CE 623: HIGH RISE BUILDING

Design Exercise (Using Eurocode)

Reference Calculations Results

Registration Number = 22
Therefore,
 Number of story (N) = 35+2 Number
= 37 of story
(N)= 37
 The specified members are:
Frame 2, Column C2 and Beam B2

Cross sections;
Specified column(C2) -800 mm×800 mm
Specified beam(B2) -500 mm×500 mm

1.Design axial force for the specified column and the shear core

Column loads

For Column C2
Considering the effective area for column loads,

4.4 m

7m

Calculation of dead load;

Load on column C2 due to self-weight of slab
= (7-0.8)×(4.4-0.8)×0.2×24
= 107.136kN
Load on column C2 due to self-weight of beam
= 0.5×0.5×(7-0.8)×24
= 37.2kN
Load on column C2 due to weight of floor partition
= 2×(7-0.8)×(4.4-0.8)
= 44.64kN
 Load on column C2 due to weight of floor finishes
= 2×(7-0.8)×(4.4-0.8)
= 44.64kN Total
Self-weight of column C2 = 3.25×0.8×0.8×24 dead
= 49.92 ~ 50kN load=
Total dead load on column C2 = 107.136+37.2+44.6+44.6 +50 283.62
= 283.616kN kN

Calculation of live load;

Live load from floor = 2× (7-0.8)×(4.4-0.8)
= 44.6kN
Live load from roof = 1.5× (7-0.8)×(4.4-0.8)
= 33.48kN
En 1991- Live load reduction factor , αn = {2+(n-2)ψ0}/n
1-1 Here n = Number of story , (n>2)
Table 1.6 ψ0 = 0.7
Combinations for load;

For ULS ; 1.35Gk+1.5Qk

For SLS ; 1.00 Gk +1.00 Qk

Here Gk = Dead load & Qk = Live load

Axial force for the specified column can be calculated as follows.

 Dead Live Column axial load
Floor load load αn αn .Qk
level (Gk)/kN (Qk)/kN SLS(kN) ULS(kN)
37 283.62 33.48 0.72 23.98 307.60 418.86
36 567.24 78.08 0.72 55.96 623.20 849.71
35 850.86 122.68 0.72 87.98 938.84 1280.63
34 1134.48 167.28 0.72 120.05 1254.53 1711.62
33 1418.1 211.88 0.72 152.17 1570.27 2142.69
32 1701.72 256.48 0.72 184.35 1886.07 2573.84
31 1985.34 301.08 0.72 216.58 2201.92 3005.08
30 2268.96 345.68 0.72 248.89 2517.85 3436.43
29 2552.58 390.28 0.72 281.27 2833.85 3867.89
28 2836.2 434.88 0.72 313.73 3149.93 4299.47
27 3119.82 479.48 0.72 346.29 3466.11 4731.19
26 3403.44 524.08 0.72 378.95 3782.39 5163.07
25 3687.06 568.68 0.72 411.72 4098.78 5595.12
24 3970.68 613.28 0.73 444.63 4415.31 6027.36
23 4254.3 657.88 0.73 477.68 4731.98 6459.82
22 4537.92 702.48 0.73 510.89 5048.81 6892.53
21 4821.54 747.08 0.73 544.30 5365.84 7325.53
20 5105.16 791.68 0.73 577.93 5683.09 7758.86
19 5388.78 836.28 0.73 611.80 6000.58 8192.56
18 5672.4 880.88 0.73 645.98 6318.38 8626.71
17 5956.02 925.48 0.74 680.50 6636.52 9061.38
16 6239.64 970.08 0.74 715.43 6955.07 9496.67
15 6523.26 1014.68 0.74 750.86 7274.12 9932.70
14 6806.88 1059.28 0.74 786.89 7593.77 10369.63
13 7090.5 1103.88 0.75 823.66 7914.16 10807.67
12 7374.12 1148.48 0.75 861.36 8235.48 11247.10
11 7657.74 1193.08 0.75 900.23 8557.97 11688.30
10 7941.36 1237.68 0.76 940.64 8882.00 12131.79
9 8224.98 1282.28 0.77 983.08 9208.06 12578.35
8 8508.6 1326.88 0.78 1028.33 9536.93 13029.11
7 8792.22 1371.48 0.79 1077.59 9869.81 13485.88
6 9075.84 1416.08 0.80 1132.86 10208.70 13951.68
5 9359.46 1460.68 0.82 1197.76 10557.22 14431.91
4 9643.08 1505.28 0.85 1279.49 10922.57 14937.39
3 9926.7 1549.88 0.90 1394.89 11321.59 15493.38
2 10210.32 1594.48 1.00 1594.48 11804.80 16175.65
1 10493.94 1639.08 1.00 1639.08 12133.02 16625.44
Axial force for column C2;

At level 36 (N-1 floor level)

SLS - 623.20 kN
ULS - 849.71kN

At level 35 (N-2 floor level)

SLS - 938.84 kN
ULS - 1280.63 kN

At level 32 (N-5 floor level)

