SOLID MECHANICS ECA

SOLID MECHANICS
SYLLABUS:
Elasticity constants, types of beams- determinate and indeterminate,
bending moment and shear force diagrams of simply supported,
cantilever and over hanging beams. Moment of area and moment of
inertia for rectangular & circular sections, bending moment and shear
stress for tee, channel and compound sections, chimneys, dams
retaining walls, eccentric loads, slope, deflection of simply supported
and cantilever beams, critical load and columns, Torsion of circular
shaft.

TOPICS COVERED
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
 BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS
 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
 PRINCIPLE STRESSES IN BEAM
 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
 COLUMNS AND MOMENT OF INERTIA
 TORSION IN CIRCULAR SHAFTS

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UNIT 1 4. If a material has identical elastic properties

in all directions it is said to be
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
(a) elastic (b) isotropic
(c) orthotropic (d) homogeneous
1. The stress-strain curve for an ideally plastic
material is 5. Modulus of rigidity is defined as the ratio of
(a) Longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain
(b) Shear stress to shear strain
(c) Stress to strain
(d) Stress to volumetric strain

6. For an isotropic, homogenous and elastic

material obeying Hooke’s law, number of
independent elastic constants is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 9 (d) 1

7. Elastic limit is the point

2. Match List I (Properties) with List II (Stress
(a) up to which stress is proportional to strain
points labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4) in the stress-strain
(b) at which elongation takes place without
figure and select the correct answer:
application of additional load
List I List II (c) up to which if the load is removed, original
A. Yield point volume and shape are regained
(d) at which the toughness is maximum
B. Proportional limit
8. Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of
C. Rupture strength (a) Longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain
(b) Lateral strain and longitudinal strain
D. Ultimate strength (c) Longitudinal stress and lateral stress
Codes: (d) Lateral stress and longitudinal stress
A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 9. Which of the following statements are
(b) 4 3 1 2 correct?
(c) 3 4 2 1 1. Strain in the direction of applied stress is
(d) 4 3 2 1 known as longitudinal strain.
2. Tensile stress results in tensile strain in linear
3. Consider the following salient points in a and lateral directions.
stress-strain curve of a mild steel bar. 3. Strains in all directions perpendicular to the
(1) Yield point applied stress are known as lateral strain.
(2) Breaking point 4. Ratio of change in volume to original volume
(3) Yield plateau is known as volumetric strain.
(4) Proportionality limit (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(5) Ultimate point (c) 3 and 4 only (d) all of the statements

The correct sequence in which they occur while 10. As per the elastic theory of design, the
testing the mild steel bar in tension form initial factor of safety is the ratio of
zero strain to failure is: (a) Working stress to stress at the limit of
(a) 4, 1, 2, 3 and 5 (b) 1, 4, 3, 5 and 2 proportionality
(c) 4, 1, 3, 5 and 2 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3 and 5 (b) Yield stress to working stress

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(c) Ultimate stress to working stress 9KC 3KC

(a) E = (b) E =
(d) None of the above 3K+ C 3K+ C
9KC 3KC
(c) E = 9K+ C (d) E = 9K+ C
11. Limiting value of Poisson’s ratio are
(a) – 1 and 0.5 (b) – 1 and – 0.5
(c) 1 and – 0.5 (d) 0 and 0.5 18. If G is the modulus of rigidity, E the
modulus of elasticity and µ the Poisson’s ratio
12. What is the correct sequence of the for a material, then what is the expression for
following metals in the decreasing order of their G?
Poisson’s ratio? 3E 5E
(a) G = (b) G =
1. Aluminium 2. Cast iron 2(1+ 2μ) (1+ μ)
3. Steel E E
(c) G = (d) G =
2(1+ μ) (1+2μ)
Select the correct answer using the code given
below:
19. If the Poisson’s ratio for a material is 0.5,
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3
then the elastic modulus for the material is
(c) 1, 3, 2 (d) 3, 1, 2
(a) Three times its shear modulus
(b) Four times its shear modulus
13. A circular rod of diameter 30 mm and
(c) Equal to its shear modulus
length 200 mm is subjected to a tensile force.
(d) Not determinable
The extension in rod is 0.09 mm and change in
diameter is 0.0045 mm. What is the Poisson’s
20. The value of modulus of elasticity for a
ratio of the material of the rod?
material is 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio is
(a) 0.30 (b) 0.32
0.25. What is its modulus of rigidity?
(c) 0.33 (d) 0.35
(a) 250 GN/m2 (b) 320 GN/m2
(c) 125 GN/m2 (d) 80 GN/m2
14. A bar of 40 mm diameter and 400 mm
length is subjected to an axial load of 100 kN. It
21. A metal bar of 10 mm diameter when
elongates by 0.150 mm and the diameter
subjected to a pull of 23.5 kN gave an elongation
decreases by 0.005 mm. What is the Poisson’s
of 0.3 mm on a gauge length of 200 mm. The
ratio of the material of the bar?
Young’s modulus of elasticity of the metal will
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.28
nearly be
(c) 0.33 (d) 0.37
(a) 200 kN/mm2 (b) 300 kN/mm2
2
(c) 360 kN/mm (d) 400 kN/mm2
15. Given E as the Young’s modulus of elasticity
of a material, what can be the minimum value of
22. The longitudinal strain of cylindrical bar of
its bulk modulus of elasticity?
25 mm diameter and 1.5 mm length is found to
(a) E/2 (b) E/3
be 3 times its lateral strain in a tensile test.
(c) E/4 (d) E/5
What is the value of Bulk Modulus by assuming E
= 1 x 105 N/mm2?
16. Poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.3. Then the
(a) 2 x 105 N/mm2 (b) 1.1 x 105 N/mm2
ratio of Young’s modulus to bulk modulus is 5 2
(c) 1 x 10 N/mm (d) 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.8
(c) 1.2 (d) 1.4
23. The ratio of intensity of stress in case of a
suddenly applied load to that in case of a
17. The relationship between Young’s Modulus
gradually applied load is
E, Modulus of Rigidity C and Bulk Modulus K in
(a) 1/2 (b) 1
an elastic material is given by the relation
(c) 2 (d) more than 2

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24. Proof resilience is the maximum energy 31. What is the nature of stress in a ceiling fan
stored at rod?
(a) limit of proportionality (a) Bending (b) Tensile
(b) elastic limit (c) Compressive (d) Shear
(c) plastic limit
(d) none of the above 32. Some structural members subjected to long
time sustained loads deform progressively with
25. Strain energy stored in a member is given time especially at elevated temperatures. What
by is such a phenomenon called?
(a) 0.5 x stress x volume (a) Fatigue (b) Creep
(b) 0.5 x strain x volume (c) Creep Relaxation (d) Fracture
(c) 0.5 x stress x strain x volume
(d) 0.5 x strain x stress 33. Which one of the following represents
constitutive relationship?
26. A rectangular block of size 200 mm x 100 (a) Vertical displacements in a structure
mm x 50 mm is subjected to a shear stress of (b) Rotational displacements in a structure
100 N/mm2. If modulus of rigidity of material is 1 (c) System of forces in equilibrium
x 105 N/mm2, strain energy stored will be (d) Stress-strain behavior of a material
(a) 10 N.m (b) 25 N.m
(c) 50 N.m (d) 100 N.m 34. Impact test enables one to estimate the
property of
27. If the depth of a beam of rectangular (a) hardness (b) toughness
section is reduced to half, strain energy stored in (c) strength (d) creep
the beam becomes
(a) 1/4 times (b) 1/8 times 35. The phenomenon of decreased resistance
(c) 4 times (d) 8 times of a material to reversal of stress is called
(a) creep (b) fatigue
28. The material in which large deformation is (c) resilience (d) plasticity
possible before the absolute failure or rupture is
termed as 36. The stress below which a material has a
(a) Ductile (b) Plastic high probability of not failing under reversal of
(c) Brittle (d) Elastic stress is known as
(a) tolerance limit (b) elastic limit
29. Creep of a material is property indicated by (c) proportional limit (d) endurance limit
(a) A time-dependent strain of the material.
(b) Elongation of the material due to changes in 37. The principle strains at a point are:
the material properties. +800 x 10-6, +400 x 10-6 and -1200 x 10-6
(c) Shortening caused by shrinkage of the The volumetric strain is w equal to
member. (a) +1200 x 10-6 (b) +800 x 10-6
(d) The decrease in the volume of the material (c) -1200 x 10-6 (d) Zero
affected by the weather conditions.
38. A mild steel bar of square cross-section 40
30. Resilience is mm x 40 mm is 400 mm long. It is subjected to a
(a) Maximum strain energy longitudinal tensile stress of 440 N/mm2 and
(b) Recoverable strain energy lateral compressive stress is 200 N/mm2 in
(c) Total potential energy perpendicular directions. E = 2 x 10-5 N/mm2, µ =
(d) Shear strain energy (Beyond Hooke’s Law) 0.3. What is the approximate elongation of the
bar in the longitudinal direction?
(a) 0.44 mm (b) 0.88 mm

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(c) 0.22 mm (d) 1 mm UNIT 2

DETERMINACY AND
39. A square steel bar of 50 mm side and 5 m
long is subjected to a load whereupon it absorbs INDETERMINACY
strain energy of 100 J. What is its modulus of
resilience? 45. The simply supported beam shown in the
(a) 1/125 Nmm/mm3 (b) 125 mm3/Nmm figure
(c) 1/100 Nmm/mm3 (d) 100 mm3/Nmm

40. A mild steel rod tapers uniformly from 30

mm diameter to 12 mm diameter in a length of
300 mm. The rod is subjected to an axial load of
12 kN. E = 2 x 105 N/mm2. What is the extension
of the rod in mm? (a) Determinate and stable
(a) 4π/5 (b) 2/5π (b) Determinate and unstable
(c) π/5 (d) 1/5π (c) Indeterminate and stable
(d) Indeterminate and unstable
41. If all the dimensions of a prismatic bar are
doubled, then the maximum stress produced in 46. The degree of indeterminacy of the beam
it under its own weight will given below is
(a) decrease (b) remains unchanged
(c) increase to 2 times (d) increase to 4 times
(a) 0 (b) 1
42. The elongation of a conical bar under its (c) 2 (d) 3
own weight is equal to
(a) that of a prismatic bar of same length 47. Which one of the following is true of a
(b) half that of a prismatic bar of same length statically determinate beam?
(c) one third that of a prismatic bar of same (a) One end is fixed and the other end is simply
length supported.
(d) none of these (b) Both the ends are fixed.
(c) The beam overhangs over two supports.
43. Two bars of different materials are of the (d) The beam is supported on three supports.
same size and are subjected to same tensile
forces. If the bars have unit elongations in the 48. A prismatic beam is shown in the figure
ratio of 4 : 7, then the ratio of moduli of given below. Consider the following statements.
elasticity of the 2 materials is
(a) 7 : 4 (b) 4 : 7
(c) 4 : 17 (d) 16 : 49
1. The structure is unstable
44. If a composite bar of steel and copper is 2. The bending moment is zero at supports and
heated, then the copper bar will be under internal hinge
(a) tension (b) compression 3. It is mechanism
(c) shear (d) torsion 4. It is statically indeterminate

Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 and 4

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49. Which one of the following is correct?
When a load is applied to a structure with rigid
joints
(a) There is no rotation or displacement of joint
(b) There is no rotation of joint
(c) There is no displacement of joint
(d) There can be rotation and displacement of
joint but the angle between the members
connected to the joints remains same even after
application of the load
50. Which one of the following is correct?
A determinate structure
(a) cannot be analyzed without the correct
knowledge of modulus of elasticity
(b) must necessarily have roller support at one
of its ends
(c) requires only statical equllibrium equations
for its analysis
(d) will have zero deflection at its ends
51. Which one of the following is correct?
A statically indeterminate structure is the one
which
(a) cannot be analyzed at all
(b) can be analyzed at all
(c) can be analyzed using equations of statics
and compatibility equations
(d) can be analyzed using equation of
compatibility only
52. Which one of the following is correct?
A suspension bridge with a two-hinged stiffening
girder is
(a) Statically determinate
(b) Indeterminate of one degree
(c) Indeterminate of two degrees
(d) A mechanism
53. What is the total degree of indeterminacy
in the continuous prismatic beam shown in the
figure?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
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SOLID MECHANICS ECA
54. The number of independent equation to be
satisfied for static Equilibrium in a space
structure is
(a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 2
UNIT 3
SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENT
55. Maximum bending moment in a beam
occurs where
(a) deflection is 0
(b) shear force is maximum
(c) shear force is minimum
(d) shear force changes sign
56. If the SFD of a simply supported beam is
parabolic, then the load on the beam is
(a) uniformly distributed load
(b) concentrated load at mid span
(c) external moment acting at mid span
(d) linearly varying distributed load
57. Shear span is defined as the zone where
(a) bending moment is zero
(b) shear force is zero
(c) shear force is constant
(d) bending moment is constant
58. Rate of change of bending moment is equal
to
(a) shear force (b) deflection
(c) slope (d) rate of loading
59. The diagram showing variation of axial load
along the span is called
(a) shear force diagram
(b) bending moment diagram
(c) thrust diagram
(d) influence line diagram
60. Which of the following loads should be
applied on a simply supported beam, so that the
shear force is constant throughout its span?
(a) UDL over the entire span

(b) two concentrated loads equally spaced in the
span
(c) a central concentrated load and a UDL over
the entire span
(d) a couple anywhere in the span
61. Consider the following statements:
A cantilever beam of length ‘l’ is loaded with
uniformly distributed load ‘w’ on the span. The
beam is propped at the free end having its level
same as that of the fixed end (EI is constant).
(a) The prop reaction is wl/2
(b) The prop reaction is 3/8 wl
(c) The bending moment at the prop = wl2/2
(d) SF is zero at x = 3l/8 from the propped end.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
62. Neglecting self weight, which of the
following beams will have points of
contraflexure?
(a) A simply supported beam with uniformly
distributed load over part of the structure.
(b) An overhanging beam with loading only over
supported span and not on overhangs.
(c) Fixed beam subjected to concentrated load.
(d) Cantilever beam subjected to uniformly
varying load with zero load at free end.
63. A portion of a beam between two sections
is said to be in pure bending when there is
(a) constant bending moment and zero shear
force.
(b) constant shear force and zero bending
moment.
(c) constant bending moment and constant
shear force.
(d) none of the above
64. The shear force diagram of a beam is
shown in the figure. The absolute maximum
bending moment in the beam is
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SOLID MECHANICS ECA
(a) 2P x a (b) 5P x a
(c) 4P x a (d) 7P x a
65. In which of the following the point of
contraflexure will not occur?
(a) A two span continuous beam of equal spans,
simply supported and loaded by UDL over both
spans.
(b) A simply supported beam loaded by UDL.
(c) A fixed beam loaded by UDL.
(d) A propped cantilever loaded by UDL.
66. A prismatic beam fixed at both ends carries
a uniformly distributed load. The ratio of
bending moment at the supports to the bending
moment at mid span is
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0
(c) 1.5 (d) 2.0
67. What are the support reactions at the fixed
end of the cantilever beam shown in the figure?
(a) 120 kN , 120 KN-m (b) 120 kN, 240 kN-m
(c) 240 kN, 120 kN-m (d) 120 kN, 60 kN-m
68. For S.F to be uniform throughout the span
of simply supported beam, which of the
following loads should be applied on to the
beam?
(a) Two equally spaced concentric loads
(b) A couple at mid span only
(c) A couple anywhere in the span
(d) UDL over the entire span
69. Consider the simply supported beam AB
subjected to the point loads of equal magnitude
as shown in the figure. The portion CD of the
beam is
 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

(a) in pure bending (a) L/4 (b) L/3

(b) in pure shear
(c) having maximum bending moment
(d) having maximum shear force
70. The beam shown in the figure given below
is subjected to concentrated load and clockwise
couple. What is the vertical reaction at A?
(c) L/2 (d) L/√3
74. A uniform beam of span l carries a UDL of w
per unit length as shown in the figure given
below. The supports are at a distance of x from
either end. What is the condition for the
maximum bending moment in the beam to be as
small as possible?

(a) 10 kN (b) 40 kN (a) x = 0.107 l (b) x = 0.207 l

(c) 50 kN (d) 30 kN (c) x = 0.237 l (d) x = 0.25 l

71. Couple M is applied at C on a simply 75. At what distance from left support of the
supported beam AB. What is the maximum given beam, is the shear force zero?
shear force for the beam?

(a) 1 m (b) 1.25 m

(a) zero (b) M
(c) 1.5 m (d) 2.5 m
(c) 2 M/3 (d) M/3
76. A beam of uniform flexural rigidity supports
72. A cantilever beam AB carries loadings as
a set of loads as shown in figure below. What is
shown in figure below. Which one of the
the value of W if the magnitude of bending
following is the SFD for the beam?
moment at mid span and at support of the beam
is numerically equal?

(a) 20 kN (b) 40 kN
(c) 60 kN (d) 80 kN

77. A simply supported beam is loaded as

shown in figure. The bending moment at C is
73. For the simply supported beam shown in
the figure given below, at what distance from
the support A, is the shear force zero?

(a) 4 kN-m (sagging) (b) 4 kN-m (hogging)

(c) 8 kN-m (sagging) (d) zero

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78. A simply supported beam AB is subjected to
a concentrated load at C, the centre of the span.
The area of the SFD from A to C will give
(a) BM at C
(b) difference between BM values at A and C
(c) SF at C
(d) both (a) and (b)
79.
A freely supported beam AB of span 4 m is
subjected to a UDL of 1 kN/m over the full span
and a moment of 2 kN-m at support A as shown
in the figure. The resulting BM at mid span C of
the beam will be
(a) 1 kN-m (sagging) (b) 1 kN-m (hogging)
(c) 2kN-m (sagging) (d) 2kN-m (hogging)
80. The BMD of a beam is shown in the figure
The SFD of the beam is represented by
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SOLID MECHANICS ECA
81. In the analysis of beams subjected to loads,
the point with nil bending moment can be a
1. Point of contraflexure
2. Point of maximum shear force
3. Point of inflexion
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
82. A simply supported beam of span l carries
over its full span a load varying linearly from
zero at either end to w/m at mid span .The
maximum bending moment occurs at
(a) quarter points and is equal to wl2/8
(b) quarter points and is equal to wl2/12
(c) midspan and is equal to wl2/8
(d) midspan and is equal to wl2/12
83. The variation of the bending moment in the
portion of a beam carrying linearly varying load
is
(a) linear (b) parabolic
(c) cubic (d) constant
84. If a cantilever beam carries a uniformly
distributed load over its entire length, then
shapes of shear force diagram and bending
moment diagram respectively are
(a) quadratic parabola and cubic parabola
(b) triangle and quadratic parabola
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(c) rectangle and triangle (c) both sections are equally strong
(d) quadratic parabola and triangle (d) both sections are equally stiff

89. A prismatic bar when subjected to pure

UNIT 4 bending assumes the shape of
(a) catenary (b) cubic parabola
BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
(c) quadratic parabola (d) arc of a circle

85. Match List 1 with List 2 and select the 90. Two beams carrying identical loads, simply
correct answer: supported are having same depth but beam A
List-I List-II has double the width as compared to that of
A. Assumption in theory 1. Neutral axis beam B. The ratio of the strength of beam A to
of simple bending. that of beam B is
B. The point at which the 2. Centroid (a) 1/2 (b) 1/4
bending stress is (c) 2 (d) 4
maximum for any cross
section. 91. A steel wire of 20 mm diameter is bent into
C. The point at which the 3. The plane a circular shape of 10 m radius. If E, the modulus
bending stress is zero for sections remain of elasticity is 2 x 106 kg/cm2, then the maximum
any cross section. plane. stress induced in the wire is
D. The point in the cross 4. Extreme fibre (a) 103 kg/cm2 (b) 2 x 103 kg/cm2
3 2
section through which (c) 4 x 10 kg/cm (d) 6 x 103 kg/cm2
the NA passes. 5. The cross
section is circular. 92. A beam has the same section throughout
Codes: its length with I = 1 x 108 mm4.It is subjected to
A B C D uniform B.M = 40 kN-m. E= 2 x 105 N/mm2. What
(a) 5 4 1 2 is the radius of curvature of the circle into which
(b) 3 1 2 4 the beam will bend in the form of an arc of a
(c) 5 1 2 4 circle?
(d) 3 4 1 2 (a) 1000 m (b) 500 m
(c) 400 m (d) 350 m
86. The relationship between the radius of
curvature R, bending moment M and flexural 93. A beam of symmetrical I section, made of
rigidity EI is given by structural steel has an overall depth of 300 mm.
(a) R = M/EI (b) M = EI/R If the flange stresses developed at the top and
(c) EI = R/M (d) E = MI/R bottom of the beam are 1200 kg/cm2 and 300
kg/cm2 respectively, then the depth of N.A from
87. Of the several prismatic beams of equal the top of beam would be
lengths, the strongest in flexure is the one (a) 250 mm (b) 240 mm
having maximum (c) 200 mm (d) 180 mm
(a) moment of inertia (b) section modulus
(c) tensile strength (d) area of cross section 94. A structural steel beam has an
unsymmetrical I- cross section. The overall
88. Two beams, one of circular cross section depth of the beam is 200 mm. The flange
and other of square cross section, have equal stresses at the top and bottom are 120 N/mm2
areas of cross section. If subjected to bending and 80 N/mm2 respectively. The depth of the
(a) circular section is more economical neutral axis from the top of the beam will be
(b) square section is more economical (a) 120 mm (b) 100 mm
(c) 80 mm (d) 60 mm

