VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT ON

To Study Communication System used in Do-228 Aircraft

Submitted to
HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED
(TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT DIVISION, KANPUR)

SUBMITTED BY
SOFI YADAV
ARNAV
DIVYANSHU VERMA
B.Tech. (ECE) 6th Semester

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
TRAINING PERIOD: 1ST JUNE TO 28TH JUNE, 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our vocational training at the HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED, TRANSPORT

AIRCRAFT DIVISION (T.A.D) KANPUR has been extremely fruitful during our training

period of four weeks (i.e. from 1-june-2019 to 28-june-2019). This gave us an opportunity to

visit the department name DORNIER-228. In this department we studied about AVIONICS

system, used in DORNIER-228.

For impacting such an amount of invaluable knowledge to us, first of all we

want to sincerely thank Mr. B.S Randhawa (Chief manager, AVIONICS ASSEMBLY). He

provided us installation manuals and handbooks on AVIONICS. We would like to thank our

parents for their normal support and our friends with whom we shared our day to day experience

and received lots of suggestion that improved our quality of work.

Sofi Yadav

Arnav

Divyanshu Verma

B. Tech 3rd year, ECE

 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that summer training report titled “To Study Communication
System used in DORNIER DO-228 Aircraft” in Hindustan Aeronautics Limited,
Transport Aircraft Division, Kanpur is submitted by students of B. Tech (3rd year)
and their names are mentioned below. They have successfully completed their 4
weeks’ summer training at HAL (TAD), Kanpur from 01/06/2019 to 28/06/2019,
under my guidance and supervision.

I further certify that this work is an original work done by them at HAL-TAD,
Kanpur.

I wish them all success in his life.

Name of the students:

Sofi Yadav

Arnav

Divyanshu Verma

Date: - 28/06/2019 Mr. B.S Randhawa

Place: -Kanpur Chief Manager (Avionics Assembly)

TARDC, TAD, Kanpur

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project work entitled “To Study Communication
System used in DORNIER-228, Aircraft” submitted by us in the partial
fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Technology is an authentic record of our
own work carried out at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Kanpur as requirement of
4 weeks project during 1st JUNE to 28th JUNE, 2019.

SOFI YADAV

ARNAV
DIVYANSHU VERMA

B. Tech
Date: 3rd year, ECE
28/06/2019

Place: KANPUR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION – ABOUT HAL

1.1 History of HAL
1.2 HAL Present Set-Up
1.3 About TAD Kanpur

2. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AIRCRAFT

2.1 About Dornier aircraft
2.2 Basic parts of aircraft.

3. AVIOICS
3.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3.1.1 VHF/UHF
3.1.2 SETCOM
3.1.3 EXTERNAL
3.1.4 INTERNAL
3.2 RADAR SYSTEM

