Mosquito

Control
SUBMITTED BY:
Jessa Aurella
Kamille Shane Calvez
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MARJORIC A. PENETRANTE
 Mosquito Control
Overview
Mosquito control talks about the understanding on how mosquitoes originate, live
and be controlled in order to maintain a balance in the ecosystem as well as to avoid the
rampant distribution of different cases of diseases caused by it.

2
Table of Contents

Contents Page
Objectives 1
Introduction 1
 Trivia questions 12
 Technical Terms 13
 Review questions 14
Summary 15
Conclusion 17
Test Question
Answer Key
References

3
Objectives:
At the end of the report, the students will be able:
 To know what is mosquito.
 To know the effects of mosquitos in human health
 To be able to understand the importance of Mosquito control
as a part of human sanitation

4
 Introduction
Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs,
feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.
The life cycle consists of the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are laid on the water surface;
they hatch into motile larvae which feed on aquatic algae and organic material; pupae are breathing
non-flying primitive adults.
Thousands of species feed on the blood of various hosts: mainly vertebrates,
including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even some kinds of fish; and
some invertebrates, mainly other arthropods. This loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the
host.
The saliva of the mosquito transmitted to the host with the bite can cause itching and a rash.
Lifecycle
Like all flies, mosquitoes go through four stages in their lifecycles: egg, larva, pupa, and
adult or imago. The first three stages—egg, larva, and pupa—are largely aquatic. These stages
typically last 5 to 14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature, but there are
important exceptions.
Eggs hatch to become larvae, which grow until they are able to change into pupae. The
adult mosquito emerges from the mature pupa as it floats at the water surface. Bloodsucking
mosquitoes, depending on species, sex, and weather conditions, have potential adult lifespans
ranging from as short as a week to as long as several months.

5
Larva
Mosquito eggs hatch into larvae called wigglers, which are seldom more than ½ inch
long. Wigglers have three body sections; a small head, an enlarged middle section (thorax),
and a long cylinder shaped abdomen. Wigglers lived only in water and feed on microscopic
plants, animals and organic debris suspended in the water or growing in a biofilm (thin,
slimy layer of bacteria growing on a surface). They filter the food particles from the water
with their brush-like mouth parts. The larvae of some mosquito species feed on larvae of
other mosquito species.
Most mosquito larvae mature in 4 to 10 days, passing through four growth stages
before transforming into pupae. The length of the larval development periods depends on
the species, temperature and availability of food.

Pupa
The pupa stage is the transitional stage between the larvae and the adults. Mosquito
pupae are sometimes called tumblers because of the tumbling motion they exhibit in water
when disturbed. Mosquito pupae do not eat. Most of the time they lie at the water surface
and tend to move only when disturbed. The pupae are comma-shaped and like the larvae,
breathe through air tubes into the water surface.
The front of the pupa’s body is greatly enlarged, consisting of a fused head and
thorax. A pair of breathing tubes or they called trumpets, extends from the back of the
thorax. The pupal abdomen or tail consists of several segments that move freely. The pupal
stage may last from 1 to 10 days or more, depending on the species or temperature.

6
Adult
Adult mosquitos are small to medium sized with wings, long legs, and elongated
abdomens. The coloration varies. Male mosquitoes have feathery antennae; the female’s
antennae have short sparse hairs. Male mosquitoes feed only on nectar, plant juices and
other sources of liquid carbohydrates. They usually emerge a few hours up to a few days
before the females emerge. The males rest in vegetation surrounding the mergence site,
waiting for the females to emerge. Females mosquitoes also feed on nectar, plant sap and
other sources of plant carbohydrates energy. However, most female species must have a
blood meal as a source of protein before they can produce eggs.

The life Cycle of Mosquitoes

7
 Common Types of Mosquitoes

CULEX MOSQUITOES
Typically bite at night both indoors and outdoors; they prefer avian hosts, but will bite
humans.

