Term Paper Presentation

EE – 5232
High Voltage & Insulation Engineering

Dielectric Spectroscopy in
Time and Frequency Domain
 Presented to:
Dr. J C Pandey,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT-BHU

Presented by:
Girish Gupta Vivek Kumar
Roll no. 15082023 Roll no. 15082020
Power System Power System
M. Tech M. Tech
 CONTENTS
 Need for Dielectric Spectroscopy
 Why Dielectric Spectroscopy
 Dielectric Response
 What is Dielectric Spectroscopy
 Frequency Domain Spectroscopy
 Time Domain Spectroscopy
 Results from Spectroscopy
 Precautions
 1. NEED FOR DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY
 Most dangerous breakdowns are caused by the aging
effects of HV insulation systems used within HV
components.
 Traditionally to avoid any damage to the equipments
Time Based Maintenance have been used which is
costly in nature.
 Now there is a move towards Condition Based
Maintenance which reduces the maintenance cost and
increases the life of the equipments.
 For CBM, the actual conditions of equipments must be
known.
 For knowing the actual conditions, Dielectric
Spectroscopy is used as a powerful tool.
 2. WHY DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY
 Dielectric properties are dependent on many factors,
e.g. on frequency, time, temperature, chemical
composition of an individual dielectric, or on the
structure of an insulation system composed of
different dielectrics.
 Most of the above factors are measured and analyzed
using standardized test but they are performed at
power frequency only.
 The above quantities at single frequency is insufficient
to find changes is dielectric properties of materials.
 So Dielectric Spectroscopy is used.
 3. DIELECTRIC RESPONSE
 Every kind of insulation material consists, at an atomic
level, of negative and positive charges balancing each
other.
 When a material is exposed to an electric field the
positive and negative charges become oriented thus
forming different kinds of dipoles even on atomic
scales.
 These dipoles leads to Dipole Moment which can be
written as
P=αE
where α = Polarizability
E = applied Electric Field
P = Dipole Moment / Polarizability
 Different types of Polarization are :-
a. Electron polarization - the displacement of nuclear and
electrons in the atom under the influence of external
electric field. It is effective up to optical frequencies and is
very fast.
b. Atomic polarization - the displacement of atoms or atom
groups in the molecule under the influence of external
electric field. It can be polarized up to Infra Red
frequencies.
c. Dipolar polarization – materials containing molecules
with permanent dipole moments with orientations
statistically distributed due to the action of thermal
energy. It follow frequency up to MHz or GHz.
d. Interfacial polarization – is effective in insulating
materials composed of different dielectric materials. It
occurs in Power frequency and below.
 In summary, the dielectric polarization is the result of
a relative shift of positive and negative charges in a
material.
 During all of these processes, the electric field is not
able to force the charges to escape from the material,
which would cause inherent electric conduction in
Dielectric or Insulator.
 For insulators Polarization P and electric field E is
related as
P= χ ε E
where χ = susceptibility ( relating to all process)
ε = permittivity of free space.
 Now usual sense says that when applied Electric field
should be made zero, Polarization should also become
zero i.e. Depolarization should happen.
 But in reality that do not happen. There is a delay in
the whole depolarization process which is known as
relaxation time.
 So longer the relaxation time, lesser the quality of
Insulator.
 Similarly there is polarization time also for a material.

