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STUDY REPORT ON
ENHANCING ELECTRICAL SAFETY
FOR 230 V DOMESTIC SUPPLY
ONBOARD EXISTING AND NEW
CONSTRUCTION SHIPS
IHQ MOD (N)/DEE
NEW DELHI
Document Reference : EED-50-07
Date : Aug 06
2
INDEX
2 Study of Electrical Shock and Naval Standards 2
3 Study on Domestic Supply System Arrangement 7
onboard Existing Platforms
4 Field Study – Indigenous Ships 9
5 Domestic Supply System on New Construction 13
Ships
6 Conclusion and Recommendations 15
3
APPENDICES
B Relevant Extract of Def Stan 615 Part 4/1 27
C Relevant extract of NES 539 31
D Existing design and distribution arrangement of 34
230V 50 Hz 1 phase power supply – INS
Investigator
E Proposal for retrofitment of 4 wire power supply 37
distribution system for 230 V 1 phase onboard INS
Investigator
F Existing design and distribution arrangement of 42
230V 50 Hz 1 phase power supply – INS Godavari
G Proposal for retrofitment of 4 wire power supply 44
distribution system for 230 V 1 phase onboard INS
Godavari
H Recommended 4 wire domestic distribution system 48
as modification.
J Proposed OnLine Insulation Monitoring System 49
onboard INS Godavari and Investigator
4
5
CHAPTER 1
ABSTRACT
1.2 Factors Influencing Shock Level. Contrary to the popular belief, the level of
voltage is not directly proportional to the level of injury or danger of death. For a given
operating voltage, it is the amplitude and period of current flow through the body which
decide the level of electric shock. This current can be limited to safe levels by
increasing the resistance of the body and by designing the safety circuits so as to be
capable of detecting earth leakage conditions and tripping supplies in shortest
possible time.
1.3 Existing Standards for Domestic Supply. NES 539 (Guide to the Design
of Supply System for Portable Electrical Equipment) and Def Stan 615 Part 4
(Electrical Power Supply Systems below 650 volts Part 4: Power supply in HM
ships) specify a 3 Ph 3 wire power distribution system with a floating neutral for
consumers of primary supply and domestic lighting so as to provide earth leakage
fault resistant operation. These standards also envisage a converted supply of 230 V
3 Phase 4 wire distribution system from a step down transformer with neutral
grounded for the domestic system to reduce the catastrophic effect of electric
shock at 230 volts.
1.4 During the initial indigenous ship Construction certain ships of IN, the domestic
supplies onboard were drawn from a 3 phase, 3 wire system with floating neutral. The
supplies were tapped between phase to phase (115V) with a “double pole double
throw” switch for switching on/off the supplies. Such an arrangement meant that the
phase to earth voltage was 57.5 volts which incase of a phase to earth fault is
considered to be safe with reduced shock level voltage and thereby ensuring that
incase of shock, the consequence is not lethal. Similar arrangements were in place on
board Russian origin ships. The only difference being that the phase to phase voltage
in this case was 127 volts. The domestic equipment in those times were specially
designed for onboard use and operated on 127/115 volts. With the induction of
commercial domestic equipment for onboard use, a 230 volts domestic distribution
arrangement was adopted in indeginous ship construction project. This changed
scheme, however, had a flaw in that, instead of 4 wire system, as specified in NES,
the design adopted 3 wire system and therefore did not meet the safety standards.
1.5 Field Study. In this phase, survey of power distribution for domestic supply
was undertaken onboard certain IN ships. It was established that 230 V domestic
supply system was drawn from a 3 phase 3 wire system which could be modified to a
6
4 wire system conforming to the safety aspects of NES 539. The modification involves
conversion to a 4 wire system by running local cables and installation of appropriate
transformers and “Double pole Double throw” switches. The efficacy of off line
insulation measuring device fitted on switchboards of exiting ships was also studied
and found unsatisfactory as they do not continuously monitor the insulation and also
have no provision of visual fault indication. Therefore, their replacement with on line
insulation monitoring devices is also considered essential.
1.6 Conclusion. The 230 volts power supply distribution circuits for
systems/equipment onboard warships must conform to NES 539 and provide fault
resistant supplies to mission critical equipment . At the same time, It should also
provide a safe domestic supply circuit. The first requirement is met by implementing a
3 phase 3 wire system with the floating neutral where as implementation of a 3 phase
4 wire system with earthed neutral and fitted with earth leakage protection breakers
for the domestic supplies fulfils the second requirement. The specifications for such
circuits is specified in NES 539. Further, the installation of on line insulation monitoring
devices would facilitate continous monitoring of insulation.
7
Way Ahead
1.7 Recommendations. There is a need to enhance the inherent safety features in
the domestic 230 V circuit. This can be done progressively in stages and to be
completed by the next refit of the ships. Following is recommended:
(a) Ships in Commission. The ships in commission need to implement the
following:
(i) Change of “Single pole” commercial switches to “Double pole
Double throw” switches throughout the domestic supply circuits.
(ii) Modification of galley, pantry and wet compartment supplies to a
4 wire system as indicated at Para 1.5 above.
(b) New Construction Ships. The domestic supply circuits in new induction
ships to be modified so as to conform to NES 539 with simultaneous installation
of online earth fault detection system at switchboards.
8
CHAPTER 2
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND NAVAL STANDARDS
Electric Shock
2.1 An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human with any source of
voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves.
The minimum detectable current in human body is thought to be about
1 milliampere(mA). The current may cause tissue damage or heart fibrillation if it is
sufficiently high. When an electric shock is fatal, it is called electrocution. The study of
Electric shock carried out from various standards and public domain literature is
placed at Appendix A.
2.2 An electric shock is usually painful and can be lethal. Contrary to the popular
belief, the level of voltage is not a direct guide to the level of injury or danger of death.
A small shock from static electricity may contain thousands of volts but has very little
current behind it due to high internal resistance. The effect of the electric shock is
generally determined by current and the duration of its flow through the body.
Even a low voltage causing a current of extended duration can be fatal.
(b) Voltage. It is believed that human lethality is most common with AC
current between 100250 volts. This is so because voltages lower than these
usually fail to overcome body resistance where as at higher voltages the
victim's muscular contractions are often severe enough to cause them to recoil
and get detatched from the exposed electrical circuit. However, deaths have
occurred from supplies as low as 32 volts also.
(c) Body Resistance. The resistance of a human body varies from part to
part. The resistance between major extremities of an average human body
9
from hand to hand, or hand to foot is about 1500 ohms. This drops down to 300
ohms when the body is moist and may even become zero when there are
breaks in the skin. For a given voltage, lower the body resistance higher is the
current flow and so is the consequent lethality.
