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Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal

Bending and Shear Stresses and opposite forces.

The sum of the components of the forces in any
in Beams direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

Bending Deformations Strain Due to Bending

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
member remains symmetric surface remains L. At other sections,
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and L    y 
remains planar
  L  L    y      y
length of top decreases and length of bottom  y y
increases x     (strain varies linearly)
L  
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the c c
m  or ρ
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length  m
does not change
y
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above
 x   m
c
the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it
4- 3 4- 4

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Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium, For static equilibrium,

y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA  y 
c M    y x dA    y    m  dA
 c 

0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to Mc M
m  
neutral plane is zero. I S
y
Therefore, the neutral surface Substituti ng  x    m
c
must pass through the section
centroid. My Mc
x   m 
I I

Beam Section Properties Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the
The maximum normal stress due to bending, beam with the greater depth will be more effective in
m 
Mc M
 resisting bending.
I S
I  section moment of area
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   1 bh 3  1 Ah
c h2 6 6

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.

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Properties of American Standard Shapes

SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
OF BEAMS
MOMENTS OF AREAS

4- 9

MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

The first moment of an When an area possesses
First Moment of An Area; Centroid a center of symmetry O,
area about its symmetric
axis is zero, so, the the first moment of the
centroid of the area must area about any axis
be on the symmetric axis. through O is zero. In other
words, O is the centroid
of the area.

First Moments of the Area A About The centroid of the area A is

the x- and y-Axis are Defined As defined as the point C of coordinates
x and y which satisfy the relations
Qx   ydA x  Qy / A
A

Qy   xdA y  Qx / A
A

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MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

Sample Problem A.1
1  1 For the triangular area of Fig. (a), determine (a) the first
Qx  Ay   bh   h   bh 2
2  2 moment Qx of the area with respect to the x-axis, (b) the
coordinate y of the centroid of the area.
1  1
Q y  Ax   bh   b   b 2 h
2  2
If an area has two
symmetric axes,
the inter-section
of the two axes
must be the
centroid of the
area.
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

h y A.1 Determination of The First Moment and
dA=udy, u b
h Centroid of A Composite Area
h h y bh 2
Qx   ydA   y bdy 
A 0 h 6
Qx bh2 / 6 h
y  
A bh / 2 3

Qx   ydA   ydA   ydA   ydA

A A1 A2 A3

Qx  A1 y1  A2 y2  A3 y3 Ax i i Ay i i
i i
Qx   Ai yi Qy   Ai xi X   A Y 
i i i
i A i
i

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MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

Sample Problem A.2
Solution:
Locate the Centroid C of the area A shown in Fig. (a).
y1 A1  y2 A2
Y 
A1  A2

A1=80×20=1600 mm2,

A2=60×40=2400 mm2

70  1600  30  2400
Y   46mm
1600  2400

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

Sample Problem A.3 Solution:
Referring to the area A of Sample Problem A.2, we consider the
horizontal x axis which is through its centroid C. (Such an axis Qx  y1 A1  y3 A3
is called a centroidal axis.) Denoting by A the portion of A  24  80  20
located above that axis (Fig. a), determine the first moment of A 7 14  40
with respect to the x axes.
 42320mm3

Qx  y A  y4 A4

 23  46  40
0  42320mm3
In fact
Qx  Qx  Qx  Y A  0
Qx  Qx  42320mm3
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)

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Supplement Problem Alternative method: Negative area method

y
10
Determine the centroid of the L-shape area.
A1  9600 mm2 , x1  40mm, y1  60mm
A1  700mm2 , x1  45mm, y1  5mm A2  7700mm 2 , x2  45mm, y2  65mm
y A2  1200mm 2 , x2  5mm, y2  60mm
10 xc 
Ax i i

A1 x1  A2 x2

x
 Ai xi A x  A2 x2
 1 1
A A1  A2
A A1  A2 x 40  9600  45  ( 7700)
  19.7(mm)
C2 80 9600  7700
120 45  700  5  1200 y
c(19.7;39.7)   19.7(mm )
700  1200
C1 y
Ay i i

