1. In one line, formulate your educational philosophy and explain it extensively.

(10 points)
“Teaching the significant knowledge and values through meaningful experience”
Education doesn’t only mean teaching the students the facts of life but it is also educating
the students how to be a good citizen in the society. I believe that values are the most
important why there is education. Yes, we need the facts and concept but what is the
purpose of that if you lack good values that are needed in order you can perform well in
the society?
Why through meaningful experiences? As we know, our students today are fun of
interactive and engaging activity and they have the chalk and board lesson every day. I
believe that it is more effective if they are the one who will do and perform the activity that
fits with their interest. Providing the students varied activities using differentiated
instruction will cater all their skills and abilities, and only those meaningful experiences will
remain in their memory forever.

2. Trace the history of education from the ancient to the modern time. Discuss the significant
contribution of each period to the present educational system of the Philippines. (20
points)
The history of education can be trace based on the following periods:
a. Primitive Education
Primitive education can be trace from the start of the civilization to the founding of the
Roman Empire. Recording history started when the first civilization, the Sumerians,
started to write their day to day activities. Sumerians invented the first way of writing
which is the cuneiform. Because of the invention of the system of writing, Sumerians
trained their kids to be scribes to preserve their culture.
If we examine the cultural and historical pattern of the different civilization, the
Sumerians, Indus, Egyptians, Chinese, and even Greeks, their main aim in educating
the child is to preserve and protect their culture, to be a well fitted citizen in the society
and to attain status in the society. Aside from that, the method of education during the
primitive is more on memorization, drill and practice or trial and error and imitation.
During the primitive, whatever the elders have learned from the past will be the same
learning will be passed to the young ones. Another is, your education depends on your
status in the society.
The best contribution of this period in education is the invention of the system of
writing. Without the system of writing, culture and history of the human race will not be
preserved and transmitted from one generation to another and education will be more
on oral.
b. Medieval Education
Medieval education started during the Fall of Rome which is also known as the Dark
Ages. Before the Medieval, education is more on cultural preservation and physical
training. But, in Medieval there is a big turning point in education where the aim of
education was more on religious and values integration. Since, the society was
covered by social problems during Medieval, people sees the church as their hope
and solution to their problems. Because of this, church became the most significant
contributor in the field of education during this time. Parochial schools, monasteries or
monastic schools, and universities that are manage by priests emerge during this time.
The division of the Christian church/religion also happened during this time, which is
called the Reformation Age. Education during the reformation focuses on the use of
vernacular, since the Roman Catholic before uses Latin in reading the bible which
can’t be understand by some people who are not uses Latin as their language.
The best contributions of Medieval Period in education are the teaching of moral
values and use of vernacular in teaching. As we have noticed in our educational
 system today, teaching moral values is incorporated not only in our lesson plans but it
has already a separate curriculum which is Values Education or Edukasyon sa
Pagpapahalaga for public school and Christian Living Education for other private
school which are manage by priests or nuns. Teaching using vernacular is also present
in our current curriculum where the grade 1 to 3 uses the mother tongue in teaching
English, Math, Filipino and other subject in order the kids will easily understand the
concepts since it is delivered in their vernacular.
c. Renaissance Education
Renaissance means “rebirth of learning”, since it is the period after the Dark Ages.
After the Medieval, there is like a big restoration of knowledge from the past. The
contribution of the past was used in this period to create new ideas and concepts.
Well-known artists like Michelangelo and Da Vinci are some of the big contributors in
education and arts. The aim of education during this time is more on human center
and focuses on the freedom of the human person.
The best contribution of the renaissance was, the different educational philosophies
where we based our current educational system. Learner centered approach I think is
the best concept emerged in the renaissance period, where the student served as the
core of the educational system.

d. Modern Education
Modern period was characterized by the emergence of different philosophical and
technological inventions that enhanced the educational system. John Locked,
Montessori and Rousseau are just some of the prominent people who contributed a
lot in the field of education. Education during this time are more on exploratory and
student centered, where experience served as the teacher of the learners while the
teacher serves as facilitator of the learning process.
The best contribution of this period in the field of education is the learner centered
approach in teaching. Today we have noticed that there are a lot of primary schools
who adopted the concept of Montessori where the students are provided with things
that are similar to the real world in order that they can gain experiences from those
materials by manipulating it.

