OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1. Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.

INTRODUCTION:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current
circuit.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts. A transformer which increases
the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which A.C. decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produces a varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

Apparatus:
To be written from book

THEORY:
TO BE Written from Book and the following are to be added: -

Efficiency: -

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there are no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
ENERGY LOSSES: -

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is

always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur
due to several reasons as explained below.
1.
Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils
is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2.
Iron Loss: In actual iron cores despite lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
3.
Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4.
Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes
the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So
Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5.
Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy
may be lost due to humming.

PROCEDURE:
To be written from book