PROPOSAL OF DESALINATION PLANT FOR THE

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PATTUKKOTTAI
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

PRAKASH S T (822114103031)

PRAGATHEESWARAN M (822114103303)

SAKTHIVEL A (822114103039)

SOUNDHAR RAJAN K (822114103306)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-PATTUKKOTTAI

RAJAMADAM

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report“PROPOSAL OF DESALINATION PLANT FOR

THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING” is the bonafide work
PRAKASH S T (822114103031) , SAKTHIVEL A (822114103039),
PRAGATHEESWARAN M (822114103303), SOUNDHAR RAJAN K,
(822114103306) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr G ELANGOVAN ME., PhD., Dr G ELANGOVAN ME., PhD.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of CIVIL Department of CIVIL

University College of Engineering, University College of Engineering,

Pattukkottai, Pattukkottai,

Rajamadam- 614 701. Rajamadam- 614 701.

Submitted for project viva-voce held on………………..

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1 INTRODUCTION 9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

3 METHODOLOGY 13

4 TESTING AND TREATMENT PROCESS 26

4.1 Collection of samples

4.2 Testing the quality of water

4.3 Intake of water

4.4 Pretreatment of water

4.5 Spun filtering process

4.6 Chemical dosing

4.7 Reverse Osmosis process

4.8 Storage of treated water

4.9 Distribution of water

5 ESTIMATION AND RESULT 46

6 CONCLUSION 48

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we thank the almighty for giving us all that we need to complete our
project. We express our sincere thanks to our beloved dean Dr.G.ELANGOVAN
M.E., Ph.D., for allowing me to do this project

We are greatly indebted to our Head of the Department of CIVIL

ENGINEERING, Dr.G.ELANGOVAN M.E., Ph.D., for his support in bringing
this project.

We express our regards and sincere thanks to the project coordinator

Dr.G.ELANGOVAN M.E., Ph.D., for his valuable helps and ideas which were of
great significance in finishing up our project.

We record our sincere gratitude to our project guide Dr.G.ELANGOVAN

M.E., Ph.D., Civil Engineering Department who has been backbone for as
throughout this project with his encouraging words, unfailing available guidance.
The keep interest and support from him is more heartily acknowledged.

We are greatly thankful to the HOD’s, Staffs and Lab technicians Civil
Engineering Department, for their valuable guidance without whom this project
would not have been a successful one.

We express our sincere thanks to other staff members of our department,

laboratory technicians and friends for extending a helping hand in times of need
during the development of our project work.

4
ABSTRACT

The project is about the desalination technique .We know that world
contains 97 % of sea water But we are using the remaining 3% of fresh and
ground water . So in order to meet the demand in the time of scarcity we need to go
on to the next step which becomes the process of desalination by using Reverse
Osmosis . We are proposing the desalination plant for the University college of
Engineering , Pattukkottai .

We proposed the plant for better drinking for students , and all the staff
members , the various treatment process are involved in this project , this method
is very fine and quit simple than other methods .

5
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Na Sodium
PO43- Phosphate
TDS Total dissolved solids
N2 Nitrogen
NH3 Ammonium
SO4 Sulphate
CO3 Carbonate
HCO3 Bi carbonate
CO2 Carbon dioxide
Cl2 Chloride
NO3- Nitrate
F- Fluoride
Si Silica
Fe Iron
Mn Manganese

6
Al Aluminium
O2 Oxygen
Zn Zinc
ppm parts per milligram
psi pound force per square inch
RO Reverse Osmosis
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units
HPP High Pressure Pump
CA Cellulose acetate
CTA Cellulose triacetate
ENM Ectro-spun nanofiber membranes

7
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from
water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial
applications. With improvements in technology, desalination processes are
becoming cost-competitive with other methods of producing usable water for our
growing need .