3. Discuss each of the major philosophies of education and explain its significance in
designing the curriculum and in implementing an effective teaching-learning process. (30
points)
The major philosophies are the following:
a. Idealism
Idealism focuses on the teaching of ideal knowledge and skills. Education focuses on
the importance of soul and wisdom. Specifically, it teaches the students the wisdom of
the past people. The role of the teacher is the sole source of knowledge.
This philosophy focuses on a Teacher-centered curriculum where teacher is the sole
source of knowledge and students are required to learn and master the concepts given
to them.
When designing a curriculum using this philosophy, teacher focusses on the teaching
of cognitive skills and moral values.

b. Realism
Realism on the other hand focuses on the essential and practical knowledge that the
students should acquire. Only the important skills are significant in learning and the
basic facts of life. Teaching the law of nature and about the goodness of the world is
also one of the aim of this philosophy.
 In designing a Realist curriculum, teacher should teach the learners the practical
knowledge needed and teaching the law of nature or how to protect the nature should
be part of the lesson.

c. Essentialism
This philosophy aims to teach the learners the basic or essential knowledge, skills,
and values. The basic skills, like the 3Rs, are necessary to be mastered first for the
acquisition of higher skills. This philosophy also aims to prepare the learners for their
future.
In designing a curriculum using this philosophy, teacher should put emphasis on the
mastery of the subject matter.

d. Progressivism
Progressivist put emphasis in the teaching of relevant curriculum in order to live now
and not to prepare the learners for adult life. This philosophy aims to have a learner
who can cope with change. The core concept of this philosophy is “learning by doing”.
In designing a curriculum using this philosophy, teacher should design a curriculum
that will relates to students’ personal experiences and it should expose the students
to various activities.

e. Existentialism
This philosophy focuses on the flexibility and freedom of the learners. It considered
the learners as unique individuals with different thoughts, feelings, actions and skills.
It put emphasis on the holistic development of the person and not just the mind.
Designing a curriculum using this philosophy, teacher should provide varied activities
for his/her students to consider the individual differences. Provide also meaningful and
interactive activities where they can learn.

4. Name at least five (5) educational thinkers and discuss their most significant contribution
to education. (20 points)
Some of the educational thinkers are the following:
a. John Locked
He was known because of his belief that the human was born as a blank slate (Tabula
Rassa). He believes that human acquires his knowledge from his interaction with the
environment.

b. Jean Jacques Rousseau

He believes that human was born good but becomes evil due to his/her bad
experiences in the society/environment.

c. John Dewey
A proponent of Learning by doing. He believes that the human will effectively learn
when he/she is engage in different meaningful activities.
John Dewey’s ideas is widely used in the different educational system not only in the
Philippines but also around the globe. In his ideas, teachers will just serve as facilitator
and students are the one who will engage in different activities through it they can
formulate ideas and learning.

d. Thomas Aquinas
A well-known philosopher during the Scholasticism period where he emphasizes the
teaching of moral values.
 Because of his idea, most of the curriculum have included the teaching of values in
the different subjects and in the Philippines we provided a separate subject for it.

e. Maria Montessori
A proponent of Montessori School, where children at the young age are engage in real
life activities. She believes also that experience is the best teacher.
Anywhere in the Philippines, Montessori School is present to cater the needs of the
young ones and this was also the basis of the Kindergarten curriculum in our K to 12
program.

5. Discuss three (3) pressing issues that greatly affect the present Philippine educational
system. Suggest ways through which school leaders, teachers, learners, and other
significant stakeholders can alleviate the negative effects of these problems on the
educational achievement of the Filipino youth. (30 points)
The three (3) pressing issues are:
a. Poverty
This was the common reason why some students don’t go to school. In a Filipino family
with more than 4 children, parents without a permanent job can’t sustain to send their
child to school and provide their basic needs, that is why the eldest among the children
are forced to look for job or they are the one who will rare their siblings while their
parents are in work.
Like in my current school this was the common reason why students are not in school.
During our home to home visit when we approach the parents, they will just answer “If
I will send them to school, are you willing to provide our food?”. With that scenario,
some schools, like ours, come up with a solution where the students are giving a task
to plant vegetables that they can sell or for their consumption. Another solution is to
tap the barangay officials and local government where they can provide livelihood for
the parents of underprivileged students and scholarship or educational assistance for
the students.

b. Government Support
In terms of government support, our educational system is far behind with other
countries. Yes, we have now the biggest educational reform in order to fit in the global
standard but the question is, is there an enough budget for education to cater and
provide the needs of the students? In our current educational system, we don’t have
enough budget and the government is too slow in providing the needs not only for the
students but also for the teachers.
Currently, we are now in the implementation stage of the Grade 11 but most schools
don’t have any classrooms, chairs, books and even teachers who are capable in
teaching Senior High School. Even before the implementation of SHS, we already
experiencing these problem and this problem is always part of the Philippine
Educational system since then.
The only solution for these is the government should allocate a bigger amount of the
national budget for education and they should prioritize in investing for the future of
the children since they are only the hope of this nation. Government should also
improve or adopt some technological innovation in education and should not limit the
classroom teaching in the usual chalk and board or paper and pencil approach.

