ENGG GRAPHICS: Conic Sections S.

RAMANATHAN ASST PROF, MED MVSREC

(Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Rectangular Hyperbola) Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

Unit-I: Part-4: Conic sections (Ellipse, parabola, hyperbola and rectangular hyperbola)

Theory Questions

1. What is a conic?
A: It is a locus of point moving in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distances from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is always constant.
The fixed point is called as focus and the fixed line is called as directrix.

2. In a conic, the line passing through the fixed point & perpendicular to the fixed line is
called the __________ (Ans: Axis).
3. The point at which the conic cuts its axis is called as _______ (Ans: Vertex)

4. Define eccentricity.
A: Eccentricity is the ratio of distance of the point from the focus to the distance of the point
from directrix. (e = PF/PD)

5. State the values of eccentricity for different conics.

A: Ellipse: e<1; Parabola: e = 1; Hyperbola: e>1; rectangular hyperbola: e = √2.

6. Explain how a cone is to be cut to get various conic sections with simple sketches.
A: When the section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all the generators on one side of
apex, the section (true shape of cut portion) is an ellipse.
When the section plane is inclined to the axis and is parallel to one of the generators, the
section is a parabola.
When the section plane cuts both the parts of the double cone on one side of the axis, the
section is a hyperbola. (refer to the figure from text book in introduction of conic sections)

7. Explain the oblong method of drawing an ellipse. (Refer to the construction procedure).

8. The locus of a point P moving in such a way that the sum of its distance from two fixed
points is always constant is called as ________. (ellipse; as PF1+PF2 = c = 2a)

9. The locus of a point P moving in such a way that the difference between its distances from
two fixed points is always constant is called as ______. (Hyperbola; PF1-PF2 = c)

Problems
I: Problems on general method (foci-eccentricity method) (common to all the 3 curves)

10. A fixed point is 50 mm away from a fixed line. Draw the path traced by a point P
moving such that its distance from the fixed line is
(i) 3/2 times its distance from the fixed point. (e = PF/PD = 2/3; ellipse)
(ii) equal to its distance from the fixed point. (e = PF/PD = 1; parabola)
(iii) 2/3 times its distance from the fixed point. (e = PF/PD = 3/2; hyperbola)

Also draw tangent and normal to the curve at a point 65 mm from the focus.
(refer to construction)
ENGG GRAPHICS: CONIC SECTIONS S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF, MED MVSREC

(Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Rectangular Hyperbola) Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

11. A fixed point is 50 mm away from a fixed line. Draw the path traced by a point P
moving such that its distance from the fixed point is
(i) 3/2 times its distance from the fixed line. (e = PF/PD = 3/2; hyperbola)
(ii) equal to its distance from the fixed line. (e = PF/PD = 1; parabola)
(iii) 2/3 times its distance from the fixed line. (e = PF/PD = 2/3; ellipse)

Also draw tangent and normal to the curve at a point 50 mm from the directrix.
(refer to construction)

Note: In problems 10 ad 11, data is similar but the way in which eccentricity is defined is
to be observed.

12. The vertex of a hyperbola is 65 mm from its focus. Draw the curve if the eccentricity is
3/2, Draw a normal and tangent at a point on the curve, 75 mm from the directrix.
(refer to construction of hyperbola by general method)

II: Construction of Ellipse:

(Oblong method, concentric circles method and arc of circles method)

13. Construct an ellipse whose major axis is 150 mm & minor axis is 100 mm long by
(i) Oblong method (ii) Concentric circles method. (iii) Arc of circle method.

Draw a tangent and normal to the ellipse at a point on it 40 mm above the major axis.

14. Two fixed points A and B are 100 mm apart. Trace the complete path of a point P
moving (in the same plane as that of A and B) in such a way that sum of its distances
from the fixed points A and B is always constant and is equal to 125 mm. Name the
curve.
(hint: Since PA + PB = c = 2a is similar to PF1 + PF2 = c = 2a; it is ellipse with distance
between foci(AB or F1F2 ) = 100 and length of major axis = 125) (any method)

15. Draw an ellipse whose major axis is 100 mm & minor axis is 60 mm. Locate its foci &
draw a tangent & normal to the curve at 40 mm from the center of the ellipse. (any
method)

16. Draw & determine the length of minor axis of an ellipse with major axis of 140 mm & the
distance between foci of 96 mm using concentric circles method.

17. The foci of an ellipse are 90 mm apart and the minor axis is 65 mm long. Find the length
of the major axis and draw half the ellipse by concentric circles method and half ellipse
by oblong method.