A1 y1  A2 y2
x y
 Ai yi A y  A2 y2
 1 1 A A1  A2
80 A A1  A2 C2
C1 60  9600  65  (7700)
5  700  60 1200 C0   39.7( mm)
  39.7(mm) 9600  7700
700  1200

Second Moment, or Moment of Inertia, of

an Area; Radius of Gyration MOMENTS OF AREAS
Radii of Gyration of an Area A with respect to the x and y axis:
Moment of area of A With Respect To the And x Axis And y
Axis are Defined, Respectively, As I x  rx2 A Ix Iy
rx  ry 
I x   y 2 dA
A
I y  ry2 A A A
I y   x 2 dA Radii of Gyration With Respect To the Origin O
A
JO
J O  rO2 A rO 
Define the Polar Moment of the Area A With Respect To Point O As the A
Integral :

2 2
J O    dA   y dA   x dA  I x  I y 2 rO2  rx2  ry2
A A A

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MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

Sample Problem A.4
For the circular area of Fig. (a), determine (a) the polar
For the rectangular area of Fig.(a). determine (a) the second moment of area JO, (b) rectangular moments of area Ix and Iy.
moment of area Ix of the area with respect to the centroidal x
axis. (b) the corresponding radius of gyration rx.
I x   y 2 dA
A
h/2
 y 2 bdy
h / 2

bh3

12 Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
h
rx 
Fig. (b)
12
Fig. (a)

MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

(a) the polar moment of area JO, (b) rectangular moments of area Ix and Iy

Because of the symmetry of the circular area, we have

Ix = Iy and
 r4 d4
J O    2 2 d   
A 2 32

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MOMENTS OF AREAS
A.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem

Determination of the Moment of area of a

Composite Area.

I x   y 2 dA I x   y 2 dA   ( y  d ) 2 dA
A A A

I x   ( y ) dA  2d  y dA   d 2 dA
2
A A A

I x  I x  Ad 2

MOMENTS OF AREAS MOMENTS OF AREAS

Sample Problem A.6
Solution:
Determine the second moment of area I x with
respect to the centroidal x axis (Fig. a). I x  ( I x ) A1  ( I x ) A2
( I x ) A1  I x  A1d12
80  203
  80  20  242  974933mm 4
12
( I x ) A2  I x  A2 d 22
40  603
  40  60  162  1334400mm4
12

I x  ( I x ) A1  ( I x ) A2  974933  1334400  2309333mm4

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA

I x   I  A d 2 
Bending Stresses in Beams A

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.

Mc
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon m 
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 I
GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses,

Sample Problem 4.2 Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
the location of the section centroid and maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
moment of inertia.

Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm 3
1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10 Mc
m 
I
 yA 114 10
3 M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
Y    38 mm A  
A 3000 I 868  10 9 m 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m   131.3 MPa
B    B
  121 bh3  A d 2 
I x   I  A d 2   I 868  10 9 m 4

 12
1 90  20 3  1800  122    1 30  403  1200  182 
12
I  868  103 mm 4  868  10-9 m 4
4- 35 4- 36

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Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m  
I S

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be less

than the allowable stress for the material used. This criteria Shear Stresses in Beams
leads to the determination of the minimum acceptable
section modulus.
 m   all
M max
S min 
 all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
5- 37

Introduction
Transverse loading applied to a beam results
in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.
Beam made
Distribution of normal and shearing stresses
from planks satisfies
Fx    x dA  0  
M x   y t xz  zt xy dA  0
Fy  t xy dA  V M y   z  xdA  0
Fz   t xz dA  0 M z    y  x   M

When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces

Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist in

any member subjected to transverse
loading.
6- 40

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Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Shear flow,
Consider prismatic beam
H VQ
q   shear flow
For equilibrium of beam element x I
 Fx  0  H    D   C dA where
A
Q   y dA
M D  MC A
H   y dA
I A  first moment of area above y1
Note, I 2
 y dA
Q   y dA A A'
A
 second moment of full cross section
dM
M D  MC  x  V x
dx Same result found for lower area
H  VQ
Substituting, q     q
x I
VQ
H  x Q  Q  0
I
 first moment wit h respect
H VQ
q   shear flow to neutral axis
x I
H   H
6- 41 6- 42

Example 6.01 Example 6.01

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Determine the horizontal force per unit Determine the horizontal force per unit
length or shear flow q on the lower length or shear flow q on the lower
surface of the upper plank. surface of the upper plank.

