A PROJECT REPORT ON

TREND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL

CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN THE ECONOMY

Submitted by the candidate for the degree of MBA in Financial Management

under the University of Calcutta

Name of the candidate : PARTHOPROTIM SOM

Semester : MBA in Financial Management 2nd Semester

Batch : 2018-2020

C.U. Registration No. : 017-1121-1676-14

C.U. Roll No. : 11

Name of Supervisor : Prof. Piyali Dutta Chowdhury

Month and Year of submission: April 2019

 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PARTHOPROTIM SOM, a student of MBA in Financial

Management under the University of Calcutta, has worked under my supervision and
guidance for his project work and prepared a project report with the title TREND
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN THE ECONOMY
which he is submitting, is his genuine and original work to the best of my knowledge.

Place: Kolkata

Date:

Signature:

Name: Prof. Piyali Dutta Chowdhury

Designation: Professor (University of Calcutta)

 STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work with the title TREND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY
submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the degree of MBA in Financial
Management under the University of Calcutta, is my original work and has not been
submitted earlier to any other University/Institution for the fulfilment of the
requirement for any course of study.

I also declare that no chapter of this study, in whole or in part has been incorporated in
this report from any earlier work done by me or by others. However, extracts of any
literature which has been used for this report has been duly acknowledged providing
details of such literature in the bibliography.

Signature:
Name: PARTHOPROTIM SOM
Registration Number: 017-1121-1676-14
Place: Kolkata
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this report could not have been possible without the participation
and assistance of so many people who have directly or indirectly helped me to
undertake the study. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully
acknowledged.

I am greatly indebted to Prof. Piyali Dutta Chowdhury, without whose able and valued
guidance, the project would not have taken shape.

I would like thank all my subjects, who formed a part of my survey, for investing their
valuable time and input to fill out the questionnaire. Without their cooperation, this
project would have been incomplete.

Last but certainly not the least, a special gratitude to my parents for their whole hearted
moral support, energy and encouragement which has greatly motivated me to complete
the study.
 INDEX
CHAPTER SUB- CONTENTS PAGE
NO. HEADING NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1  ABSTRACT 1
1.2  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2
1.3  LITERATURE REVIEW 3
1.4  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4
1.5  LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 5
1.6  CHAPTER PLANNING 6
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1  HISTORY OF WOMEN IN INDIA 7
2.2  NEED FOR ECONOMIC 8
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.3  FUTURE PROJECTIONS 9
2.4  FACTORS AFFTECTING
WOMENS ECONOMIC 10
EMPOWERMENT
2.5  VARIOUS GOVERNMENT 13
INITIATIVES TO PROMOTE THE
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
OF WOMEN IN INDIA
 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
2.6 16
3. ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3.1  DATA PRESENTATION AND

ANALYSIS 17
4. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
4.1  CONCLUSION 20
4.2  RECOMMENDATION 21
WEBOLOGY 22
 CHAPTER 1-
INTRODUCTION
 ABSTRACT

An impressive 133 million Indians rose out of poverty between 1994 and 2012, an
achievement that India and the world can be proud of. While worthy of celebration, the
success could have been even more dramatic if a greater number of women could
contribute to the work force.

In 2012, only 27 per cent of adult Indian women had a job, or were actively looking for
one, compared to 79 per cent of men. In fact, almost 20 million women had dropped out
of the workforce between 2005 and 2012. This is equivalent to the entire population of
Sri Lanka.

Worryingly, India’s rapid urbanization has not yet encouraged more women to join the
labour force. Rural jobs have been decreasing and not enough rural women have been
able to make the transition to working in urban areas. This makes the need for greater
public safety and safe transport more significant. By any measure, the gap is
particularly large and has been widening.

India ranks 120 among 131 countries in female labour force participation rates and
rates of gender-based violence remain unacceptably high. It’s hard to develop in an
inclusive and sustainable way when half of the population is not fully participating in
the economy.

This leads us to the obvious conclusion that the economic empowerment of women has
become more necessary than ever before. This can be achieved by way of
implementation of programmes and policies which would create an environment
conducive to increased female participation in the workforce.

Economic empowerment is the capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute
to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their
contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer
distribution of the benefits of growth. Economic empowerment increases women’s
access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services,
property and other productive assets, skills development and market information.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are mentioned her under for a better understanding of the
project. The objectives of the study are:-

 To study the impact of policies on female workforce participation;

 To find out the factors affecting wage gap;

 To study the literacy rates of female individuals in India.

