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Prepared by Ephrem N.
Rome
Background
• The legendary origin of the city's name is from the traditional
founder and first ruler, Romulus ( his brother was Remus)
• traditionally Rome was founded around 750 bc.
Roman History
Roman architecture
Regional influence
• The Etruscans influenced most of the northern part of Italy
• The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the
Etruscans may have introduced the worship of a triad of gods
• The Etruscans also supplied the Romans with the knowledge
of hydraulics and constructing an arch
• Romans were also heavily influenced by the Greek cities in
the South, mainly through trade.
Roman architecture
MATERIAL
• Innovation started in the first century BC., with the invention
of concrete, a strong and readily available substitute for
stone.
• great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather
than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves.
• In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the floor
plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing
environment.
Roman architecture
MATERIAL
• Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of mortar, sand,
water, and stones.
• Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less
costly than building solid stone buildings.
• The materials were readily available and not difficult to
transport.
• Mosaic is another material for decorations and paintings.
Roman architecture
Architectural influence
• The Architecture of ancient Rome
adopted the external Greek
architecture for their own purposes
• The two styles are often considered
one body of classical architecture
• The Romans, similarly, were indebted
to their Etruscan neighbors and
forefathers who supplied them with a
wealth of knowledge essential for
future architectural solutions, such as
hydraulics and in the construction of
arches.
Roman architecture
Social influences
• Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in
cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new (architectural)
solutions of their own.
• Political propaganda demanded that these buildings should be made
to impress as well as perform a public function.
• The Romans didn't feel restricted by Greek aesthetic axioms alone
in order to achieve these objectives.
Roman architecture
Circular plans
• Roman emperors were much taken by circular and oval plans,
and others that made dramatic use of curves rather than
Classical straight lines
Elements of Roman
architecture
• Temples
• Aqueducts
• The forum
• Theatres,
amphitheaters, the
coliseum, circuses
• Public baths and
thermae
• Villas, domestic
houses
• Monuments
• Triumphal arches,
gates
Temples
Maison Carree
• The temple is 26.4m long and
15.55m wide with 3.3m high
podium.
• The steps were originally both in
front and sides.
• The Corinthian columns are
8.96m in height, 0.91m in
diameter.
• The height from the top of the
podium to cornice is 12.2m and
the height of entablature is 2.21m.
Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colosseum
• The huge theater was originally built encompassing
four floors. The first three had arched entrances, while
the fourth floor utilized rectangular doorways.
• The floors each measured between 10.5-13.9 meters in
height.
• The total height of the construction was approximately
48 meters
• The arena measured 79 x 45 meters and consisted of
wood and sand.
Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• The Colloseum had a total spectator capacity of 45,000-55,000.
• The Amphitheater is built of travertine outside, and of tufa and brick
in the interior.
Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• 100,000 cubic meters of
marble
• It has a total of 76 entrances
and 4 additional entrances for
the emperor, other VIPs and
the gladiators
• the entire audience could exit
the building in five minutes
• The interior was divided into
three parts: the arena, the
podium, and the cavea.
Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• The audience, upon entering,
climbed sloping ramps to their
seats, according to gender and
social class.
• Arches make strong lights and
shadows. This is the main motif of
Greek and Roman Architecture.
Amphitheaters and circuses
Circus Maximus
• A large, oval track where the
chariot races took place.
• The chariots were open, two or
four-wheeled vehicles pulled by
horses and used for hunting,
battles, racing, and processions
• The Romans loved the races as
they were very exciting with
many spills and crashes. Often
charioteers were killed.
However, if they were good,
they might become popular
heroes.
Public baths
Baths of Caracalla
• Built in the reign of the
emperor Marcus Aurelius
Antoninius better known as
Caracalla.
• Contained shops, restaurants,
exercise yards, libraries, and
lecture halls and reading
rooms all arranged around
spacious gardens filled with
sculptures.
• It was for the amusement of all
roman citizens not just for the
wealthy.