(d) Current Flow Path. The two most dangerous paths that current can
take through the body are from hand to hand and from left hand to either foot.
The latter is the most dangerous as in this case the current flows through the
heart and vital organs.
(e) Current Magnitude and Duration. A lowvoltage (110 to 230 V), 60Hz
AC current traveling through the chest for a fraction of a second may induce
ventricular fibrillation at currents as low as 60mA. With DC, this value increases
to 300 to 500 mA. Fibrillations are usually lethal because the heart muscle cells
move independently. Above 200mA, muscle contractions are so strong that the
heart muscles cannot move leading to cardiac arrest.
2.4 The discussions in the preceding paragraphs amplify the fact that the fatality
due electrocution is a function of current flow and its duration through the body. For a
given voltage, the amplitude of current through the body can be limited by
increasing the resistance of the body by use of insulating shoes and adherence
to safe electrical practices. In addition, the safety circuits on board must be capable
of detecting earth leakage conditions and tripping supplies in shortest possible time.
The table at Para 6 of Appendix A gives the guiding parameters for implementation of
protection circuits.
Design Standards on Distribution Systems
2.5 The power supply arrangement onboard a Naval ship are governed by
Def Stan 615 Part 4 (Electrical Power Supply Systems below 650 volts Part 4:
Power supply in HM ships) (Appendix B). NES 539 (Guide to the design of supply
system for portable electrical equipment) (Appendix C) and While these standards lay
down norms for quality of power supply, they also specify that the ship’s primary
supply will be 3phase, 3 wire unearthed (neutral floating) configuration. Use of
single phase supply is restricted for lighting, domestic appliances and test equipment.
The documents specify the following for the power distribution system:
(i) Main Supply. The ships main power supply will be 440V/415V/380V
60/50Hz, 3 phase unearthed and all the converted power supplies AC/DC (eg
115V, 1ph, 24 V DC)will be derived from the main supply.
(ii) Floating Neutral. The main power supply will be unearthed so that
important services are not automatically disconnected by their protection
circuits under an earth leakage condition.
10
SECONDARY OF TRANSFORMER
BODY OF TRANSFORMER
Fig 1 – 230 Volts 3 Phase 4 Wire System
CHAPTER 3
STUDY ON DOMESTIC SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT ONBOARD
EXISTING PLATFORMS
(a) Upto Project 16. The indigenous ships till Project 16 have a 115 volts,
60 hz, 1 phase power supply for lighting and portable equipment. The
commercial/domestic equipment have been provided with 230 volts, 60 hz, 1
phase supply using power transformers with floating neutral. This arrangement
does not conform to the to NES Specifications as brought out in Para 2.6
above. Use of single pole single throw switches added to the reduced safety as
despite the supplies being switched off, one phase was always available at the
equipment/socket. The equipment earthing, in this case, also did not provide
the required safety level.
(b) Project 25 Onwards. By this time, with the induction of COTs
equipment for specific military applications, Indian Navy did away with the
use of 115V, 1 phase supply. The use of 230V phase to phase was extended
to all onboard applications including portable and domestic lighting. However,
these supplies too were derived from a three wire unearthed system and
thereby not conforming to the NES 539 Specifications. Use of “Single pole
Single throw” switches further contributed to the reduced safety.
3.3 Domestic and Lighting Supply in Russian Origin Ships
. The power supply
and distribution system onboard the Russian origin ships is as follows:
equipment though distribution breakers. The domestic lighting is also 127 V
1 Ph. Portable 127 V to 230 V transformers were provided for operation of
commercial equipment. As the supplies are tapped between phase to phase,
“Double pole Double throw” switches are used. Post series of modifications, a
dedicated 230 volts supply circuit through 380 to 230 volts step down
transformers has been provided.
(b) Ship of class A. The main supply onboard SNM class of ships 380 V
3Ph 50 Hz with neutral floating. This is stepped down to 230 V, 3 Ph through
stepped down ∆||∆ transformers for the galley equipment. This system also
employs a floating neutral concept.
(c) Ship of class B. The class B ships employ 230 volts for galley as well
as domestic lighting. The ship wide 230 volt supplies are derived through two
380/230 volts transformers. The 230 volts circuits on board these ships are 3
wire with floating neutral. Double pole double throw switches are used through
out the ship on all circuits.
13
CHAPTER 4
FIELD STUDY – INDIGENOUS SHIPS
ShipA.
(a) ShipA has 415 V 50 Hz 3 phase neutral floating as ship’s main power
supply. The ship’s main supply is stepped down from 415V to 230V by nine
transformers to meet the power supply requirement of domestic appliances,
lighting and other selected equipment loads. Three out of nine step down
transformers feed power supply to the domestic appliances viz Atta Kneading
Machine, Potato Peeling Machine, Toaster, Refrigerators, Dispensers, Electric
Kettle and Microwave oven and to other selected equipment. The existing
design and distribution arrangement of 230V 50 Hz 1 phase power supply to
various consumers is placed at Appendix D.
(b) During the measurements of voltages at the power transformers output
and at the supply socket for appliances, following have been observed:
(v) The earth terminal of sockets has been locally grounded with
ship’s body. This modification has been recently implemented by Ship
Staff.
14
Ship B
(d) ShipB has 440V 60 Hz 3 phase neutral floating as ship’s main power
supply. The ship is fitted with five 440V/230V transformers which meet the
power supply requirement of domestic and other select equipment loads. The
lighting supply onboard ship is 115V 60Hz 1 phase. The design of transformers
and distribution of 230V 60 Hz 1 phase power supply to various consumers is
placed at Appendix F.
(e) During the measurements of voltages at the power transformer outputs
and at the supply sockets for appliances, following have been observed:
(ii) The existing 230V 60 Hz 1 phase power supplies are drawn from
a 3 wire system with neutral floating. Further, the earth point in all the
domestic sockets is floating. These sockets also use single pole
switch.
(iii) Both the phase/neutral points in all the sockets are live even
with the switch being in ‘OFF’ condition. Being single pole, the
switch isolates only one phase and not both.
(v) There are small 115V/230V amenity transformers in each cabin
for catering to amenity loads like electric shavers, etc.