3.2.1 WEATHER RADAR

3.2.2 RADIO ALTIMETER

3.2.3 ELTA

3.3 NAVIGATION SYSTEM

3.3.1 ADF

3.3.2 GPS

3.3.3 ILS

3.3.4 VOR

3.4 SECURITY

3.4.1 IFF

3.4.2 ELT

3.4.3 TCAS

3.4.4 CVR
 History of HAL
The history and growth of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is synonymous with the
growth of Aeronautical industry in India over the past 70 years
The Company which had its origin as the Hindustan Aircraft Company was incorporated
on 23 Dec 1940 at Bangalore by Late Shri Walchand Hirachand a farsighted visionary
in association with the Government of Mysore with an Authorized Capital of Rs.4 crores
(Paid up capital Rs.40 lakhs) and with the aim of manufacturing aircraft in India. In
March 1941, the Government of India became one of the shareholders in the Company
holding 1/3 of its paid-up capital and subsequently took over its management in 1942. In
collaboration with the Inter Continental Aircraft Company of USA, Hindustan Aircraft
Company commenced its business of manufacturing of Harlow Trainer, Curtiss Hawk
Fighter and Vultee Bomber Aircraft.
In Dec 1945,the company was placed under the administrative control of Min. of
Industry & Supply. In January 1951, Hindustan Aircraft Private Limited was placed
under the Administrative control of Ministry of Defense.
The Company had built aircraft and engines of foreign design under license, such as
Prentice, Vampire and Gnat aircraft. It also undertook the design and development of
aircraft indigenously. In August 1951, the HT-2 Trainer aircraft, designed and produced
by the company under the able leadership of Dr. V.M.Ghatge flew for the first time.
Nearly 200 Trainers were manufactured and supplied to the Indian Air Force and other
customers. With the gradual building up of its design capability, the company
successfully designed and developed four other aircraft i.e. two seater 'Pushpak'
suitable for flying clubs, 'Krishak' for Air Observatory Post(AOP) role, HF-24 Jet Fighter
'(Marut)' and the HJT-16 Basic Jet Trainer '(Kiran)'.
Meanwhile, in August 1963, Aeronautics India Limited (AIL) was incorporated as a
Company wholly owned by the Government of India to undertake the manufacture of
the MiG-21 aircraft under license. In June 1964, the Aircraft Manufacturing Depot
which was set up in 1960 as an Air Force unit to produce the Airframe for the HS-748
transport aircraft was transferred to AIL. Soon thereafter, the Government decided to
amalgamate Hindustan Aircraft Limited, with AIL so as to conserve resources in the field
of aviation where the technical talent in the country was limited and to enable the
activities of all the aircraft manufacturing units to be planned and coordinated in the
most efficient and economical manner.
Amalgamation of the two companies i.e. Hindustan Aircraft Limited and Aeronautics
India Limited was brought about on 1st Oct 1964 by an Amalgamation order issued by
the Government of India and the Company after the amalgamation was named as
"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)" with its principal business being design.
 HAL PRESENT SET-UP
HAL has four production center complex accessory MIG complex, design &
development complex and Bangalore complex, each feeded by managing directors &
reported to the chairman in addition the chairman is assisted by director (P&A) in
corporate office. HAL has 20 production and 11 R&D centers with approx. 28,600
dedicated workforce.

CORPORATE OFFICE
AVIONICS

MIG BANGALORE HELICOPTER ACCESSORIES DESIGN

COMPLEX COMPLEX COMPLEX COMPLEX COMPLEX

(1).Aircraft (1).LCA Tejas Division. (1).Helicopter (1).Transport Aircraft (1).Aircraft R&D

Manufacturing Division,Bengalur Division,Kanpur. Centre,Bengaluru.
(2).Aircraft Division. u.
Division,Nasik.
(2).Accessories (2).Rotatory Wing
(3).Overhaul Division. (2).Helicopter
(2).Aircraft Division,Lucknow. R&D
Overhaul MRO Centre,Bengaluru.
(4).Engine Division.
Division,Nasik. Division,Bengalur (3).Avionics
(5).Aerospace Division. u. Division,Hyderabad. (3).Mission & Combat
(3).Engine System R&D
Division,Karap (6).Imdl & Marine Gas (3).Barrackpore (4).Strategic Centre,Bengaluru.
ut. Turbine Division. Division,Barrakpor Electronic
e. Factory,Kasargad. (4).Aero Engine R&D
(4).Sukoi (7).Foundry & Forge Centre,Bengaluru.
Engine Division. (4).Aerospace (5).Avionics
Division, Composite Division,Korwa. (5).Aircraft Upgrade
Karaput. (8).Airport Services Division, R&D Centre,Nasik.
Centre. Bengaluru.
(6).Aerospace System
(9).Central Materials & Equipment R&D
and Processes Centre,Korwa.
Laboratory.
(7).Strategic
(10).Facility Electronics R&D
Management Division. Centre,Hyderabad.

(8).Transport Aircraft
R&D Centre,Kanpur.

(9).Gas Turbine R&D

Centre,Korapat.
 HAL TAD KANPUR
Transport Aircraft Division of HAL was set up in 1960 to manufacture the
HS-748, a medium haul turbo-prop passenger transport aircraft. Over the
years, it has vastly developed its infrastructure and capabilities and
undertaken the manufacture of variety of aircraft and aerospace structural
assemblies and components for both domestic and International market.
The total number of aircraft delivered are as follows.