SLS - 1886.07 kN
ULS - 2573.84 kN

At level 1
SLS - 12133.02 kN
ULS - 16625.44 kN

Shear core
24 m

Shear core 14 m

Calculation of dead load ;

Load due to self-weight of slab = (14×24-7×16) ×0.2×24
= 1075.20 kN
Load due to self-weight of shear wall
= (16+16+2× (7-0.55×2)) ×0.55×3.25×24
= 1879.02 kN
Load due to floor partitions = (14×24-7×16) ×2 Total
= 448 kN dead
Load due to floor finishes = (14×24-7×16) ×2 load
= 448 kN =
Total dead load on shear core = 1075.2+1879.02+448+448 3850.22
= 3850.22 kN kN

Calculation of live load ;

Live load from floor = (14×24-7×16) ×2
= 448kN
Live load from roof = 14×24 ×1.5
= 504 kN

Live load reduction factor , αn = {2+(n-2)ψ0}/n

Here n = Number of story , (n>2)
ψ0 = 0.7
Combinations for load;

For ULS ; 1.35Gk+1.5Qk

For SLS ; 1.00 Gk +1.00 Qk

Here Gk = Dead load & Qk = Live load

Axial force of the shear core can be calculated as follows.

 Dead Live Shear core axial load
Floor load load αn αn .Qk
level (Gk)/kN (Qk)/kN SLS(kN) ULS(kN)
37 3850.22 504 0.72 360.97 4211.19 5739.256
36 7700.44 952 0.72 682.27 8382.71 11418.99
35 11550.66 1400 0.72 1004.00 12554.66 17099.39
34 15400.88 1848 0.72 1326.21 16727.09 22780.51
33 19251.1 2296 0.72 1648.95 20900.05 28462.4
32 23101.32 2744 0.72 1972.25 25073.57 34145.16
31 26951.54 3192 0.72 2296.18 29247.72 39828.85
30 30801.76 3640 0.72 2620.80 33422.56 45513.58
29 34651.98 4088 0.72 2946.18 37598.16 51199.44
28 38502.2 4536 0.72 3272.40 41774.60 56886.57
27 42352.42 4984 0.72 3599.56 45951.98 62575.1
26 46202.64 5432 0.72 3927.75 50130.39 68265.19
25 50052.86 5880 0.72 4257.12 54309.98 73957.04
24 53903.08 6328 0.73 4587.80 58490.88 79650.86
23 57753.3 6776 0.73 4919.97 62673.27 85346.9
22 61603.52 7224 0.73 5253.82 66857.34 91045.48
21 65453.74 7672 0.73 5589.60 71043.34 96746.95
20 69303.96 8120 0.73 5927.60 75231.56 102451.7
19 73154.18 8568 0.73 6268.17 79422.35 108160.4
18 77004.4 9016 0.73 6611.73 83616.13 113873.5
17 80854.62 9464 0.74 6958.82 87813.44 119592
16 84704.84 9912 0.74 7310.10 92014.94 125316.7
15 88555.06 10360 0.74 7666.40 96221.46 131048.9
14 92405.28 10808 0.74 8028.80 100434.08 136790.3
13 96255.5 11256 0.75 8398.71 104654.21 142543
12 100105.7 11704 0.75 8778.00 108883.72 148309.7
11 103955.9 12152 0.75 9169.24 113125.18 154094.4
10 107806.2 12600 0.76 9576.00 117382.16 159902.3
9 111656.4 13048 0.77 10003.47 121659.85 165741.3
8 115506.6 13496 0.78 10459.40 125966.00 171623
7 119356.8 13944 0.79 10956.00 130312.82 177565.7
6 123207 14392 0.80 11513.60 134720.64 183599.9
5 127057.3 14840 0.82 12168.80 139226.06 189780.5
4 130907.5 15288 0.85 12994.80 143902.28 196217.3
3 134757.7 15736 0.90 14162.40 148920.10 203166.5
2 138607.9 16184 1.00 16184.00 154791.92 211396.7
1 142458.1 16632 1.00 16632.00 159090.14 217266.5
Axial force for shear core;

At level 36 (N-1 floor level)

SLS - 8382.71 kN
ULS - 11418.99 kN

At level 35 (N-2 floor level)

SLS - 12554.66 kN
ULS - 17099.39 kN

At level 32 (N-5 floor level)

SLS - 25073.57 kN
ULS - 34145.16 kN

At level 1
SLS - 159090.14 kN
ULS - 217266.50 kN
3.Shear forces, bending moment, displacements and story drift of the core and
frame

Deflection

Characteristic differential equations for the deflection of wall frame system;

𝑑4𝑦 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑤(𝑧)
− 𝛼 =
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 2 EI

𝐺𝐴
Here 𝛼 2 = 𝐸𝐼
The solution of this differential equation can be written as,

𝑤𝐻 4 8 (𝛼𝐻 sinh 𝛼𝐻+1)

y (z) = {(𝛼𝐻)4 [ (cosh 𝛼𝑧 − 1)- 𝛼𝐻 sinh 𝛼𝑧
8𝐸𝐼 cosh 𝛼𝐻
𝑧 1 𝑧2
+ (𝛼𝐻)2 [𝐻 - 2 (𝐻 2)] ] }
The deflection, story drift, bending moment and shear force of the core and frame
can be analyzed using graph.
Here αH and z/H are important parameters for evaluation.