Transmit diseases such as: West Nile Virus, Western/Eastern Equine Encephalitis.
Lay eggs in rafts on the water surface of polluted freshwater sites and artificial containers.

Distribution: All parts of the U.S.

ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES
Bite indoors and outdoors between dusk and dawn and prefer human and mammal hosts.

Transmit diseases such as: Malaria.

Lay eggs with floats on the surface of natural, vegetated water bodies (e.g., ponds, marshes,
swamps).

8
Distribution: Eastern and Western U.S.
5

AEDES MOSQUITOES
Unlike the “typical” mosquito of the U.S., they are active day biters and humans are their
preferred hosts.
Transmit diseases such as: Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Dengue.

Lay eggs singly on or near the surface of temporary water sources (e.g., used tires, flower pots,
pools, roof tanks).
Distribution: Across the East Coast, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, and Southern U.S.

9
Impact on the Ecosystem
The only silver lining to that cloud of mosquitoes in your garden is that they are a
reliable source of food for thousands of animals, including birds, bats, dragonflies, and
frogs. In addition, humans are actually not the first choice for most mosquitoes looking for
a meal. They usually prefer horses, cattle, and birds.

Distribution
Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region except
Antarctica and a few islands with polar or subpolar climates. Iceland is such an island,
being essentially free of mosquitoes.
The absence of mosquitoes from Iceland and similar regions is probably because of quirks
of their climate, which differs in some respects from mainland regions.

10
Vectors of disease
Mosquito-borne diseases include:
 Viral diseases, such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya, transmitted
mostly by Aedes aegypti.

 The parasitic diseases collectively called malaria, caused by various species

of Plasmodium, carried by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles
 Lymphatic filariasis (the main cause of elephantiasis) which can be spread by a wide
variety of mosquito species
 West Nile Virus is a concern in the United States, but there are no reliable statistics on
worldwide cases.
 Tularemia, a bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis, is variously
transmitted, including by biting flies. Culex and Culiseta are vectors of tularemia, as
well as arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus.
Zika, recently notorious, though rarely deadly. It causes fever, joint pain, rashes and
conjunctivitis.

11
Mosquito Control
Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitos to reduce their damage to human
health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice
throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many
diseases, such as malaria and the Zika virus.
Mosquito-control operations are targeted against three different problems:

1. Nuisance mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and recreational

areas;
2. Economically important mosquitoes reduce real estate values, adversely
affect tourism and related business interests, or negatively impact livestock or
poultry production;
3. Public health is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of
infectious disease.
Depending on the situation, source reduction, biocontrol, larviciding (killing
of larvae), or adulticiding (killing of adults) may be used to manage mosquito populations.
These techniques are accomplished using habitat modification, pesticide, biological-
control agents, and trapping. The advantage of non-toxic methods of control is they can be
used in Conservation Areas.

12
Monitoring mosquito populations
Adult mosquito populations may be monitored by landing rate counts, or by
mechanical traps. For landing rate counts, an inspector visits a set number of sites every
day, counting the number of adult female mosquitoes that land on a part of the body, such

13
as an arm or both legs, within a given time interval. Mechanical traps use a fan to blow
adult mosquitoes into a collection bag that is taken back to the laboratory for analysis of
catch. The mechanical traps use visual cues (light, black/white contrasts) or chemical
attractants that are normally given off by mosquito hosts

8
(e.g.,. carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic acid, octenol) to attract adult female mosquitoes.
These cues are often used in combination.

Source reduction
Since many mosquitoes breed in standing water, source reduction can be as simple
as emptying water from containers around the home. This is something that homeowners
can accomplish. Eliminating such mosquito breeding areas can be an extremely effective
and permanent way to reduce mosquito populations without resorting to insecticides

Biocontrol
Biological control or "biocontrol" is the use of natural enemies to manage mosquito
populations. There are several types of biological control including the direct introduction
of parasites, pathogens and predators to target mosquitoes. Effective biocontrol agents
include predatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae such as mosquitofish (Gambusia
affinis) and some cyprinids (carps and minnows) and killifish. Tilapia also
consume mosquito larvae.