SR Product Period Quantity

NO
1 HS-748 Aircraft 1960-83 89
2 Gliders 1963-86 164
3 Basant Aircraft (HA-31) 1975-78 19
4 HPT-32 Aircraft 1983-98 142
5 Dornier-228 Aircraft 1985 onwards 125
6 ATP Tail plane (for 1987-95 24
Export)

Concurrent with the manufacturing activities, Transport Aircraft Division has

developed extensive facilities for repair, overhaul and modification of these
aircraft as well as for about 400 types of rotables fitted on these aircraft.

Apart from the above, Division is doing Depot Level Maintenance of

Engines and Hydraulic Systems of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV).
Searcher - I , Searcher - II and Heron since JAN'2004 under Transfer of
Technology Agreement with Malat division of Israel Aircraft Industries and
Servicing of AN-32 & Canberra aircraft at its detachment workplace at Agra
from 2000 onwards.

Transport Aircraft R & D Centre located in the Division carries out product
updation, role modifications and other R & D activities.
 Basic Parts Of Aircraft

Figure 6: Basics Part of aircraft

Airplane Function of the airplane part

Sr Parts
1 Wing Generate lift to hold airplane in air.
2 Engine Generate thrust to overcome the drag and to move in forward direction
3 Cockpit Pilot sit here to control and command the plane.
4 Fuselage Holds all parts together
(Body)
5 Vertical To maintain the balance of the airplane from swinging side ward directions
Stabilizer
Horizontal To maintain the balance of the airplane from moving up-and-down
Stabilizer
6 Primary Control Surfaces
Aileron Roll the wings side ward direction
Elevator Deflect the tail of the airplane up and down motion
Rudder Deflect the tail direction to the left and right side
7 Secondary Control Surfaces

Flaps Increase lift and drag of airplane during takeoff and landing
Slats To increase airplane lift during takeoff and landing
Spoiler To reduce plane speed
1 Specification and Features of DO 228
1.1 Dornier Do-228 Aircraft
The HAL-DO-228 aircraft is a highly versatile multi-purpose light transport
aircraft. It has been developed specification to meet the manifold
requirement of utility and commute transport,third level services and air taxi
operations, coast guard duties and maritime surveiliance. It is

• Twin turboprop
• Unpressurized
• High wing monoplane
• Retractable tricycle landing gear

Depending on the fitted equipment options the aircraft can be operated in

the following rolls:

1). Cargo transport

2). Mixed cargo/Passenger Transport

3). VIDC(Executive Transport)

4). Maritime patrol

5). Photo grammetry

6). Troop Transport

7). Paratroop Transport

8). Ambulance
 DORNIER STRUCTURE
• The aircraft’s main structure is of aluminium alloy. Other materials are used
where advantageous i.e strength endurance , etc.
• The fuselage is manufactured from Aluminium alloy and is of monologue
construction. Stringers and flints support the skin. A reinforced fiber nose cone is
installd and can be used as a randome for an optional installation.
• The wing is light alloy. Tail edge structue in reinforced fiberglass with
honeycomb. The flaps are of conventional construction & the ailerons are of
mixed composite material.

The Dornier Do 228 is a twin-turboprop STOL(Short Takeoff and Landing) utility

aircraft, manufactured by Dornier GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild Dornier) from
1981 until 1998. In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) bought a production
license and manufactured 125 aircraft for the Asian market sphere.

Figure 3.1: Dornier Do-228 Aircraft

The Dornier 228 is a twin-engine general purpose aircraft, capable of transporting up to

19 passengers or various cargos. It Is powered by a pair of Garrett
TPE331 turboprop engines. The Do 228 is commonly classified as a Short Takeoff and
Landing (STOL)-capable aircraft, being capable of operating from rough runways and in
hot climates, this capability has been largely attributed to the type's supercritical wing
which generates large amounts of lift at slow speeds. The Do 228 is typically promoted
for its versatility, low operational costs, and a high level of reliability - possessing a
dispatch reliability of 99%. RUAG Aviation have claimed that no other aircraft in the
same class may carry as much cargo or as many passengers over a comparable
distance as fast as the Do 228 NG.
 AVIONICS
It is the section that deals with aviation and electronics. It is one of
the most important section of an aircraft. It deals with
communication and navigation.
AUTOMATIC
DIRECTION
FINDER(ADF)

