+
+ Full bridge
Vin  VR C R V0
VSI _
_
2 | Power Electronics
Q.4 A single phase voltage source inverter is (A) Q1, Q2 (B) Q3, Q4
feeding a purely inductive load as
(C) D1, D2 (D) D3, D4
shown in the figure. [GATE 2008]
Q.6

0.1H
200V +
I0 Vs_ V1 0 V2 0

The inverter is operated at 50 Hz in 0

V10
1800 square wave mode. Assume that
the load current does not have any dc
Vs
component. The peak value of the
inductor current i0 will be
(A) 6.37 A (B) 10 A 0 π 2π θ
(C) 20 A (D) 40 A
Q.5 The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) V20
shown in the figure below is switched to
provide a 50 Hz, square-wave ac output Vs
voltage (v0 ) across an R-L load.
Reference polarity of v0 and reference
ϕ ϕ θ
direction of the output current i0 are
indicated in the figure. It is given that
R  3, L  9.55 mH [GATE 2013] The above figure shows an inverter
circuit with a dc source voltage Vs . The
semi-conductor switches of the inverter
Q1 Q3 are operated in such a way that the pole
D1 D3 voltage of V10 and V20 are shown in
L the figure (b). The RMS value of the
+ i0 pole voltage V12 is [GATE 2002]
v0 R
Vdc +
 _
Q4 Q2
Vs 
(A) (B) Vs
D4 D2 2 
 Vs
(C) Vs (D)
2 2

In the interval when v0  0 and i0  0 Q.7 A single-phase full-bridge voltage

source inverter feeds a purely inductive
the pair of devices which conducts the load, as shown in Fig. where
load current is
T1 ,T2 ,T3 ,T4 are power transistors and
 Inverters | 3
D1 ,D2 ,D3 ,D4 are feedback diodes. The
inverter is operated in square-wave T1 D1 T3 D3
mode with a frequency of 50 Hz. If the 24V
V0
average load current is zero, the time
duration of conduction of each feedback
24V D4 D2
diode in a cycle is [GATE 2001] T4 T2

D1 D3
T1 T3 (A) 24 V (B) 33.94 V
(C)43.2 V (D) 48 V
+ Q.10 A single-phase, half-bridge inverter has
_ input voltage of 48V DC. Inverter
feeding a load of 2.4 . The rms output
voltage at fundamental frequency is :
T4 D4 D2 T2 2  48 V 2  48 V
(A) (B)
 2
(A) 5 msec (B) 10 msec 2  48 V 2  48 V
(C) (D)
(C)20 msec (D) 2.5 msec  2 2
Q.8 A single-phase bridge inverter shown in Q.11 In an inverter with fundamental output
below figure has an ideal transformer frequency of 50 Hz, if third harmonic is
with primary turns equal to 10. For eliminated, then frequencies of other
obtaining a fundamental frequency components in the output voltage wave,
output voltage of 240V, the number of in Hz, would be
secondary turns in transformer should be
equal to (take   3 ) (A) 250, 350, 450, high frequencies
(B) 50, 250, 350, 450
(C) 50, 250, 350, 550
(D) 50, 100, 200, 250
N1
12V Q.12 A single-phase full-bridge VSI
operating in square-wave mode supplies
a purely inductive load. If the inverter
240V
time period is T, then the time duration
for which each of the feedback diodes
conduct in a cycle is
(A) 120 (B) 150 (A) T (B) T/2
(C) 150 2 (D) 150 / 2 (C) T/4 (D) T/8
Q.9 Full-bridge is shown in the above figure. Q.13 In a 1-phase bridge inverter, the
The maximum rms output voltage 'V0 ' maximum value of fundamental
at fundamental frequency is component of load current is I. For a
load which is highly inductive in nature,
the maximum value of nth harmonic
component of load current would be
4 | Power Electronics
I I
(A) (B)
n n n
I D1
(C) (D) I
n2
Q.14 A 1   full bridge inverter delivers
power of RLC load with R  3 and
X L  12 . The bridge operates with
periodicity of 0.2 ms. _______  F
capacitance so that load commutation is
achieved for thyristor. Turn off time of
Thyristor is 12 sec . The factors of
safety is 2. Assume load current to
contain only fundamental component.
Q.15 The output voltage and current wave
forms of single phase full bridge voltage
source inverter with R-1 load is shown.
Where PWM and f s  100 Hz . The zero
crossing instant is
+400V
I0
I0
-400V
(A) 1.63 ms (B) 2.19 ms
(C) 2.25 ms (D) 2.72 ms
Common Data for Questions 16 to 19
Single-phase full-bridge inverter of
figure has a resistive load of R  3
and d.c. input voltage Vdc  50 V .
Q1 Q3
D3
i0
+
Vdc + v0 R  3
 _
Q4 Q2
D4 D2
Q.16 _____ V is the rms output voltage at
fundamental frequency.
Q.17 ______ W is the output power P0
Q.18 ______ A is the average current through
each thyristor.
Q19 A single-phase bridge inverter delivers
power to a series connected RLC load
with R  2 and  L  10 . The
periodic time T  0.5msec What value
of C should the load have in order to
obtain load commutation for the SCRs.
The thyristor turn-off time is 10 sec .
Take circuit turn off time as 1.5tq .
Assume that load current contains only
fundamental component.
(A) 1.481  F (B) 1.648 F
(C) 1.812 F (D) 1.248 F
Common Data for Questions 20 to 21
A single-phase half-bridge inverter has
load R  2 . And dc source voltage
Vs
 115 V
2
Q.20 _____ W is the power delivered due to
T1 .
Q.21 _____ W is the power delivered to the
load due to fundamental current.
 Inverters | 5
Q.22 A 1   full bridge Inverter deliver +