Trap larva
This is a process of achieving sustainable mosquito control in an eco-friendly
manner by providing artificial breeding grounds with an ovitrap or an ovillanta utilizing
common household utensils and destroying larvae by non-hazardous natural means such
as throwing them in dry places or feeding them to larvae eating fishes like Gambusia
affinis, or suffocating them by spreading a thin plastic sheet over the entire water surface
to block atmospheric air. Shifting the water with larvae to another vessel and pouring a few
drops of kerosene oil or insecticide/larvicide in it is another option for killing wrigglers,

14
but not preferred due to its environmental impact. Most of the ornamental fishes eat
mosquito larvae.

Trap adult
In several experiments, researchers utilized mosquito traps. This process allowed
both the opportunity to determine which mosquitoes were affected, and provided a group
to be re-released with genetic modifications resulting in the OX513A variant to reduce
reproduction. Adult mosquitoes are attracted inside the trap where they die of dehydration.

Oil drip
An oil drip can or oil drip barrel was a common and nontoxic antimosquito measure.
The thin layer of oil on top of the water prevents mosquito breeding in two ways: mosquito
larvae in the water cannot penetrate the oil film with their breathing tube, and so drown
and die; also adult mosquitoes do not lay eggs on the oiled water.

Larviciding
Control of larvae can be accomplished through use of contact poisons, growth
regulators, surface films, stomach poisons (including bacterial agents), and biological
agents such as fungi, nematodes, copepods, and fish.

Adulticiding
Control of adult mosquitoes is the most familiar aspect of mosquito control to most
of the public. It is accomplished by ground-based applications or via aerial application of
residual chemical insecticides such as Duet. Generally modern mosquito-control programs
in developed countries use low-volume applications of insecticides, although some
programs may still use thermal fogging. Beside, fogging there are some other insect
repellents for indoors and outdoors. An example of a synthetic insect repellent is DEET. A
naturally occurring repellent is citronella. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is another
method of adulticide. Walls of properties are sprayed with an insecticide, the mosquitoes
die when they land on the surface covered in insecticide.

15
 10
Mosquito Control and Prevention
 The best way to control mosquitoes is to remove potential egg laying sites
 Remove any sources of standing water
- Add drainage holes to structures or containers that may trap water (barrels, old
tires)
- Change or circulate the water in pet bowls and birdbaths at least once a week
- Fill tree holes with sand, mortar or place drainage holes to prevent standing water
- Clean roof gutters to prevent them from becoming clogged and holding water
- Properly dispose of all trash, especially anything that could hold water
 Keep weeds and other vegetation mowed and trimmed to minimize shelter for adult
mosquitoes
 For areas with ponds, consider stocking mosquito-eating fish
 Control of mosquito larvae
- The use of larvacides is a consideration, but should only be used as a supplemental
measure
- Use only larvicides approved for use in your area; Check with your local extension
office of department of pest management for a list of approved pesticides
- Do not apply pesticides to moving water (i.e. streams)
- Always read and follow all label directions
- Non-chemical pesticides (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) may be an
option
Methoprene products can be used to treat areas that collect water, such as bird baths,
urns, old tires, flower pots, abandoned swimming pools, etc.
 Control of Adult Mosquitoes
- This is the least efficient way to control mosquitoes

16
 - Special equipment is needed to apply pesticides to kill adult mosquitoes
(adulticides); small droplets are produced that drift through the air and contact adult
mosquitoes to kill them
- Check with your local extension office or department of pest management to
determine which pesticides are approved for use in your area
- The use of pesticides should only be supplemental to controlling mosquitoes
through the reduction and management of mosquito egg laying sites

11
Trivia:

Did you know?

 Mosquitos exist since Jurassic period?

