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APL 102

Applications of Phase Transformations

Concepts: Precipitation, aging curve, underaged, overaged, recovery, recrystallization, grain growth

Lecture 42 (Final Lecture!)

 Recap
IIT Delhi Applications of nucleation and growth
TTT Diagram for liquid-to-solid transformation

 Nose temperature
550

Austenite to Bainite Transformation

(Portion below the nose of C curve)
Short needles of Fe3C embedded
Bainite in plates of ferrite
10 µm
Phase transformations in Steel,
Fe-Fe3C diagram
Quenching – Martensite 0.2 µm
Austenite to Pearlite Transformation
(Portion above the nose of C curve)
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Tempering

+Fe3C PEARLITE

Ferrite Cementite
A distribution of fine particles of Fe3C in  matrix known as
TEMPERED MARTENSITE.

Hardness more than fine pearlite, ductility more than martensite.

Hardness and ductility controlled by tempering temperature and time

Higher T or t -> higher ductility, lower strength
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T holding
Summary

AT A
Q
T N

time

Annealing Furnace cooling Coarse pearlite

Normalizing Air cooling Fine pearlite
Quenching Water cooling Martensite
Tempering Heating after quench Tempered Martensite
Austempering Quench to an inter- Bainite
mediate temp and hold
 Precipitation
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Question for thought

How precipitate formation can be achieved?

Water-sugar system

An alloy system, A and B elements

Phase diagrams
 Precipitate formation from Phase diagrams
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Solvus line

Portion of a binary Al-Cu phase diagram

 Precipitation
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  → ’ + 

 Slow equilibrium cooling gives rise to coarse
+  precipitates which is not good in impeding
dislocation motion.
T

How to obtain the fine distribution

4 % Cu
of precipitates??
Wt% Cu

  ( FCC )    ' ( FCC )   CuAl2 (Tetragonal ) 

  slow cool    
 4 % Cu     0.5 % Cu    52 % Cu 
 550 o C   RT   RT 
     
 To obtain a fine distribution of precipitates the cycle A → B → C is used
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Note: Treatments A, B, C are for the same composition


B

A C

+

4 % Cu
A Heat (to 550oC) → solid solution 
A typical ageing cycle

B Quench (to RT) → supersaturated solution

C Age (reheat to 200oC) → fine precipitates

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Ageing curve
180oC Peak-aged

Hardness →

Coarsening
Dispersion of of precipitates
fine precipitates with increased
(closely spaced) interparticle spacing

Underaged Overaged

Log(t) →
Region of precipitation
Region of solid solution hardening
strengthening (but little solid solution
(no precipitation hardening) strengthening)
 Microstructure of Age hardened material
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Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth

From V. Raghavan
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Recovery

13
Wikipedia.com
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Recrystallization
New Strain-free crystals are formed that:
-- have a small dislocation density
-- are small
-- consume cold-worked crystals

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.
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More Recrystallization
All cold-worked crystals are consumed

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds
15
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Recrystallization

trecrystallization increasing

16
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Grain Growth
 At longer times, larger grains consume smaller ones. Why?

 Grain boundary area (and therefore energy) is reduced

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

After 8 s, After 15 min,

580C 580C
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Cold worked Brass 580°C, 3s 580°C, 4s

580°C, 8s 580°C, 15 min 700°C, 10 min

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Summary
1. Introduction
2. Crystallography
3. Structure of solids
4. Defects in crystalline solids
5. Thermodynamics and kinetics Review
6. Phase Diagrams
7. Phase transformation
8. Plastic deformation
9. Creep, Fracture and Fatigue
10. Advanced materials
 Announcement
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 Updated Lab marks & Minor 1 & 2, Quiz 1 & 2 marks (PMT):
Will be uploaded by 15th Nov. Last date for informing discrepancies 21st Nov.
E-mail with a picture of the mark (subject: Re: APL 102…)

 Updated Attendance will be uploaded by 17th Nov.

 Major exam:
Date: 20th Nov., (Monday)
Time: 10:30 am to 12:30 pm;
Locations: LH – 121
& LH – 308 (Friday lab group)
Syllabus: Complete (Topics covered from Lecture 1 till Lecture 42)
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Thank you

Best Wishes for Major exam

& Future Endeavours