Find the flexural rigidity(EI) of the shear core

Length of shear core = 16.55 m
Width of shear core = 7.55 m
Wall thickness of shear core = 0.550 m
Second moment of inertia of shear core, I core
1
I core = 12×(16.55×7.553 -15.45×6.453 )
= 248.068 m4
Evaluate the shear rigidity(GA) of the rigid frame;
Second moment of area of columns and beams
Frame Interior Exterior Girder
column(Ixx)/m4 column(Ixx)/ m4 (Ixx)/ m4
Frame Type 1 C1-0.083 C2-0.034 B1-0.026
Frame Type 2 C2-0.034 C3-0.026 B2-0.005

Shear rigidity(GA) can be obtained by;

12𝐸
GA = 1 1
𝐻[( )+( )]
𝐺 𝐶
Elastic modulus, E = 20GPa
Therefore (EI)t = 20×106×248.068
= 4.96×109 kNm2

For Frame type 1;

𝐼𝑔 0.026
Here G =∑( 𝐿 ) = 3×( ) = 9.75×10-3m3
8
𝐼 0.083+0.034
C = ∑( 𝐿𝑐) = 2×( ) = 0.072 m3
3.25
Then,
12×20×106
(GA)1 = 1 1 = 634128.4404
3.25×[( )+( )]
9.75×10−3 0.072
For Frame type 2;
𝐼𝑔 0.005
Here G =∑( 𝐿 ) = 3×( ) = 1.875×10-3m3
8
𝐼 0.034+0.026
C = ∑( 𝐿𝑐) = 2×( ) = 0.0369 m3
3.25
Then,
12×20×106
(GA)2 = 1 1 = 131766.1062
3.25×[( )+( )]
1.875×10−3 0.0369

Total Shear Rigidity (GA)t

(GA)t = 4×(GA)1 + 2×(GA)2

= 4×(634128.4404) + 2×(131766.1062)
= 2800045.974

(𝐺𝐴)
αH = H √ (𝐸𝐼) 𝑡
𝑡

2800045.974
= 3.25× 37 √ 4.96×109
= 2.8571
Determine the Horizontal displacements

The displacement at height Z can be obtained by;

𝑤𝐻 4 z
y (Z) = 8(𝐸𝐼) 𝐾1 (αH, H)
For this structure, the wind load per unit height, w
W = 2 kN/m2 × 64 m
= 128 kN/m
K1 can be obtained from the graph or equation
Specimen calculation for z/H=1.00

H = 120.25 m
αH = 2.8571
W = 128 kN/m
K1 = 0.256
Substituting above values in following equation,
𝑤𝐻 4 z
y (Z) = 8(𝐸𝐼) 𝐾1 (αH, H)
y (Z) = 0.172 m
Displacement at other floor levels can be calculated as above
 Z(m) Z/H αz K1 y(Z) / (m)
120.25 1.000 2.8571 0.256 0.172
117.00 0.973 2.7799 0.249 0.168
113.75 0.946 2.7027 0.243 0.164
110.50 0.919 2.6255 0.237 0.160
107.25 0.892 2.5483 0.231 0.155
104.00 0.865 2.4710 0.224 0.151
100.75 0.838 2.3938 0.217 0.147
97.50 0.811 2.3166 0.211 0.142
94.25 0.784 2.2394 0.204 0.137
91.00 0.757 2.1622 0.197 0.133
87.75 0.730 2.0849 0.189 0.128
84.50 0.703 2.0077 0.182 0.123
81.25 0.676 1.9305 0.174 0.117
78.00 0.649 1.8533 0.166 0.112
74.75 0.622 1.7761 0.158 0.107
71.50 0.595 1.6988 0.150 0.101
68.25 0.568 1.6216 0.142 0.096
65.00 0.541 1.5444 0.133 0.090
61.75 0.514 1.4672 0.125 0.084
58.50 0.486 1.3900 0.116 0.078
55.25 0.459 1.3127 0.108 0.073
52.00 0.432 1.2355 0.099 0.067
48.75 0.405 1.1583 0.090 0.061
45.50 0.378 1.0811 0.081 0.055
42.25 0.351 1.0039 0.073 0.049
39.00 0.324 0.9266 0.064 0.043
35.75 0.297 0.8494 0.056 0.038
32.50 0.270 0.7722 0.048 0.032
29.25 0.243 0.6950 0.040 0.027
26.00 0.216 0.6178 0.033 0.022
22.75 0.189 0.5405 0.026 0.018
19.50 0.162 0.4633 0.020 0.014
16.25 0.135 0.3861 0.014 0.010
13.00 0.108 0.3089 0.010 0.006
9.75 0.081 0.2317 0.006 0.004
6.50 0.054 0.1544 0.003 0.002
3.25 0.027 0.0772 0.001 0.000
0.00 0.000 0.0000 0.000 0.000
 Deflection variation with height of the building