(vi) During the study, measurement of voltages was carried out on
the transformers and domestic sockets in Sailors’ Galley, Officers’
Galley, Wardroom and the observations are as follows:
(aa) The output voltages (RGnd, YGnd, BGnd, RY, Y
B and BR) on the transformers (the phasetophase and
phasetoground (hull) voltage was measured and are as
follows:
• RY = 230V
• YB = 230V
• BR = 230V
15
• RGnd = 115V
• YGnd = 115V
• GGnd = 115V
(ab) The voltages at the sockets:
Floating
N
Ph 1 Ph 2 (Neutral)
Switch ‘ON’ Switch ‘OFF’
P1P2 PGND NGND P1P2 P1GND P2GND
230 115 115 0 0 115
(ac) The sockets fed by amenity transformers are safe as the
supplies are taken between phase to earth neutral which is
suitably grounded.
(vii) Other than the above transformers, there are two 200 VA
115V/230V transformers for two kitchen equipment in the Officer’s
pantry. The supply from these to are similar to the above transformers.
4.3 Summary of the Proposed Domestic Distribution System. In the proposed
distribution system, the three wire 415/380 volts to a 230 V 3 Phase, four wire
supplies employing a Ү||Ү transformer. The four wire output of the transformer is
proposed to be brought to a junction box/power panel which is colocated with the
transformer. The power panel comprise of four bus bars, one each for the three
phases and one each for the earth. The fourth busbar is earthed to the ship’s hull.
Three in number Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCBs) are employed in each
phase and neutral. These breakers will trip in case of detection of earth leakage
current thereby providing for automatic interruption of supplies in case of
electrocution/earth fault. The single phase circuit to the individual consumers will now
comprise of three wires connected to phase, neutral and earth as shown. Unlike the
three wire system, where the neutral is live, the neutral in this case is at earth potential
16
as it is grounded to the ship’s hull through the power panel thereby providing added
safety. The consumer socket will be a double pole MCB complete with 3 pin socket.
4.4 Incorporation of double Pole MCB. The 230/115 V power supplies to
systems such as lighting and equipment, derived from two phases of 3 ph 3 wire
(neutral floating) system require the use of double pole MCB complete with 3 pin
socket to ensure that both phases at consumer end are ‘dead’ when switch is ‘OFF’.
CHAPTER 5
DOMESTIC SUPPLY SYSTEMS ON NEW CONSTRUCTION SHIPS
5.1 Meetings have been held with the representatives from the Production
Directorates to discuss the requirements of NES 539 for for the domestic supplies
onboard new construction ships.
5.2 Interaction with DND. During the interaction with DND, it was brought out that
the domestic supplies on all the DND ships is 3 wire. It was decided that an immediate
corrective action for implementation of a 4 wire system will be initiated onboard all
new construction ships. In addition, discussions were held for promulgation of SOTRs
for additional components of the 4 wire system. The same are in advance stage of
preparation and will be promulgated shortly. Following components have been
covered:
(a) 3 wire to 4 wire 415/380 V transformer
(b) Power Supply Distribution Box
(c) Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
(d) 3 Pin Supply Socket
(e) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
5.3 Deviation from NES 539 on New Construction Ships. The scheme for the
power distribution to the domestic equipment onboard all the new construction ships is
a 3 wire system with neutral floating. This does not meet the norms of NES 539 which
specifies a 4 wire system. The status and installation of 4 wire system for the domestic
supply onboard the DND and DSP ships as corrective action is discussed in the
succeeding paragraphs.
5.4 DND Ships.
(a) P17. The existing power supply of 230 V 1 Phase to the domestic
supplies is derived from a 415/230 V transformer. The supply available at the
consumer socket is from two phases from the transformer. The consumer
sockets are nonpatternised switch sockets with a single pole banana switch.
Therefore when the switch is in ‘OFF’ condition, one phase is always available
at the consumer end and therefore posing risk. At present the design and
procurement of cables and MCB panels for all the three ships has been
completed. The step down transformers are yet to be procured. Cabling has
progressed substantially in the first ship.
18
(b) First Ship of P17. Keeping the above in view, the arrangement
proposed for converting the existing 3 wire system to 4 wire systems will be a
slight variation of that proposed for existing ships at Appendix H. The following
is recommended:
(ii) Installation of ELCB in the MCBs panels.
(iii) Replacement of the nonpatternised switch sockets having single
pole banana switches with MCB sockets consisting of double pole MCB
complete with 3 pin socket.
(iv) Two pins of the sockets to be connnected using existing scheme
for phase and neutral. The third pin (earth) of the socket will be directly
bonded to ships ground to provide earth resistance as per NES.
(v) The variation from the proposed scheme at Appendix H will be
that the transformer secondary neutral (which is grounded), will be
grounded locally instead of a separate cable running from grounded
neutral of 415/230 V transformer to the consumer socket switch. This
solution is also considered acceptable in terms of safety.
(d) Future Ships – P28, P15 A & ADS. The 4 wire system will be
implemented onboard these ships as per the scheme envisaged for existing
platforms. Patternised switch sockets will be used.
5.5 DSP Ships. The supply distribution scheme onboard LST(L) class is 230 V 3
phase 3 wire system for the domestic equipment and 230V 1Ph for lighting system.
While the 1st ship is due for commissioning in Aug 06, DG trials are in progress in the
2nd ship. 60 % cabling has been completed onboard the 3 rd ship. It is proposed that
the LST(L) class would be in accordance as per the scheme at Appendix H and
retrofitted at later stage. The modification will entail require replacement of the step
down transformers which are of ∆||∆ configuration, installation of ELCB in the MCB
panel and cable runs.The scheme onboard new FACs would also be in accordance as
per the scheme at Appendix H.
19
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion. The 230 volts power supply distribution circuits onboard warships
must conform to two fundamental requirements. The first is to provide earth leakage
and earth fault resistant supplies to mission critical systems and the second is to
provide safe domestic supply circuit. The first requirement is met by implementing a
3 phase 3 wire system where as implementation of a 3 phase 4 wire system with
earthed neutral and fitment of earth leakage protection breakers fulfils the second
requirement. The specifications for such circuits are specified in NES 539.
6.2 The study has also highlighted that the existing 230 volts domestic supply
circuits onboard indigenous ships do not conform to NES 539. Change over from
“Double pole Double throw” switch to “Single pole Single throw” commercial switche s
from Project 16 onwards has further compromised onboard electrical safety.
Implementation of a 230 volt floating neutral circuit is an acceptable solution for
domestic lighting systems, but the galley and other domestic supplies meant for
commercial equipment need to have added protection in the form of double pole
double throw switches/implementation of 3 phase four wire systems with neutral
earthed. This is more so because these supplies feed domestic compartments that
are damp and are manned by personnel not trained for handling the operating
voltages.
Existing Ships
(a) Retention of three wire neutral floating system for 230 V lighting
and equipment employing 230 V three phase supplies. However, the
lighting circuits employing “Single pole” switches need to be converted to
double pole MCB complete with 3 pin socket.