 They doesn’t have tooth?
 Mosquitos sucks blood mostly thrice as much as its own weight?
 Mosquitos are the deadliest animal?
 Mosquitos do not transmit HIV/AIDS
 They have a life span of less than 2 months
 Dark clothing attracts mosquitos?
 Female mosquitos lay up to 300 eggs at a time?
 Only female mosquitos do the actual biting and bloodsucking?
 Mosquitos hibernate?
 They have the deadliest saliva
 If you thing that mosquitoes bite you because you “taste sweet” you might be right?
 Hot water after bite wipes and hydrocortisone cream can make the bite itch less?
 Drinking beer makes you more attractive to mosquitoes?
 Mosquitoes can detect carbon dioxide?
 Mosquitoes fly below 25 feet?
 Mosquitoes are more attractive to women than men?
 Male mosquitoes locate females by the sound of their wings?

17
 12

Technical Terms

Mosquitoes- have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like
legs, feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.
Mosquito control- manages the population of mosquitos to reduce their damage to human
health, economies, and enjoyment.
Biocontrol- is the use of natural enemies to manage mosquito populations.
Trap Larva- This is a process of achieving sustainable mosquito control in an eco-friendly
manner by providing artificial breeding grounds with an ovitrap or an ovillanta utilizing
common household utensils and destroying larvae by non-hazardous natural means such
as throwing them in dry places or feeding them to larvae eating fishes like Gambusia
affinis, or suffocating them by spreading a thin plastic sheet over the entire water surface
to block atmospheric air.
Trap Adult- This process allowed both the opportunity to determine which mosquitoes
were affected, and provided a group to be re-released with genetic modifications resulting
in the OX513A variant to reduce reproduction.
Oil drip can or oil drip barrel- was a common and nontoxic antimosquito measure.

18
Larviciding- control of larvae can be accomplished through use of contact poisons, growth
regulators, surface films, stomach poisons (including bacterial agents), and biological
agents such as fungi, nematodes, copepods, and fish.
Adulticiding- control of adult mosquitoes is the most familiar aspect of mosquito control
to most of the public. It is accomplished by ground-based applications or via aerial
application of residual chemical insecticides such as Duet.

13
Review Questions:

1. What do you think is the reason behind the wide population of mosquitoes? Explain.
2. What is mosquito and the stages it undergoes to be fully develop as a mosquito?
3. Explain why do we need to control mosquitoes when it is considered as an important
insect?

19
 14

Summary

Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs,
feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.

The life cycle consists of the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are laid on the water surface;
they hatch into motile larvae which feed on aquatic algae and organic material; pupae are breathing
non-flying primitive adults.

The saliva of the mosquito transmitted to the host with the bite can cause itching and a rash.
Like all flies, mosquitoes go through four stages in their lifecycles: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
or imago. The first three stages—egg, larva, and pupa—are largely aquatic. These stages typically
last 5 to 14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature, but there are important
exceptions.

Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region except
Antarctica and a few islands with polar or subpolar climates. Iceland is such an island, being
essentially free of mosquitoes. The absence of mosquitoes from Iceland and similar regions

20
is probably because of quirks of their climate, which differs in some respects from
mainland regions.

Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitos to reduce their damage to human
health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice
throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many
diseases, such as malaria and the Zika virus.

Mosquito-control operations are targeted against three different problems:

1. Nuisance mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and recreational

areas;
2. Economically important mosquitoes reduce real estate values, adversely
affect tourism and related business interests, or negatively impact livestock or
poultry production;
3. Public health is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of
infectious disease.

15

Depending on the situation, source reduction, biocontrol, larviciding (killing

of larvae), or adulticiding (killing of adults) may be used to manage mosquito populations.
These techniques are

accomplished using habitat modification, pesticide, biological-control agents, and

trapping. The advantage of non-toxic methods of control is they can be used
in Conservation Areas.

21
 16

Conclusion

The identification of the mosquito breeding sites and types of mosquito in any given
area is useful in the planning of control strategies against mosquito-borne diseases. As there
is a need to break the man-mosquito contact in order to reduce the transmission of mosquito
related infections. The urban and rural dwellers should be enlightened in those
environmental factors that contribute to mosquito breeding. Also, health education
programs, which highlights the biology and ecology of mosquitos should be encouraged
so as to develop a comprehensive control programme, as our lack of knowledge of

22
mosquito ecology will hamper our efforts to capitalize on molecular advances and hinder
the control of mosquito-borne diseases.