Deflection Vs Z/H
1.200

1.000

0.800

Z/H 0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Deflection (m)

Determine the Story Drift Index

The Story Drift Index at height z can be obtained by using following equation,

𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐻 3 z
(Z) = 6(𝐸𝐼) 𝐾2 (αH, H)
𝑑𝑥

K2 can be obtained from the graph or equation

Specimen calculation for z/H=1.00

H = 120.25 m
αH = 2.8571
W = 128 kN/m
K2 = 0.1714
Substituting above values in following equation,
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐻 3 z
(Z) = 6(𝐸𝐼) 𝐾2 (αH, H)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(Z) = 0.00128
𝑑𝑥
The story drift at other floor levels can be calculated as above
 Story
Z(m) Z/H αz K2 Drift
120.25 1.000 2.8571 0.1714 0.00128
117.00 0.973 2.7799 0.1719 0.00129
113.75 0.946 2.7027 0.1733 0.00130
110.50 0.919 2.6255 0.1755 0.00131
107.25 0.892 2.5483 0.1784 0.00133
104.00 0.865 2.4710 0.1819 0.00136
100.75 0.838 2.3938 0.1858 0.00139
97.50 0.811 2.3166 0.1902 0.00142
94.25 0.784 2.2394 0.1949 0.00146
91.00 0.757 2.1622 0.1998 0.00149
87.75 0.730 2.0849 0.2048 0.00153
84.50 0.703 2.0077 0.2098 0.00157
81.25 0.676 1.9305 0.2148 0.00161
78.00 0.649 1.8533 0.2197 0.00164
74.75 0.622 1.7761 0.2243 0.00168
71.50 0.595 1.6988 0.2286 0.00171
68.25 0.568 1.6216 0.2325 0.00174
65.00 0.541 1.5444 0.2359 0.00176
61.75 0.514 1.4672 0.2387 0.00178
58.50 0.486 1.3900 0.2407 0.00180
55.25 0.459 1.3127 0.2420 0.00181
52.00 0.432 1.2355 0.2423 0.00181
48.75 0.405 1.1583 0.2416 0.00181
45.50 0.378 1.0811 0.2397 0.00179
42.25 0.351 1.0039 0.2365 0.00177
39.00 0.324 0.9266 0.2319 0.00173
35.75 0.297 0.8494 0.2257 0.00169
32.50 0.270 0.7722 0.2177 0.00163
29.25 0.243 0.6950 0.2079 0.00155
26.00 0.216 0.6178 0.1960 0.00147
22.75 0.189 0.5405 0.1818 0.00136
19.50 0.162 0.4633 0.1652 0.00124
16.25 0.135 0.3861 0.1458 0.00109
13.00 0.108 0.3089 0.1236 0.00092
9.75 0.081 0.2317 0.0981 0.00073
6.50 0.054 0.1544 0.0693 0.00052
3.25 0.027 0.0772 0.0367 0.00027
0.00 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000
 Story drift variation with height of the building

Story drift Vs Z/H

1.200

1.000

0.800

Z/H 0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.00000 0.00050 0.00100 0.00150 0.00200
Story drift

Determine the Bending moment of the core and frame

The bending moment in the wall at height z is obtained by using the expression
𝑤𝐻 2 z
Mb(Z) = 𝐾3 (αH, H)
2

K3 can be obtained from the graph or equation

Specimen calculation for z/H=1.00

H = 120.25 m
αH = 2.8571
w = 128 kN/m
K3 = 6.53×10−6
Substituting above values in following equation,
𝑤𝐻 2 z
Mb(Z) = 𝐾3 (αH, H)
2
𝑀𝑏 (Z) = 6.0433 kNm

The total moment in the set of frames at a level z from the base , as expressed, is
equal to the difference between the total external moment and the total moment in
the walls at the relevant level.