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95. A thin steel ruler having its cross-section of
0.0625 cm x 2.5 cm is bent by couples applied at
its ends so that its length l equals to 25 cm,
when bent, as a circular arc, subtends a central
angle θ = 600. Take E = 2 x 106 kg/cm2. The
maximum stress induced in the ruler is
(a) 2618 kg/cm2 (b) 2512 kg/cm2
2
(c) 2406 kg/cm (d) 2301 kg/cm2
be made in the direction of width at midspan to
provide a pipeline. From structural strength
point of view, it would be advisable to have the
hole made at
(a) the bottom
(b) the top
(c) mid-depth
(d) 1/4 depth either from the top or the bottom

96. A steel plate is bent into a circular arc of 101. A square section as shown in the figure
radius 10 m. if the plate section be 120 mm wide above is subjected to bending moment M. What
and 20 mm thick , with E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 , then is the maximum bending stress?
the maximum bending stress induced is
(a) 210 N/mm2 (b) 205 N/mm2
(c) 200 N/mm2 (d) 195 N/mm2

97. A simply supported beam of T-section is

subjected to a uniformly distributed load acting
vertical downward. Its N.A is located at 25 mm
from the top of the flange and the total depth of (a) σ bc = σ bc = 12 M/h3
the section is 100 mm. The ratio of maximum (b) σ bc = σ bc = 6 M/h3
tensile stress to maximum compressive stress in (c) σ bc = σ bc = 9 M/2h3
the beam is (d) σ bc = σ bc = 9 M/h3
(a) 2 (b) 2.5
(c) 3 (d) 4 102. A square beam laid flat is then rotated in
such a way that one of its diagonal becomes
98. A cantilever beam of T cross section carries horizontal. How is its moment capacity affected?
uniformly distributed load, where does the (a) increases by 41.4%
maximum magnitude of the bending stress (b) increases by 29.27%
occur? (c) decreases by 29.27%
(a) at the top of cross section (d) decreases by 41.4%
(b) at the junction of flange and web
(c) at the mid depth point 103. A steel beam is replaced by a
(d) at the bottom of the section corresponding aluminium beam of same cross-
sectional shape and dimensions, and is
99. A structural beam subjected to sagging subjected to same loading. The maximum
bending has a cross section which is an bending stress will
unsymmetrical I-section. The overall depth of (a) be unaltered
the beam is 300 mm. The flange stresses in the (b) increase
beam are: (c) decrease
σ top =200 N/mm2 ;σ bottom = 50 N/mm2 (d) vary in proportion to their modulus of
elasticity
What is the height in mm of the neutral axis
above the bottom flange? 104. A rectangular beam of dimensions b x d is
(a) 240 mm (b) 60 mm to be cut from a circular log of wood of
(c) 180 mm (d) 120 mm diameter D. For the beam to be strongest in
bending, the dimensions will be
100. In a simply supported wooden beam (a)
D
and D�
2
(b)
D
and D�
2
under uniformly distributed load, a hole has to √2 3 √3 3

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

D 2D D 2D 110. The shear stress distribution shown in the

(c) and D� (d) and � figure represents a beam with cross-section
√2 3 √3 3

105. A beam of rectangular cross-section is 100

mm wide and 200 mm deep. If the section is
subjected to a shear force of 20 kN, then the
maximum shear stress in the section is
(a) 1 N/mm2 (b) 1.125 N/mm2
(c) 1.33 N/mm2 (d) 1.5 N/mm2

106. The portion, which should be removed

from top and bottom of a circular cross section
of diameter d in order to obtain maximum
section modulus is
(a) 0.01 d (b) 0.1 d
(c) 0.011 d (d) 0.11 d

UNIT 5
SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
107. The state of pure shear is produced by
(a) tension in one direction and equal
compression in perpendicular direction
(b) equal tension in two directions at right
angles
(c) equal compression in two directions at right
angles
(d) none of the above
108. A symmetrical I section is subjected to
shear force. The shear force induced across the
section is maximum at which location?
(a) extreme fibre
(b) at the bottom of flanges in flange
(c) at the bottom of flange in web portion
(d) at the neutral axis
109. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress
to average shear stress for a circular section?
(a) 2 (b) 3/2
(c) 4/3 (d) 3/4
111. A beam of triangular cross section is
placed with its base horizontal .The maximum
shear stress intensity in the section will be
(a) at the neutral axis
(b) at the base
(c) above the neutral axis
(d) below the neutral axis
112. Consider the following statements:
When a beam of square cross section is used
with a diagonal in a vertical position
1. The shear stress distribution across the
section of the beam will be maximum at neutral
axis.
2. The shear stress distribution across the
section of the beam will be zero at both top and
bottom.
3. The maximum stress does not occur at neutral
axis.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2

113. Which one of the following shear stress

distribution diagrams is correct for cross bar
section shown in the given figure?

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114. A rectangular beam of width 100 mm is 118. A timber beam is 100 mm wide and 150
subjected to a maximum shear force of 60 kN. mm deep. The beam is simply supported and
The corresponding maximum shear stress in the carries a central concentrated load W. If the
cross section is 4 N/mm2. The depth of the beam maximum stress in shear is 2 N/mm2, what
should be would be the corresponding load W on the
(a) 150 mm (b) 225 mm beam?
(c) 200 mm (d) 100 mm (a) 20 kN (b) 30 kN
(c) 40 kN (d) 25 kN
115. A beam has a triangular cross section
having base 40 mm and altitude 60 mm. If this 119. A rectangular beam of width 100 mm is
section is subjected to a shear force of 36000 N, subjected to a maximum shear force of 60 kN.
the maximum shear stress in the cross section The corresponding maximum shear stress in the
would be cross section is 4 N/mm2. The depth of the beam
(a) 60 N/mm2 (b) 36 n/mm2 should be
2
(c) 45 N/mm (d) 30 N/mm2 (a) 200 mm (b) 150 mm
(c) 100 mm (d) 225 mm
116. A rectangular beam of width 200 mm and
depth 300 mm is subjected to a shear force of 120. A simply supported beam of length 4 m is
200 kN. The maximum shear stress produced in subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 2
the beam is kN/m. What is the maximum shear stress if the
(a) 10 MPa (b) 7.5 MPa cross section is rectangular, 100 mm wide and
(c) 5 MPa (d) 3.33 MPa 200 mm deep?
(a) 0.2 N/mm2 (b) 0.1 N/mm2
117. The shear stress distribution for a section (c) 0.4 N/mm 2
(d) 0.3 N/mm2
under the action of shear force S is shown
below. The rectangular section is b x d. Select 121. A beam of square cross section with side
the correct shear stress distribution from the 100 mm is placed with one diagonal vertical. If
following: the shear force acting on the section is 10 kN,
the maximum shear stress is
(a) 1 N/mm2 (b) 1.125 N/mm2
(c) 2 N/mm2 (d) 2.25 mm2

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122. Two planks each of 50 mm x 50 mm

section are glued together along the length to
form a section 50 mm x 100 mm, and used as a
beam. If the shear force at a section is 1000 N,
what is the maximum shear stress on the glue?
(a) 0.15 MPa (b) 0.3 MPa
(c) 0.6 MPa (d) 2.4 MPa

(a) ± 2τ (b) ± τ/2

UNIT 6 (c) ± τ (d) ± 2τ/3
PRINCIPLE STRESSES
127. If the principle stresses at a point in a
stressed body are 150 kN/m2 tensile and 50
123. The sum of normal stresses is kN/m2 compressive, then maximum shear stress
(a) constant at the point will be
(b) variable (a) 100 kN/m2 (b) 150 kN/m2
(c) depends on the planes (c) 200 kN/m2 (d) 250 kN/m2
(d) none of the above
128. For the plane stress situation shown in the
124. Which of the following statements are diagram, what is the maximum shear stress?
correct for stresses acting on mutually
perpendicular faces of a plane element?
1. The sum of the normal stresses in mutually
perpendicular planes is equal to the sum of
principle stresses.
2. The shearing stresses in two mutually
perpendicular planes are equal in magnitude
and direction.
3. Maximum shear stress is half of the difference
(a) Zero, when X and Y axis are rotated 45°
between principle stresses.
clockwise
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(b) Zero, at all positions of orientation of X and Y
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
axes
(c) 20 MPa, at all positions of orientation of X
125. If a body carries two unlike principle
and Y axes
stress, what is the maximum shear stress?
(d) – 20 MPa, when X and Y axes are rotated 45°
(a) half the difference of magnitude of the
anti-clockwise.
principle stresses
(b) half the sum of magnitude of the principle
129. A thin rod of 10 mm diameter is subjected
stresses
to a tensile force of 7580 N. What are the
(c) difference of the magnitude of principle
principle stresses and maximum shear stress?
stresses
(a) 70 MPa, 50 MPa, 10 MPa
(d) sum of the magnitude of principle stresses
(b) 100 MPa, Zero, 50 MPa
(c) 100 MPa, 50 MPa, 25 MPa
126. The figure shows the stress condition of
(d) 100 MPa, Zero, Zero
an element. The principle stresses are

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130. of 40 MPa compressive and 80 MPa tensile, on

mutually perpendicular planes. Shear stress is
absent on these planes. The maximum shear
stress at this point (along a duly identified plane)
is
(a) 20 MPa (b) 40 MPa
(c) 60 MPa (d) 80 MPa