c. Lack of Teachers and Overload

Lack of teacher is always a problem in our educational system that resulted to multi-
subject teaching of hired teachers. Me, for example, I am a BSE Social Science
 graduate and I am teaching the subjects that are not in my field like of Technical
Drawing. The tendency is I missed sometimes to teach the necessary skills or concept
and there are some concepts and questions of my students that I doesn’t know.
Another is the working load of the teachers. Supposedly teachers should have a
maximum of 6 hours teaching load per day and 2 hours for paper works, but the reality
is after the working time the teachers have a lot of paper works and other works that
they bring home. Teachers are also assigned or designated to do some special work
and if there are meeting or conferences, teacher will be absent in the class and when
he/she returns the teacher needs to cope up with the topics that he/she missed. The
tendency is, the teacher will just discuss the topic and proceed to the next without any
mastery from the students since there is a curriculum guide that should be followed.
The possible solution for this problem is, reduce the work load of the teachers by hiring
more teachers. Teachers should teach the subject of his/her specialization in order
that he/she can give more to the students.

6. Discuss the importance of understanding the historical, psychological, philosophical,

socio-anthropological, and legal foundations of education. Explain how the knowledge of
educational foundation has developed your personal and professional perspective as an
educator. (40 points)
Having a good foundation will provide us a better support system. Understanding the
different foundations of educations will provide us a clearer and better view of its purpose.
Tracing the historical foundation of education will provide us a clearer view what is the
background behind this kind of educational system we have. Understanding the
psychological foundation of education will provide us the reasons why we have that kind
of learners and how we can deal with them. Analyzing the philosophical foundation of our
educational system will give us a concrete reason what are the basis of imposing this kind
of education. And examining the socio-anthropological or social foundation of education
will give us a better understanding on the role of educational institution in our society as a
transmitter and preserver of culture, knowledge and skills.
The knowledge that I have gained from the foundations of education had developed my
personal and professional perspective as an educator by making it as may basis in
deciding, crafting and doing my lesson every day. It has been my guide on how to act and
deal with my different students.

7. Describe the learning environment and condition that promotes wholesome, excellent and
successful teaching and learning experiences. Then, create a realistic model of an
educational institution that operates through the knowledge, skills and attitudes derived
from the school leaders and teachers’ understanding of the essence of the 5 foundations
of educations. (50 points).
A learning environment that promotes wholesome, excellent and successful teaching and
learning experiences has the following characteristics:
 Well lighted
It should have a good lighting because there is a tendency that the students will
feel sleepy when the classroom is dark.
 Well ventilated
It should have a good ventilation in order the student will be comfortable in doing
any activities.
 Has a good classroom management
This is one of the key factors in having a good learning environment. A teacher
who has a good classroom management can have a good or even better learning
result. Classroom management doesn’t only mean discipline but is also refers to
 how you manage your day to day class. It also refers to how you make your
learning activities fun and interesting without disruption with other classes.
 Well maintained and working facilities
Safety of the learners is always the primary concern in doing different activities.
Facilities should be learners friendly and it should always be working in order to
cater the needs of the learners.
 Learning environment that is accessible to all
We should always consider a learning environment which is inclusive, which mean
everyone is has been catered.
 Student-Centered
Learning environment should be learner friendly or student centered where the
students are the main actors of the learning process.
 With teacher that serves as a role model.
If we have noticed, the student loves the subject because the teacher is his/her
favorite teacher. Teacher should enter on the classroom not as a dictator in the
eyes of the learners but as a motivator that will motivates the students to learn the
subject.

For me, this should be the educational institution:

Emotion, education should not only focus on the intellectual

development of the child, it should also cater the emotional
or values development of the learners.
Dedicated educating the learners without dedication is an education
without soul.
Updated education system should cope to different changes. Since
our learners are technological native, we should provide
them learning activities that will fit to their needs.
Culture preservation education should maintain its primary role as the transmitter
of culture and preserver as well. If education will fail to
preserve the culture, how it can transmit or provide the next
generation the necessary culture for individual identity of
human.
Actual or Real Life education should provide learning activities that are useful
in our day to day life.
Talent or Skills education not only develops the intellectual skills of the child
but also to develop his/her skills necessary for his/her
application in the society.
Intellect as one of the primary role of education, intellectual or mental
development should be relevant and meaningful to the
learners that they can be use in their day to day life.
Outstanding educational institution should aim high to give the learners
a higher level of learning.
Nationalism through education we can unite people. Teaching the
learners the value of nationalism will foster their love for their
country that is necessary for the preservation of our national
identity and unity.