Public baths
Baths of Caracalla
• More than 1600 bathers of one
gender could be accommodated
at one time
• It covers an area of 33 acres
(351m x 378m)
• Two levels of underground
stores, furnaces, and hot air
ducts heated the baths, while
complex plumbing ensured a
constant flow of water from the
Aqua Marcia aqueducts
Public baths
Baths of Diocletian
• The grandest and most
extensive of all ancient
• It covers an area of 32 acres
(13ha.)
• It was similar in plan with the
baths of Caracalla it was
impossible in imperial Rome
to have too much of a good
thing.
Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• The highest aqueduct ever built
by the Romans
• Built of unadorned, precut stone
blocks
• It preserve original style of
Augustus era. Now the bridge
exists about 300m long, 49m
above of the river.
• The bottom arches, which spans
are 15.75m to 21.5m, are about
155m long, 20m high.
Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• On the top of the bottom arches is
a 7m wide road which has
expanded for the traffic of cars in
1743.
• The middle arches are same spans
of the bottom arches and the
length is about 265m in total. The
height of middle part is about
21m and width is 5m.
Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• On the top of the 35 small
arches, about 8.5m high 3m
wide, support the waterway.
• The big arch, the bottom arch
and middle arch, have 3 times
or 4 times of the small arch in
span and 6 times of the small
arch in height.
• There was only 17m fall from
the headwaters to Nimes and
that meant the incline was
34cm per 1km.
Forums
Forums
• The Forum (a Latin word meaning open space or market
place) was the administrative and corporate heart of Rome.
• Generally this word referred to the open space in any Roman
town where business, judicial, civic, or religious activities
were conducted.
• A typical forum might be surrounded by temples, shops, and
basilicas
• In Rome, there were several forums. The most famous, the
Roman Forum, was designed by the architect Vitruvius who
felt the proportions needed to be 3:2 (length to width).
• The Roman Forum became the spectacular showcase of the
Empire filled with beautiful statues and architecture.
The forum Romanum and the
imperial forums.
Forum of
Augustus
Forum of
Temple of
Trajan
peace
Forum of
Forum
Julius
Romanum
Caesar
Forums
Basilica of Constantine
• The plan and general design of
the basilica were derived from
those of the great central halls
of imperial public baths
• The central nave is 80m long
by 25m wide roofed with
groined concrete vaults
reaching no less than 35m
Domestic architecture
• Italian domestic architecture employs an Italian variation of
peristyle construction known as the atrium, a smaller and more
enclosed central space than the Greek peristyle
• The floor plan of the Roman
house was also axially
arranged in a frontal manner,
so that visitors entering
the vestibule gained direct
“visual” access to the
paterfamilias or male head of
the household as he sat in his
office
Domestic architecture
Villa Hadrian
• It included, besides the
living quarters,
reproductions of the most
famous buildings of Greece.
• There were two theatres,
libraries, a stadium,
thermae, a so called
academy.
• The plan was purely of
Roman
Monuments and triumphal
arches
Arch of Constantine
• This was the last of many triumphal arches erected
over the centuries in Rome.
• It was used not only to celebrate victories but to
bring order to the crowded streets of Rome, which at
this time had a population in the region of 1.25milion
• It was erected to celebrate Emperor Constantine’s
victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian
bridge
• It is 21m high, 25.7m wide and 7.4m deep.
Arch of Constantine
Conclusion
• The Romans perfected an architecture unlike that ever
seen before and spread it the length of the
Mediterranean world.
• A Greco-Roman architecture, it combined the
elegance of detail and refinement of form of Greece
with the pragmatic functionalism, civic scale, and
sense of power of Rome. It was a universal
architecture.
Conclusion
• Unlike Egyptian architecture, which focused on
the next world, Roman architecture focused on
this world
• Roman buildings, like the more elemental Greek
buildings which influenced them, addressed not
the mysteries of the hereafter but the problems of
the present.
Conclusion
• Arch • Amphitheatre
• Triumphal arch • Colosseum
• Aqueduct • Pantheon
• Forum • Oculus
• Basilica
• Composite order
• Public baths
• Circus