VHF OMNI
NAVIGATION SYSTEM DIRECTIONAL
RANGE(VOR)

GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM(GPS)

INTERNAL
COMMUNICATION
AVIONICS

SYSTEM
EXTERNAL

WEATHER RADAR

RADAR SYSTEM ELTA RADAR

RADIO ALTMETER

COCKPIT VOICE
RECORDER(CVR)

IDENTIFICATION OF
SECURITY SYSTEM
FRIEND OR FOE(IFF)

EMERGENCY
LOCATOR
TRANSMITTER(ELT)
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Aircraft maintenance engineers often work as teams. Individual within team exchange
information and need to receive instruction, guidance etc. moreover one team will have
to pass on tasks to another team at shift handover. An engineer needs a good
understanding of the various processes of communication as without this, it is
impossible to appreciate how communication can go wrong.

MODES OF COMMUNICATION

• Information
• Ideas
• Feelings
• Attitude & beliefs
The communication is one of the important systems of an aircraft. Communication is of
two types

1. EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
2. INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
External Communication: - It is one of the type of communication which is carried out
by pilot(copilot) and ground had quarter. The external communication is also of two
types

1. VHF: - The ARC-210 very high frequency (VHF)/ Ultra high frequency (UHF)
multimode radio, referred to as radio system. Provide half duplex communication
over 30Mhz to 512Mhz frequency range using radio receiver transmitter 629F.23.

MAIN COMPONENTS

• Installation of ARC 210 receiver transmitter 629 f-23 for system-1 and system-2
in LH avionics rack between FR11 & 12.
• Installation of ARC-210 remote control unit 379f-21 for sytem-1 and system-2 on
central pedestal.
• Installation of V/UHF antenna (12-200p3) on central fairing top of fuselage
between FR 18-19 for system-1 and bottom of fuselage between frame 1112
system2.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

• Radio receiver transmitter 629-23

• Primary power: 28VDC, (200 W in transmission , 50W in reception)
• Current rating reception: 1.78Amps transmission 7.15Amps
• Frequency range 30.000Mhz to 87.9925Mhz: FM & 108.000Mhz to 117.9975
• MHZ: AM modulation: 118.000Mhz to 136.9975Mhz:AM

1.2 VHF Communication system (118.000-135.975 MHz)

Aircraft short range communication uses the VHF band between 118 MHz and 136 MHz
to talk with air traffic control. And as the location of the receiving station is not always
the same or known, the signal must be send in all directions (omni) with a vertical
polarization (upright, vertical antenna).

These VHF frequencies have a line of sight capability. This means VHF range is from
where you stand or fly to the visible horizon.

1.2.1 Principle of VHF Communication:

Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency
electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding
wavelengths of ten to one meters.

Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequencies (HF), and the next
higher frequencies are known as ultra-high frequency (UHF)4.2.1 Collins VHF 22
 Features

• Proline II remote-mounted, multichannel VHF voice transceiver providing AM

voice communications in the frequency range from 118.000-135.975.
• Can be used with Proline II CTL-22 control
• Accept either 2-out-of-5 parallel or RS-422A serial digital tuning data from
frequency control unit
• Models available with narrow bandwidth intended for operation in areas using 25-
kHz channel spacing with or without offset carriers

2. HF COMMUNICATION:- The KHF 1050 high frequency voice communication

system is a solid state design which provides means for long range
communication in the frequency range 2.00 and 29.9999Mhz with 100Hz
resolution and with 200W(PEP) of output power operating at 28V DC.

The KHF 1050 communication system consist of the following main components:

• KRX 10.53 receiver/ exciter 31RH on the mounting tray in the rear avionics rack
of the aircraft.
• KPA 1052 power amplifier33RH on the top of frame 19 in the aircraft.
• KAC 1052 Antenna coupler 32RH on the top of frame 19 in the aircraft.
• PS440 controller no.1, 34RH on central pedestal.
• PS 440 controller no. 2, 35RH and priority indicator lamp 45RH on console.
 HF Communication system (2 to 29.9999 MHz)

HF communication systems are long distance communication systems

That are commonly used in aircraft.