A desalination process essentially separates saline water into two

parts - one that has a low concentration of salt (treated water or product water), and
the other with a much higher concentration than the original feed water, usually
referred to as brine concentrate or simply as ‘concentrate’.

The two major types of technologies that are used around the world
for desalination can be broadly classified as either thermal or membrane. Both
technologies need energy to operate and produce fresh water. Within those two
broad types, there are sub-categories (processes) using different techniques

OBJECTIVE

 To study and collect the samples and identifying the quality

8
 To analyse the proper method for sea water treatment

 To estimate the population to be distributed

 Intake of water by bore well

 To treat the water by RO process

 To collect the treated water

 Distribution of the water

 Identification and elimination of the source of contamination:

waste water treatment; collection, disposal and reuse of waste and fecal
matter; observance of hygiene.

 Improving the quality of the water designated for personal use: treatment
of drinking water

 Controlling the effects: health care, especially in the case of infectious

diseases, to avoid spreading the contagion.

 Reduction of health-care costs

 A reduction in the occurrence and spread of water-induced diseases

 An increase in economic productivity

9
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A brief review of literature on existing methods of textile effluent
treatment, namely wastewater treatment by Reverse Osmosis (RO), RO separation
of organic pollutions from wastewater, membrane filtration, RO membrane
preparation, structure and properties, RO membrane modules and module
configurations, RO membrane characterization techniques are considered and
discussed. EXISTING METHODS OF TEXTILE EFFLUENT TREATMENT In
an early study, Anderson et al (1989) reported some of the factors influencing the
separation of several different organics (including acetone, urea, phenol, 2, 4 -
dichlorophenol, nitrobenzene) by cellulose acetate membranes. Rejections varied
considerably for the different solutes, and rejections of ionizable organics were
greatly dependent on the degree of dissociation. Nonionized and hydrophobic
solutes were found to be strongly sorbed by the membranes and exhibited poor
rejection. Duvel and Helfgott (2015) also found organic separations that varied
with molecular size and branching. They postulated that organic separation was
also a function of the solute's potential to form hydrogen bonds with the
membrane. 19 Edwards and Schubert (2017) reviewed some of the early separation

10
results of herbicides and pesticides with RO membranes. They also conducted
studies with the herbicide 2, 4 - D and found that the separations were < 51%. It
was noted that solute adsorption could occur on the cellulose acetate membranes.
Fang and Chian conducted studies on the separation of several polar organic
compounds with various functional groups using cellulose acetate and several
other types of membranes. That study found that the organic rejection varied
considerably not only with solute but also with membrane type. Chian et al
reported high rejections (> 99%) for several pesticides with cellulose acetate and a
composite membrane. However, a significant adsorption of the pesticides on the
membranes was noted. Light studied dilute solutions of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, and nitrosamines and found rejections of
these compounds to be over 99% for polyamide membranes. Williams et al (1999)
developed two models namely a modified steady-state solution diffusion model
and an unsteady-state diffusion adsorption model which are able to predict flux and
permeate concentrations from a single RO experiment. Further, the development of
these models allows for the understanding of the mechanisms of organic membrane
interactions. For instance, it has been proposed that increased adsorption inherently
leads to an increase in flux drop. However, we have found, on one hand, that due
to specific interactions with membrane water transport groups, chloro and
nitrosubstituted phenols cause significant flux drops. On the other hand, benzene
had a high physical adsorption but caused negligible flux drop. The results were
further extended to nanofiltration experiments with an aromatic pollutant
containing two types of charge groups.