𝑤(𝐻−𝑧)2
Ms (Z) = - Mb
2
Specimen calculation for z=120.25 m

H = 120.25 m
w = 128 kN/m
Ms (Z) = - Mb = - 6.0433 kNm
Bending moments at other levels also can be calculated similarly
 Mt Mf
Z(m) Z/H αz K3 Mb (Wall) (Total) (Frame)
120.25 1.000 2.8571 6.53E-06 6.0433409 0 -6.043341
117.00 0.973 2.7799 -0.01188 -10996.2 676 11672.202
113.75 0.946 2.7027 -0.02238 -20711.34 2704 23415.34
110.50 0.919 2.6255 -0.03155 -29197.33 6084 35281.329
107.25 0.892 2.5483 -0.03945 -36504.8 10816 47320.797
104.00 0.865 2.4710 -0.04612 -42677.34 16900 59577.338
100.75 0.838 2.3938 -0.0516 -47751.78 24336 72087.778
97.50 0.811 2.3166 -0.05593 -51758.39 33124 84882.39
94.25 0.784 2.2394 -0.05913 -54721.08 43264 97985.077
91.00 0.757 2.1622 -0.06122 -56657.52 54756 111413.52
87.75 0.730 2.0849 -0.06222 -57579.26 67600 125179.26
84.50 0.703 2.0077 -0.06212 -57491.8 81796 139287.8
81.25 0.676 1.9305 -0.06094 -56394.62 97344 153738.62
78.00 0.649 1.8533 -0.05865 -54281.18 114244 168525.18
74.75 0.622 1.7761 -0.05526 -51138.86 132496 183634.86
71.50 0.595 1.6988 -0.05073 -46948.92 152100 199048.92
68.25 0.568 1.6216 -0.04504 -41686.36 173056 214742.36
65.00 0.541 1.5444 -0.03817 -35319.79 195364 230683.79
61.75 0.514 1.4672 -0.03005 -27811.23 219024 246835.23
58.50 0.486 1.3900 -0.02066 -19115.87 244036 263151.87
55.25 0.459 1.3127 -0.00992 -9181.848 270400 279581.85
52.00 0.432 1.2355 0.002215 2050.1069 298116 296065.89
48.75 0.405 1.1583 0.015827 14647.003 327184 312537
45.50 0.378 1.0811 0.030995 28683.99 357604 328920.01
42.25 0.351 1.0039 0.047809 44244.814 389376 345131.19
39.00 0.324 0.9266 0.066371 61422.307 422500 361077.69
35.75 0.297 0.8494 0.08679 80318.948 456976 376657.05
32.50 0.270 0.7722 0.109188 101047.47 492804 391756.53
29.25 0.243 0.6950 0.1337 123731.55 529984 406252.45
26.00 0.216 0.6178 0.160471 148506.5 568516 420009.5
22.75 0.189 0.5405 0.18966 175520.14 608400 432879.86
19.50 0.162 0.4633 0.221444 204933.62 649636 444702.38
16.25 0.135 0.3861 0.256009 236922.42 692224 455301.58
13.00 0.108 0.3089 0.293564 271677.38 736164 464486.62
9.75 0.081 0.2317 0.334332 309405.86 781456 472050.14
6.50 0.054 0.1544 0.378557 350332.92 828100 477767.08
3.25 0.027 0.0772 0.426501 394702.75 876096 481393.25
0.00 0.000 0.0000 0.478451 442780.03 925444 482663.97
 Bending moment variation with height of the building

Bending moment Vs Z/H

1.200

1.000

0.800

Z/H 0.600 Mb (Wall)

0.400 Mt (Total)
Mf(Frame)
0.200

0.000
-500000 0 500000 1000000
Bending Moment

Determine the Shear forces carry by the core and frame

Total shear carry by the core, Qb
Qb = wHK4
K4 can be obtained from the graph or equation
Specimen calculation for Z=120.25 m
Qb = 128×120.25×(-0.23323) = -3589.80 kN

Qt = w(H-z) = 128× (120.25-120.25) = 0

Qf = 𝑄𝑡 - 𝑀𝑏
128(120.25−120.25)2
= – (-3589.80)
2
= 3589.80 kN
Shear force calculation for core and frame can be calculated as follows
 Qf
Z(m) Z/H αz K4 Qb (Wall) Qt (Total) (Frame)
120.25 1.000 2.8571 -0.23323 -3589.80 0.00 3589.80
117.00 0.973 2.7799 -0.20687 -3184.08 416.00 3600.08
113.5 0.946 2.7027 -0.18174 -2797.35 832.00 3629.35
110.50 0.919 2.6255 -0.1577 -2427.32 1248.00 3675.32
107.25 0.892 2.5483 -0.1346 -2071.76 1664.00 3735.76
104.00 0.865 2.4710 -0.1123 -1728.56 2080.00 3808.56
100.75 0.838 2.3938 -0.09068 -1395.68 2496.00 3891.68
97.50 0.811 2.3166 -0.06959 -1071.12 2912.00 3983.12
94.25 0.784 2.2394 -0.04892 -752.95 3328.00 4080.95
91.00 0.757 2.1622 -0.02854 -439.28 3744.00 4183.28
87.75 0.730 2.0849 -0.00833 -128.22 4160.00 4288.22
84.50 0.703 2.0077 0.011829 182.07 4576.00 4393.93
81.25 0.676 1.9305 0.032058 493.44 4992.00 4498.56
78.00 0.649 1.8533 0.052479 807.76 5408.00 4600.24
74.75 0.622 1.7761 0.073214 1126.90 5824.00 4697.10
71.50 0.595 1.6988 0.094384 1452.77 6240.00 4787.23
68.25 0.568 1.6216 0.116118 1787.29 6656.00 4868.71
65.00 0.541 1.5444 0.138545 2132.49 7072.00 4939.51
61.75 0.514 1.4672 0.161798 2490.40 7488.00 4997.60
58.50 0.486 1.3900 0.186017 2863.17 7904.00 5040.83
55.25 0.459 1.3127 0.211345 3253.02 8320.00 5066.98
52.00 0.432 1.2355 0.237934 3662.28 8736.00 5073.72
48.75 0.405 1.1583 0.265943 4093.39 9152.00 5058.61
45.50 0.378 1.0811 0.295538 4548.92 9568.00 5019.08
42.25 0.351 1.0039 0.326897 5031.59 9984.00 4952.41
39.00 0.324 0.9266 0.360205 5544.28 10400.00 4855.72
35.75 0.297 0.8494 0.395663 6090.04 10816.00 4725.96
32.50 0.270 0.7722 0.433481 6672.14 11232.00 4559.86
29.25 0.243 0.6950 0.473885 7294.04 11648.00 4353.96
26.00 0.216 0.6178 0.517116 7959.45 12064.00 4104.55
22.75 0.189 0.5405 0.563432 8672.35 12480.00 3807.65
19.50 0.162 0.4633 0.61311 9436.99 12896.00 3459.01
16.25 0.135 0.3861 0.666446 10257.93 13312.00 3054.07
13.00 0.108 0.3089 0.723757 11140.07 13728.00 2587.93
9.75 0.081 0.2317 0.785386 12088.67 14144.00 2055.33
6.50 0.054 0.1544 0.851701 13109.38 14560.00 1450.62
3.25 0.027 0.0772 0.923097 14208.31 14976.00 767.69
0.00 0.000 0.0000 1 15392.00 15392.00 0.00
 Shear force variation with height of the building