Principle of HF Communication:

HONEYWELL KHF 1050

Features

• High Frequency Communications System consisting of KRX-1053

receiver/exciter, KPA-1052 power amplifier.
• Provides long distance communications in a 200-Watt system
• 99 user-programmable channels
• Pre-programmed emergency channel at 2.182MHz
• 280,000 discrete operating frequencies covering the 2.0000 to 29.9999 MHz
frequency range in 100 Hz steps
• Selective Calling (SELCAL) capability standard (also requires Selcal decoder)
• DATA mode for interfacing with data modems or secure voice systems
• Dual system configuration available
• Auto select transmit scheme for dual installation
• Operating mode options available: Upper Sideband A3J (USB), Lower Sideband
(LSB), USB reduced carrier (A3A)
• Capable of operating in channel (frequency preset) mode or direct frequency
tuning mode
 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(SATCOM)

Use of satellites for this purpose complements satellite-based navigation capability.

Aircraft onboard equipment for SATCOM includes a satellite data unit, a high power
amplifier and an antenna with a steerable beam. A typical aircraft SATCOM installation
can support data link channels for ’packet data services’ as well as voice channels. This
makes it technically possible to extend ATM data link (CPDLC) beyond the airport and
TMA environments currently served by VDL (VHF Data Link) Mode 2. SATCOM data
link is currently used for only a small proportion of en route ATM communications in
contrast to the much more extensive use as an alternative to VHF and HF for non-ATC
purposes. The Asia-Pacific Region has been a particular focus for many of the early
developments in the use of SATCOM for ATM data link. SATCOM functionality, which
primarily depends upon geostationary satellites, is poor in polar regions,

Figure 4.1: SATCOM

It is basically an electromagnetic system used to detect the location and distance of an

object from the point where the RADAR is placed. It works by radiating energy into
space and monitoring the echo or reflected signal from the objects. It operates in the
UHF and microwave range.
 INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
PURPOSE
The digital voice communication system (DVCS 6100) provides communication
between pilot, copilot & operator and controls the output of the communication receivers
(NAV1& 2ADF1 &2 DME) into the flight crew & cabin crew headsets and the output of
the flight crew & cabin crew microphone into the communication transmitter.

It is a component part of audio selector & intercom system & is installed in A/C. The are
two types of internal communication:

• Communication between pilot & copilot.

• Communication between cockpit & crew.

FUNCTION
ASJ used in A/C for internal communication & for handling voice communication with
call & warning signal monitoring.

The internal communication in A/C means the communication between pilot &
navigation.

• It gets input from different navigation or warning signals.

• It is used for radio telephone communication.
 RADAR SYSTEM
Radar Basic Principle
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically an
electromagnetic system used to detect the location and distance of an object from the
point where the RADAR is placed. It works by radiating energy into space and
monitoring the echo or reflected signal from the objects. It operates in the UHF and
microwave range.
A Basic Idea of RADAR

The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter which produces an

electromagnetic signal which is radiated into space by an antenna. When this signal
strikes any object, it gets reflected or reradiated in many directions. This reflected or
echo signal is received by the radar antenna which delivers it to the receiver, where it is
processed to determine the geographical statistics of the object. The range is
determined by the calculating the time taken by the signal to travel from the RADAR to
the target and back. The target’s location is measured in angle, from the direction of
maximum amplitude echo signal, the antenna points to. To measure range and location
of moving objects, Doppler Effect is used.

A Basic RADAR System

Given below are 6 major parts of a RADAR System:

• A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave Tube or a

power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated using a waveform
generator and then amplified in the power amplifier.

• Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the RADAR
signals.

• Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays or

electronically steered phased arrays.

• Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It

can be a gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the input to the
receiver when transmitter is working.

• Receiver: It can be super heterodyne receiver or any other receiver which consists
of a processor to process the signal and detect it.
• Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to
detect the presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the presence
of noise is assumed.