 Dielectric Spectroscopy picks the above said points for

the analysis.
 Also as all dielectric quantities depends on
temperature also, it is also taken into account during
the process.
 4. WHAT IS DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY
 Dielectric spectroscopy measures the dielectric
properties of a medium as a function of frequency
or time.
 It is also known as Impedance Spectroscopy or
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS).
 It is based on the interaction of an external field with
the electric dipole moment of the sample, often
expressed by permittivity.
 This technique measures the impedance of a system
over a range of frequencies, and so the frequency
response of the system, including the energy storage
and dissipation properties, is revealed.
 Often, data obtained by EIS is expressed
graphically in a Bode plot or a Nyquist plot. It can
also be expressed as logarithmic function of
frequency also.
 It is of two types:- Frequency Domain and Time
Domain.
 It is also an experimental method of characterizing
electrochemical systems.
 5. FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY
 It includes the measurement of capacitance and
dissipation factor (tan delta) over a frequency range
of 0.1 mHz to 1 kHz.
 This technique can also be seen as the extension of
the measurement of the dissipation factor at the
power frequency.
 Also here Frequency response analyzers is used in
measuring dielectric permittivity's in the frequency
range 10-2 - 106 Hz.
 An a.c. voltage V1 is applied to the sample, and then
a resistor R, or alternatively a current-to-voltage
converter for low frequencies, converts the sample
current Is, into a voltage V2 .
 Taking an example of Transformer bushing, A
sinusoidal signal is applied to the high voltage
bushing and current is measured through the low
voltage terminal.
 V1  V2 V1  V2
Zs   R
Is V2
 If the applied voltage is an alternating signal at a
frequency w, then the measured capacitance is a
complex quantity and whose real and imaginary
parts correspond directly to the real and imaginary
components of the complex permittivity.
 Here the sample is represented by an equivalent
parallel plate capacitor.
 Here A is the plate area of the capacitance, C(w) is the
permittivity and w is the distance between two plates.
C’(w) corresponds to the ordinary capacitance,
while the imaginary component C’’(w) represents
the dielectric loss component.
 Now the dissipation factor from above eq. is
calculated as
 This factor is plotted as the function of frequencies
and the plotted over the Nyquist plot.
 On the basis of the readings taken, the graph is
plotted which can be seen here. Here is the plotting
of dissipation factor w.r.t. frequency for the samples.
 On the basis of the readings taken, the graph is
plotted which can be seen here. Here is the
plotting of capacitancew.r.t. frequency for the
samples.
 5. TIME DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY
 Here the measurement of polarization and
depolarization currents (PDC) following a dc voltage
step is done.
 It is made sure that voltage source free from any
ripple and noise is taken to measure the above
currents with sufficient accuracy.
 The procedure consists in applying a dc charging
voltage of certain magnitude to the test object for a
long time (e.g., 10,000 s).
 As each type of polarization have different time
periods from short to large, that’s why such a large
time is taken.
 As

P= χ ε E
and all the polarization are time dependent, the
susceptibility in the above eq. is treated as a function of
time to do the analysis.
 So for doing the analysis, a step voltage is applied to
the sample with the following arrangement:-
 Here DC supply upto 1000 volts can be used and
current is in picoamperes measured by
electrometers.
 In the above, Ipol is measured until it decays down to
zero or takes a steady state value of low magnitude
for considerable larger time.
 Now after the constant value of polarization current,
sample is short circuited to measure the
depolarization current.
 The same procedure is applied for the depolarization
current also so as to measure the time taken by the
sample to depolarize completely.
 The waveforms for the voltages and current is shown
as below: -

 The time period upto Tc and T is used to characterize

the dielectric properties of the material.
 Here the larger the value of the currents, the larger
the conductivity of the material so more worse it is.
 5. RESULTS FROM SPECTROSCOPY
 Many a times when the dielectric spectroscopy have
been used, certain conclusions have been found out
about the samples which are:-
 polarisation and depolarisation currents increase with
temperature increase.
 Both currents also increase with the moisture content
around the sample.
 temperature, ageing and water content caused a higher
increase of dissipation factor and capacitance at lower
frequencies.
 6. PRECAUTIONS
 The equipment in operation must be removed from
service before performing measurements using this
technique.
 Dielectric measurements require constant insulation
temperatures during application for accurateness, as
the polarization phenomena are temperature
dependent. So temperature must be kept constant
during the test.
 The charging time period should be large enough to
complete all the polarization and depolarization
technicques.
 Moisture content around sample should be controlled
and measured for getting precise data.
 Electromagnetic devices should be avoided at all cost
as it can disrupt the devices used.