17
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
ROXAS CITY MAIN CAMPUS
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz
Website: www.capsu.edu.ph Email address: roxas@capsu.edu.ph
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
SANITARY ENGINEERING (CE ELECT 401)
Second Semester S.Y. 2018-2019
QUIZ (MOSQUITO CONTROL)

23
Name: Year/Section: Date:

I. Read the statements carefully and write “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if the
statement incorrect. Write your answers in the space provided. (1 pt. each)

1. Female mosquitoes feed only on nectar, plant juices and other sources of liquid
carbohydrates
2. Mosquito pupae do not eat.
3. Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region excluding
Antarctica.
4. Male species must have a blood meal as a source of protein before they can produce
eggs.
5. Dengue fever is transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti.
6. West Nile Virus (the main cause of elephantiasis) can be spread by a wide variety of
mosquito species.
7. Mosquito control manages the population of rodents to reduce their damage to human
health, economies, and enjoyment.
8. Economically important mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and
recreational areas.
9. Mosquitofish is a biocontrol agent that feeds on mosquito larvae.
10. The best way to control mosquitoes is to provide potential egg laying sites.

II. Underline the letter of the best answer. (2 pts. each)

1. ___ have slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs,
feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.
a. flies b. dragonflies c. mosquito fish d.
mosquitoes
2. The ___ of the mosquito transmitted to the host with a bite can cause itching and a rash.
a. proboscis b. egg c. saliva d. venom
3. Mosquito eggs hatch to become ____.
a. pupae b. larvae c. slither.io d.
butterflies
4. Vermin Control is located at ____ in the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
a. Chapter XV b. Chapter XVI c. Chapter XX d. Chapter
1

24
 5. ____ is recently notorious, though rarely deadly. It causes fever, joint pain, rashes and
conjunctivitis.
a. Dengue b. Ziga c. Malaria d. Zika
6. ____is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of infectious disease
a. Disease b. Public Health c.Vaccine d.
Medicine
7. ___ can be as simple as emptying water from containers around the home.
a. standing water b. biocontrol c. source reduction d. oil drip
8. This process allowed both the opportunity to determine which mosquitoes were affected,
and provided a group to be re-released with genetic modifications resulting in the OX513A
variant to reduce reproduction.
a. Trap larva b. Trap reproduction c. Trap adult d. Trap
nation
9. ____ is a method to control larvae where contact poisons, growth regulators, surface films,
stomach poisons (including bacterial agents), and biological agents such as fungi, nematodes,
copepods, and fish.
a. Larviciding b. Larvidicing c.Poisoning d.Trap
Larva
10. Control of mosquito larvae includes the following except the use of ____.
a. larvacides b.non- chemical pesticides c.metrophene products d.
mosquito net
11. Mosquitoes transmit HIV/AIDS.
a. Yes b. No c. Maybe d. Not
sure
III. Enumeration.
1-4 Life Cycle of Mosquitoes In Order
5-11 Mosquito-borne Diseases
12-17 Methods Used to Manage Mosquito Populations

25
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
ROXAS CITY MAIN CAMPUS
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz
Website: www.capsu.edu.ph Email address: roxas@capsu.edu.ph
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
SANITARY ENGINEERING (CE ELECT 401)
Second Semester S.Y. 2018-2019
QUIZ (MOSQUITO CONTROL)

Name: Year/Section: Date:

I. Read the statements carefully and write “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if the
statement incorrect. Write your answers in the space provided. (1 pt. each)

FALSE1. Female mosquitoes feed only on nectar, plant juices and other sources of liquid
carbohydrates
TRUE 2. Mosquito pupae do not eat.
TRUE 3. Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region excluding
Antarctica.
FALSE 4. Male species must have a blood meal as a source of protein before they can produce
eggs.
TRUE 5. Dengue fever is transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti.
FALSE 6. West Nile Virus (the main cause of elephantiasis) can be spread by a wide variety of
mosquito species.
FALSE 7. Mosquito control manages the population of rodents to reduce their damage to human
health, economies, and enjoyment.
FALSE 8. Economically important mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and
recreational areas.
TRUE 9. Mosquitofish is a biocontrol agent that feeds on mosquito larvae.
FALSE 10. The best way to control mosquitoes is to provide potential egg laying sites.