.
(b) 230 volt, 1 phase supplies to galleys, pantries and wet compartments
should be modified to a 4 wire system in accordance to the proposed power
20
distribution circuit at Appendix H. Earth leakage circuit breaker protection be
also provided in the circuit for added safety. This activity can be undertaken
during refits and needs to be undertaken even onboard Russian origin ships.
(d) Incorporation of an online insulation monitoring system with audio visual
alarm in Main and Distribution Switchboards.
New Construction Ships
(e) 230 volt 1 Phase 3 wire supplies to domestic equipment onboard IAC,
P28, P15 A, LST(L), new FACs and 2nd and 3rd ship of P17 is to be modified
to a 4 wire system as per proposed modification at Appendix H in compliance
with NES Standards.
(f) Though the domestic supply cabling network on the first ship of P17 is
in advanced stage of implementation, it is recommended that the domestic
supply circuit be redrawn so as to conform to Appendix H to the extent
feasible. A close alternative to the same would be as envisaged at Para 5.4 (b)
above.
21
Appendix A
(Refers to Para 2.1)
STUDY ELECTRIC SHOCK AND PROTECTION CIRCUIT DESIGN
1. Introduction. An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal
body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through
the muscles or nerves. The minimum detectable current in humans is thought to be
about 1 milliampere. The current may cause tissue damage or heart fibrillation it is
sufficiently high. When (and only when) an electric shock is fatal, it is called
electrocution.
2. An electric shock is usually painful and can be lethal. Despite the common
misconception, the level of voltage is not a direct guide to the level of injury or
danger of death. A small shock from static electricity may contain thousands of volts
but has very little current behind it due to high internal resistance. Physiological effects
and damage are generally determined by current and its duration. Even a low voltage
causing a current of extended duration can be fatal. Ohms’s Law directly correlates
voltage and current for a given resistance; thus, for a particular path through the body
under a particular set of conditions, a higher voltage will produce a higher current flow.
(a) The amount of body resistance to the current flow.
(b) The path the current takes through body.
(c) The length of time the current flows through the body.
4. The body resistance varies greatly in different parts of the body. A value of
1,500 ohms is commonly considered as the resistance between major extremities of
an average human body – hand to and or hand to foot. Body resistance varies from
person to person and may often be less than 1500 ohms. When the skin is moist,
body resistance could be as low as 300 ohms. Also, breaks in skin at the point of
contact could reduce skin resistance to nearly zero. Skin resistance is only important
when handling voltages of less than 230 V. If one is shocked by more than 230 Volts,
the voltage arc will burn through the skin and leave deep third degree burns.
5. Suppose a person accidentally grabs a wire carrying 120 Volts AC Ohm’s law
I=E/R can be used to figure how much current would flow through the body. For
example:
E=120V ac (the voltage grabbed) R = 1,500 ohms (average body resistance)
Then I = 120/1,500 amp i.e. I = 0.080 amp or I = 80 milliamperes
22
(According to the IEEE Std. 80, the maximum safe shock duration can be determined
by the formula Seconds = 0.116/(E/R), where R (resistance of person) is assumed to
be 1000 ohms).
100,000 1,500
OHMS OHMS
1 mA Threshold of feeling, tingling sensation. 100 V 1 V
Table 1 Effects of varying amounts of shock current
Electrical Shock Effects
7. Psychological. The perception of electric shock can be different depending on
the voltage, duration, current, path taken, frequency, etc. Current entering the hand
has a threshold of perception of about 5 to 10 milliamperes (mA) for DC and about 1
to 10 mA for AC at 60 Hz. Shock perception declines with increasing frequency,
ultimately disappearing at frequencies above 1520 kHz.
8. Burns. Tissue heating due to resistance can cause extensive and deep burns.
Highvoltage (> 500 to 1000 V) shocks tend to cause internal burns due to the
large energy (which is proportional to the sqaure of the voltage) available from
the source. Damage due to current in this case is through tissue heating.
10. Neurological Effects. Current can cause interference with nervous control,
especially over the heart and lungs. When the current path is through the head, it
appears that, with sufficient current, loss of consciousness always occurs swiftly.
Issues Affecting Lethality
11. Other issues affecting lethality are as follows:
(b) It is believed that human lethality is most common with AC current at
100250 volts, as lower voltages can fail to overcome body resistance while
with higher voltages the victim's muscular contractions are often severe enough
to cause them to recoil (although there will be considerable burn damage).
However, death has occurred from supplies as low as 32 volts. Electrical
discharge from lightning tends to travel over the surface of the body causing
burns and may cause respiratory problem.
(c) Point of Entry
(i) Macroshock. Current flowing across intact skin and through the
body, current travelling from arm to arm, or between an arm and a foot,
is likely to traverse the heart, and so is much more dangerous than
current travelling between a leg and the ground.
(ii) Microshock. Direct current path to the heart issue.
(d) Current Flow Path. The two most dangerous paths that current can
take through the body are from hand to hand and from left hand to either foot.
The second path is the MOST DANGEROUS since the current will flow through
the heart and other vital organs.
12. Human Electrical Resistance. Research has provided an approximate set of
figures for electrical resistance of human contact points under different conditions.
These are as follows:
(g) Hand immersed in conductive liquid: 200 Ω to 500 Ω.
Protection against Electric Shock Fundamentals
13. To protect against electric shock from dangerous voltages on metal parts of
electrical equipment from a groundfault, it must be quickly removed by opening the
circuit’s overcurrent protection device. The time it takes for an overcurrent protection
device to open and clear a groundfault, to remove dangerous voltage, is inversely
proportional to the magnitude of the fault current. This means that the higher the
groundfault current, the less time it will take for the overcurrent device to open and
clear the fault. An inverse time circuit breaker or fuse most likely will prevent serious
electric shock if the groundfault current is at least six times the rating of the over
current protection device. For a 20A circuit, the groundfault current should be at least
120A. As is apparent, the impedance of the fault current path plays a critical and vital
role in removing dangerous voltages from metal parts by facilitating the opening of the
branchcircuit overcurrent protection device to prevent electric shock or electrocution.