11
12
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
DESALINATION

Desalination is the process of removal of salts and minerals from the sea
water and making it suitable for the drinking purpose . normal water contains only
few amount of salt content in it. While the sea water contains about 10 ppm of
impurities .To remove these things desalination process is achieved

Methods of desalination;

In Desalination Process There are Ten Methods. They are the methods

 Vaccum distillation

 Multistage flash distillation

 Vapor compression distillation

 Reverse osmosis process

 Freeze thawl

 Solar evoporation

 Electrodialysis reversal

 Membrane desalination

 Wave powered desalination

13
 Table 1

Desalination Multistage Multi effect Mechanical Reverse

method flash Distillation Vapor Osmosis
(MED) compression (RO)

Electric
Energy 4-6 1.5-2.5 7-12 2.3-5.5
(kwh/cu.m)

Thermal
Energy 50-110 60-110 No No
(kwh/cu.m)

Electrical
Equivalent of 9.5-19.5 5-8.5 No No
Thermal energy
(kwh/cu.m)

Total equivalent
electrical energy 13.5-25.5 6.5-11 No No
(kwh/cu.m)

As in the table we can say that power and thermal requirement of other
process is high when compared to reverse osmosis. So in such this case the
desalination plant is of reverse osmosis

14
DESALINATION PLANT SET UP

The desalination plant is usually set up in the region where as the salt water is very
high , the proper set up reduces the salinity and make it suitable for drinking
purpose. The plants which forms with filter cylinder, spun, measuring systems,
chemical dosing, pressure pump, RO membrane, storage tank. The completed set
as,

1 = filter membrane

2= spun filter

3=RO membrane

4=chemical dosing

5=measuring system

6=booster pump

Fig 3.1

15
WATER IMPURITIES

Water impurities include dissolved and suspended solids . Suspended

solids are substances that are not completely soluble in water and are present as
particles. These particles usually impart a visible turbidity to the water. Dissolved
and suspended solids are present in most surface waters. Seawater is very high in
soluble sodium chloride; suspended sand and silt make it slightly cloudy

The various impurities present in the water are as follows;

Table 2

Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment

imparts unsightly
appearance to water;
non-expressed in deposits in water lines, coagulation, settling,
Turbidity
analysis as units process equipment, etc.; and filtration
interferes with most
process uses

chief source of scale in

softening;
heat exchange
calcium and demineralization;
equipment, boilers, pipe
Hardness magnesium salts, internal boiler water
lines, etc.; forms curds
expressed as CaCO3 treatment; surface
with soap, interferes
active agents
with dyeing, etc.

bicarbonate(HCO3-), foam and carryover of lime and lime-soda

Alkalinity carbonate (CO32-), solids with steam; softening; acid
and hydroxide(OH-), embrittlement of boiler treatment; hydrogen

16
 expressed as CaCO3 steel; bicarbonate and zeolite softening;
carbonate produce demineralization
CO2 in steam, a source dealkalization by anion
of corrosion in exchange
condensate lines

Free
H2SO4 , HCI. etc., neutralization with
Mineral Corrosion
expressed as CaCO3 alkalies
Acid

corrosion in water lines, aeration, deaeration,

Carbon
CO2 particularly steam and neutralization with
Dioxide
condensate lines alkalies

hydrogen ion
pH varies according to
concentration
acidic or alkaline solids pH can be increased by
defined as:
PH in water; most natural alkalies and decreased
1 waters have a pH of 6.0- by acids
pH = log
8.0
[H+]

adds to solids content of demineralization,

H2O, but in itself is not reverse osmosis,
Sulfate SO42-
usuall , combines with electrodialysis,
ca form CaSo4 evaporation

demineralization,
Chloride Cl - adds to solids content
reverse osmosis,
and increases corrosive
electrodialysis,

17
 character of water evaporation

adds to solids content,

but is not usually
significant industrially:
demineralization,
high concentrations
reverse osmosis,
Nitrate NO3- cause
electrodialysis,
methemoglobinemia in
evaporation
infants; useful for
control of boiler metal
embrittlement

cause of mottled enamel adsorption with

in teeth; also used for magnesium hydroxide,
Fluoride F- control of dental decay: calcium phosphate, or
not usually significant bone black; alum
industrially coagulation

adds to solids content of demineralization,

water: when combined reverse osmosis,
Sodium Na+
with OH-, causes electrodialysis,
corrosion in boilers evaporation

scale in boilers and hot and warm process

cooling water systems; removal by magnesium
Silica SiO2 insoluble turbine blade salts; adsorption by
deposits due to silica highly basic anion
vaporization exchange resins, in