power to RC load operates at a

frequency of 1 kHz. If load resistance is

30Ω

30
Ω
600V
5 and the turn-off time of Thyristors 30Ω

is 10 s . The maximum possible value

of capacitance to achieve load _

commutation for Thyristors is

(A) 505  F (B) 112  F Q26 A 3-phase 50 Hz square wave (6-step)
(C) 612  F (D) 314  F VSI feeds a 3-phase, 4 pole induction
motor. The VSI line voltage has a
Common Data for Questions 23 to 24 dominant 5th harmonic component. If
A single phase full bridge Inverter is the operating slip of the motor with
feeding a RLC load with R  5, respect to fundamental component
L  0.5H , C  50 F . Supply voltage voltage is 0.04, the slip of the motor
is 220 V, 50 Hz. with respect to 5th harmonic component
of voltage is ________. [GATE 2015]
Q.23 The expression for fundamental
component of current is ______ Common Data for Questions 27 to 28
(A) 2.121sin(100 t  86.940 ) In the 3-phase inverter circuit shown,
the load is balanced and the gating
(B) 3sin(100 t  86.940 ) scheme is 1800 conduction mode. All
the switching devices are ideal.
(C) 2.121sin(100 t  80.30 )
[GATE 2012]
(D) Difficult to determine
Q.24 Conduction of each thyristor in a cycle
is
S1 S3 S5 vph
(A) 10 ms R  20 
+
(B) 4.83 ms Vd R
_
(C) 5.17 ms R
S4 S6 S2
(D) Difficult to determine 3-phase balanced load
Q.25 A three-phase Voltage Source Inverter 3-phase inverter
(VSI) as shown in the figure is feeding a
Q.27 The rms value of load phase voltage is
delta connected resistive load of 30
/phase. If it is fed from a 600 V battery, (A) 106.1 V (B) 141.4 V
with 1800 conduction of solid-state (C) 212.2 V (D) 282.8 V
devices, the power consumed by the Q.28 If the dc bus voltage Vd  300 V, the
load, in kW, is ____. [GATE 2016]
power consumed by 3-phase load is
(A) 1.5 kW (B) 2.0 kW
(C) 2.5 kW (D) 3.0 kW
Q.29 A 3-phase voltage source Inverter is
operated in 1800 conduction mode.
Which one of the following statements
is true? [GATE 2005]
6 | Power Electronics
(A) Both phase-voltage and line voltage Q.35 _____ W is the output power for 1800
will have 3rd harmonic components mode.
(B) Phase-voltage will have 3rd Q.36 ____ A is the rms load current for 1200
harmonic component but line-voltage mode.
will be free from 3rd harmonic
Q.37 ____ A is the rms thyristor current for
(C)Line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic 1200 mode.
component but phase-voltage will be
free from 3rd harmonic Q.38 ____ A is the average thyristor current
for 1200 mode.
(D) Both phase-voltage and line-voltage
will be free from 3rd harmonic Q.39 _____ W is the output power for 1200
components mode.
Q.30 A 3-phase voltage source inverter is Q.40 A single-phase inverter is operated in
operated in 1800 conduction mode. PWM mode generating a single-pulse of
Which one of the following statements width 2d in the centre of each half cycle
is true? [GATE 2008] as shown in figure. It is found that the
output voltage is free from 5th harmonic
(A) Both phase-voltage and line voltage
will have 3rd harmonic components for pulse width 1440 . The percentage of
3rd harmonic present in the output
(B) Phase-voltage will have 3rd
voltage (V03 / V01max ) well be
harmonic component but line-voltage
will be free from 3rd harmonic [GATE 2006]
(C)Line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic
component but phase-voltage will be v0
free from 3rd harmonic
+V 2d
(D) Both phase-voltage and line-voltage
will be free from 3rd harmonic
3π /2
components 0
 