 LITERATURE REVIEW

Lillykutty (2003) has explained the relation of education and empowerment of women
with the quality of life. She states that empowerment of women is developing them as
more aware individuals who are politically active, economically productive and
independent and are able to make intelligent decision in matters that affect them and
their nations. A woman is said to be empowered if she has command over wealth,
education, social status, skill etc. and has access to formal financial services. This can be
done by creating an environment in which the distribution of power and resources, the
opportunity to engage in productive work, opportunities to access education, medical
care, and health services can move in favour of women population. If we look into the
definitions of women’s empowerment we find that empowerment is a concept of human
agency- self-efficacy on the one hand and on the other hand it is a process. It indicates
that women’s empowerment has at least three dimensions. She has attempted to
establish a strong positive relation between education and empowerment of women.
Education enhances women’s status in the society and leads to greater input into family
and community decision-making. It provides girls with a basic knowledge of their rights
as individuals and citizens. Knowledge and decision making power can place the women
on a more equal footing with male. Education also provides knowledge and skill
especially in the areas of health, nutrition, sanitation and the environment. Education
ot only emancipates women from ignorance, ill treatment and dependence etc, but also
mpowers them to claim their right to quality of life. Finally, education can serve as a
powerful instrument for individuals to achieve power and status in the society. It is a
source of mobility, equality, and empowerment both at the individual and social level.

Verma (2009) has tried to conceptualise the concepts, needs and context of whole issue
of empowerment and has reviewed the various approaches of empowerment of women.
He has defined empowerment as a process of gaining or accessing control over self and
the resources as well as the ideology which determine power relationships. The process
of empowerment tries to change the existing balance of power in a given context.
Analysing the earlier literature he argued that empowerment is a process of capacity
building and skill development. According to author, empowerment may help the
women to participate more effectively at different socio-political forum. With this end in
view, Verma (2009) has set twin goals of women’s empowerment (a) to challenge
subordination and subjugation; and (b) to transform all the structures, systems and
institutions which in any way, may cause or support gender discrimination and
inequality. In order to achieve these goals she has opined that women need to be
empowered in the contexts of individual, social, economic, physical and psychological
aspects. To suggest the suitable strategy for empowering women in true sense, this study
has presented a critical assessment of the existing alternative approaches and strategies
for women’s development, emancipation and empowerment. It is revealed that most of
the approaches are over-lapping in concept and practice. The discussion of this paper
has come to the conclusion that for empowering women we need the full participation of
the people who are already empowered in the formulation, implementation and
evaluation of the action strategies. Verma (2009) has found that social work approach to
women’s empowerment is suitable in this respect.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

It is important for research to know not only about the research method but also the
methodology. The processes by which researchers go about their work of describing and
explaining and predicting phenomenon are called methodology. Data can be of two
types, namely, primary data and secondary data.

Primary Data- Primary data is original research that is obtained through first-hand
investigation.

Secondary Data- Secondary data is research that is widely available and obtained from
another party.

AREA OF STUDY: In this study, the focus is on the various policies and strategies
implemented by the Government of India to increase the economic empowerment of its
women.

TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION: For this research study, secondary data was
collected through various online journals, research papers, articles and websites.
 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In an attempt to make this project authentic and reliable, every possible aspect of the

topic was kept in mind. In spite of that, certain constraints were at play during the

formulation of this project. Some of these are mentioned here under so that the findings

of the study may be understood better. The limitations of the study are:-

 An in depth study might not be done due to financial and time constraint;

 Secondary data may not be accurate or authentic;

 The data maybe old and out of date;

 CHAPTER PLANNING

The entire project is divided into 4 chapters which are as follows:-

Body of the report: Body of the report should have these 4 logical divisions:-

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION: This will cover Abstract, Objectives of the study,

Limitations of the study, Research Methodology, Literature Review (the area of the
study, types of research, tools for data collection and method of analysis), and Chapter
Planning.

CHAPTER 2- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: This will cover various heads related

to the topic of the project along with national and international scenario.

CHAPTER 3- ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA: This will cover the

presentation of data using statistical tools.

CHAPTER 4- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: In this section, the

concluding observations based on the main findings of the study along with
recommendations are provided.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBOLOGY

 CHAPTER 2-
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
 HISTORY OF WOMEN IN INDIA

Women during the Vedic period enjoyed equal status with men in all aspects of life.
Works by ancient Indian grammarians such as Patanjali and Katyayana suggest that
women were educated in the early Vedic period. The Rig Veda and Upanishads mention
several women sages and seers, notably Gargi Vachaknavi and Maitreyi (c. 7th century
BCE). Originally, women were allowed to undergo initiation and study the Vedas.

