Chapter 20, 21, & 22 Review Question Answers

Use this with the information in the packet. Good luck on the exam!

Ch. 20: The Heart

1. See Notes for drawing (Box outline of Atria and Ventricles

2. The left ventricle is pumping blood to the other organs outside of the heart. Therefore, it’s working
harder than the right ventricle, which is only pumping blood to the lungs.

3. Structure:
Function

4. Practice the rhythm of the “Eight Count” at page 45 of note-set

5. Cardiac Output: Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute.

Heart Rate: Number of Cardiac Cycles per minute

Stroke Volume: Volume of blood ejected per ventricular systole

6. Sympathetic: Fight or Flight; Increases heart rate and force of contraction. Neurotransmitter is
norepinephrine (NE)

Parasympathetic: Rest and Digetst; Decreases heart rate and force of contraction. Neurotransmitter is
acetylcholine (ACH)

Ch. 21: Blood Vessel Circulation

1.Blood Flow: Amount (volume) of blood that passes through a vessel in a given unit of time (ml/sec).
Blood flow is (F) is affected by 2 factors: Blood Pressure (P) and Resistance. (R).

Pressure: Force of blood against a blood vessel wall. Causes Blood Flow.
Resistance: Force that opposes flow. Caused by friction rubbing against vessel wall.

2.Flow = Pressure, Directly Proportional.

Flow=1/Resistance or Pressure/Resistance. Inversely Proportional.
3.Friction, resistance, and blood vessel diameters narrowing. Look at blood vessel drawing with varying
pressure measures (mmHg).

4.Diameters getting smaller. Friction rubbing along blood vessel wall.

5.The bigger the diameter, the larger the flow. Compare a hose to a straw when filling a bucket.
6.They are the smallest blood vessels, and therefore have the smallest diameter, leading to a lot of
resistance that would slow the flow of blood in that area.

7.Pressure due to separation of solutions with different solute concentrations and non-diffusible
proteins in blood. BCOP “pulls” fluid into capillary.

8.Refer to capillary drawing above review questions.

9.DC = Net Filtration Pressure equaling 0. No flow.

10.NFP = CHP – BCOP. If result is positive, Filtration. If result is negative, Reabsorption.

11.Lymphatic system filters plasma into extracellular fluid (ECF), cleaning it in the lymph nodes before
reabsorbing it back into the bloodstream.

12.High blood pressure. Too much filtration occurs and all the ECF can’t be absorbed back into the
blood.
Definition: Fluid accumulation due to fluid loss at capillaries caused by high BP.

Ch. 23: Respiratory Physiology

1.Look at pg. 50 in packet. 23-6

2.Atmospheric Pressure: 760 mmHg. Pressure of the air outside of our bodies.
Intrapulmonic Pressure: Lung Pressure
Intrapleural Pressure: Pleural Cavity Presure. Always lower than lung pressure.

3.Boyle’s Law: Refers to pressure of a gas in a container. If the container size is doubled, the pressure
decreases by half.

4.Refer to pulmonary, external and internal respiration drawing. (Alveoli and box drawing with CO2 and
O2)

5.Diaphragm is flat, volume increases. Atm. P is greater than P Inside.

Diaphragm is curved, volume decreases. Atm. P is less than P Inside.

6.Normal is passive process, muscles are relaxed. Forced is active process, muscles contract. (Practice
breathing normally then doing it as though running.)

7.Dalton’s Law: Refers to each gas having their own pressure (partial pressure)

8.Information should be in 23-8 in textbook. Important thing to know is that each pressure has to add up
to 760 mmHg = atmospheric pressure.
9.Henry’s Law: Refers to pressure and solubility. Think of soda and carbon dioxide when you open a
bottle too fast, and then think of scuba divers when thinking of nitrogen.

10.Refer to pg. 51 in packet.

11.Refer to drawings made in SI session

12.Refer to drawings made in SI session

13.Refer to bottom of pg. 51 in packet.

14.Refer to top of pg. 52 in packet.

15.Refer to “Formation of bicarbonate ion” section in pg 52 in packet.