18. Inscribe an ellipse in a parallelogram of 150 mm & 100 mm long and an included angle of
0
120 . (parallelogram method-similar to oblong method)

19. Two points A and B are 100 mm apart. A point C is 75 mm from A and 60 mm from B.
Draw an ellipse passing through A, B and C. (ellipse by parallelogram method)

II: Construction of Parabola:

(Oblong method, tangent method or triangle method)

20. A ball is thrown from a ground, travels a maximum horizontal distance of 8.5 meters &
reaches a maximum height of 5.0 meters.Trace the path of the ball, assuming it to be
parabolic (refer construction by oblong or rectangle method)
ENGG GRAPHICS: Conic Sections S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF, MED MVSREC

(Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Rectangular Hyperbola) Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

21. Draw 2 parabolas inside a rectangle of 125 mm X 85 mm such that their axes bisect each
other. (draw rectangle of 125x85 & draw the parabolas along x and y direction by
oblong method).

22. A fountain jet discharges water at an angle of 450 to the horizontal. It travels a maximum
horizontal distance of 8.5 meters & falls on the ground. Trace the path of the jet,
assuming it to be parabolic. (refer tangent method for parabola)

23. Draw a parabola passing through three vertices of a triangle of sides 30 mm, 45 mm and
60 mm. The comer of the triangle common to 45 mm and 60 mm sides lies on the axis
of parabola. Use any method.

III: Construction of Hyperbola and Rectangular Hyperbola:

(Arc of circles method for pair of hyperbolas and Asymptotes method for Rect.Hyperbola)

24. Two fixed points are 50 mm apart. Draw the locus of a point P moving in such a way
that difference of its distances from the fixed points is always constant and is equal to
20 mm.
(as PF1-PF2 = c, it is a hyperbola, to be drawn by arc of circles method similar to
ellipse)

25. A point P is 40 mm and 50 mm away from two straight lines OA and OB which are at
right angles to each other. Draw a rectangular hyperbola through P, with OA and OB
as asymptotes, showing at least 8 points. (refer to the asymptotes method for
rectangular hyperbola)

26. Two straight lines OA and OB make an angle of 750 between them. Point P 40 mm
from OA and 50 mm from OB. Draw a hyperbola through P within 10 mm distance
of each line. (similar to above problem, leave 10 mm away from OA and OB).

For all the problems mentioned above, refer to the solutions enclosed. Basic methods have
been discussed for all the above curves.

For some problems, solutions have not been given and they are to be solved as assignment
problems.
 ellipse
ENGG GRAPHICS: CONIC SECTIONS S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
ellipse Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

Q) A fixed point is 50 mm away from a fixed 4) Join DE and extend it. After V, mark
line. Draw the path traced by a point P points 1, 2, 3, … at 10 mm from V.
moving such that its distance from the fixed On 1, 2, 3.., draw vertical lines to cut DE
line is 3/2 times its distance from the fixed at 1’, 2’, 3’, ..
point. Also draw tangent and normal to the
curve at a point 65 mm from the directrix.
5’
A) The fixed point is the focus and the fixed 4’
line is the directrix. The ratio is given as 3’
PD=3/2PF from which e= PF/PD=2/3(<1). 2’
Hence the curve is a ellipse with e=2/3. 1’
E
1) Given data: DF = 50; e=2/3(m/n).
Draw AB (Directrix), CD (Axis) and
Mark DF=50. (AB and CD are of any lengths).
D
1 F2 4 5
A
V
R)
S)

D
F C

B
T)
U) 5) With Centre as F & Radius =1-1’, cut
2) Divide DF into 2+3=5 parts. Mark V at arc on line 1-1’ above and below to get
2nd part after F. P1, P1’. Similarly get the other points
(Divide DF into (m+n) no.of parts. Mark using 2-2’, 3-3’, etc. Join all points from
V at mth part after F). V to get the required ellipse.

P2
D C
T P1
V F

F N’
B
3) Draw VE=VF; VE is vertical line.
E
P11 P

D N
V F T’
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DRAWING: CONIC SECTIONS S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
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7) Two fixed points are 100 mm apart. Draw 4) With Centre (F1, F2) & Radius=A1,
the locus of a point P moving in such a way that draw 4 arcs.
C
sum of its distances from the fixed points is always
constant and is equal to 125 mm.