18
 conjunction with
demineralization,
reverse osmosis,
evaporation

aeration; coagulation
discolors water on
and filtration; lime
precipitation; source of
softening; cation
Fe2+ (ferrous) deposits in water lines,
Iron exchange; contact
Fe3+ (ferric) boilers. etc.; interferes
filtration; surface active
with dyeing, tanning,
agents for iron
papermaking, etc.
retention

Manganese Mn2+ same as iron same as iron

usually present as a
result of floc carryover
from clarifier; can cause improved clarifier and
Aluminum AI3+
deposits in cooling filter operation
systems and contribute
to complex boiler scales

corrosion of water lines, deaeration; sodium

Oxygen O2 heat exchange sulfite; corrosion
equipment, boilers inhibitors

Hydrogen cause of "rotten egg" aeration; chlorination;

H2S
Sulfide odor; corrosion highly basic anion

19
 exchange

corrosion of copper and cation exchange with

Ammonia NH3 zinc alloys by formation hydrogen zeolite;
of complex soluble ion chlorination; deaeration

refers to total amount of

dissolved matter, lime softening and
determined by cation exchange by
evaporation; high hydrogen zeolite;
Dissolved
none concentrations are demineralization,
Solids
objectionable because of reverse osmosis,
process interference and electrodialysis,
as a cause of foaming in evaporation
boilers

refers to the measure of

undissolved matter,
determined subsidence; filtration,
Suspended
none gravimetrically; deposits usually preceded by
Solids
in heat exchange coagulation and settling
equipment, boilers,
water lines, etc.

refers to the sum of

see "Dissolved Solids"
dissolved and suspended
Total Solids none and "Suspended
solids, determined
Solids"
gravimetrically

20
 Numerous chemical tests must be conducted to ensure effective control of a
water treatment program. Because of their significance in many systems, three
tests, pH, alkalinity, and silica

21
parameter BIS guideline value(maximum limited
value)

Total dissolved solids 500 - 2000 mg/L

pH 6.5 – 8.5

Alkalinity 200 – 600 mg/L

Hardness 300 – 600 mg /L

Calcium 200 mg / L

Magnesium 100 mg / L

Iron 0.3 – 1 mg/L

Manganese 0.1 – 0.3 mg/L

22
Aluminium 0.2 mg/L

Copper 0.05 – 1.5 mg/ L

Zinc 5 – 15 mg mg/L

Nitrite nil

Nitrate 45-100 mg/L

Sulphate 200 -400 mg/L

Chloride 250-1000 mg/L

Fluoride 1-1.5 mg /L

23
Phosphate nil

Arsenic 0.05 mg/L

Mercury 0.0001 mg/l

Cadmium 0.01 mg/l

Lead 0.05 mg/l

Chromium 0.05 mg/l

24
 POPULATION FORCASTING

The population forcasting is one in which the amount is to be distributed for the
students and staffs for hostel and the college .

Number of students in campus = 1018

Number of staffs and workers = 125

Quantity of water required for students

Hostellers = 506 × 2.6 = 1315.6 litres

Dayscholars = 512×1 = 512 litres

Quantity required for staffs

Hostellers = 25×2.6 = 65 litres

Dayscholars = 100 × 1 = 100 litres

Total water required = 1993 litres

Distribution ;

Boys hostel = 306×1.6 + 15 ×1.6 = 514 litres

Girls hostel = 200×1.6 + 10 × 1.6 = 336 litres

College = 1018×1 + 125 ×1 = 1143 litres

25
 CHAPTER 4
TESTING AND TREATMENT PROCESS

 Collection of sample water

 Testing the quality of water
 Population forcasting
 Intaking of water to be desalinated
 Pretreatment of water
 Chemical dosing
 Desalination by reverse osmosis
 Storage of treated water and outflowing of waste water
 Distribution of water

4.1 Collection of sample water;

Before calculating the standards of the water , first we have to collect

the samples .the collected samples will be taken for the test . Now in our
desalination project the sample is collected directly from the bore well .