Safe Circuit Design
14. A power system with no secure connection to earth ground is unpredictable from
a safety perspective: there's no way to guarantee how much or how little voltage
will exist between any point in the circuit and earth ground. By grounding one
side of the power system's voltage source, at least one point in the circuit can be
assured to be electrically common with the earth and therefore present no shock
hazard. In a simple twowire electrical power system, the conductor connected to
ground is called the neutral, and the other conductor is called the hot:
15. As far as the voltage source and load are concerned, grounding makes no
difference at all. It exists purely for the sake of personnel safety, by guaranteeing that
at least one point in the circuit will be safe to touch (zero voltage to ground). The "Hot"
side of the circuit, named for its potential for shock hazard, will be dangerous to touch
unless voltage is secured by proper disconnection from the source (ideally, using a
systematic lockout/tagout procedure). This imbalance of hazard between the two
conductors in a simple power circuit is important to understand. The following series of
illustrations are based on common household wiring systems (using DC voltage
sources rather than AC for simplicity). If we take a look at a simple, household
electrical appliance such as a toaster with a conductive metal case, we can see that
there should be no shock hazard when it is operating properly. The wires conducting
27
power to the toaster's heating element are insulated from touching the metal case
(and each other) by rubber or plastic.
16. However, if one of the wires inside the toaster were to accidentally come in
contact with the metal case, the case will be made electrically common to the wire,
and touching the case will be just as hazardous as touching the wire bare. Whether or
not this presents a shock hazard depends on which wire accidentally touches:
17. If the "hot" wire contacts the case, it places the user of the toaster in danger.
On the other hand, if the neutral wire contacts the case, there is no danger of shock:
28
18. To help ensure that the former failure is less likely than the latter, engineers try
to design appliances in such a way as to minimize hot conductor contact with the
case. Ideally, of course, you don't want either wire accidentally coming in contact with
the conductive case of the appliance, but there are usually ways to design the layout
of the parts to make accidental contact less likely for one wire than for the other.
However, this preventative measure is effective only if power plug polarity can be
guaranteed. If the plug can be reversed, then the conductor more likely to contact the
case might very well be the "hot" one:
19. Appliances designed this way usually come with "polarized" plugs, one prong of
the plug being slightly narrower than the other. Power receptacles are also designed
like this, one slot being narrower than the other. Consequently, the plug cannot be
inserted "backwards," and conductor identity inside the appliance can be guaranteed.
Remember that this has no effect whatsoever on the basic function of the appliance:
it's strictly for the sake of user safety. Some engineers address the safety issue simply
by making the outside case of the appliance nonconductive. Such appliances are
called doubleinsulated, since the insulating case serves as a second layer of
insulation above and beyond that of the conductors themselves. If a wire inside the
appliance accidentally comes in contact with the case, there is no danger presented to
the user of the appliance.
20. Other engineers tackle the problem of safety by maintaining a conductive case,
but using a third conductor to firmly connect that case to ground:
21. The third prong on the power cord provides a direct electrical connection
from the appliance case to earth ground, making the two points electrically
29
common with each other. If they're electrically common, then there cannot be any
voltage dropped between them. At least, that's how it is supposed to work. If the hot
conductor accidentally touches the metal appliance case, it will create a direct short
circuit back to the voltage source through the ground wire, tripping any overcurrent
protection devices. The user of the appliance will remain safe.
22. This is why it's so important never to cut the third prong off a power plug when
trying to fit it into a twoprong receptacle. If this is done, there will be no grounding of
the appliance case to keep the user(s) safe. The appliance will still function properly,
but if there is an internal fault bringing the hot wire in contact with the case, the results
can be deadly. If a twoprong receptacle must be used, a two to threeprong
receptacle adapter can be installed with a grounding wire attached to the receptacle's
grounded cover screw. This will maintain the safety of the grounded appliance while
plugged in to this type of receptacle. Electrically safe engineering doesn't necessarily
end at the load, however. A final safeguard against electrical shock can be arranged
on the power supply side of the circuit rather than the appliance itself. This safeguard
is called groundfault detection, and it works as shown in the succeeding
paragraphs.
24. This difference in current between the "hot" and "neutral" conductors will only
exist if there is current through the ground connection, meaning that there is a fault in
the system. Therefore, such a current difference can be used as a way to detect a
fault condition. If a device is set up to measure this difference of current between the
two power conductors, a detection of current imbalance can be used to trigger the
opening of a disconnect switch, thus cutting power off and preventing serious shock:
25. Such devices are called Ground Fault Current Interruptors, or GFCIs for short,
and they are compact enough to be built into a power receptacle. These receptacles
are easily identified by their distinctive "Test" and "Reset" buttons. The big advantage
with using this approach to ensure safety is that it works regardless of the appliance's
design. Of course, using a doubleinsulated or grounded appliance in addition to a
GFCI receptacle would be better yet, but it's comforting to know that something can
be done to improve safety above and beyond the design and condition of
31
Appendix ‘B’
(Refers to Para 2.5)
RELEVANT EXTRACT OF DEF STAN 615 PART 4/1 (ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEMS BELOW 650 VOLTS PART 4: POWER SUPPLIES
IN HM SHIPS
4.1 Scope
This defence standard details all the characteristics of power supplies used in
HM warships, submarines and shore base supplies but does not include aircraft
servicing & supply characteristics. Terms and Definitions not listed below are
contained in Annex ‘B’ (Amendment 1)
4.2 Special Definition Relating to Power Supplies in HM Warship
4.2.1 Normal Supply. The power supply source from winch an equipment normally
obtains power.
4.2.2 Alternative supply. A permanent power supply source from which an
equipment can obtain power when the normal supply is not available. The alternative
supply is derived from a different distribution point from that which provides the normal
supply, and the supply cable follows a route different from the normal supply cable
route to minimize the risk of losing both normal and alternative supplies through a
single damage incident.
Note: Changeover from normal to alternative supply may be made by
an automatic switch with a changeover time in range 0.35.0
seconds, or a hand changeover switch.
4.2.3 Emergency Supply. A power supply obtained by rigging a temporary system
of emergency cables connected to fixed and portable plugs and sockets; or
permanently connected power supply system for providing power to certain radio
equipment following failure of the ship’s main power supply.
32
4.2.4 Ship’s Main Power Supply. The 440 V, 60 Hz, 3 phase power supply
system or in D.C. ships, the 220 V power supply system.
4.2.8 Maintained supply. A nobreak supply in which one of the supplies is derived
from a battery and is available only for a specified period.
4.3 Related Specifications (See Annex B, Clause 2) Amendment 1
4.4 Utilisation Equipment Requirements
The characteristics of the main supply of electrical power available in ships are
given in Table A of this Standard.
4.4.2 Order of Preference of Supply Voltage in HM Ships with 60 Hz main Power
Supply System.
4.4.2.1 All loads of 5 kVA and above shall he designed for connection to a 440
volts, 60 Hz, 3 Phase, 3 wire system.
4.4.2.2 Where practicable, all machinery and equipment rated at less than 5
kVA shall also be designed for connection to a 440 volts, 60 Hz, 3 Phase system.