135. The radius of Mohr’s circle for two equal

unlike principle stresses of magnitude p is
The principle stresses in N/mm2 on a rectangular (a) p (b) p/2
element as shown in the above figure. The (c) zero (d) none of the above
intensity of normal stress 𝜎𝜎 n on the oblique
136. Consider the following statements:
R

plane BE is
(a) 125 N/mm2 (b) 275 N/mm2 Mohr’s Circle is used to determine the stress on
an oblique section of a body subjected to
(c) 375 N/mm2 (d) 250 N/mm2
1. Direct tensile stress on one plane and
131. In a strained material, the principle accompanied by a shear stress
stresses in the x and y directions are 100 N/mm2 2. Direct tensile stresses in two mutually
(tensile) and 60 N/mm2 (compressive). On an perpendicular directions accompanied by a
inclined plane, the normal to which makes an simple shear stress
angle 30° to the x-axis, what is the tangential 3. Direct tensile stress in two mutually
stress in N/mm2? perpendicular directions
4. A simple shear stress
(a) 30√3 N/mm2 (b) 40√3 N/mm2
2
(c) 60 N/mm (d) 40 N/mm2
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
132. At a point in the web of a girder, the
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 3
bending and the shearing stresses are 90 N/mm2
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
(tensile) and 45 N/mm2 respectively. The
principle stresses are
137. The radius of Mohr’s circle is zero when
(a) 108.64 N/mm2 (tensile) and 18.64 N/mm2
the state of stress is such that
(compressive)
(a) shear stress is zero
(b) 107.60 N/mm2 (compressive) and 18.64
(b) there is pure shear
N/mm2 (tensile)
(c) there is no shear stress but identical direct
(c) 108.64 N/mm2 (compressive) and 18.64
stresses
N/mm2 (tensile)
(d) there is no shear stress but equal direct
(d) 0.64 N/mm2 (tensile) and 0.78 N/mm2
stresses, opposite in nature, in two mutually
(compressive)
perpendicular directions
133. A mild steel bar is subjected to an axial
138. Mohr’s stress circle helps in determining
force P, resulting in an axial stress σ x = 100
which of the following?
N/mm2. What would be normal stress σ n on a
1. Normal stresses on one plane
plane n-n making an angle θ = 45o with its axis?
2. Normal and tangential stresses on two planes
(a) 25 N/mm2 (b) 40 N/mm2
2 3. Principle stresses in all three directions
(c) 50 N/mm (d) 100 N/mm2
4. Inclination of principle planes
134. The state of stress at a point in a 2-D
Select the correct answer using the code given
stress system is characterized by direct stresses
below:

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 144. A simply supported beam ‘A’ carries a
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 2 and 4 only point load at its midspan. Another identical
beam ‘B’ carries the same magnitude of load but
139. What is the diameter of Mohr’s circle of is uniformly distributed over the entire span.
stress for the state of equal stress shown below? The ratio of the maximum deflections of beams
‘A’ and ‘B’ will be
(a) 8/3 (b) 2/3
(c) 3/5 (d) 8/5

145. The maximum deflection of simply

supported beam occurs at zero
(a) 20 (b) 10√2
(a) bending moment location
(c) 10 (d) zero
(b) shear force location
(c) slope location
(d) shear force location and also zero bending
UNIT 7 moment location
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
146. Moments of the same sense are applied to
both the ends of a simply supported beam. The
140. Which of the following is/are determined
ratio of the rotation of the two ends is 2. What is
at a point of a given beam by moment area
the ratio of the applied moments?
method?
(a) 3/2 (b) 4/3
1. Shear force 2. Bending moment
(c) 5/4 (d) 6/5
3. Slope 4. Deflection
147. Simply supported beam AB of span 4 m is
Select the correct answer using the codes given
subjected to terminal couples as shown in the
below:
figure. If EI is in kN/m2, what is the magnitude of
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 alone
the central deflection of the beam in metres?
(c) 4 alone (d) 3 and 4

141. A mild steel bar of uniform cross section

‘A’ and length L is subjected to an axial load ‘W’.
The strain energy stored in the bar would be
(a) WL/2AE (b) W2L/4AE
(c) WL/4AE (d) W2L/2AE
(a) 4/EI (b) 8/EI
142. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ is (c) 2/EI (d) 16/EI
subjected to a concentrated load W at midspan. 148. If in a fixed beam of length L,
The strain energy due to bending in the beam concentrated load of P acts at the centre of the
would be beam, what is the slope below the load
(a) W2L3/48EI (a) PL2/48EI (b) PL3/48EI
(b) W2L3/96EI
(c) PL/24EI (d) zero
(c) W2L3/24EI (d) WL3/96EI
149. If a fixed beam of length L is loaded by a
143. Slope at the end of a simply supported
beam of span 1 with uniformly distributed load UDL of w kN/m over its full span, find the
maximum deflection
w/m over the entire span is given by
(a) wL3/96EI (b) wL4/384EI
(a) WL2/16EI (b) WL3/16EI
3 (c) wL3/384EI (d) 0
(c) WL /24EI (d) WL2/24EI

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150. If the length of a simply supported beam 157. If the deflection at the free end of a
carrying a concentrated load at the centre is uniformly loaded cantilever beam of length 1 m
doubled, the deflection at the centre will is equal to 7.5 mm, then the slope at the free
become end is
(a) two times (b) four times (a) 0.01 radian (b) 0.015 radian
(c) eight times (d) sixteen times (c) 0.02 radian (d) none of the above

151. A simply supported beam with rectangular 158. A cantilever beam carries a uniformly
cross section is subjected to central distributed load from fixed end to the centre of
concentrated load. If the width and depth of the the beam in the first case and a uniformly
beam are doubled, then the deflection at the distributed load of same intensity from center of
centre of the beam will be reduced by the beam to the free end in the second case.
(a) 50% (b) 25% The ratio of deflections at the free end in the
(c) 12.5% (d) 6.25% two cases is
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/11
152. A straight cantilever of uniform cross (c) 5/24 (d) 7/41
section carries a load ‘W’ distributed evenly over
its entire length. If the free end of the cantilever
is now propped upto the level of the fixed end, UNIT 8
the vertical force required at the prop is
COLUMNS & MOMENT OF
(a) 3/8 W (b) 5/8 W
(c) 3/4 W (d) W INERTIA

153. A propped cantilever of span 4 m is fixed 159. When both ends of a column are fixed, the
at A and propped at B. The beam carries a u.d.l. crippling load is P. If one end of the column is
of 1 t/m over the entire span. The reaction at B made free, the value of crippling load will be
is changed to
(a) 2.5 t (b) 2 t (a) P/16 (b) P/4
(c) t (d) 1.5 t (c) P/2 (d) 4P

154. If the hinged end of a propped cantilever 160. Buckling load for a given column depends
of span L settles by an amount 𝛿𝛿, then the upon
rotation of the hinged end will be (a) length of column only
(a) δ/L (b) 2δ/L (b) least lateral dimension only
(c) 3δ/2L (d) 4δ/3L (c) both length and least lateral dimension
(d) none of the above
155. If a cantilever beam of span L and flexural
rigidity EI carries a moment M at the free end, 161. Euler’s formula for a mild steel long
the deflection at that end is column hinged at both ends is not valid for
(a) ML/24EI (b) ML2/12EI slenderness ratio
(c) ML/6EI (d) ML2/2EI (a) greater than 80 (b) less than 80
(c) greater than 180 (d) greater than 120
156. If the deflection at the free end of a
uniformly loaded cantilever beam is 15 mm and 162. Match List 1 (end conditions of columns)
the slope of the deflection curve at the free end with List 2(effective length, l e ) and select the
is 0.02 radian, then the length of the beam is correct answer
(a) 0.8 m (b) 1.0 m List-I List-II
(c) 1.2 m (d) 1.5 m A. Both ends fixed 1. L e = 2l
B. Both ends hinged 2. L e = l/2

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C. One end fixed, other 3.L e = l/√2 (c) axial force (d) shear
free
D. One end fixed, other 4. L e = l 169. The polar modulus of a circular shaft of
hinged diameter d is
Codes: (a) πd3/16 (b) πd3/32
A B C D (c) πd3/64 (d) πd2/32
(a) 2 4 1 3
(b) 3 1 2 4 170. What is the polar modulus of a solid
(c) 2 4 3 1 circular metal shaft of diameter 8 cm?
(d) 3 1 4 2 (a) 64 π cm3 (b) 32 π cm3
3
(c) 16 π cm (d) 8 π cm3
163. For a solid circular section of diameter d,
the stress in a column will be compressive only if
the eccentricity of the line of action of the UNIT 9
compression force is within
(a) d/4 (b) d/8 TORSION IN CIRCULAR SHAFTS
(c) d/6 (d) d/16
171. In a circular shaft of diameter d, subjected
164. If the Euler load for a steel column is 1000 to a torque T, the maximum shear stress
kN and crushing load is 1500 kN, the Rankine induced is
load is equal to (a) proportional to d3
(a) 2500 kN (b) 1500 kN (b) proportional to d4
(c) 1000 kN (d) 600 kN (c) inversely proportional to d3
(d) inversely proportional to d4
165. A long column has maximum crippling
load when its 172. If a shaft of diameter d is subjected to a
(a) both ends are hinged torque T, the maximum shear stress is
(b) both ends are fixed (a) 32T/πd3 (b) 16T/πd2
(c) one end is fixed and other is hinged (c) 16T/πd 3
(d) 64T/πd4
(d) one end is fixed and other end is free
173. A solid shaft has diameter 80 mm. It is
166. Effective length of a chimney of 20 m subjected to a torque of 4 kNm. The maximum
height is taken as shear stress induced in the shaft would be
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m (a) 75/π N/mm2 (b) 250/π N/mm2
(c) 28.28 m (d) 40 m (c) 125/π N/mm 2
(d) 150/π N/mm2

167. Slenderness ratio of a 5 m long column 174. A hollow shaft of 16 mm outside diameter
hinged at both ends and having a circular cross- and 12 mm inside diameter is subjected to a
section with a diameter 160 mm is torque of 40 N-m. The shear stresses at the
(a) 31.25 (b) 62.5 outside and inside of the material of the shaft
(c) 100 (d) 125 are respectively
(a) 62.75 N/mm2 and 50 N/mm2
MOMENT OF INERTIA (b) 72.75 N/mm2 and 54.54 N/mm2
(b) 79.75 N/mm2 and 59.54 N/mm2
(b) 80 N/mm2 and 40 N/mm2
168. The polar moment of inertia of the cross
section of the member is required to assess the 175. A 40 mm diameter shaft is subjected to a
strength of the member in twisting moment M t . If max. shear stress
(a) bending (b) torsion

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developed in shaft is 5 N/mm2, what is the value (b) less than that of the solid shaft
of the twisting moment ? (c) more than that of the solid shaft
(a) 628.8 Nm (b) 328.4 Nm (d) exactly half of that of the solid shaft
(c) 62.8 Nm (d) 30.4 Nm
176. Which of the following terms represents 182. Torsion applied to a circular shaft results
the torque corresponding to a twist of one in a twist of 10 over a length of 1 m. The
radian in a shaft over its unit length? maximum shear stress induced is 120 N/mm2
(a) torsional stress and the modulus of rigidity of the shaft material
(b) torsional rigidity is 0.8 x 105 N/mm2. What is the radius of the
(c) flexural rigidity shaft?
(d) moment of resistance (a) 300/π (b) 180/π
(c) 90/π (d) 270/π
177. Strain energy in torsion of a shaft per unit
volume is given by (q is shear stress, E- modulus 183. A solid shaft rotating at 180 rpm is
of Elasticity and G is modulus of rigidity) subjected to a mean torque of 5000 Nm. What is
(a) q2/2G (b) q2/2E the power transmitted by the shaft in kW?
(c) q2/4G (d) q2/4E (a) 25 π (b) 20 π
(c) 60 π (d) 30 π
178. The ratio of the torsional moments of
resistance of a solid circular shaft of diameter D, 184. If a shaft is turning at N r.p.m and the
and a hollow circular shaft having external mean torque to which the shaft is subjected is T
diameter D and internal diameter d is given by N-m, the power transmitted by the shaft in kW
D4 D4 − d4 would be
(a) (b)
D4− d4 D4 2πNT 2πNT
(a) (b)
D3− d3 D3 45000 60000
(c) D3
(d)
D3− d3 2πNT 2πNT
(c) (d)
30000 33000

179. The failure surface of a standard cast iron

torsion specimen, subjected to a torque is along 185. What is the power transmitted by a 100
(a) the surface helicoidal at 450 to the axis of the mm diameter solid shaft at 150 rpm without
specimen exceeding a maximum stress of 60 N/mm2?
(b) the curved surface at the grips Take π2 =10
(c) the plane surface perpendicular to the axis of (a) 187.5 kW (b) 18.75 kW
the specimen (c) 1.875 kW (d) 1875 kW
(d) the curved surface perpendicular to the axis
of the specimen.