26
4.2 Testing the quality of the water ;

We have done testing on the 7 tests on the samples that we have

collected. They are .

 pH
 Alkalinity
 Total solids dissolved
 Hardness
 Turbidity
 Chloride
 Ammonium nitrogen
pH

The pH of the collected water is found to be 7.6 . although it is undesirable for

the drinking purposes and the necessary treatment should be made in this for the
proper quality of water standards.
Total dissolved solids;

Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Pure water --

tasteless, colorless, and odorless -- is often called the universal solvent. Dissolved
solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some
small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.

TDS in drinking-water originate from natural sources, sewage, urban run-off,

27
industrial wastewater, and chemicals used in the water treatment process, and the
nature of the piping or hardware used to convey the water. The total dissolved
solids in the water that we have tested is found to be 1000 mg/l .

Alkanity

Alkanity of water may be due to the presence of one or more of a number of

ions. These include hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates. hydroxide ions are
always present in water, even if the concentration is extremely low. However,
significant concentrations of hydroxides are unusual in natural water supplies, but
may be present after certain types of treatment. Small amounts of carbonates are
found in natural water supplies in certain sections

The alkalinity of water may be defined as its capacity to neutralize acid. For
treatment of the water we have taken the test . The alkanity of the tested water is
found to be 300 mg /l .

Hardness;

Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, both calcium and magnesium. As

water moves through soil and rock, it dissolves small amounts of these naturally-
occurring minerals and carries them into the ground water supply. Water is a great
solvent for calcium and magnesium, so if the minerals are present in the soil
around your well and its water supply, it can end up with hard water. The sample
have tested in the laboratory and the result is obtained as 200mg/l

28
Turbidity;

Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its

transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates . The more total
suspended solids in the water, results in higher turbidity.
There are various parameters influencing the cloudiness of the water.
Some of these are:

- Phytoplankton

- Sediments from erosion

- Resuspended sediments from the bottom

- Waste discharge

- Algae growth

The turbidity of the collected water sample is found to be 30

Chloride ;

Chlorides are the inorganic compound resulting from the combination of the
chlorine gas with metal. Some common chlorides include sodium chloride (NaCl)
and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Chlorine alone as (Cl2) highly toxic, and it is
often used a disinfectant. In combination with a metal such as sodium, it becomes
essential for life. Small amounts of chlorides are required for normal cell functions
in plant and animal life.

Environmental impact of chlorides are not usually harmful to human health;

however, the sodium part of the table salt has been linked to heart and kidney
diseases. Sodium chloride may impact a salty taste at 250 mg/l; however, calcium
or magnesium chloride is usually detected by taste until levels of 1000 mg/l are

29
reached . but the tested water sample in which the chloride content is found to be
400mg/l .

Ammonium nitrogen ;

These are the compound rarely present in drinking water . In the sample
that we have collected there is no ammonium nitrogen present .

Iron;

Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earth's crust, of which it
accounts for about 5%. Elemental iron is rarely found in nature, as the iron ions
Fe2+ and Fe3+ readily combine with oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds to
form oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides. Iron is most commonly found in
nature in the form of its oxides. In the water that we have tested the iron content
found is to be 7 mg/l

Calcium;

Calcium occurs in water naturally. Seawater contains approximately 400 ppm calcium.
One of the main reasons for the abundance of calcium in water is its natural occurrence in the
earth's crust. The calcium content the water sample is found to be 218 mg/l