In the Gupta period instances are not rare of women participating in administrative
job. Chandragupta I, founder of the Gupta Empire, ruled the kingdom jointly with his
queen Kumara Devi. Prabhavatigupta was the daughter of Chandra Gupta II of the
Gupta Empire and the wife of Rudrasena II of the Vakataka dynasty, and performed
administrative duties in her kingdom.
 NEED FOR ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN

Women in India represent 29 percent of the labour force, down from 35 percent in
2004. More than half of the work done by women in India is unpaid, and almost all of it
is informal and unprotected. Women are not well represented in most sectors, including
business leaders. Though they comprise almost 40 percent of agricultural labour, they
control only 9 percent of land in India. Women are also shut out of the formal financial
system. Nearly half of India’s women do not have a bank or savings accounts for their
own use and 60 percent of women have no valuable assets to their name. It is
unsurprising then that at 17 percent, India has a lower share of women’s contribution
to the GDP than the global average of 37 percent. In addition, women face great
physical insecurity. The rate of crimes against women in India stands at 53.9 percent in
India. In Delhi, the capital city, 92 percent of women reported having experienced
sexual or physical violence in public spaces.

Some benefits which can be enjoyed as a direct result of empowerment of women are:-

 Companies greatly benefit from increasing employment and leadership

opportunities for women, which is shown to increase organizational effectiveness
and growth. It is estimated that companies with three or more women in senior
management functions score higher in all dimensions of organizational
performance.

 Women’s economic empowerment boosts productivity, increases economic

diversification and income equality in addition to other positive development
outcomes.

 Educated mothers are more likely to give importance to her children's education
as well. Also they are more likely to save and invest for future.
 FUTURE PROJECTIONS

The economic impact of achieving gender equality in India is estimated to be US$700

billion of added GDP by 2025. The IMF estimates that equal participation of women in
the workforce will increase India’s GDP by 27 percent. More than half of India’s
women don’t have cellphones, and 80 percent don’t use them to connect them to the
internet. If women attain access to as many phones as men do, it could create US$17
billion in revenue for phone companies in the next 5 years. Globally, women make or
influence 80 percent of buying decisions and control US$20 trillion in spending. There
are also social benefits to empowering women. Women spend 90 percent of their income
on their families, and economically empowered women boost demand, have healthier
and better-educated children, and raise human development levels. One in three private
sector leaders reported that profits increased as a result of efforts to empower women in
emerging markets.
 FACTORS AFFECTING WOMENS
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
Overseas Development Institute (ODI) released a report detailing ten factors that can
either enable or constrain women’s economic empowerment. Drawing on data from the
Gallup World Poll—which covers 99 percent of the world’s population age fifteen years
or older—the report analyzes how these complex and interacting factors can inform
policy solutions to advance women’s economic empowerment.

1. Education, skills developing, and training:

Policy should focus on keeping girls in school by providing measures for safe
transportation to school and increasing recruitment of female teachers. Likewise,
initiatives can be developed for older women that combine vocational training and life
skills such as the ability to manage challenges and advocate for their rights. While India
has neared parity at the primary schooling level, significant gaps in secondary schooling
remain, despite evidence that an additional year of secondary school later raises girls’
wages by 15 to 25 percent.

2. Access to quality, decent paid work:

Legal restrictions to women’s formal employment should be removed; informal workers

should be legally recognized and protected; and female entrepreneurs should have
increased access to financial services that often remain out of reach. While these
measures could help all workers, they are particularly important for women who are
overrepresented in the informal economy.

3. Address unpaid care and work burdens:

Employers and governments should strive for the "recognition, reduction, and
redistribution" of care work, instituting better parental leave policies, as well as
affordable childcare options. Importantly, these benefits should extend to informal
workers as well. Such policies could help transform ingrained cultural attitudes about a
woman’s ability to work and raise her family simultaneously.
4. Access to property, assets, and financial services:\

Legislation should affirm equal property and asset ownership rights for men and
women. As noted in the report, only 9 per cent of agricultural landholders in India are
women—and land held by women is often smaller than that held by men. Likewise,
measures should be taken to ensure women’s financial inclusion by increasing economic
services and training.

5. Collective action and leadership:

Initiatives should support women’s collective action and leadership, enabling women to
challenge current power structures. In lending such support, government programs
should be implemented through a gender-sensitive lens. Donors and other partners can
ally themselves with women’s groups to grow their legitimacy.

6. And social protection:

Protections that address women’s specific needs—legal protections for parental leave,
unemployment benefits, childcare support, and social pension programs among
others—should be implemented.