Where this is either undesirable (eg. for personnel safety) or not practicable, the
33
following shall be the order of preference:
(a) 440 volts, single phase
(b) 115 volts, 3 phase
(c) 115 volts, single phase
4.4.7 Voltage Spikes. The amplitude and waveform of voltage spikes will vary
greatly, dependent on circuit parameters. On 440 Volt system, line to line and line to
earth spikes are unlikely to exceed 200 volts in amplitude. For 115 volt systems the
corresponding figure is 600 volts.
4.4.7.1 For test purposes, spikes may be simulated by an impulse voltage as
defined in BS 923: 1972, clauses 1.2.4 and 4.1.1. This voltage has a front time of 1.2
milliseconds and a time to half value of 50 microseconds. Amplitudes of 2500 volts
and 750 volts are recommended test values for 440 volt and 115 volt equipments/
4.4.8 Voltage and Frequency Transients.
Notes:
1. ‘Frequent’ transients may occur about 10 times per hour.
2. ‘Infrequent’ transients may occur about 10 times per 24 hours.
34
3. ‘Rare’ transients will occur less frequently than 10 times per 24 hours but
more frequently than once per 2 years, one per week may be taken as typical.
4. ‘Extremely rare over voltage faults’ are unlikely to occur more frequently
than once per 2 years.
4.4.9 Waveform Distortion. Care must be taken in design of utilisation equipment to
ensure that as far as possible the equipment causes no significant distortion of the
voltage waveform of the supply system. Details of equipment that is liable to cause
significant waveform distortion shall be passed to relevant MOD Department at an
early stage of the design.
Note: To limit radio interference it is desirable that equipment should not
reflect on to the mains supply cables interference voltages greater
than those specified in BS 1597 – ‘Radio interference
suppression on marine installations’.
4.4.11 Non Standard Supplies. Details of utilisation equipment which cannot accept
supplies in accordance with Standard or which cannot be designed economically to
accept such supplies shall be discussed with the relevant MOD Department at an
early stage of the design.
35
Appendix ‘C’
(Refers to Para 2.5)
RELEVANT EXTRACT OF NES 539 (GUIDE TO SHIP DESIGN OF SUPPLY
SYSTEM FOR PORTABLE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
6. 2 40 Volts Supplies
0601. Supply facilities at this voltage are only made available for domestic,
commercial appliances owned by ships staff eg radios. The most economical method
of supplying a large number of sockets is to use a 3 phase transformer and to balance
the projected load across the windings. Commercial 13 amp plugs and sockets may
be used provided the star point of the transformer secondary is earthed. The normal
commercial requirement for single pole switching in the live conductor is then
sufficient for commercial equipment to be used safely onboard ships.
0602. Shaving facilities on amenity panels will continue to be derived from the 115
volt system using 115/240V transformers.
System Requirements for New Design Ships (Fig 1)
0603. Voltage at the socket outlet is to be 240v ± 6%. Volt drop in fixed cabling is not
to exceed 6 at full load.
0604. Supplies for private equipment sockets are to be obtained from 3 phase
440V/423 V transformers with star connected secondary windings.
0605. The star point is to be bonded to earth (Ship’s hull)
0606. Two sizes of transformer are available – 5 KVA and 2.5 KVA. (It is anticipated
that a 5 KVA transformer (or two 2.5 KVA) positioned fore and aft will be sufficient to
supply the accommodation areas in a frigate/destroyer.)
0607. The 3 phases and neutral of the transformer are to be taken into a locally
mounded power panel which will contain ELCBs and fused line out puts for each
phase. The transformer neutral is to be solidly bonded to ship’s hull (earth) at the
power panel. The bonding conductor is not be smaller than 2.5 sq mm and the
resistance between neutral conductor and hull is to be less than 0.05 ohms.
0608. In the case of the 2.5 KVA transformers each out put from the power panel will
feed a group of sockets. The number of sockets on each group is not normally to
exceed two (TV) and six (private equipment).
36
0609. In the case of the 2.5 KVA transformer for six group of sockets are to be
provided either by paralleling two power panels or by supplying two group of sockets
from each out put phase. The number of sockets on each group is not normally to
exceed 2 (TV) and 6 (private equipment).
Group of Sockets
(2+6)
Current Operated ELCB (One
for Group of Sockets
TRANSFORM TRANSFORMER
ER POWER PANEL
POWER PANEL
Fig 1. Proposed 240 V System
0610. Splitter boxes are to be used to effect further division of supplies.
0611. Sockets are to be connected between 240 V line and neutral and the method of
distribution is two loop from socket to socket using three core 2.5 mm stranded
cable –NSN 6145995218288 (Cl Grp 0561). The circuit earth core is to be solidly
connected to the neutral/hull bond at the power panel.
0612 Socket outlets to be standard domestic 13 Amp square pin single pole switched
type to BS 1363 (see NES 538) mounted individually or integral with the “dry” amenity
panel ensuring noninterchangeability with any other system operating at a different
voltage. Each socket outlet is to be provided with a label to indicate the maximum
power available and the largest fuse permissible in the plug, normally 3 ampere.
0613. Where required an aerial socket is to be provided adjacent the power sockets.
0614. Flush and surface mounted sockets are listed in NES 538. The surface
mounted sockets are used in unlined accommodation compartments and the flush
mounted sockets used in lined compartments only.
Equipment Selection
0619. Associated 240V ac supply equipment is as follows:
a. Transformer
440V 60Hz 3Phase/423V 3 phase and neutral star connected 2.5 KVA
or 5KVA.
(Star point to be solidly bonded to ships hull) (Currently under
development)
b. Power Panel
37
To accept 240V 60 Hz 3 Phase 4 wire, 5KVA supply and provide 3 No
240V SP & N 7 amp outgoing ways via ELCBs WYLEX type WES 40/4.
30 mA trip.
(Currently under development – D171b/480/20/1 DG ships 2062 refers)
c. Switch Socket (see NES 538)
13A square pin, SP switched, to BS 1363
Domestic:
(1) NSN 5999999331468 (Surface mounted)
(2) NSN 5999996387473 (Flush mounted)
Metalclad:
(1) NSN 5999991007160 (Surface mounted)
(2) NSN 5999996319970 (Flush mounted)
d. Amenity Panels (See NES 107)
The amenity panel without wash basin (ie ‘dry’ unit) is shown on SDN
003504139.
38
Appendix ‘D’
[Refers to Para 4.1(a)]
EXISTING DESIGN AND DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENT OF 230V 50 HZ
1 PHASE SUPPLY – SHIP A
1. The existing design and distribution arrangement of 230V 50 Hz 1 phase power
supply to various consumers is depicted below.