2 2
Q.31 A 3   VSI is, supplying pure resistive
-V
load, operating in 1800 conduction 2d
mode if peak value of thyristor current is
(A) 0.0% (B) 19.6%
12 A, the rms value of Thyristor
currents is _______ A. (C) 31.7% (D) 53.9%

Common Data for Questions 32 to 39 Q.41 An inverter has a periodic output

voltage with the output waveform as
A Y-connected load of 15 per phase is shown in figure.
fed from 420 V. DC source through a
3   bridge inverter
Q.32 ____ A is the rms load current for 1800 +1 α
mode.
Q.33 ____ A is the rms thyristor current for 0 
 2
1800 mode.
Q.34 ____ A is the average thyristor current -1 α
for 1800 mode.

When the conduction angle   1200 ,
the rms fundamental component of the
output voltage is: [GATE 2003]
(A) 0.78 V (B) 1.10 V
(C)0.90 V (D) 1.27 V
Q.42 A PWM switching scheme is used with
a three phase inverter to [GATE 1999]
(A) Reduce the total harmonic distortion
with modest filtering
(B) Minimize the load on the DC side
(C) Increases the life of the batteries
(D) Reduce low order harmonics and
increase high order harmonics
Q.43 A single-phase voltage source inverter is
controlled in a single pulse-width
modulated mode with a pulse width of
1500 in each half cycle. Total harmonic
distortion is defined as
2
Vrms  V12
THD= 100 , where V1 is
V1
the rms value of the fundamental
component of the output voltage. The
THD of output ac voltage wave form is
Inverters | 7
coincides with the zero of the reference
sinusoid, then the modulation index and
order of significant are
(A) 0.2, 9 and 11 (B) 0.4, 9 and 11
(C) 0.2, 17 and 19 (D) 0.2, 19 and 21
Q.46 In multiple-pulse modulation used in
PWM inverters, the amplitude and
frequency for triangular carrier and
square reference signals are respectively
4 V, 6 kHz and 1 V, 1 kHz. The number
of pulses per half cycle and pulse width
are respectively
(A) 6,900 (B) 3, 450
(C) 4, 600 (D) 3, 400
Common Data for Questions 47 & 48
A controlled converter employs the
PWM current control strategy. The
frequency of the triangular carrier is 10
kHz. The inverter AC frequency is 40
Hz. The triangular carrier wave form
used has a peak to peak amplitude of
12V. The control and carrier waves are
shown in figure.
V0
 6V Vc
Vr  reference
ꞷt

[GATE 2007]
6 V
(A) 65.65% (B) 48.42%
(C) 31.83% (D) 30.49% Q.47 The number of positive voltage pulses
Q.44 With reference to the output waveform for one period of the inverter is
given in figure, the output of the (A) 500 (B) 350
converter will be free from 5th harmonic
when [GATE 2003] (C) 125 (D) 250
Q.48 Pulse width of the positive pulse for the
(A)   720 (B)   360
control voltage (Vc ) of +4V is
(C)   1200 (D)   1500
(A) 113.6 ms (B) 8.4 ms
Q.45 In sinusoidal-pulse modulation used in
PWM inverters, amplitude and (C) 58.7 ms (D) 123.7 ms
frequency of triangular carrier and Q.49 In single-pulse modulation of PWM
sinusoidal reference signals are inverters, the pulse width is 1200 . For an
respectively 5 V, 1 kHz and 1 V, 50 Hz. input voltage of 220 V dc, the r.m.s.
If peak of the triangular carrier value of output voltage is :
8 | Power Electronics
(A) 179.63 V (B) 254.04 V
(C) 127.02 V (D) 185.04 V
Q.50 A three-phase current source inverter (A) 125 kHz (B) 250 kHz
used for the speed control of an (C) 500 kHz (D) 50 kHz
induction motor is to be realized using
MOSFET switches as shown below. Q.52 The figure shows one period of the
output voltage of an inverter.  should
Switches S1 and S6 are identical
be chosen such that 600    900 . If
switches. [GATE 2011]
rms value of the fundamental
Id component is 50 V, then  in degree is
_________. [GATE 2014]
A
S1 S3 S5
B
I.M. 100V 100V 100V
A
S4 S6 S2 180 360
B 0 α 180-α 180+ α 360-α ꞷ t(degree)
The proper configuration for realizing -100V -100V -100V
switches S1 and S6 is :
(A) A (B) A
Q.53 A single-phase voltage source inverter
shown in figure is feeding power to a
load. The triggering pulses of the
devices are also shown in the figure.
[GATE 2014]
B B  