Ans) Since the sum of distances from two O

fixed points is always constant, the fixed A B
points are the foci and the curve is an ellipse. F1 1 4 F2
2 3
The equn of locus is PF1 + PF2 = Const = 2a.
Hence the construction of the ellipse is by arc
of circles method D
5) With Centre (F1, F2) & Radius=B1,
Foci (F1F2) = 100; Major axis (AB) = 125. cut the 4 arcs to get points P1, Q1, etc.
P1 Q1
1) Draw AB = 125, F1F2 = 100 with mid point
as O.

O
O
A F1 F2
F1 F2 B 4
A

’
2) Using OA=CF, centre as F and radius= P1 Q1
’

OA, cut arcs on ┴ to AB to get C &D.

C

O
6) With Radius = (A2, B2), (A3, B3), etc
A B
F1 F2 get the remaining points of ellipse and
join them.
D C
P1 Q1
3) From F1, mark points at 10mm up to O;
label them as 1,2,3,4,etc.
C 2 3 4
O
A B
O F1 F2
A B
F1 F2
1 2 3 4

D ’
’ Q1
P1
D
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Q) The major axis of ellipse is 120 mm and the 4) Divide the circles into 12 equal parts
foci are 90 mm apart. Find the minor axis and draw with angle of 300.
the ellipse by concentric circles method. Also draw 2
tangent and normal to the ellipse at a point 20 mm C
2’
above the major axis. 1
1’

A O B
Ans) The minor axis of ellipse can be found
by using the relation OA=CF1=CF2.
D
Foci (F1F2) = 90; Major axis (AB) = 120.
Label the points 1, 2, 3 … and
1) Draw AB = 120, F1F2 = 90 with mid point as
1’,2’,3’…. on outer and inner
O.
circles.

O 5) On 1 draw vertical line and on 1’

A draw horizontal line to meet at P1.
F1 F2 B
2

2’ C
2) Using OA=CF1, centre as F and 1
1’
radius=OA, cut arcs on ┴ to AB to get minor
axis C &D. C A B

O D
A
F1 F2 B
Similarly get the other points with 2-2’,
3-3’, etc and join them to get the
D
required ellipse.

6) For normal, join MF1& MF2 & find

3) Draw 2 circles with O as centre and
angle between them. Half of the angle is
radius = OA and OC (semi major axis
the normal NN’ & ┴ to NN’ is Tangent
and semi minor axis).
TT’. Normal is the angular bisector.
N T’
C M

O T
A B
25

N’
O
D A
F2 B
F1
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Q) The minor axis of ellipse is 65 mm and the
foci are 90 mm apart. Find the major axis and draw
the ellipse by oblong method. Also draw tangent
and normal to the ellipse at a point 20 mm above
the major axis.
Ans) The major axis of ellipse can be found
by using the relation OA=CF1=CF2.
4) Join C to 1’, 2’ 3’. Join D to 1 and
extend to cut C-1’ at P1. Similarly join
D-2, D-3 and extend to cut C-2’, C-3’ to
get all the points of ellipse P1, P2, etc.
C
1’

Foci (F1F2) = 90; Minor axis (CD) = 65 1

1) Draw CD=65, F1F2 = 90 with mid point as D

O. Repeat in the other 3 quadrants to get
C
all the points of ellipse.
O

F1 F2
D
5) Completed ellipse.
2) Using OA=CF1, centre as O and
radius=CF1 cut arcs on F1F2 extended to
get AB. C

O B
A
F1 F2

3) Draw a rectangle on AB and CD by 6) Normal and Tangent

drawing parallel lines. Mark P on the ellipse at 20 mm
above AB. Join PF1 & PF2.
Angular bisector of F1PF2 is the
E C F normal NN’.
2’
TT’ is perpendicular to NN’.
1’ O N T’
A B
1 2 3 P

H G T
D
N’
Divide AE and AO into equal no.of parts O
A B
say 3 or 4 parts. Number them as F1 F2
1, 2, 3,… and 1’, 2’, 3’, …
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Q) Inscribe an ellipse in a parallelogram of 3) 3) Join C to 1’, 2’ 3’. Join D to 1

sides 120 mm and 70 mm with an included
angle of 1200.
Ans) The ellipse has to be drawn by oblong
method inside a parallelogram using
sides as 120mm and 70 mm with angle
between the sides as 1200.
and extend to cut C-1’ at P1. Similarly join
D-2, D-3 and extend to cut C-2’, C-3’ to
get all the points of ellipse P1, P2, etc.
C F
E

AB = 120; CD= 70; ∠COB = 1200. A

O
B

1) Draw AB = 120, CD = 70 with mid

point as O and ∠COB = 1200 and a
parallelogram EFGH around ABCD by
drawing parallel lines. H G
D

4) The ellipse will be inclined and

of shorter dimensions.