(a) From Breaker E203
Laundry, Crew’s wash & WC,
etc
E203 E2031 E20311
Sailors mess, etc
E20313 Main broadcast
loudspeaker in small arm
magazine room,
Loudspeaker in bulk
hydrographic store, etc
Sailors’ mess, Wardroom, Dry
E20315
provision store, Atta & rice
store, Tinned provision store,
spare, etc
39
(b) From Breaker G1151
Crew’s galley, Scullery,
Canteen, Officer’s Bath &
WC, Combined technical
G1151 G11511 G115111 officer’s cabin, etc.
Officer’s galley, Wardroom,
Pantry, Officer’s bath and WC,
etc,
G115112
Ship motor boat battery
charging room, Lighting,
etc.
Officer’s galley, Wardroom,
Officer’s WC & Bath, Fan
room, Officer’s cabin, etc.
G115113
Helicopter workshop,
Shipwright workshop,
Motorboat workshop,
Battery charging room,
etc.
Officer’s cabin, Wardroom,
Wine Store, Junior Officer’s
cabin, etc.
G115115
Electrical workshop,
Switchboard (AFT), Engineer’s
workshop, Helicopter
workshop, Diving Gear
compartment, Steering Gear
compartment, SRE
compartment, Bulk
instrument store, etc.
40
(c) From Breaker E204
Crew’ Dining Hall, PO’s
and CPO’s Mess, PO’s
E204 E2041 E20411
Pantry, Servery, etc.
T2
415V / 230V
3Ph / 3Ph
Sailor’s Mess, Refrigerating
E20414 rooms, Cold rooms, Spare
feeders, etc.
E20415 Sailor’s Mess, etc.
41
Appendix ‘E’
[Refers to Para 4.1(c)]
PROPOSAL FOR RETROFITMENT OF 4 WIRE POWER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM FO R 230V 1 PHASE –SHIP A
1. The retro fitment of 4 wire system onboard Ship A is feasible by replacing
the existing Υ //Δ transformers with Υ//Υ transformer with secondary star point (neutral
) bonded to earth and replacement of the associated cabling and distribution boxes.
Details of the scheme are enumerated in the succeeding paragraphs.
2. The lighting supply onboard the ship is 230V as laid down in the NES and DEF
Stan. Hence it is not required to be changed. The 230V 1 phase for amenity services,
to engine room, to weapon compartments, etc. (i.e. all places other than domestic
portable loads) cannot be changed as tripping of these systems in the event of first
earth fault is to be avoided. Therefore, only the 230V supplies to domestic
portable loads is recommended to be changed, as the tripping of such loads on
the first earth fault is not very critical.
3. The implementation of the 3 phase 4 wire system for the 230 V supplies to
domestic portable loads, as recommended above, will entail the following:
(b) Installation of a new transformers with new DB to cater for the domestic
portable loads.
(c) Provision of input power supply for the new transformers from the spare
fuse in the existing 440V 3 phase DBs i.e. E203, E2031, E204, E2041, G1
151A and G11511A.
(d) Replacement of all the domestic socketswitches with double pole MCBs
so that the neutral is also isolated when the switch is in OFF position.
MCB feeders in place of fuses for each consumer separately. One in number
ELCB will also be fitted in each DB for earth leakage trip.
(f) Laying of supply cables (3 nos. for each consumer) for the 4 wire 230V 1
phase power supply from the DB to the consumer supply point, and laying of
cables between each transformer and the respective DB.
(g) The proposed design of the DBs is as appended below:
(i) Distribution Box with ELCB for 4Wire System.
43
(i) Existing Power Supply Arrangement to be Retained for Non
Domestic Equipment.
(aa) Equipment Fed from Breaker E203
Engine Room eqpt.
E2 E2031 E203
03 11
Lighting, Stores, Spare
feeders, etc.
T1
415V /
415V E203 Nonportable
3Ph / 3Ph 12 equipment.
Main broadcast
E203 loudspeaker in small
13 arm magazine room,
Loudspeaker in bulk
hydrographic store,
etc.
(ab) Equipment Fed from Breaker E204
E204 Non Portable
15 Equipment.
44
Breaker G1151
(ac) Equipment Fed from
Sound Reproduction
G1 G1 G115 Eqpt room, Battery
151 1511 111 charging rooms, etc.
T5
415V /
415V Ship motorboat
3Ph / 3Ph G115 battery charging
112 room, Lighting, etc.
Helicopter workshop,
G115 Shipwright workshop,
113 Motorboat workshop,
Battery charging
room, etc.
G115 Nonportable
114 equipment.
Electrical workshop,
Switchboard (AFT),
Engineer’s workshop,
Helicopter workshop,
G115 Diving Gear
115 compartment, Steering
Gear compartment, SRE
compartment, Bulk
instrument store, etc.
45
(aa) Equipment fed from Breaker E203
Laundry, Crew’s wash &
E203 E2031A E203
WC, etc.
11A
T1A
415V /
415V E203 Sailors mess, etc.
3Ph / 3Ph 13A
Dining Room, Sick Bay,
E203 Medical Store, Oil skin
14 store, Navigator Cabin,
CO’s Cabin, etc.
Sailor’s mess, Wardroom,
E203 Dry provision store, Atta &
15 rice store, Tinned
provision store, spare,
etc.
(ab) Equipment fed from Beaker G1151
Crew’s galley,
G1 G115 G115 Scullery, Canteen,
151 11A 111A Officer’s Bath & WC,
T-5A Combined technical
415V / officer’s cabin, etc.
415V Officer’s galley, Wardroom,
3Ph / G115 Pantry, Officer’s bath and
3Ph
112A WC, etc,
Officer’s galley,
G115 Wardroom, Officer’s
113A WC & Bath, Fan
room, Officer’s cabin,
etc.
Officer’s cabin,
G115 Wardroom, Wine Store,
115A Junior Officer’s cabin,
etc.
Appendix ‘F’
[Refers to Para 4.1(d)]
46
EXISTING DESIGN AND DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENT OF 230V 50 HZ
1 PHASE SUPPLY – SHIP B
(a) From Fuse Panel J2141
For refrigerators
Fuse Fuse Fuse
and water coolers
Panel J2 Panel J2 Panel J2
141 1414 14141 in wardroom,
TR2 galley and pantry
440V /
230V
3Ph / For Oily Water
3Ph Separator
Equipment & spare
supplies for engine
Fuse room auxiliaries.