Calculate the corresponding shear VQ (500 N)(120  10 6 m 3 )

q 
force in each nail. I 16.20  10-6 m 4
Q  Ay
 3704 N
A beam is made of three planks,  0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m  m
nailed together. Knowing that the
 120  10 6 m3
spacing between nails is 25 mm and Calculate the corresponding shear force
that the vertical shear in the beam is 1 0.020 m 0.100 m 3
I  12 in each nail for a nail spacing of 25
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
1 0.100 m 0.020 m 3
 2 [12 mm.
in each nail.
F  (0.025 m)q  (0.025 m)(3704 N m
 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m 2 ]
6 4 F  92.6 N
 16 .20  10 m
6- 43 6- 44

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Shearing Stresses txy in Common Types of

Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Beams
The average shearing stress on the horizontal For a narrow rectangular beam,
face of the element is obtained by dividing the
VQ 3 V  y 2 
shearing force on the element by the area of t xy   1
Ib 2 A  c 2 
the face.
H q x VQ x 3V
t ave    t max 
A A I t x 2A
VQ

It
For American Standard (S-beam)
On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam, and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
tyx= 0. It follows that txy= 0 on the upper and VQ
lower edges of the transverse sections. t ave 
It
V
If the width of the beam is comparable or large t max 
Aweb
relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1
and D2 are significantly higher than at D.
6- 45 6- 46

Further Discussion of the Distribution of Sample Problem 6.2

Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam
Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam
subjected to load P at its free end: SOLUTION:
3 P  y 2  Pxy Develop shear and bending moment
t xy  1 x  
2 A  c 2  I diagrams. Identify the maximums.

Shearing stresses are independent of the distance from Determine the beam depth based on
the point of application of the load. allowable normal stress.
A timber beam is to support the three
Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by concentrated loads shown. Knowing
Determine the beam depth based on
the shearing stresses. that for the grade of timber used, allowable shear stress.

From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load  all  12 MPa t all  0.8 MPa Required beam depth is equal to the
application mode are negligible except in immediate larger of the two depths found.
vicinity of load application points. determine the minimum required depth
d of the beam.
Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.
6- 47 6- 48

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Sample Problem 6.2 Sample Problem 6.2

Determine the beam depth based on allowable normal
SOLUTION:
stress.
Develop shear and bending moment d
Mc M max  2 M max
diagrams. Identify the maximums.  all   1 3
1 2
I 12 b d 6 bd

10.95  103 Nm
Vmax  14.5 kN 12  106 Pa 
0.015 m d 2
M max  10.95 kNm
d  0.246 m  246mm

Determine the beam depth based on allowable shear

stress.
3 Vmax
t all 
2 A
3 14500
0.8  10 6 Pa 
2 0.09 m  d
d  0.322 m  322 mm

Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the two.

d  322 mm
6- 49 6- 50

Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element Exercise

of Arbitrary Shape
We have examined the distribution of
SOLUTION:
the vertical components txy on a
transverse section of a beam. We now Determine the shear force per unit
wish to consider the horizontal length along each edge of the upper
components txz of the stresses. plank.
Consider prismatic beam with an element Based on the spacing between nails,
defined by the curved surface determine the shear force in each
CDD’C’. nail.
 Fx  0  H    D   C dA
a A square box beam is constructed from
four planks as shown. Knowing that the
Except for the differences in integration spacing between nails is 44 mm and the
areas, this is the same result obtained beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
before which led to magnitude V = 2.5 kN, determine the
VQ H VQ shearing force in each nail.
H  x q 
I x I
6- 51 6- 52

13