Shear force Vs z/H

1.200

1.000

0.800

Z/H 0.600 Qb (Wall)

0.400 Qt (Total)
Qf(Frame)
0.200

0.000
-5000.00 0.00 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00
Shear force
4. Concentrated interaction force,QH at the top of the specified frame and the
bending moment in its roof beam and connected columns due to QH (Using
Portal method)

𝑑𝑦
QH acting on the top of the frame(@ Z=120.25)= (GA)t × (𝑑𝑥 )(H)
= 2800045.974×0.00128
= 3584.0588 kN
𝑑𝑦
QH acting on the top of the frame Type 2 = (GA)2 × (𝑑𝑥 )(H)
= 131766.1062 × 0.00128
= 168.661kN
Consider the roof level of frame type 2(using portal method);

QH =168.661 kN

V1 V2 V3 V4

7m 7m 7m

𝑏1
2
V1 = V× (𝑏 1+𝑏 2+𝑏 3)
7/2
= 168.661×(7+7+7)
= 28 kN
𝑏1 𝑏2
+
2 2
V2 = V× (𝑏 1+𝑏 2+𝑏 3)
7 7
( + )
2 2
= 168.661×(7+7+7)
= 56 kN
𝑏 2 𝑏3
+
2 2
V3 = V×
(𝑏 1+𝑏 2+𝑏 3)
7 7
( + )
2 2
= 168.661×(7+7+7)
= 56 kN
𝑏3
2
V4 = V× (𝑏 1+𝑏 2+𝑏 3)
7/2
= 168.661×(7+7+7)
= 28 kN
Considering the assumption that say half height or half bay with zero bending
moment,
M2
3.5 m

V
1.625 m
M1
V1 = 28kN

𝑉1× h
M1 = = 28×1.625 = 45.5 kNm
2
M2 = M1 = 45.5 kNm
M2 = V× 3.5
45.5= V×3.5
V= 13 kN

3.5 m M1/ O M3/ 3.5 m

V/
V= 13kN
M2/
1.625 m

V2= 56kN

M1/ = V×3.5 = 13×3.5 = 45.5 kNm

M2/ = V2× 1.625 = 56× 1.625 = 91 kNm

Taking moment around O

- M3/ + M2/ - M1/ = 0
M3/ = M2/ - M1/
M3/ = 91 – 45.5
M3/ = 45.5 kNm

M3/ = V/ × 3.5
V/ = 45.5/3.5 = 13kN
HB 212-
2002-
Standard
Australia-
SAI
Global
Ltd.
Table 8

BS EN 5.Wind pressure calculation for wind acting from Y-direction, according to

1991-1- Wind code
4:2005
Basic data
Total length (b) = 64 m
Spacing (s) = 8m
Bay width (d) = 21 m
Height(max) (h) = 120.25 m
Roof slope (α) =0

1.Wind loads
Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity
𝑉𝑏 = Cdir × Cseason× Vb,o
Vb,o = 22 m/s (For Colombo area-Handbook level 1)
Z0 = 0.003 (Terrain category 0 – building is situated in Colombo seafront)
Z > Zmin
𝑉𝑏 = Cdir × Cseason× Vb,o = 1× 1× 22 = 22m/s
(For simplification, the directional factor Cdir & the seasonal factor Cseason are in
general equal to 1.0)

Basic velocity pressure

1
𝑞𝑏 = 2 × 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑣𝑏2
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.25 kg/m3 (air density)
1
𝑞𝑏 = 2 × 1.25 × 222 = 302.5 N/m2