30
Parameter Value

Total dissolved solids 1000 mg/l

pH 7.6

Alkalinity 80 mg/l

Hardness 300 mg/l

Calcium 218 mg/l

Chloride 400 mg/l

Iron 7 mg/l

Turbidity 30NTU

Ammonium nitrogen Nil

31
4.3 Intake of water ;

Intake facilities for seawater desalination project are basically classified into the
three types, including beach well intake, subsurface water intake and open sea
water intake. Good-quality raw water can be delivered by beach well intake,
thereby it reduces investment and the operating cost of the pre-treatment
equipment, nevertheless it should be taken marine geological structure, hydrology
water quality and water quality unstable factors when operating into consideration,
and confirmed after looking into in-depth investigation. Subsurface water intake is
capable of delivering quite good water, but this kind of intake is probably less
adopted because of its large investment and complicated construction. Open sea
water intake-a kind of more popular intake method, can be used for different
seawater desalination project. In our project the intake of water for the desalination
is from the bore well. In which the dissolved solids will be low and the cost for the
investments will low on this.

32
4.4 Pretreatment process;

Pretreatment process is one in which these are characterized as the initial stage
of the treatment process , in which here the carbon filters , and various filter
process are occurred in this.

Reverse Osmosis Thin Film Composite membranes are subject to fouling by

many substances particles and colloids can be removed by so-called "conventional
treatment" consisting of coagulation followed by media filtration for low turbidity
water . Additional steps such as flocculation and sedimentation are added in case
of very turbid shallow seawater.

The non-conventional pretreatment for NOM , particles and colloids

is ultrafiltration

An antiscalant solution should be dosed before the reverse osmosis

membranes to disperse calcium carbonate and sulfates precipitates in order to
avoid scaling.

Fine filtration (5-micron) is required as a last step before the RO membranes

to prevent any debris, sand particles or piping material to damage the membrane.

The filtration process is proceeded in the cylinder in which having various

filtration techniques . initially the water is fed into the cylinder and the process of
filtration starts . Here in which the sediments and other dissolved solids are
removed from the water. The water contains the total dissolved solids of 1000mg/l
The filtration includes four process . they are

Carbon filters

Micro filters

33
 Ultra filters

Nano filters.

Carbon filters ;

Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated carbon to

remove contaminants and impurities, using chemical adsorption. Each
particle/granule of carbon provides a large surface area/pore structure, allowing
contaminants the maximum possible exposure to the active sites within the filter
media.

In this the dissolved solids removed is found to be 1000mg/l .In this dissolved
solids is filtered in the carbon filter by activated carbon . which catches the 65%
of the TDS . the outcome of the water from the carbon filters is found to be
650mg/l. The particle size of 20μ is removed. The turbidity removal of nearly
90% is occurred. The bacteria then get arrested in the filter.

Micro filters;

Microfiltration a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid

is passed through a special pore-sized membrane to separate microorganisms and
suspended particles from process liquid. These also removes all the bacteria from
the water. The water particles of size upto 10 μ is removed. The turbidity of
about greater than 99 . And it nearly 15% of the total amount of the dissolved
solids.

The dissolved solids removed is found to be 150 mg/l .

34
Ultra filters;

Ultrafiltration utilizes a semi-permeable membrane to physically remove

suspended particles from water based on particle size and the pore size rating of
the UF membrane. Among membrane technologies commonly used, UF is
typically one step "tighter" than microfiltration. Through ultrafiltration the
solids of 8% has been removed . the removed solids is found to be 80mg/l.

Nano filters;

Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration based method that

uses nanometer sized through-pores that pass through the membrane.
Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 nanometers, smaller than that
used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but just larger than that in reverse
osmosis Membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin
films Materials that are commonly used include polyethylene terephthalate or
metals such as aluminum. The particles of size 0.01 μ is removed. The dissolved
solids removed is found to be 3% . which means the dissolved solids of 30mg/l is
removed. The dissolved ions are also removed through the nano filtration.