7. Labor market characteristics:

As women are overrepresented in the least profitable occupations in 142 countries,

labor and economic policies should prohibit workplace discrimination and support
women in decent work.

8. Fiscal policy:

Fiscal policy should seek to reduce taxes that disproportionately burden women and
participate in "rigorous gender-responsive budgeting to inform policy and spending
decisions."
9. Legal, regulatory, and policy framework:
Company’s own past experience may be instrumental to decide on advertising media.

For example, if company has satisfactory experience of using a particular medium,

there are more chances to use the same medium and vice versa.

10. Gender norms and discriminatory social norms:

Efforts should be undertaken to reform discriminatory gender norms. Involving formal

institutions, such as religious organizations and garnering the support of men to change
prevailing attitudes toward women and girls.
 VARIOUS GOVERNMENT
INITIATIVES TO PROMOTE THE
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF
WOMEN IN INDIA

1) Constitutional Provisions-

Women as an independent group constitute 48% of the country’s total population as

per the 2001 Census. The importance of women as an important human resource was
recognized by the Constitution of India which not only accorded equality to women but
also empowered the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in their favor. A
number of Articles of the Constitution specially reiterated the commitment of the
constitution towards the socio-economic development of women and upholding their
political right and participation in decision making.

Article 14 - Men and women to have equal rights and opportunities in the political,
economic and social spheres.

Article 15(1) - Prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex etc.

Article 15(3) - Special provision enabling the State to make affirmative discriminations
in favour of women.

Article 16 - Equality of opportunities in matter of public appointments for all citizens.

Article 39(a) - The State shall direct its policy towards securing all citizens men and
women, equally, the right to means of livelihood.

Article 39(d) – Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

Article 42 - The State to make provision for ensuring just and humane conditions of
work and maternity relief.

Article 51 (A) (e) –To renounce the practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
2) Legislations and laws for women –

The State enacted several women-specific and women-related legislations (Box 2) to

protect women against social discrimination, violence and atrocities in the workplace.

Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides for equal pay to men and women for equal
work.

Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act of 1986 and the Commission of

Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 has been enacted to protect the dignity of women and
prevent violence against them as well as their exploitation in the workplace.

Apart from these, there are a number of laws which may not be gender specific but still
have ramifications on women. Even amongst six basic principles of governance laid
down by the Government, one of them is to empower women politically, educationally,
economically and legally.

3) International Commitments and conventions-

India has ratified various international conventions and human rights instruments
committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the
Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
in 1993. India has ratified the convention with two declaratory statements and one
reservation.
Critics of political advertising also charge that the 30-second television spot has become
more important to a political campaign than a thorough discussion of the issues. As a
result, voters are bombarded with image advertising rather than being acquainted with
the candidate’s positions. They contend that this practice is harmful to good
government. Issues are simplified, and candidates are “packaged and sold” much like
consumer product, thereby distorting the political process.

4) Independent Initiatives-

 The Support for Training and Employment Programme (STEP), launched in

1987, provides a comprehensive package of upgradation of skills through
training, extension inputs and market linkages to poor and asset less women in
the traditional sectors of agriculture, dairy farming, handicrafts, handlooms,
animal husbandry, sericulture and fisheries.
 Swawlamban Progamme, previously known as NORAD/ Women’s Economic
Programme, was launched in 1982-1983 with assistance from the Norwegian
Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). The objective of the
programme is to provide training and skills to women to facilitate them to either
obtain employment or become self-employed on a sustainable basis. The target
groups under the scheme are the poor and needy women and women from
weaker sections of the society, such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,
etc. Financial assistance under the programme is provided to Women’s
Development Corporations, Public Sector Corporations, autonomous bodies, 108
Trusts and Registered Voluntary Organizations. Some of the trades in which
training is imparted, include computer programming, medical transcription,
electronics, assembling, consumer electronics, repair, radio & television repairs,
garment making, handloom weaving, handicrafts, secretarial practice,
community health work, embroidery, etc. Financial assistance is also provided to
the grantee organizations for hiring of training-cum production sheds, training
cost, machinery & equipment’s stipend to trainees and remuneration for the
trainers. The upper ceiling for assistance under this schemes is Rs.8000/- per
beneficiary.

