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Chi-square Analysis
Learning Objectives:
Given the learning materials and activities of this chapter, the students will be able to:
Distinguish the uses of measures of association in the description of the analysis of
bivariate data.
Perform Chi-square test for Goodness of Fit and test of independence to test the
significance preference and significance of associations between categorical variables.
Interpret the results.
Introduction
A chi-square tests involve comparing the observed frequencies in a one-way or two-way
frequency distribution table with the expected frequencies if the null hypothesis were true. These
tests play an important role in many other problems where information is obtained by counting
rather than measuring. The method we shall described here applies to two kinds of problems. The
first is the Chi-square goodness-of-fit test, and the second is the chi-square test for independence.
The formula for the Chi-square test is
(𝑂 − 𝐸)2
𝑥2 = ∑
𝐸
With degrees of freedom = number of categories – 1 in chi-square for goodness-of-fit test and (row
– 1)(column – 1) degrees freedom for chi-square test for independence. Where O denote the
observed frequency and E denote the expected frequency, respectively. The critical chi-square
value is obtained from Appendix D the Chi-square distribution table.
Goodness-of-Fit Test
This test statistic can be used to see whether a frequency distribution fits a specific pattern.
For instance, a researcher wants to determine whether consumers have any preference among five
flavors of ice cream. If there were no preference, on would expect that each flavor would be
selected equal frequency.
Shift
Types of 1 2 3 Total
Defects
A 15 26 33 74
B 21 31 17 69
C 45 34 49 128
D 13 5 20 38
Total 94 96 119 309
Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the type of furniture defect varies with the
shift during which the piece of furniture is produced? Test at 0.005 level of significance.
Substitute all expected values to the formula and calculate the chi-square statistics.
(15−22.51)2 (26−22.99)2 (20−14.63)2
𝑥2 = + +⋯+ = 19.18
22.51 22.99 14.63
6. Decision: Since the computed 𝑥 2 = 19.18 is greater than 18.55, thus, reject Ho at 0.005
level of significance.
7. Conclusion:
Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportions of defect types
of furniture vary from shift to shift.