II. Underline the letter of the best answer. (2 pts. each)

1. ___ have slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs,
feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.
b. flies b. dragonflies c. mosquitofish d.
mosquitoes

26
 2. The ___ of the mosquito transmitted to the host with a bite can cause itching and a rash.
a. proboscis b. egg c. saliva d. venom
3. Mosquito eggs hatch to become ____.
a. pupae b. larvae c. slither.io d.
butterflies
4. Vermin Control is located at ____ in the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
a. Chapter XV b. Chapter XVI c. Chapter XX d. Chapter
1
5. ____ is recently notorious, though rarely deadly. It causes fever, joint pain, rashes and
conjunctivitis.
a. Dengue b. Ziga c. Malaria d. Zika
6. ____is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of infectious disease
a. Disease b. Public Health c.Vaccine d.
Medicine
7. ___ can be as simple as emptying water from containers around the home.
a. standing water b. biocontrol c. source reduction d. oil drip
8. This process allowed both the opportunity to determine which mosquitoes were affected,
and provided a group to be re-released with genetic modifications resulting in the OX513A
variant to reduce reproduction.
a. Trap larva b. Trap reproduction c. Trap adult d. Trap
nation
9. ____ is a method to control larvae where contact poisons, growth regulators, surface films,
stomach poisons (including bacterial agents), and biological agents such as fungi, nematodes,
copepods, and fish.
a. Larviciding b. Larvidicing c.Poisoning d.Trap
Larva
10. Control of mosquito larvae includes the following except the use of ____.
a. larvacides b.non- chemical pesticides c.metrophene products d.
mosquito net
11. Mosquitoes transmit HIV/AIDS.
a. Yes b. No c. Maybe d. Not
sure
III. Enumeration.
1-4 Life Cycle of Mosquitoes In Order

27
 (egg, larva, pupa, adult)
5-11 Mosquito-borne Diseases
(Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Chikunguniya, Lymphatic Filariasis, West Nile Virus, Tularemia,
Zika Virus)
12-17 Methods Used to Manage Mosquito Populations
(source reduction, biocontrol, trap larva, trap adult, larviciding, adulticiding)

References:
https://www.ecolab.com/pages/common-types-of-mosquitoes
https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/mosquitoes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_control
"Chapter 4: Mosquito Control Through Source Reduction". Florida Mosquito Control (White
Paper). Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control. Archived from the original on 28
October 2008

Petrić D, Bellini R, Scholte EJ, Rakotoarivony LM, Schaffner F (April 2014). "Monitoring
population and environmental parameters of invasive mosquito species in Europe". Parasites &
Vectors. 7 (1): 187. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-187. PMC 4005621. PMID 24739334.

^ D., Daniel Markowski, Ph. "Mosquito Surveillance For Effective Mosquito Population Control".
Retrieved 2018-12-03.

^ Healy K, Hamilton G, Crepeau T, Healy S, Unlu I, Farajollahi A, Fonseca DM (2014-09-

25). "Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can
lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats". PLOS One. 9 (9):
e108504. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108504. PMC 4177891. PMID 25255027.

^Mainali S, Lamichhane RS, Clark K, Beatty S, Fatouros M, Neville P, Oosthuizen J (March

2017). ""Looking over the Backyard Fence": Householders and Mosquito Control". International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (3):
246. doi:10.3390/ijerph14030246. PMC 5369082. PMID 28257079

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