Different types of radar system are:

• WEATHER RADAR
• RADIOALTIMETER
• ELTA

WEATHER RADAR
PURPOSE
This radar is used for finding the weather parameters like types of cloud, density of rain,
temperature of atmosphere etc. around the flying aircraft.

FUNCTION
Weather radar detects the interventions arising in between the signals emitted by
weather antenna and converts it into a corresponding information signals which is read
by pilot to fly the aircraft safely. Upon receipt of video information from receiver-
transmitter, the digital indicator further amplifies, develops, & displays the received
signals on CRT is referred at a 60Hz rate, producing a flicker free non fading image.
 ELTA RADAR
PURPOSE
Maritime surveillance radar (MSR it is most important radar system in Dornier a/c. It
rotate 360 degree at its axis & 30 degree at to & fro. It is multi frequency radar system it
performs multiple tasks like:

• WEATHER
• NAVIGATION
• SURFACE
• MOVING TARGET INDICATOR(MTI)

In security and navigation purpose it is also used. If we identify that there is an

aircraft which is not familiar to us, then radar is fixed on that non familiar object.

RADIO ALTIMETER
PURPOSE
It also works under the use of radar system. It is used to tell the accurate height of
aircraft above terrain. It is compact, light in weight & utilizes all solid state circuitry.
RAM700A is a c band, FM/CW Radio altimeter. The equipment is capable of providing
the accurate height from terrain over which it is flying. A new feature of the system is
digital indicator. The output is available either as linear or linear log as a combination of
selecting preset decision height.

A visual indication of the ensuring danger of flying below the preset level is available on
indicator in the form of a flickering LED lamp on analog indicator a lamp inside the
OFF/ON switch glows continuously. An additional facility of audio warning to the pilot is
also provided whenever aircraft descends below the preset level.

RADAR has 3 major applications:

• To guide the space vehicle for safe landing on moon

• To observe the planetary systems
• To detect and track satellites
• To monitor the meteors
 NAVIGATION SYSTEM
It is system, which is used for plotting, ascertaining or directing the course of an aircraft.

It has following divisions: -

(A) ADF(Automatic Direction Finder).

(B) GPS(Global Positioning System).
(C) ILS(Instrument Landing System).
(D) VOR(VHF Omni Directional Range).
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER
ADF(ARC-610A)
PURPOSE
Automatic direction finding (ADF) is an electronic aid to navigation that
identifies the relative bearing of an aircraft from a radio beacon working in
the frequency range of 190.0KHz to 1700.0KHz.

FUNCTION
ADF consists of a loop aerial which is rotated physically or electronically
and detects the direction of minimum reception from the beacon relative to
the aircraft direction. This information can be used directly to home to the
beacon; alternatively, the aircraft equipment combines the relative bearing
with heading information from the aircraft compass to provide bearing
position lines which may be plotted on a chart.
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
(GPS)
PURPOSE
This section provides information on GPS KLN 900 and its main
components. The GPS KLN 900 system consist of an antenna and a
receiver unit.

FUNCTION
The primary function of the system is to acquire signal from the GPS
system satellites, recover orbital data, make ranges & Doppler
measurement and process this information in real time to obtain the user
position, velocity & time. The KLN 900 also has ample I/O capacity, to
provide installation compatibility with most aircraft and allowing you to limit
the number of adapters needed in your aircraft.

Technical Specifications :-
Power Required- 11-33 VDC at 3.3 A max.
Max. Altitude- 50,000 ft
 INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
PURPOSE
An Instrument Landing System (ILS) enables pilots to conduct
an instrument approach to landing if they are unable to establish visual
contact with the runway.