180. A hollow shaft will transmit ……………….

Power than a solid shaft of same weight and
material
(a) less (b) same
(c) more (d) none of the above

181. Two shafts one of solid section and the

other of hollow section, of same material and
weight having same length are subjected to
equal torsional force. What is the torsional
stiffness of hollow shaft?
(a) equal to that of the solid shaft

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ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 21. (a) 41. (c) 61. (d) 81. (a)

2. (a) 22. (c) 42. (c) 62. (c) 82. (d)

3. (c) 23. (c) 43. (a) 63. (a) 83. (c)

4. (b) 24. (b) 44. (b) 64. (b) 84. (b)

5. (b) 25. (c) 45. (b) 65. (b) 85. (d)

6. (a) 26. (c) 46. (b) 66. (d) 86. (b)

7. (c) 27. (d) 47. (c) 67. (a) 87. (b)

8. (b) 28. (a) 48. (b) 68. (c) 88. (b)

9. (b) 29. (a) 49. (d) 69. (a) 89. (c)

10. (b) 30. (b) 50. (c) 70. (a) 90. (c)

11. (a) 31. (b) 51. (c) 71. (d) 91. (b)

12. (c) 32. (b) 52. (b) 72. (a) 92. (b)

13. (c) 33. (d) 53. (d) 73. (d) 93. (b)

14. (c) 34. (b) 54. (b) 74. (b) 94. (a)

15. (b) 35. (b) 55. (d) 75. (c) 95. (a)

16. (c) 36. (d) 56. (d) 76. (b) 96. (c)

17. (a) 37. (d) 57. (c) 77. (d) 97. (c)

18. (c) 38. (d) 58. (a) 78. (d) 98. (d)

19. (a) 39. (a) 59. (c) 79. (a) 99. (b)

20. (d) 40. (d) 60. (d) 80. (a) 100. (c)

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

101. (b) 121. (b) 141. (d) 161. (b) 181. (c)

102. (c) 122. (b) 142. (b) 162. (a) 182. (d)

103. (a) 123. (a) 143. (c) 163. (b) 183. (d)

104. (b) 124. (d) 144. (d) 164. (d) 184. (b)

105. (d) 125. (b) 145. (c) 165. (b) 185. (a)

106. (c) 126. (c) 146. (c) 166. (d)

107. (a) 127. (a) 147. (b) 167. (d)

108. (d) 128. (b) 148. (d) 168. (b)

109. (c) 129. (b) 149. (b) 169. (a)

110. (a) 130. (b) 150. (c) 170. (b)

111. (c) 131. (b) 151. (d) 171. (c)

112. (c) 132. (a) 152. (a) 172. (c)

113. (a) 133. (c) 153. (d) 173. (c)

114. (b) 134. (c) 154. (c) 174. (b)

115. (c) 135. (a) 155. (d) 175. (c)

116. (c) 136. (c) 156. (b) 176. (b)

117. (b) 137. (c) 157. (a) 177. (c)

118. (c) 138. (d) 158. (d) 178. (a)

119. (d) 139. (d) 159. (a) 179. (a)

120. (d) 140. (d) 160. (c) 180. (c)

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......SOLUTION......
7. (c) When material is unloaded before
elastic limit original dimension of the member
UNIT 1 is regained instantly.
PROPERTIES OF METALS &
APPLICATION OF HOOKE’S LAW

1. (c) An ideal plastic material experiences no

work (non strain) hardening during plastic
deformation.

2. (a)

Lateral strain
8. (b) μ = −
Longitudinal strain

9. (b) Tensile stress results in tensile strain in

longitudinal and compressive strain in lateral
directions.
Statement (i), (iii) and (iv) are true.

10. (b) In elastic theory of design

OA = Linear curve Yield stress
A = Proportional limit FOS =
Working stress
B = Elastic limit
C = Upper yield point 11. (a) The value of Poisson’s ratio lies
D = Lower yield point between
DE = Plastic region − 1 and 0.5. Generally for all engineering
EF = Strain hardening region materials it is more than 0.
FG = necking region μ < 0 , for rheopetic materials (eg. Human
F = Ultimate stress point tissues)
G = Fracture point μ = 0.286 for Mild steel
Thus, μ = 0.33 for Aluminium
Point 1 corresponding to rupture strength 𝜇𝜇 = 0.5 for Perfectly incompressible
Point 2 corresponding to ultimate strength materials.
Point 3 corresponding to yield point
Point 4 corresponding to proportional limit 12. (c)
Metal Poisson’s ratio (𝝁𝝁)
5. (b) Modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus Aluminium 0.334
(G) is the ratio of shear stress (𝜏𝜏) to shear Cast iron 0.21 -0.6
strain (ф) Steel 0.303
τ
G=
ф
− Lateral strain
13. (c) Poisson’s ratio, μ =
Longitudinal strain
6. (a) For an isotropic homogenous material −0.0045
the total number of elastic constants are 4 � � 1
30
=− 0.09 = = 0.33
Young’s Modulus (E), Shear modulus (G), Bulk � � 3
200
modulus (K) and Poisson’s ratio (𝜇𝜇).
Out of these 2 are independent (E and 𝝁𝝁)

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Lateral strain ∆𝑙𝑙 0.3

14. (c) Poisson’s ratio = − ⇒ 𝜀𝜀 = =
Longitudinal strain 𝑙𝑙 200
−0.005 P
40
= 0.15 = 0.33
⇒ σ = = εE
A
400 23.5 x10 3 0.3
⇒ π = xE
x10 2 200
15. (b) E = 3k (1 − 2𝜇𝜇) 4
235 200
K=
E ⇒E= x
3(1−2μ) 0.785 0.3
For minimum value of K, (1-2𝜇𝜇) should be = 200 x 10 N/mm2
3

maximum for (1- 2𝜇𝜇) to b maximum, 𝜇𝜇 should

be minimum, for all practical purposes, 22. (c) |longitudinal strain| = 3 x |lateral strain|
lateral strain
minimum value of 𝜇𝜇 = 0 Poisson’s ratio, 𝜇𝜇 = � �
E longitudinal strain
K min = 3 1
𝜇𝜇 =
3
16. (c) E = 3K (1-2𝜇𝜇) E = 3K (1-2𝜇𝜇)
E 6 E
= 3 (1 − 2 x 0.3) = = 1.2 Bulk modulus, K = 1
K 5 3�1−2 x �
3
K = E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
17. (a) We know
E = 3K (1-2𝜇𝜇) and
23. (c)
also E = 2C (1+ 𝜇𝜇)
𝐸𝐸 Gradually applied load: When a load is
⇒ 𝜇𝜇 = �
2𝐶𝐶
� -1 putting value of 𝜇𝜇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒. (𝑖𝑖) applied in installments i.e if a load of 100 N is
2E to be applied. First a load of 5 N then 10 N, 15
E =3K �1 − + 2�
2C
E
N, 20 N................. 100 N is applied. Overall it
E = 3K �3 − C � causes less stress and less strain as compared
3K to suddenly applied load.
E�1 + � = 9K
C σGradually applied load =
F
9KC
E= A
3K+C Stress strain diagram will be linear (triangular
area of stress strain will be covered).
18. (c) E = 2G (1 + 𝜇𝜇)
Suddenly applied load: When the total force
19. (a) Elastic modulus = E is applied in one instalment i.e. force of 100 N
Shear modulus = G is applied in one instalment, it causes 2 times
E = 2G (1 + 𝜇𝜇) the stress as compared to when the same
Given, 𝜇𝜇 = 0.5 load is applied gradually.
E = 2 x 1.5 x G = 3G 2F
σsuddenly ,applied load = A
20. (d) E = 2G (1+ 𝜇𝜇) (In this case stress strain curve will be a
200 = 2G (1 + 0.25) rectangle)
G = 80 GN/m2
24. (b) Proof stress is defined for those
21. (a) ductile metals which do not clearly represent
Yield Point like Aluminium, copper , gold, etc.
In such metals Proof stress is used as design
stress which is similar to yield stress.
Resilience means elastic strain energy.
∆𝑙𝑙 = 0.3 mm So proof resilience means elastic strain
energy.

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Note: For most of the materials Yield stress 31. (b)

and elastic limit are very close. So for all
practical purposes Yield stress is taken as
elastic stress (𝝈𝝈𝒚𝒚 = 𝝈𝝈𝒆𝒆 )

25. (c) Elastic Strain energy (Resilience)

stored in a member is the total energy which
can be stored in a member when loading is
Nature of stress in a ceiling fan rod is tensile.
done within elastic limit and the same energy
Due to friction, bearing shear stress will also
is released on loading.
develop but its magnitude will be very less
For linear elastic metals resilience is given by
1 and hence neglected.
0.5 x stress x strain x volume � x σ x ε x V�
2
or 32. (b) Creep is defined as strain under
0.5 x Load applied x elastic sustained loading. The property by virtue of
1 which a material undergoes additional
deflection� x P x ∆�
2
deformation with passage of time under
sustained loading within elastic limit is called
26. (c) Shear stress (τ)= 100 N/mm2
creep.
Modulus of rigidity (G)= 1 x 105 N/mm2
Strain energy (U)= area under stress strain
33. (d) Constitutive relation is relation
curve x volume of the block
𝜏𝜏 100 between two physical quantities that is
Shear strain (ф) = = 5 = .001 specific to the material.
𝐺𝐺 1 x 10
1
U = x τ x ф x (200 x 100 x 50) Hence stress strain behaviour of solid material
2
U = 0.5 x 100 x .001 x (200 x 100 x 50) is constitutive relationship.
U = 50 x 103 N-mm
= 50 N-m 34. (b) Toughness is the maximum strain
energy which can be stored in the metal
27. (d) Strain energy stored in a beam of before fracture when all the load is applied
span L is obtained by integrated the equation: instantly .
L M2 Note:
U = ∫0 ds 1. Toughness is desirable to prevent fracture
2EI
bd 3 against impact loading.
For a rectangular section, I =
12 2. Greater is the fracture strain greater is the
So if depth is reduced to half, U will decrease
toughness.
by 1/8.
35. (b) Due to cyclic or reverse cyclic loading
29. (a) Creep is the property of material by
fracture failure may occur if total stored
virtue of which material continues to deform
stimulating strain energy exceeds the
over a period of time under sustained loading.
toughness.
Toughness of a material starts reducing with
30. (b) Resilience is the property of material
time.
to absorb strain energy when it is deformed
Some of the examples of fatigue failure are:
upon unloading to have this energy
1. Failure of fly wheel
recovered. Area under load-deformation
2. Cracks in turbine blades
curve within elastic limit is called resilience.
3. Breaking of metal wire under cyclic
bending