 ‘Swadhar’ , another scheme launched for economic empowerment of women in

2001-02 provides the holistic and integrated services to women in difficult
circumstances, such as destitute widows deserted by their families in religious
place like Vrindavan and Kashi; women prisoners released from jail and without
family support; women survivors of natural disasters who have been rendered
homeless and are without any social and economic support; trafficked women/
girls or victims of sexual crimes, who are disowned by family or who do not want
to go back to their respective family for various reasons; women victims of
terrorist violence who are without any family support; mentally challenged
women who are without any support of family or relatives, etc. The package of
services made available under the Scheme include provision for food, clothing,
shelter, health care counseling and legal support; social and economic
rehabilitation through education, awareness generation, skill upgradation and
behavioral training. The scheme also supports a helpline for women in distress.
 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

On analysing the advertising campaigns currently present around the globe, some key
features can be found. These arise due to the varying socio-cultural mindset and ethnic
identity of the population present in those specific regions of the world. This is reflected
in the various ways, some of which are as follows:-

1. The global literacy rate for women is 82.7% as compared to India where it is
64.6%.

2. Female labour force participation in India as compared to other countries in

South Asia are as below:

3. The global wage gap rate is 16% as compared to India where it is 34%.
 CHAPTER 3-
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
 DATA ANALYSIS
1) Literacy rates in India-

90

80

70

60

50 Persons
Males
40
Females
30

20

10

0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

From the above table, we can see that there is an upward trend in the literacy rate of
women. Between the years 1951 and 2011, it is observed that the primary education of
female individuals has increased from 8.9% to 64.6%. During that same time period,
primary education levels of male individuals has increased from 27.2% to 80.9%.
 2) Female Labour Force Participation

90

80

70

60

50 Female Labour Force

Participation
40 Male Labour Force Prticipation

30

20

10

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

From the above table, we can see that there is an upward trend in the FLFP of women
between the years 1990 and 2005 but it reduces thereafter.
 3) Per capita income of women vs. men in India-

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000 Females
Total
800
Males
600

400

200

0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

As it can be seen in the above table, there is a significant disparity between the per
capita income of men and women in India. This may be the case due to a variety of
reasons.
 CHAPTER 4-
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
 CONCLUSIONS

 There has been a significant increase in the primary education levels of women
over the past 60 years (between 1951 and 2011) based on the data collected by
the Census of India. This leads us to the conclusion that the various policies
enforced by the Government of India have been somewhat successful.

 There is a significant disparity between the primary education levels of male and
female individuals. Therefore, it can be concluded that a significant amount of
biasness in favour of men is still in force in present day society.

 Even with an increase in the literacy rates of women, it can be seen that female
labour force participation has reduced over the years. These may be attributed
to various legal, normative, and economic constraints to work. Employers may
deem it to be less apt to hire a woman over an equally qualified man.

 As long as there are norms against women’s market engagement which are still
in play, we can expect to see gender-based discrimination in hiring, legal or
otherwise, and gender wage gaps.

 Wage gap is heavily present in the economy of India. There are various
contributing factors for this wage gap, such as:
1) Occupational preferences
2) Cultural barriers
3) Education and training
4) Unpaid work
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 It is not enough to just put laws and policies in place. Effective implementation of
such laws is necessary so that the benefits of putting such laws in place can be
enjoyed by the women they are intended for.

 In all economic empowerment programmes, it is essential to reach out to women

most in need, often by engaging with grass-roots and civil society organizations.
Particularly marginalized groups include rural women, domestic workers, some
migrants and low-skilled women.

 New policies should be created and implemented keeping in mind the

requirements specific to the region of the country in which such policies will be
enforced, which would lead to the most effective and efficient policies.

 Projects and interventions alone are insufficient. Changing social norms around
marriage, work and household duties will have to be part of the agenda.

 The growing body of evidence that shows that gender equality significantly
contributes to advancing economies and sustainable development should be
made available to the general public to increase awareness and provide an
incentive to change the regressive thought processes that are prevalent in the
country.

 The Government of India should start working with a variety of partners to

create programmes which promote women’s ability to secure decent jobs,
accumulate assets, and influence institutions and public policies determining
growth and development.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND
WEBOLOGY
 WEBOLOGY
https://www.ijrter.com/published_special_issues/30-11-2016/a-review-on-role-of-
women-in-indian-economy.pdf

http://in.one.un.org/unibf/gender-equality/

https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/facu
lty-working-papers/women_work_india_cidwp339.pdf

https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-
development/womenseconomicempowerment.htm

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/121527/8/08_chapter%202.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India#History_of_women_in_India

https://www.cfr.org/blog/ten-factors-affect-womens-economic-empowerment

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28127/5/05_chapter%203.pdf

http://censusindia.gov.in/

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=IN

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-
new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_638305.pdf

https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/despite-same-
qualifications-indian-men-get-30-more-pay-than-women-118060500107_1.html

https://tradingeconomics.com/india/gdp-per-capita

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-women-empowerment