(C) A (D) A s1 s2

iL
VDC O A Load B

s3 s4

B B  

Q.51 The current source inverter shown in

figure is operated by alternately turning
on thyristor pairs (T1 ,T2 ) and (T3 ,T4 ) .
S1,S4   0  2
If the load is purely resistive, the
theoretical maximum output frequency
obtainable will be [GATE 2009] S2, S3  2
T1 0.1μF
_ +
T3 If the load current iL is sinusoidal and is
D1 D3
zero at 0,  , 2 ......, the node voltage
10 VAo has the waveform
D4 _ + D2

T4 0.1μF T2
 Inverters | 9
(D) False, because MOSFETs can be
operated as excellent constant current
(A)
sources in the saturation region
VDC / 2
Q.55 An inverter capable of supplying a
balanced three-phase variable voltage
VAO variable frequency output is feeding a
θ π_θ π 2π
three-phase induction motor rated for 50
-VDC / 2
Hz and 440 V. The stator winding
resistance of the motor is negligibly
(B)
small during starting. The current inrush
can be avoided without sacrificing the
VDC / 2 starting torque by suitably applying.
VAO [GATE 1995]
θ π 2π
(A) Low voltage as rated frequency
(B) Low voltage keeping the v/f ratio
constant
(C)
(C) Rated voltage at low frequency
VDC / 2
(D) Rated voltage at rated frequency
VAO
Q.56 When a line commutated converter
θ π_θ π 2π operates in the inverter mode
[GATE 1993]
(A) It draws both real and reactive
(D) power from the AC supply
VDC / 2 (B) It delivers both real and reactive
power to the ac supply
VA O (C) It delivers real power to the ac
θ π_θ π 2π
supply
-VDC / 2
(D) It draws reactive power from the ac
supply
Q.54 Six MOSFETs connected in a bridge Q.57 In the converter circuit shown below,
configuration (having no other power the switches are controlled such that the
device) MUST be operated as a voltage load voltage v0 (t ) is a 400 Hz square
source inverter (VSI)”. This statement is wave. [GATE 2017]
[GATE 2007]
(A) True, because being majority carrier
devices, MOSFETs are voltage driven
(B) True, because MOSFETs have
inherently anti-parallel diodes
(C) False, because it can be operated
both as current source inverter (CSI) or
a VSI
10 | Power Electronics
 0.3 
L  H . The desired fundamental
s1 s3   
frequency of the load voltage is 50 Hz.
The switch control signals of the
220 V + converter are generated using sinusoidal
 Load
+ v0 (t) - pulse width modulation with modulation
s4 s2 index M=0.6. At 50 Hz, the RL-load
draws an active power of 1.44 kW. The
value of DC source voltage VDC in volts
is [GATE 2017]
The RMS value of the fundamental
component of v0 (t ) in volts is VDC + S1

________.
R L
Q.58 A 3-phase voltage source inverter is
supplied from a 600 V DC source as
shown in the figure below. For a star VDC +

connected resistive load of 20 per S2
phase, the load power for 1200 device
conduction, in kW, is __________.
(A) 300 2 (B) 500
[GATE 2017]
(C) 500 2 (D) 1000 2
20
Q.61 For a 1-phase full-bridge inverter fed
20 20
from 48 V dc and connected to load
600 V +
 resistance of 2.4 , the rms value of
fundamental component of output
voltage is
Q.59 A three phase voltage source inverter (A) 20 V (B) 21.6 V
with ideal devices operating in 1800 (C) 34.4 V (D) 43.2 V
conduction mode is feeding a balanced
star-connected resistive load. The DC
voltage input is Vdc . The peak of the
fundamental component of the phase
voltage is [GATE 2017]
Vdc 2Vdc
(A) (B)
 
3V 4Vdc
(C) dc (D)
 
Q.60 The figure below shows a half-bridge
voltage source inverter supplying an
RL-load with R  40 and
 Inverters | 11

Answer Key : Inverters

1 A 2 10 3 49.5 4 C 5 D
6 B 7 D 8 C 9 C 10 A

11 C 12 C 13 C 14 2.14 15 *

16 45 17 833.33 18 8.335 19 * 20 3306

21 5361.5 22 A 23 * 24 * 25 24
26 1.192 27 B 28 D 29 D 30 D
31 6 32 13.2 33 9.33 34 6.22 35 7840
36 11.43 37 8.08 38 4.66 39 5880 40 B
41 A 42 D 43 C 44 A 45 D
46 B 47 * 48 * 49 A 50 A
76.5-
51 C 52 53 D 54 B 55 B
78.0
56 B 57 198 58 9 59 B 60 C
61 D