FUNCTION
An instrument landing system operates as a ground-based instrument
approach system that provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to
an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of
radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a
safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions(IMC), such as low
ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
 VHF OMNI DIRECTIONAL RANGE(VOR)
PURPOSE
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-Directional Range (VOR) is a type of
short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a
receiving unit to determine its position and stay on course by receiving
radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons. It
uses frequencies in the very high frequency (VHF) band from 108.00 to
117.95 MHz

FUNCTION
A VOR ground station sends out an omnidirectional master signal, and a
highly directional second signal is propagated by a phased antenna array
and rotates clockwise in space 30 times a second. This signal is timed so
that its phase (compared to the master) varies as the secondary signal
rotates, and this phase difference is the same as the angular direction of
the 'spinning' signal. By comparing the phase of the secondary signal with
the master, the angle (bearing) to the aircraft from the station can be
determined. This line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The
intersection of radials from two different VOR stations can be used to fix the
position of the aircraft, as in earlier radio direction finding (RDF) systems.
 SECURITY SYSTEM
Leading Particular and General Data
Transponder- The one who transmits as well as receives the
signal.
SSR- Secondary Surveillance Radar System

IDENTIFICATION OF FRIEND OR FOE

IFF (1410 A)
Purpose
The IFF system is basically used for the air traffic controller and for safer
conduct of operation of a pilot.
 Function
It uses a transponder that listens for an interrogation signal and then sends
a response consisting of a unique signal that identifies the broadcaster. It
enables military and civilian air traffic control interrogation systems to
identify aircraft, vehicles or forces as friendly and to determine their bearing
and range from the interrogator.

The International Convention (ICAO) has determined the functional

specification of all the SSR System.

Functional Description
Mode 1: General Identity (3 microseconds)

Mode 2: Personal Identity (5 microseconds)

Mode 3: Traffic Identity (8 microseconds)

Mode C: Altitude Reporting (21 microseconds)

Mode S: Secure Mode

Technical Specification of IFF Transponder

1. Functional Characteristics
Standby Section – Unit is switched On, but transmission is
exhibited.
2. Low Sense
Complete transponder with reduced receiver sensitivity.
3. Normal
Transponder fully operational.

4. Emergency
Transponder fully operational with addition of a special
emergency replies for interrogation.

5. Receiver Operating Frequency- 1030 MHz

 6. Receiver Sensitivity-
Not less than 75 dBm for 90% reps
.
7. Bandwidth-
a. 3dBm - Not less than 6 MHz
b. 40dBm - Not more than 28 MHz
c. 60bBm - Not more than 50 MHz

8. Image Response
At least 60 dBm below the (1150 MHz) response at 1030 MHz.

9. Spurious Response
For signal more than ±30 MHz from nominal frequency at least 60 dB
down.

10.Dynamic Range – 50 dB min.

Emergency Locator Transmitter

Purpose
The purpose of the survival ELT is for aircraft conducting operations over
water where an aircraft may sink after ditching, leaving survivors in life rafts
or other floatation devices.
 Function
Categories of ELTs’
1. Automatic Fixed
This is permanently fixed to the aircraft and automatically
activates on impact.

2. Automatic Portable
This is fixed to the aircraft but can readily be removed by the
pilot and used after a crash.
3. Survival
This type does not activate on impact and can be easily
removed from the aircraft, typically for operation on a life raft.

Technical Specification of the System

Type: ELT Automatic portable

406 MHz Tx : Frequency: 406.025 MHz ±2 kHz

Output Power: 5W

Tx. Duration at -40°C: 24 hrs

Minimum 5W PERP

121.5 & 243 MHz: Frequencies:121.5 MHz ±6kHz

243 MHz ±12kHz

Output Power: 100mWmin

Modulation Rate >85%

 Frequency of Modulation Signal:
1600Hz to 300Hz with decreasing sweep.

Autonomy: at -40°C, 48hrs, min 0.1W PERP

Battery: ELT Battery LiSO2 battery, 12V, 7.5Ah, 5 Years

Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS)

Purpose
TCAS is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the
incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft.

Function
It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a
corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and
warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which
may present a threat of mid-air collision (MAC).
 Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
Purpose
A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for
the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and
incidents. Flight recorders are also known by the misnomer black box—
they are in fact bright orange to aid in their recovery after accidents. The
two flight recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by
the International Civil Aviation Organization, to be capable of surviving the
conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. For this
reason, they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and
temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), as required by EUROCAE ED-
112.
 Function
A flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of
an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This
is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and
earphones of the pilots' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of
the cockpit.

A standard CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of audio data for a

period of 2 hours.