The total amount of solids removed through all these four process is found
to be 91%. Nearly 910mg/l of solids are removed.

35
4.5 Spun filtering process;

These filters are normally-rated polypropylene depth filter and extremely

robust and compatible with a wide range of chemicals and cleaning agents.The
filter is free of surfacaunts , Lubricants , resign binders , adhesives ,antistatics or
release agents and other additives.

These filters can be used for clarifications, polishing and prefiltration in

pharmaceutical and biological, food and beverage, water purification and chemical
industries.
End connections to fit all standard housing . Available sizes 10", 20",30",40" .
Long Micron Rating 0.5, 1 , 5 , 10 , 25 , 50 µm. Outer Diameter 69 mm , Inner
Diameter 28 mm .
Ectro-spun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) have high porosity,
interconnected open pore structure and tailorable membrane thickness.
Moreover, their high surface hydrophobicity makes them suitable for membrane
distillation.
The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia
nitrogen ( -N) could exceed 90.0 and 95.0%, respectively. The COD
concentration in the total effluent was maintained at 80.0–100 mg/L, and the
-N concentration was below 10.0 mg/L

36
 Fig 4.1
4.5 Chemical dosing
A dosing pump is a small, positive displacement pump. It is designed
to pump a very precise flow rate of a chemical or substance into either a water,
steam or gas flow. A dosing pump will deliver this precise flow rate of chemical or
other product by a number of different methods but it generally involves drawing a
measured amount into a chamber and then injecting this volume of chemical into
the pipe or tank being dosed. Dosing pumps are used in a variety of applications
from agriculture, industry, manufacturing to medicine.
A dosing pump is generally quite small and is powered by either a
small electric motor or air actuator. They are controlled either by an external
control system or more commonly an internal pump controller that can alter the
flow rate, the on/off function

37
 Fig 4.2

4.6 RO Booster pump

Reverse osmosis is a pressure-driven process. Small residential RO

units will theoretically operate on very low pressure--down to 35 psi, according to
some membrane makers but the reality is, you won't get a lot of water and the
product water quality will be compromised if the unit runs below 45 psi. Low inlet
pressure makes the unit produce more reject water, produce less drinking water, fill
the storage tank more slowly, and produce lower quality water.

RO units run well on typical city water pressure of 60 psi, but they run
even better with a small pump to boost the pressure to 80 psi or higher. But how in
choosing the RO pressure pump the total dissolved solids in the water is taken in

38
account. It is found to be 1000 ppm , And the pressure of water is estimated to be
70 psi.

Fig 4.3

4.7 Reverse osmosis

It is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable

membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water. In
reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure,
a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential differences of the
solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of
39
dissolved and suspended species from water, including bacteria, and is used in both
industrial processes and the production of potable water

Principle;

In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of
low solute concentration (high water potential), through a membrane, to an area of
high solute concentration (low water potential). The driving force for the
movement of the solvent is the reduction in the free energy of the system when the
difference in solvent concentration on either side of a membrane is reduced,
generating osmotic pressure due to the solvent moving into the more concentrated
solution. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent.

Fig 4.4

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Reverse osmosis membrane

Common membrane materials include polyamide thin film composites

(TFC), cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) with the membrane
material being spiral wound around a tube, or hollow fibres bundled together.

Hollow fibre membranes have a greater surface area and hence capacity but are
more easily blocked than spiral wound membranes.

RO membranes are rated for their ability to reject compounds from contaminated
water. A rejection rate (% rejection) is calculated for each specific ion or
contaminant as well as for reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS).

TFC membranes have superior strength and durability as well as higher rejection
rates than CA/CTA membranes. They also are more resistant to microbial attack,
high pH and high TDS.

The membrane sizes are of various sizes they are various sizes , they are of

4” , 5” , 6” etc in our plant taking the size of the 8”.