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36. (d) 1
= 5π mm

41. (c) The deflection for prismatic bar under

γL 2
its own weight (∆) =
2E
Dimension in prismatic bar can be its length
(L) and diameter (D) only
Then ∆new = 4∆
∆ 2∆
Longitudinal strain (εl = new ) = = 2εL
2L L
Stress (σ)= εL x E
Endurance limit is the stress level below which New stress = 2εL x E = 2σ
there is high probability of no failure even at
infinite number of load cycles. 42. (c) The deflection of a conical bar is given
In design factor of safety should be adopted in by
such a way that maximum stress level remains γL 2
below endurance limit ∆conical = 6E
1 γL 2
∆V
= 3 � 2E � and �∆prismatic =
37. (d) Volumetric strain, = ε x + ε y + ε y
V γL22E
= 800 x 10-6 + 400 x 10-6 + (-1200) x 10-6
=0
σx σy PL PL
38. (d) ε x = -μ 43. (a) ∆1 =
AE 1
& ∆2 = AE
2
E E PL
∆1 � �
AE1
∆𝑙𝑙 440 0.3(−200) = PL
∆2 � �
= 5
- AE2
𝑙𝑙 2 x 10 2 x 10 5
PL
∆1 4 �A E 1 �
∆𝑙𝑙 1 = =
= ∆2 7 � PL �
400 400 AE2
∆𝑙𝑙 = 1 mm E1 7
∴ =
E2 4
39. (a) Modulus of resilience = Strain energy
absorbed per unit volume upto elastic limit 44. (b) αsteel = 12 x 10−6 /°C
=
100 J αcopper = 16 x 10−6 /°C
50 x 50 x 5000
∴ αsteel < αcopper
100 x 10 3 N−mm The composite bar will behave as a single
= 50 x 50 x 5000 mm 3 material, so its steel portion will be in tension
1
= 125 N-mm/mm3 and copper portion will be in compression.

Note: 1 J = 1 N- m = 1 x 103 N-mm

40. (d) Extension of tapered rod due to axial

force P
PL
∆= πd 1 d 2
xE
4
12 x 10 3 x 300 x 4
=π x 30 x 12 x 2 x 10 5

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UNIT 2 48. (b)

DETERMINACY AND
INDETERMINACY OF BEAMS

45. (b) Degree of indeterminacy = Number of

unknown reactions – Number of equilibrium
capacity
= 3 – (3 + 1)
Ds = – 1
D s < 0, so unstable structure.
D s = No. of unknowns – no. of equilibrium equation available Supports are hinge, so BM is zero at supports
=2–3 and internal hinge.
=-1 Beam is unstable and will form a mechanism.
So the structure is determinate and unstable.
49. (d)
46. (b) For static indeterminacy of beam,
beam is made cantilever by adding constraint
and removing all other support reactions.
D s = Support removed – constraint added

The joints can rotate as well as sway but

angles between AB and AC will remain as it is.

50. (c)

Ds = 2 – 1 = 1
This determinate structure may not have zero
47. (c) deflection at its ends.

51. (c) In statically indeterminate structures,

in addition to equations of statics, additional
compatibility equations, equal to degree of
static indeterminacy are required to analyze
the structure.

52. (b) A suspension bridge with a two

hinged stiffening girder is statically
indeterminate of one degree.
A suspension bridge with a three hinged
stiffening girder is statically determinate

53. (d) As the loading is shown hence, we

consider determinacy from the point of view
of the vertical loading only

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⇒ Ds = 4 61. (d)
Two vertical reactions at the roller and two
reactions at end B.

54. (b) In a space structure or 3-D structure

(in which members and forces are in 3 co-
ordinates direction). The equations of • At end B
equilibrium are Deflection due to UDL = Deflection
∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Mx = 0 due to R B
∑ Fy = 0, ∑ My = 0 wl 4 R B l3
=
∑ Fz = 0, ∑ Mz = 0 8EI 3EI
Thus there are total 6 number of equations 3
R B = 8 wl
• End B is hinged so BM is zero
UNIT 3 • SF is zero at a distance x from end B
SFD AND BMD UNIT R B = wx
3
x=8l
dV
56. (d) =w 62. (c) Point of contraflexure is the point
dx
If SFD is parabolic (2nd degree), then the load where bending moment changes its sign
of the beam is linearly varying distributed load
(2 -1 = 1 degree)

57. (c) Shear span is the zone in which SF is

constant

58. (a) Relation between Shear force (S.F x )

dM
and bending moment (M) is = S.F x
dx
Relation between Shear force (S.F x ) and
d SF x
loading rate is – = Wx
dx

59. (c) The variation of axial load (Horizontal

load) is called Horizontal thrust diagram or
thrust diagram.

60. (d) For a constant shear force

dV
=w=0
dx
Only couple is acting in the span.

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63. (a) If over a span Bending Moment is

constant and shear force is zero then such a
span is in pure bending .
Under pure bending deflected shape will be
an arc of a circle.

64. (b)

67. (a)

dM
=V
dx
∫ dM =∫ V dx
M 2 – M 1 = Area of shear force diagram
E
∫A V dx = - 5P x a + 7P x a -2P x 2a + 2P x a
=0
Assuming bending moment at A = 0
BM at point B = Area of SFD upto B = - 5 Pa
BM at point C = -5 Pa + 7 Pa = 2 Pa
BM at point D = 2 Pa + (-2P) x 2a = -2 Pa Total load will act through the C.G of loading
BM at point E = - 2 Pa + 2 Pa = 0 diagram so equivalent structure for
Therefore, Absolute maximum Bending calculating support reaction is
moment in beam = 5 Pa

65. (b) Point of contreflexure is the point

where bending moment changes it’s sign

dV
68. (c) =w
dx
Shear force is uniform throughout the span so
dV
=0
dx
w=0
Hence, no vertical loading should be there in
the span. A couple anywhere in the beam will
cause equal and opposite support reactions in
the beam, so SFD will be rectangular or
uniform, throughout the beam.

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69. (a)

WL (L ⁄3) WL
RA = 2
x =
L 6
WL 2L ⁄3 WL
RB = 2
� L
�= 3
Let us assume shear force is zero at a distance
x from end A.
Therefore SF A = Area of loading diagram upto
x
In portion CD shear force is zero so it is in
�V = � wdx�
pure bending.

70. (a)

1 Wx
SF A = 2 x × x L
WL Wx 2
6
= 2L
Taking moment about B L
∑ MB =0 x=
√3
R A x 8 + 120 – 50 x 4 = 0
R A = 10 kN upward 74. (b)

71. (d)

At support A and B maximum hogging

moment will be generated and at mid span of
AB, maximum sagging moment will be
generated (if A and B are not very close)
For maximum moment to be as small as
possible hogging bending moment at A or B
= Sagging bending moment at mid span of AB
72. (a) In part CB only moment is in action so wx 2 w(l−2x)2 wx 2
SF in part CB is zero so, only load is 2 KN will = -
2 8 2
cause reaction support so SF = 2 kN 2 (l−2x)2
x = 8

73. (d) Resultant of loading will act at the √8x = l - 2x

centroid of loading diagram 8x 2 = l2 + 4x 2 - 4xL
On solving
l
Resultant R = Area of loading diagram x=
1 WL �2+ √8�
xL xW= = 0.207 l
2 2

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75. (c) M C – M A = Area of SFD from A to C

79. (a)

Taking moment about B

∑ MB = 0
R A x 4 -15 x 2 x 3 = 0
R A = 22.5 kN Taking moment about B
Shear force is zero at a distance x from A ∑ MB = 0
1 x 42
V(x) = R A - 15x ; {0 < x < 2} RA x 4 - 2 – =0
2
0 = 22.5 - 15x R A = 2.5 kN
x = 1.5 m 22
B.M at C, M C = R A x 2 – 2 -1 x 2
76. (b) = 2.5 x 2 - 2 -2
= 1 kN-m (Sagging)

80. (a) Slope of B.M.D gives shear force

As given B.M.D is linear therefore shear force
must be constant
At support, M A = 10 x 2 = 20 kN-m Slope of BMD change its sign at mid-span
Given: M A = M C therefore shear force changes its sign at mid-
span
Hence option (a) is correct.

81. (a)

B.M at mid span

WL Wx4
MC = - 20 = - 20
4 4
= W – 20
⇒ 20 = W – 20 82. (d)
W = 40 kN

77. (d)

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Taking moment about B RA + RB = 2
∑ MB = 0 Since load is equally distributed so
RA + 4 + 4 – 4 – 4 x 2 = 0 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
4x2 RA = RB =
4
R A = 4 = 2 kN
B.M is maximum where S.F is zero
B.M at C, M C = R A x 2 – 4 RA −
wx
=0
=2x2–4=0 2
L
⇒ x= 2
dM 𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1 𝑙𝑙
78. (d)
dx
=V B. Mcentre = R A x − x �3 x 2�
2 4
C C
∫A dM =∫A Vdx w𝑙𝑙 2 w𝑙𝑙 2
= −
8 24

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w𝑙𝑙 2 𝑙𝑙 So, ratio of strength of beam A to that of

= and occurs at 2 (midspan)
12 beam B
(Section modulus )A
83. (c) =
(Section modulus )B
Type of loading Variation of Let b and D be width and depth respectively
BMD ZA 2bD 2 ⁄6
= = bD 2 ⁄6
=2
1.For point loads Linear ZB
2. For udl Parabolic
3. For linearly Cubic 91. (b) From flexure formula
varying load M f E
= =
I y R
f E
=
y R
UNIT 4 f max 2 x 10 6 for y → ymax
= �
f → fmax
(2⁄2) 1000
BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
f max = 2 x 103 kg /cm2

85. (d) 92. (b) From flexure formula

My
Bending stress, σ = M f E
I = =
At the extreme fibre y is maximum so bending I y R
stress is also maximum. M E
=
At neutral axis, y = 0 I R
σ=0 EI 2 x 10 5 x 10 8
Hence bending stress is zero at NA
R= =
M 40 x 10 6
Neutral axis passes through the centroid of = 500000 mm = 500 m
cross section (If Hooke’s law is valid).
93. (b)
86. (b) The bending equation is given by
M σ E
I
= y
=R
EI
∴M= R

87. (b) M = σmax x z

If 𝜎𝜎max for different section remains constant
Then M ∝ Z, it means a strongest section in
bending will have maximum value of Z
∴ Z is called flexural strength.