O B
A

2) Divide AE and AO into equal no.of parts

say 3 or 4 parts. Number them as 1, 2, 3,…
and 1’, 2’, 3’, …
Important Problem: 2 points A
& B are 100 mm apart. Point C is 75
3’
mm from A and 60 mm from B. Draw
2’
an ellipse passing through A, B and C.
1’
O B
A Ans: As the ellipse passes through A,B &
1 2 3
C, AB is major axis. C is one end of minor
axis. Mark C by arcs at 75 mm & 60 mm from
(A,B). Join C to O, mid point of AB. Extend
CO to OD so that CD will be the minor axis.
Since C is not equidistant from A&B, CD will
be inclined. Hence the ellipse is constructed by
parallelogram method based on the
inclination of CD with AB as explained in the
above problem.
ENGG GRAPHICS : CONIC SECTIONS S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

Q) A fixed point is 50 mm away from a fixed 4) Join DE and extend it. After V, mark
line. Draw the path traced by a point P points 1, 2, 3, … at 10 mm from V.
moving such that its distance from the fixed On 1, 2, 3.., draw vertical lines to cut DE
line is equal to its distance from the fixed at 1’, 2’, 3’, ..
point. Also draw tangent and normal to the
curve at a point 65 mm from the directrix.
5’
A) The fixed point is the focus and the fixed 4’
line is the directrix. The ratio is given as 3’
PD= PF from which e= PF/PD=1. Hence the 2’
curve is a parabola with e=1/1. 1’
E
1) Given data: DF = 50; e=1/1(m/n).
Draw AB (Directrix), CD (Axis) and
Mark DF=50. (AB and CD are of any lengths).
D
1 2 F 4 5
A
V
R)
S)

D
F C

B
T)
U) 5) With Centre as F & Radius =1-1’, cut
2) Divide DF into 1+1=2 parts. Mark V at arc on line 1-1’ above and below to get
1st part after F. P1, P1’. Similarly get the other points
(Divide DF into (m+n) no.of parts. Mark using 2-2’, 3-3’, etc. Join all points from
V at mth part after F). V to get the required parabola.

A P2
P1

D C
T
V F

F N’
B V
3) Draw VE=VF; VE is vertical line.
E
P11

P
D
N
V F
T’
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Q) A ball is thrown from a ground, travels a 4) Join D to 1’, 2’ 3’. From 1, 2, 3.. of AC,
maximum horizontal distance of 8.5 meters & draw vertical lines directly to cut the lines D-
reaches a maximum height of 5.0 meters.Trace 1’, D-2’ & D-3’ to get points of parabola.
the path of the ball, assuming it to be parabolic. D
E
3’
Ans) The path of the ball is a parabola & is to 2’
be drawn by oblong method (in a rectangle).
1’

Base AB=85 mm; Axis (CD) = 50 mm A 1 2 3 C

1) Draw base AB=85, & axis CD = 50 at mid Repeat in the other half of rectangle
point of base. to get the required parabola.
D

5) Completed parabola.

A B
C

2) Construct a rectangle on ABCD by

taking length as 85 and height as 50.
D
E F

Since the parabola has been drawn by

A C
3) Divide AC & AE into same no.of equal
parts& label them as 1,2,3.. & 1’,2’,3’…
D have been given as 8.5 meters and 5.0
E F
3’
2’
using a rectangle, it is also sometimes
B
called as parabola inscribed in a
rectangle.
Scale: In the question, the dimensions
meters. We have to convert it into mm
and hence a scale has to be mentioned at
the end of this problem.

1’ Scale is 85 mm/ 8.5 m

A C B = 85 mm / (8.5*1000) mm
1 2 3

In this Oblong method, the parabola is = 1/100.

obtained in two equal parts of rectangle by Hence at the end of problem, mention
symmetry. So it is constructed in two stages, the scale as 1/100.
the left half & right half.
Give the dimensions as per the usual rules.
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Q) A fountain jet discharges water at an

angle of 450 to the horizontal. It travels a
maximum horizontal distance of 8.5 meters & O
falls on the ground. Trace the path of the jet,
assuming it to be parabolic. 3 1’

Ans) The path of the ball is a parabola & is to 2 2’

be drawn by tangent method (in a triangle). 1 3’

Base AB=85 mm; Angle = 450 .

A C B

1) Draw base AB=85, & at mid point C, draw

the axis of unknown length.