Fig 4.5

41
Reverse osmosis process;

Reverse osmosis treatment reduces the concentration of dissolved solids,

including a variety of ions and metals and very fine suspended particles such as
asbestos that may be found in water .
An RO device may be installed following a water softener to reduce the
concentration of sodium ions exchanged for hardness ions. RO also removes
certain organic contaminants, some detergents, and specific pesticides. Although
RO membranes can remove virtually all microorganisms, it is currently
recommended that only microbiologically safe.
Reverse osmosis will not remove all contaminants from water. Dissolved
gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through RO membranes into the
treated water.
RO water treatment plant process is that allows the removal of unwanted
particles from a solution. Reverse Osmosis water treatment plant is also used to
treatment of water like removal of hardness, microorganism, salts and impurities
in order to improve the color, odour, taste or properties of the fluid
As some of the fluid passes through the membrane, the rest continues
downstream, sweeping the rejected species away from it. Reverse Osmosis water
treatment plant process requires a HPP (high pressure pump) to push the fluid
through the membrane like high pressure and large driving force. For Brackish
water approximately 10 to 20 bar applying as a osmotic pressure in solution to
separate salt water as rejection and good water.

42
 Fig 4.6
This is made to disinfect the raw water from any infections.By the pressure
Sand filters to remove Turbidity and Suspended solids .To remove the remaining
Chlorine after the pressure sand filter .It is very important to prevent Calcium
Sulfate from scaling It is very important to prevent calcium carbonate from scaling
by Sulfuric acid 98% . TDS rejection rates (>95%) .
After the Reverse osmosis process the various percentage of minerals
and salts are tabulated.

43
4.8 Storage of treated water;

Water is stored in a bladder within the tank vessel opposite pressurized

air. As the bladder fills, the back pressure increases until it reaches a pre-set
pressure limit (as determined by the shut-off valve, sold separately), causing the
shut-off valve to cut off the feed supply to the reverse osmosis system. Water will
remain in the bladder until the faucet is opened, the air pressure surrounding the
bladder will force the water out of the storage tank and a directed point of use. As
water is used, the pressure will drop until the shut-off valve disengages, allowing
feed water to the RO system to resume until the tank is refilled. The water storage
tank of 500 litres capacity.

Fig 4.7

44
4.9 Distribution of water;

The water is distributed to the respective places , although the intake of

the water is found to be 3350 litres and after the 60% of recovery it found to give
the quantity of 2010 litres . The estimated quantity is found to be 1993 litres .

Boys hostel =514 litres

Girls hostel = 336 litres

College = 1143 litres

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 CHAPTER 5
ESTIMATION AND RESULT
ESTIMATION

Pretreatment process cost with two filter cylinder 26865 ×2 =Rs 53730

Spun filtering (2 pieces) 2×160 =Rs 320

Chemical dosing apparatus = Rs 4840

RO Booster pump =Rs 1800

RO Membrane + entire set up 2030×2 = Rs 4060

Storage tank =Rs 50000

RO cable (5m) 1150×5 = Rs 5750

Distribution (50m PVC 63mm pipe) 50×128 = Rs 6400

Total Rs 126900

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RESULT

Parameter Value

Total dissolved solids 70 mg/l

pH 7

alkalinity 80 mg/l

Hardness 59 mg/l

Calcium 50 mg/l

Chloride 60 mg/l

Iron 0.2 mg/l

Turbidity 10 NTU

Ammonium nitrogen Nil

47
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Relatively cheap and readily available desalination membranes are capable of

removing solids at high removal efficiencies Usage of high current densities is not
recommended (even though very high removal efficiencies are obtained) for the
avoidance of susceptible membrane damages. The RO process keeps the most
preferable one to make it sufficient to meet the water requirement for our campus.
Through this investigation, our filtration methods proved helpful even though they
were done on a small scale. If this method was expanded, it would be able to
improve several factors including pH levels, hardness, chlorine levels, and
alkalinity levels. The water quality is increased and is therefore safer to drink.

48
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