88. (b) Z (Isection ) > Z (rectangle) > Z

(square) > Z (circle) From stress diagram, using similar triangle
property
90. (c) Maximum bending moment resisted 1200 300
=
by a section without undergoing failure is M.R y 300 − y
(Moment of Resistance) y = 240 mm
M.R = σ per x z
σy 94. (a) Overall depth = 200 mm
σ per = F.O.S
σtop =120 N ⁄mm 2
The larger the value of section modulus
stronger is beam σbottom =80 N ⁄mm 2

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Let the depth of neutral axis from top = y 96. (c)

f1 f2
∴ =
y1 y2
120 80
= σ M E
y 200 − y = =
y I R
2(200 − y) = 2y My Ey
σ= =
I R
600 - 3y = 2y 2 x 10 5 x
20
2
600 =
Y= 10 x 10 3
5 = 200 N/mm2
= 120 mm from top
97. (c) In simply supported beam loading is
95. (a) Given downward therefore sagging bending
Cross section of ruler = 0.0625 cm x 2.5 cm moment will be generated in beam. Top fibre
will be in compression and bottom fibre will
be in tension.

Angle subtended = 600

Therefore l = R
𝜋𝜋
25 = R x x 60
180
⇒ R = 23.87 cm

In stress diagram from similar triangle

𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐
=
75 25
σ
⇒ σt = 3
c

98. (d)
Max. Stress in the ruler will be on the extreme
end
f E
∴ =
y R
f 2 x 10 6
0.0625 =
23.87
2
2
⇒ f = 2618 kg/cm

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My 102. (c)
Maximum bending stress 𝜎𝜎 =
I
Case 1:
Due to cross sectional shape neutral axis will
shift towards the flange of T beam
∴ y2 > y1
For a given loading and cross section M and I
are constant
⇒ 𝜎𝜎 ∝ y
Hence maximum bending stress will occur at a
distance y 2 from N.A i.e. at the bottom of the
section.

99. (b) As strain variation remains linear so

stress variation is also linear (within elastic
limit) across the cross section of beam

a4
I xx = I yy =
12
a
ymax = 2

Case 2:

Height of NA above bottom flange = x

200 50
∴ =
(300 − x) x
200 300
= − 1
50 x
x = 60 mm
a4
100. (c) Hole should be made at the centre of I xx = I yy = 12
beam (at neutral axis) otherwise strength of Y max =
a
section will decrease more. √2
So, Moment resisting capacity,
I
101. (b) Maximum bending stress, M = f y .z = f y .
y max
h
My M. 6M % change in moment capacity
σ= = h4
2
= M 2 −M 1
I � � h3 = � � x 100
12 M1
f y .I f y .I
a − a
√2 2
= f y .I x 100
a
2

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√2−2
x 100 = -29.28 % ∴ τmax = 1.5 τavg (For rectangular section)
2
τmax = 1.5 N/mm2
(-) ve sign shows decrease in moment
capacity.
106. (c) A circular section can be made
stronger by cutting off top and bottom corner.
103. (a) Max. bending stress σmax = The maximum percentage increase in z will be
M max y max
1
0.7 % when cut off portion (𝛿𝛿) = .011 d
For same cross sectional shape dimensions
and loading, M max , y max and I will remain
same. Therefore bending stress will remain UNIT 5
unaltered. SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
104. (b)
108. (d) Shear stress is maximum at neutral
axis.

From figure, b2 + d2 =D2 Variation of shear stress in I-section

M = σz
∴ For the beam to be strongest in bending 109. (c) Shear stress in circular sections
section modulus should be maximum 4V y2
Section modulus for rectangular beam τ= 3A
�1 − R 2 �
bd 2 4 y2
z= τ= τ �1 − R 2 �
6 3 av
b�D 2 −b 2 � 1
z= 6
= 6 (D2 b − b3 ) Maximum shear stress will occur at y = 0
4
dz 1 τmax = τav
db
= 6 (D2 − 3b2 ) 3

For z to be maximum, τ max 4

dz
=
=0 τ avg 3
db
1
0 = (𝐷𝐷 2 − 3𝑏𝑏 2 )
6
𝐷𝐷 110. (a) Shear stress at point A is suddenly
⇒ b=
√3 reduced.
From equation (i) It shows sudden increase in width at point A,
b2 + d2 = D2 which is the case with option (a)
D2
3
+ d2 = D2
2
d2 = 3 D2
2
d = D�
3

V
105. (d) τavg =
B.D
20 x 10 3
= 100 x 200 = 1 N/mm2

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111. (c) For triangular cross-section, the 36000

=1 = 30 N/mm2
intensity of shear stress at the N.A is 4/3 of x 40 x60
2
the mean intensity. In triangular cross section maximum shear
The maximum shear stress occurs at the mid 3
stress, τmax = τavg
height. 2
3
= x 30 = 45 N/mm2
2
112. (c) Shear stress distribution diagram
116. (c) In rectangular beam
Maximum shear stress = 1.5 Average shear
stress
200 x 10 3
= 1.5 x = 5 MPa
200 x 300

117. (b) In rectangular sections shear stress

variation is parabolic with zero value at top
113. (a) and bottom and maximum value equal to 1.5
times the average value, at neutral axis.
Shear stress at a distance y from NA

6V d 2 V d2
τ= � − y2 � = � − y2 �
bd 3 4 2I 4

6V d 2 3 V 3 V
τmax = � − 0� = = τavg �τavg = �
bd 3 4 2 bd 2 bd

118. (c)
Variation of shear stress is parabolic in shape
across a rectangular cross section with zero
value at the top and bottom and maximum
value at neutral axis.
Shear stress will be zero at M and will increase
parabolically upto N, at N as the width has
been suddenly increased so shear stress will
reduce suddenly and it will again increase
upto neutral axis in parabolic shape.
Due to symmetry of structure about NA, shear Maximum SF in beam,
stress diagram will also be symmetrical about V=
W
NA. 2
3
Max. Shear stress = 2 Avg. Shear stress
3 V
114. (b) In rectangular beam 2= x� �
2 A
Max. Shear stress = 1.5 Avg. Shear stress
V 3 W
4 = 1.5 2= � �
bxd 2 2 x 100 x 150
1.5 x 60 x 10 3 W = 40000 N
4= W = 40 kN
100 x d
d = 225 mm
119. (d) In rectangular beam
3
V Max. Shear stress = 2 Average shear stress
115. (c) Average shear stress, τavg =
A 3 V
4= � �
2 bd

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3 60 x 10 3 125. (b) Maximum shear stress

4= � �
2 100 x d σ 1 −(σ 2 ) σ 1 −σ 2
d = 225 mm = max � , , �
2 2 2
σ 1 +σ 2
=� �
120. (d) Maximum shear force is at support 2
and is equal to where 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 are principle stresses
w.L 2x4
Vmax = = = 4 kN
2 2 126. (c) Principle stress,
τmax = 1.5 τavg σ 1 +σ 2 σ −σ 2
4x 10 3
σmax = +�� 1 2 2 � + τ2
2
= 1.5 x 100 x 200
= 0 + √0 + τ2 = τ
= 0.3 N/mm2
σ 1 +σ 2 σ 1 −σ 2 2
σmin = − �� � + τ2
2 2
121. (b) The average shear stress (τavg )=
= 0−√0 + 𝜏𝜏 2 = − 𝜏𝜏
Force
∴ Principle stresses are ± 𝜏𝜏
area
10 x 10 3
= = 1 N/mm2 127. (a) Maximum shear stress = Radius of
100 x 100
9
τmax = 8 x τavg Mohr’s circle
= 1.125 N/mm2 𝜎𝜎1 −𝜎𝜎2 2
= �� � + 𝜏𝜏 2
2

122. (b) 150−(−50) 2

=��� � + 02 �
2

= √1002 = 100 kN/m2

128. (b) Radius of Mohr’s circle, `

𝜎𝜎1 −𝜎𝜎2 2
R = �� � + 𝜏𝜏 2
2

20−20 2
= �� 2
� + 02 = 0
Radius of Mohr’s circle is zero, Mohr’s circle
has been reduced to a point so at all positions
of orientation of x and y axes shear stresses
Shear stress at glue will be zero.
3
= Avg. Shear stress
2 7850
P
1000 129. (b) Nominal stress, σn = = π x 10 2
= 1.5 x A
50 x 100 4
= 0.3 MPa = 99.94
Major principle stress, 𝜎𝜎1 = 100 MPa
Nominal stress in other two perpendicular
UNIT 6 plane = 0
PRINCIPLE STRESSES ∴ Minor principle stress = 0
Maximum shear stress under uniaxial tension
σ
τmax = = 50 MPa
124. (d) Shearing stresses in two mutually 2

perpendicular planes are equal in magnitude

but not same in direction.
Statement 1 and 3 are correct.

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

130. (b) Normal stress on a plane inclined at 45° will

be 50 N/mm2

134. (c) Mohr circle will be

400−(−100)
R= = 250
2
σn = 150 + 250 cos 600
= 150 + 125 = 275 N/mm2 Max. Shear stress = radius of Mohr circle
80+40
131. (b) = = 60 MPa
2

135. (a) The radius of Mohr’s circle is given

(P 1 −P 2 )
by but given (P 1 = P and P 2 = - P)
2
P−(−P)
∴r= � 2
�
⇒r=P

136. (c) Whenever we know state of stress

R=
100−(−60)
= 80 on two planes and known angle between
2 those planes, then with the help of Mohr’s
𝜏𝜏 = 80 sin2θ circle we can determine the stresses on a
τ = 80 sin 60° oblique section.
𝜏𝜏 = 40√3 N/mm2
137. (c) Radius of Mohr circle,
132. (a) 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 90 N/mm2
𝜎𝜎1 −𝜎𝜎2 2
σy = 0 R =�� � + 𝜏𝜏 2
2
τxy = 45 N/mm2 For R to be zero
σ x +σ y
⇒ σ1⁄2 = 𝜏𝜏 2 = 0
2 ⇒ 𝜏𝜏 = 0
σ x −σ y 2
= ±�� � + τxy 2 𝜎𝜎 −𝜎𝜎 2
2 and � 1 2 � = 0
2
90+0 90−0 2 ⇒ 𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜎𝜎2
= ± �� � + 452
2 2
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = 108.63 N/mm2
138. (d)
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = -18.63 N/mm2

133. (c) Mohr circle will be

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

139. (d) As both stress are equal if we draw PL 3

∆ max =
Mohr’s circle so it will be a single point so 48EI
R

radius = 0
Radius of Mohr circle,
𝜎𝜎1 −𝜎𝜎2 2
R = �� � + 𝜏𝜏 2
2
10−10 2 Given: P = WL
= �� � + 02 P
2
W = �L �
R=0
5 WL 4 5 PL 3
Diameter = 2R = 0 ∆ max = =
384 EI 384 EI
R

PL 3
(∆max )A � � 8
48 EI
(∆max )B
= 5 PL 3
=
5
� �
UNIT 7 384 EI

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 145. (c) Let y be deflection

dy
for max. y, =0
140. (d) Generally in moment area method dx
M ⇒ θ=0
we plot Diagram and find slope and ⇒ Slope = 0
EI
deflection at a point.
Note: However in indeterminate structures 146. (c)
unknown bending moment can also be found
out by knowing known slope and deflection.