Panel J2
14142 For Refrigerators &
Cooling Machines in
Pantry, Dining Hall,
Canteen, etc
(b) From Fuse Panel J21412
Fuse Panel J2 Ice Cream
1412 Machine
TR1
440V / 230V
3Ph / 1Ph
47
(c) From Fuse Panel K11111
Appendix ‘G’
[Refers to Para 4.1(f)]
PROPOSAL FOR RETROFITMENT OF 4 WIRE POWER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM FOR 230V 1 PHASE ONBOARD SHIP B
1. The retro fitment of 4wire system is feasible onboard Ship B. It can be
undertaken by replacing the existing ∆/Ү transformers with Υ/Υ transformer with
secondary star point (neutral) bonded to earth, and the replacement of associated
cabling and distribution boxes. Details of the scheme are enumerated in the
succeeding paragraphs.
2. The lighting supply onboard the ship is 115V as laid down in the NES and DEF
Stan. Hence it is not required to be changed. The 230V 1 phase for amenity services,
to engine room, to weapon compartments, etc. (i.e. all places other than domestic
portable loads) cannot be changed as tripping of these systems in the event of first
earth fault is to be avoided. Therefore, only the 230V supplies to domestic
portable loads is recommended to be changed, as the tripping of such loads on
the first earth fault is not very critical.
3. The implementation of the 3 phase 4 wire system for the 230 V supplies to
domestic portable loads, as recommended above, will entail the following:
(a) Retention of the existing transformer feeding both portable and non
portable (or essential) loads for the essential loads
(b) Installation of a new transformer with a new Distribution Box (DB) to
cater for the domestic portable loads. It will also supply power to the two
domestic equipment in the Wardroom pantry (which will eliminate the
requirement of two existing transformers).
(c) Provision of input power supply to the new transformer from the spare
fuse in the existing 440V 3 phase power panel.
(e) Installation of one in number additional DB. (i.e. J21414A) for power
supply to the domestic appliances/switch sockets). The DB shall have MCB
feeders in place of fuses for each consumer separately. One in number ELCB
will also be fitted in the DB for earth leakage trip. Proposed design of the DB
along with indicative layout scheme for transformer are appended below:
49
(f) Laying of supply cables (3 nos. for each consumer) for the 4 wire 230V 1
phase power supply from the DB to the consumer supply point, and laying of
cables between transformer and the DB.
(g) The proposed design of the DBs is as appended below:
Distribution Box with ELCB for 4Wire System
.
(h) The proposed design of the layout scheme for transformer will be as appended
below:
(i) Modified Power Supply Arrangement for Ice Cream Machine
Fuse Panel J2 Ice Cream
1412 Machine
TR-1-A
440V / 423V
3Ph / 1Ph
50
For Oil Water
Fuse Separator Eqpt &
Fuse Fuse
Panel J2 Panel J2
Panel J2 Spare supplies for
14142 Engine Room
141 1414
TR2 Auxiliaries
440V /
423V Fuse For equipment in
3Ph / 3Ph Panel J2 Weapon
14143
Compartments
Fuse
Panel J2 To Ladder and
14144 Davit Control
Panels
(iii) Existing Power Supply Arrangement to be Retained.
(iv) 4wire Power Supply Distribution Arrangement for Domestic Appliances.
MCB DB For refrigerators
Fuse J21414A and water coolers in
Panel J2
141A wardroom, galley
TR-2- and pantry
A
440V /
423V For Refrigerators &
3Ph / 3Ph Cooling Machines in
Pantry, Dining Hall,
Canteen, etc
52
Appendix ‘H’
[Refers to Para 4.2]
53
Appendix ‘J’
[Refers to Para 4.5]
PROPOSED ONLINE INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEM ONBOARD
SHIP A AND SHIP B
(a) The system is not online and provides insulation indication of the
selected section.
(b) The system has no provision for audiovisual alarm and judgement is at
the discretion of the switchboard watch keeper.
(e) Protection against harmonics and other stray DC signal present in the
system is not provided.
(f) The system is of vintage design and not supportable.
2. The above design deficiency could be overcome by incorporation of state of the
art Online insulation monitoring system on each bus of the Main Power Supply
Distribution Switchboard and on Power Transformers (secondary) feeding to lighting &
equipment supply. The ship’s galleys are to be provided with audio and visual alarm
for low insulation indications reported by any of the Online insulation monitor fitted on
ship’s main bus.
4. The arrangement for the insulation Monitors is as follows:
54
FWD SWBD
E/R TA Section IMD1(IRDH575)
B/R TA Section IMD2 (IRDH575)
AFT SWBD
J1 DA Section IMD3(IRDH575)
J2 DA Section IMD4(IRDH575)
5. The insulation monitoring facility can be provided at any of the Switchboard i.e.
Forward SWBD or Aft Switchboard. The switchboard with the monitoring facility will be
additionally fitted with three meters for indication of insulation recorded by IMDs in
other three sections as well. In addition, audiovisual alarms would be provided in
switchboards and galleys.
6. The ship will also be provided with two EDS 3060 type Portable insulation
monitors for online earth fault detection.
7. Existing system Ship A. The existing Insulation Monitoring System onboard
INS Investigator uses an Earth fault meter and three lamps to indicate the health of
the insulation. The system has following operational limitations:
(a) The existing system does not provide continuous Online insulation
Monitoring. It is only a test device that gets connected by pressing a push
button.
(b) Insulation of the manually selected section can only be monitored at a
time.
(d) The system has no provision for audiovisual alarm and judgement is
at the discretion of the switchboard watch keeper.
(h) The system is of vintage design and not supportable.
8. Proposed Scheme for Ship B. The main bus of each section of the
switchboard is to be fitted with Online Insulation Monitoring system IMD (IRDH575).
9. The arrangement for the insulation Monitors is as follows:
FWD SWBD
E1 DA Section IMD1(IRDH575)
E2 DA Section IMD2 (IRDH575)
AFT SWBD
G1 DA Section IMD3(IRDH575)
G2 DA Section IMD4(IRDH575)
G3 DA Section IMD5 (IRDH575)
10. The insulation monitoring facility can be provided at any of the Switchboard i.e.
Forward SWBD or Aft Switchboard. The switchboard with the monitoring facility will be
additionally fitted with four meters for indication of insulation recorded by IMDs in other
four sections as well. In addition, audio visual alarms would be provided in
switchboards and galleys.
11. The ship shall also be provided with two EDS 3060 type Portable insulation
monitors for online earth fault detection.
12. ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) be incorporated in the Distribution Board
of 4 wire power supply system along with separate MCB for each domestic equipment
since incorporation of Online Insulating Monitoring Device is not feasible with 4 wire
system.