5) Draw a parabola such that it

touches these lines externally only at
one point so that the lines are tangents
C
A B to the parabola.
0
2) At A, draw a line at 45 to cut axis line at
O. Join AO & BO.
O

450
450
A C B

3) Divide AO & BO into same no.of equal

parts & label them as 1,2,3.. & This method is called as tangent method.
1’,2’,3’…
O
Scale = 85 mm/ 8.5 m
3 1’

2’
= 85 mm / (8.5*1000) mm
2

1 3’ = 1/100.

A C B Hence at the end of problem, mention

the scale as 1/100.

Dimensioning is to be done as usual.

4) Join points 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’, etc to get
tangents of the parabola.
ENGG GRAPHICS: CONIC SECTIONS S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
PH: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

Q) A fixed point is 50 mm away from a fixed 4) Join DE and extend it. After V, mark
line. Draw the path traced by a point P points 1, 2, 3, … at 10 mm from V.
moving such that its distance from the fixed On 1, 2, 3.., draw vertical lines to cut DE
line is 2/3 times its distance from the fixed at 1’, 2’, 3’, ..
point. Also draw tangent and normal to the
curve at a point 65 mm from the directrix.
5’
A) The fixed point is the focus and the fixed 4’
line is the directrix. The ratio is given as 3’
PD=2/3 PF from which e= PF/PD=3/2(>1). 2’
Hence the curve is a hyperbola with e=3/2. 1’
E
1) Given data: DF = 50; e=3/2(m/n).
Draw AB (Directrix), CD (Axis) and
Mark DF=50. (AB and CD are of any lengths).
D
1 2 F 4 5
A
V
R)
S)

D
F C

B
T)
U) 5) With Centre as F & Radius =1-1’, cut
2) Divide DF into 3+2=5 parts. Mark V at arc on line 1-1’ above and below to get
3rd part after F. P1, P1’. Similarly get the other points
(Divide DF into (m+n) no.of parts. Mark using 2-2’, 3-3’, etc. Join all points from
V at mth part after F). V to get the required hyperbola.

A
N

D C
M
V F

V F
B
3) Draw VE=VF; VE is vertical line.
E
P11

P21
D
T
V F
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Q) A point P is 40 mm and 50 mm away 3) Divide CP into 5 equal parts of

from two straight lines OA and OB which are 10 mm each and mark points as
at right angles to each other. Draw a rectangular 1, 2, 3, 4 from C to P and then at
hyperbola through P, showing at least 8 points. same 10 mm, mark points 5,6,7,8
above P.
Ans)
Logic:
Since OA and OB are at 900 with each other, 7

they can be treated as coordinate axes and 6

hence P (40, 50) can be marked. Then select 4 5
3’ 2’
points above and 4 points below and through P 4’
D
these points, we can get points of hyperbola. 4

3
1) Draw OA, OB ⊥ to each other, of any
2
length. 1
Mark P at (40, 50) from OA, OB.
C

B 4) Join O1, O2, etc to cut DP at

1’, 2’, etc.

P
B 7

50 6

4’ 3’ 2’
40 D
7’ 5’
O A 4

O A
C
2) At P, draw lines parallel to OA & OB and
extend them. Name the lines as CP & DP. 5) From 1,2,3 etc draw lines
parallel to OA & from 1’, line parallel to
B OB to meet at P1. Get all points and join
to get the required hyperbola.

P
D
4’ 3’ 2’

2
O C A
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Q) A point P is 40 mm and 50 mm away 3) Join O1, O2, O3, etc, to cut DP at

from two straight lines OA and OB which are 1’, 2’, 3’ ... up to 8’;
at 750 to each other. Draw a rectangular
hyperbola through P, showing at least 8 points.
7
Ans)
Logic: 5
3’ 2’
4’
Since OA and OB are at 750 with each other, 7’

they can be treated as coordinate axes at angle 5’

of 750 & hence P (40, 50) can be marked. Then
select 4 points above and 4 points below P and
through these points, we can get points of 2

hyperbola. 1

1) Draw OA, OB ∠750 to each other, of any

length.
Mark P at (40, 50) from OA, OB. 4) From 1 draw line llel to OA and
B from 1’ draw line llel to OB to get P1.
Similarly get the other points of the
hyperbola.
40
D P
P8
50

D P 1’
750

O C A

2) Divide CP into 5 equal parts up to P and 1 P1

mark 1,2,3,4.After P also mark points 5,6,7 etc
at 10 mm each on CP.. O C A

On smoothly joining the points, we get the

required rectangular hyperbola.
D P

O C A