141. (d) Strain energy stored in the bar From principle of superposition taking effect
1
= 2 (P x δ) of each moment separately
1 WL W2L At A, M A will cause rotation in clockwise
=2xWx AE
= 2AE direction and M B will cause rotation in anti-
clockwise direction
142. (b) θA =
MA L
−
MB L
3EI 6EI
MB L MA L
Similarly, θB= −
3EI 6EI
θA
Given =2
Strain energy due to bending, θB
2 MA MB
L L �Wx � dx − 6
M 2 dx 2 2 3
U = 2∫ 2 =∫ MB MA =2
0 2EI 0 EI − 6
2 3 L ⁄2 2
3
W x W L3 2M A −M B
= � � = =2
4EI 3 0 4 3 x 8 x EI 2M B −M A
W 2 L3 2MA − MB = 4MB − 2MA
= 4MA = 5MA
96EI
MA 5
144. (d) =
MB 4

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

147. (b) BD 3
Irectangular = 16 � 12 �
∴ Deflection reduces by 16 times
𝛿𝛿
Change in deflection in % = �16 � x 100
= 6.25 % of 𝛿𝛿

4−4 152. (a)

RA = RB = =0
4
Using moment area method:

W is distributed evenly over entire length

W
∴ udl w =
L
At central point C, the deflection is ∆C and
At propped end B,
due to symmetry, deflection at C is maximum
Vertical downward deflection due to udl =
and slope of elastic curve is zero i.e. θC = 0
Upward deflection due to R B
Applying moment area equation between
wL4 R B L3
point C & B =
∆B = ∆C + θC x L + Ax� 8EI 3EI
3 3
4 R B = wl = W
0 = ∆c + 0 + �2 x � x1 8 8
EI
8
∆c = − 153. (d)
EI
(-)ve sign shows downward deflection.

148. (d)

At end B
Downward deflection due to loading =
Upward deflection due to reaction R B
wl 4 RB L3
=
8EI 3EI
3
⇒ RB = wl
8
For the fixed beam acted upon by a 3
concentrated load at its centre, slope is zero. = x 1 t/m x 4 = 1.5 t
8

PL 3 154. (c)
150. (c) δmax . = (For SSB)
48EI
If L becomes 2L then new 𝛿𝛿 will become 8
times as δ ∝ L3

PL 3
151. (d) δmax . = 48EI (For SSB)
If the width and depth of the beam are When settlement of hinged end B is 𝛿𝛿,
doubled, then moment of inertia will change reaction at B is R B.
(I) R B L3
BD 3 δ=
Irectangular = 3EI
12 3EIδ
If B becomes 2B and D becomes 2D then RB = 3
L

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

Rotation at end B due to this reaction R B 7w l 4

R B L2 3EIδ L2 3δ =
384EI
θB = = 3 x =
2EI L 2EI 2L
Case 2: Load is located from fixed end to the
155. (d) end of the span
wl 4
δmax = 8EI
(δmax )case 1 7
=
(δmax )case 2 48

∆B = ∆A + θA x L + Ax�
UNIT 8
ML L COLUMNS & MOMENT OF
= 0 + 0 + �− EI � x 2
ML 2
INERTIA
=−
2EI
ML 2
∆B = (downward) 159. (a)
2EI n 2 π 2 EI π 2 EI
Pc = L2
or Pc = L 2eff
156. (b) Deflection of free end = 15 mm
wL 4
Case 1: If both ends of the column are fixed
∴ 8EI = 15 x 10−3 .....(i) Leff = 2
L

Slope of free end = 0.02 radian 4π 2 EI

wL 3 ∴ Pc =
∴ 6EI
= 0.02 .....(ii) L2
Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get
Case 2: If one end of the column is made free
6. L 15 x 10−3
= Leff = 2L
8 0.02
⇒L=1m π 2 EI
Pc = 4L 2
4π 2 EI
157. (a) (P c )case 1 L2 1
w L4
∴ (P c )case 2
= π 2 EI
=
16
δmax = (For cantilver beam) 4L 2
8EI
δmax = 7.5 mm and 𝑙𝑙 = 1m = 1000 mm
wL 4 160. (c) Buckling Load (Critical load or Euler’s
7.5 = 8EI load or crippling load) is given by
wL 3 n 2 π 2 EI
Also θmax = 6EI Pc = L2
3
δx8 wL Moment of Inertia (I) depends upon
⇒
6l
= 6EI dimensions of the column
7.5 x 8
∴ θmax = 6 x 1000 1
∴ Pc ∝ L 2 and also it depends on the
θmax = 0.01 radian dimension of the column
158. (d) We can use area moment method . 𝐿𝐿
161. (b) Euler’s formula is valid for ratio
Case 1: Load is located from centre to the 𝑟𝑟
fixed end. higher than 89 for Mild steel.It does not take
l into account the direct compressive stress and
δmax = δcentre + θB x 2 hence gives the correct results only for long
w(L ⁄2)4 w(L ⁄2 )3 l columns.
=� 8EI
�+ 6EI
x 2

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

162. (a) 5000

∴ λ= 160 = 125
4

Tr
168. (b) τ =
j
j = Polar moment of inertia
𝜏𝜏 = Torsional moment

169. (a) Polar modulus

Polar moment of inertia
=
Distance of extreme fibre from neutral axis
πd4
πd 3
= 32
d =
16
2

πd 3
170. (b) T =
16
π
163. (b) For compressive stress = x 8 x 8 x 8 = 32π cm3
16
P My
−A − I
<0
D
−P (−Pe)
πD 2
− πD 4
2
<0 UNIT 9
4 64 TORSION
𝐷𝐷
e<8
−D D 171. (c) In circular shaft
within limit of
8
to 8
16T
Maximum shear stress, τmax =
πd 3
1 1 1 1
164. (d) = + ∴ τmax ∝ 3
P PC Pe d
Given, P c = 1500 kN
P e = 1000 kN 172. (c) From Torsional equation:
1 1 1
= + T Gф τ
P 1500 1000 = =
1500 x 1000 IP L r
P= = 600 kN The maximum shear stress occurs at the
2500
d
166. (d) For chimney one end is fixed and surface of the shaft, i.e at r =
2
other end is free. T τ max
∴ πd4
= d
Unsupported length of chimney is 20 m
32 2
∴ Leffective = 2L 16T
= 2 x 20 m ⇒ τmax =
πd 3
= 40 m
173. (c) Maximum shear stress in the shaft
167. (d) Leffective = L (both ends hinged) due to torque T
L effective
Slenderness ratio(𝜆𝜆) = 16T 16 x 4 x 10 6
r min τmax = =
πd 3 π x 80 3
I min 125
Minimum radius of gyration (rmin ) = � = N/mm 2
A π

πd4 τ T
d 174. (b) D 0 = 16 mm, =
=� =
64 r J
πd2 4
4
D i = 12 mm

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

𝜏𝜏 = 40 N-m Tsolid (τ. J⁄r)solid

Txr
=
 τ0 = Thollow (τ. J/r)hollow
J πD4 D
16 4 −12 4 σs � ��
32 2
τi = π � � =
32 �D 4 −d 4 � D
16 σs π �� �
40 x 10 3 x 32 2
 τ0 = 2 D4
�16 4 −12 4 � =
πx D 4 −d 4
32
= 72.75 N/mm2
179. (a)
72.7 12
τi = 16 x � �
2
2
= 54.56 N/mm2

175. (c) In circular shaft

16T
Max. Shear stress, 𝜏𝜏 =
πD 3 Brittle material fails due to normal stress
16T which is maximum at 450 to the axis in case of
5= 3
π x 40 torsion.
T = 62831.8 N-mm
= 62.8 N-mm 181. (c)

176. (b) From torsion formula

τ T Gθ
= =
r J L
T GJ
 =
θ L
For twist of 1 radian over unit length of shaft
θ = 1, L = 1, They have same weight
 T = GJ ⇒ Area of cross section will be same for the
 T = Torsional Rigidity two shaft
πd2s π(d12 − d22 )
⇒ =
177. (c) Strain energy in torsion 4 4
1
U = T. θ d2s = d12 − d22 ..... (i)
2
From Torsional formula From (i) we can say that d1 > ds
τ T Gθ
= = For stiffness
r J L GJ
Stiffness =
L
1 τ. J τL (Stiffness )h Jh
∴U= x x =
2 r r. G (stiffness )s Js
1 πd 4 q.L For same material and length
= 2 . q. d x d (Stiffness )h d 41 −d 42
32x
2 2
.G
=
(stiffness )s d 4s
q2 πd 2 4 4
= 4G � x L� d d
4 �d 1 � − �d 2 � .....(ii)
s s
U q2 From (i) and (ii)
= =
volume 4G So we can say stiffness of hollow shaft is
τJ greater than solid shaft.
178. (a) Torsional moment resistance T =
r

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 SOLID MECHANICS ECA

182. (d) From torsion formula

τ T Gθ
= =
r J L
𝜋𝜋
Given θ = 1° = 1 x radian
180
τ Gθ
=
r L
π
120 0.8 x 105 x � �
180
=
r 1000
270
r= mm
𝜋𝜋

183. (d) Power = Torque x Angular velocity

= 5000 x 2πn
180
= 5000 x 2π x = 30000 π W
60
= 30 π kW

184. (b) Power transmitted by the shaft

P = Torque x Angular velocity
2πN
=Tx Watt
60
2πN
= x 10−3 kW
60
2πNT
=
60000
kW

τ x Ip
185. (a) T =
r
π 4
τx d τ x πd 3
= 32
d =
16
2
Power = T𝜔𝜔
τ xπd 3 2π
= x 150 x
16 60
60 x d 3 x 150 x 2π 2
=
16 x 60
100 3 x 150 x 2 x 10 x10 −6
= kW
16
= 187.5 kW

Page 176