Peak pressure
1 2
𝑞𝑝 (Z) = [ 1+7 lv (Z)] × × ρ × 𝑣𝑚 (Z)
2
Calculation of 𝑣𝑚 (Z)
𝑣𝑚 (Z) =Mean wind velocity
𝑣𝑚 (Z) = 𝐶𝑟 (Z) × 𝐶0 (Z) × 𝑉𝑏
Where:
𝐶𝑟 (Z) is the roughness factor
𝐶0 (Z) is the orography factor
𝐶0 (Z) = 1 (Recommended value)
𝐶𝑟 (Z) = kT × ln (z/z0) for Zmin ≤ Z ≤ Zmax
𝐶𝑟 (Z) = 𝐶𝑟 (Zmin) for Z ≤ Zmax
Where,
Z0 is the roughness length
kT is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length Z0

kT = 0.19 × (Z0/Z0/11)0.07
where,
Z0/11 = 0.05 (terrain category II)
kT = 0.19 × (0.003/0.05)0.07
kT = 0.156
Zmin is the minimum height
Zmax is to be taken as 200 m

Calculation of lv(Z) (Turbulence intensity) for Zmin ≤ Z ≤ Zmax

𝑘1
lv = 𝐶 for 1 ≤ 120.25 ≤ 200
0 (𝑍) ×ln (z/z0)

where k1 is the turbulence factor, recommended value for k1 is 1.0

Z = 120.25 m

Hence,
7𝑘1 1
𝑞𝑝 (Z) = [1+𝐶 ] × [2 × 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑣𝑏2 ] + [kT × ln (z/z0)]
0 (𝑍) ×ln (z/z0)
 qp(Peak pressure)/
Floor Z/(m) (N/mm2)
37 120.25 830.4834033
36 117.00 829.1904457
35 113.75 827.861062
34 110.50 826.4931401
33 107.25 825.0843788
32 104.00 823.6322642
31 100.75 822.1340432
30 97.50 820.5866914
29 94.25 818.9868772
28 91.00 817.3309178
27 87.75 815.6147287
26 84.50 813.8337626
25 81.25 811.9829372
24 78.00 810.0565472
23 74.75 808.048159
22 71.50 805.9504804
21 68.25 803.7552008
20 65.00 801.452793
19 61.75 799.0322624
18 58.50 796.4808302
17 55.25 793.7835247
16 52.00 790.9226488
15 48.75 787.877076
14 45.50 784.6213024
13 42.25 781.1241472
12 39.00 777.3469318
11 35.75 773.2408649
10 32.50 768.7431775
9 29.25 763.7712148
8 26.00 758.2130333
7 22.75 751.9116869
6 19.50 744.6373163
 5 16.25 736.0335621
4 13.00 725.5034179
3 9.75 711.9277009
2 6.50 692.7938024
1 3.25 660.084187

Wind profile
140.00

120.00

100.00
Height (m)

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
qp(N/mm2)
 6.Along-wind acceleration according to wind code

BS EN The standard deviation σa,x of the characteristic along-wind acceleration of the structural
1991-1- point at height Z should be obtained using following equation,
4:2005 2 (𝑍 )
𝐶𝑓 .ρ.b.𝐼𝑣 (𝑍𝑠 ).𝑣𝑚 𝑠
Figure 6.1 σa,x = .R.Kx.ɸ1,x(z)
𝑚1,𝑥
zs = 0.6h = 0.6×120.25 = 72.15 m

𝐶𝑓 Calculation

𝐶𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓.0 .ψr. ψλ
Figure 7.23
𝐶𝑓,0 = 2.2 ( d/b= 21/64=0.33 )

Reduction factor for square sections with rounded corners ψr = 1.0

Table 7.16 End-effect factor for elements with free-end flow,ψλ
& Figure ψλ = 0.92 ( ɸ = 1, λ= 70) (ɸ =A/Ac=1.00)
7.36
𝐶𝑓 = 2.2×1×0.92 = 2.024
Fundamental flexural frequency, n1
n1 = 46/h = 46/120.25 (h>50m)
n1 = 0.3825 Hz
Fundamental flexural mode, Ø1,x(Z)
𝑍 𝑍
Ø1,x(Z) = (ℎ)ξ = (120.25)
ξ = 1.0 (for buildings with a central core plus peripheral columns or larger columns
plus shear bracings).

Calculation of Iv(Zs) (turbulence intensity)

k1
Iv = z for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax
C𝑜 (Z)×ln( )
z0
Recommended value for k1 = 1.0
C𝑜 (Z) = 1 (Flat terrain)
Therefore,
Iv(zs) = 1/ln(72.15/0.003) = 0.099

Mean wind velocity, vm(zs),

vm(zs) = cr(zs)×co(zs)×vb

cr(zs) = kT×ln(zs/z0) for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax

kT = 0.156
cr(zs) = 0.156×ln(72.15/0.003) =1.574

vm(zs) = 1.574×1.0×22 = 34.628m/s

Mass per unit length of the structure = 5.35×105 kg/m

Modal participating mass ratio (for 1st Mode) = 0.98
Equivalent mass => mx,1 = 0.98×5.35×105 = 5.243×105 kg/m

Calculation of R
π2
R2 = 2.𝛿 . SL(Zs,n1,x) . Rh(ηh) . Rb(ηb)
 δ = δs+δa+δd
Table F.2
δs = 0.1 (For reinforced concrete buildings )
δd = 0 ( No logarithmic decrement of damping due to dampers)

δa = (cf× ρ ×b×Vm(zs))/(2.n1.me) -------- F.18 (n1=natural frequency of

1st mode)
δa =(2.024×1.25×64×50.56)/(2×0.3825×5.243×105) = 0.20mm

δ = 0.1+ 0.020 = 0.120 mm

L(Zs) =300 (Zs/200) 0.67+0.05ln (Zs)
= 300 (72.15/200) 0.67+0.05ln (72.15) = 121.82

FL(Zs,n1,x) = n1,x L(Zs) / Vm(zs) = 0.3825×121.82/34.628 = 1.345

ηh = 4.6×h×fL(zs,n1,x)/L(zs) =4.6×120.25×1.345/121.82
ηh = 6.107

ηb = 4.6×b×fL(zs,n1,x)/L(zs) = 4.6×64×1.345/121.82
Figure B.4 ηb = 3.25

Rh = (1/ηh) – (1-e-2 ηh)/(2. ηh2)

Rh = 0.150

Rb = (1/ηb) – (1-e-2 ηb)/(2. ηb2)

Rb = 0.26

SL(zs,n1,x) = 6.8× fL(zs,n1,x)/( 1+10.2×fL(zs,n1,x))5/3

SL(zs,n1,x) = 6.8× 1.345/( 1+10.2×1.345)5/3
SL(zs,n1,x) = 0.103

R2 = π2×0.103×0.150×0.26/(2×0.120)
R = 0.406
Kx = 1.5 ( ξ = 1.0 )

Along - wind acceleration

σa,x = cf.Ƿ.b.Iv(zs).vm2(zs).R.Kx.ɸ1,x(z)/m1,x
σa,x = 2.024×1.25×64×0.099×34.6282×0.406×1.5×(z/120.250)/5.243×105
σa,x = 1.857×10-4z ms-2
EC8
Clause
4.3.3.2.2

Along-wind
acceleratio
Height (m) n (m/s2)
0.06332701
EN. 120.25 7
1998.1.200 0.06161547
4 117 6
Table 3.4 0.05990393
113.75 5
0.05819239
110.5 4
0.05648085
107.25 3
0.05476931
104 2
0.05305777
100.75 1
97.5 0.05134623
0.04963468
94.25 9
0.04792314
91 8
0.04621160
87.75 7
0.04450006
84.5 6
81.25 0.04278852
 5
0.04107698
78 4
0.03936544
74.75 3
0.03765390
71.5 2
0.03594236
68.25 1
65 0.03423082
0.03251927
61.75 9
0.03080773
58.5 8
0.02909619
55.25 7
0.02738465
52 6
0.02567311
48.75 5
0.02396157
45.5 4
0.02225003
42.25 3
0.02053849
39 2
0.01882695
35.75 1
32.5 0.01711541
0.01540386
29.25 9
0.01369232
26 8
0.01198078
22.75 7
0.01026924
19.5 6
0.00855770
16.25 5
0.00684616
13 4
0.00513462
9.75 3
0.00342308
6.5 2
0.00171154
3.25 1
0 0
 Variation of Along-wind acceleration
with height
140

120

100
Height/(m)

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Along-wind acceleration/(ms-2)

7. Total base shear due to an earthquake of magnitude 0.1 g acting in the Y-

direction
Base shear calculation (Lateral force method of analysis)
Fb = Sd(T1).m.λ

For an earthquake of 0.1g the following response spectrum graph can be obtained
 Response spectrum graph
3

Spectral Acceleration/GPA
2.5

1.5
Normalized RS
1 0.1g GPA

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period/s

T1 = 2.d0.5

d = 0.111
T1 = 0.67 s (Tc = 0.15 and T1 > 2.TC)

Sd = 2.39 ms-2
λ = 1.0

m = 7.18×107 kg

Fb = Sd(T1).m.λ
Fb = 2.39×0.67×7.18×107×1 = 1.15×108 N = 1.15×105 kN

Design Base Shear Force = Fb/R = 1.15×105 / 1.5

= 7.66×104 kN

Distribution of base shear over height (assuming mode shape is approximated by the
horizontal displacements increasing linearly with height)
Fi = Fb × zi.mi/Σzj.mj
Discussion on the differences of the results from approximation
analysis and SAP 2000 analysis
There are some differences between the results from approximation method and
computer software analysis. The results from the SAP 2000 may get more accuracy
than approximation manual calculation results. The discrepancy between the two
methods for the deflections in the upper regions is attributable to axial
deformations in the columns of the frame, which are not considered in the manual
approximate analysis.
The close comparison of the results of the shears and moments from these two
methods is typical for uniform structures; however probably show significant errors
in those from the approximation analysis, especially in the forces around the
change levels, where severe local interactions occur.