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A decision support system for locating VHF/UHF radio jammer systems on the
terrain
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Basic location models are as follows: jamming system location principles should be taken into
consideration, and care should be taken to ensure that the
(a) Covering Model,
selected points are in secure areas and in conformity with
1. Cluster Covering Model, the other plans of the operation. The user should ensure that
2. Maximum Covering Model, the selected candidate point is in an accessible zone, taking
(b) P-Centre Model, into account the portability features of the system that will
(c) P-Diffusion Model, be deployed. Due to the general structure of covering
(d) P-Median Model. problems, it should be endeavoured to ensure that the
number of candidate points is more than the number of
In the problem analyzed under the scope of the study, demand points, so as to provide the best solution. It is also
there are candidate location points identified for placing a necessary is that the number of candidate points should be
certain number of jamming systems aiming to intercept the higher than the number of jamming systems that will be
target radio systems the tactical placements and some deployed.
technical properties of which are known. The purpose is In the suggested DSS, the user can mark candidate
to select the points that can have an impact on the points on a digital map.
maximum number of targets among candidate points
identified for jamming systems. In this sense, the problem 2.2 Demand (target) points
is addressed as a maximum covering problem, which is
included under the scope of facility location problems. In the problem, the user determines the locations of target
In the study, a deployment model is suggested for the receivers that constitute the demand points. During battle, it
purpose of performing single (point jamming) or sequential is very difficult to identify the point coordinates of the
frequency jamming on the VHF/UHF frequency band, for targets. However, with today’s advanced communication
ground-based radio jammer systems operating as per princi- tools (locator systems, unmanned aerial vehicles etc.) it is
ples of line-of-sight (LOS) warfare accepting a fixed antenna possible to acquire location information that is very close to
beam width. A decision support system (DSS) based on the the truth. For targets the exact location of which is not
suggested model has been created so as to enable us to present known, the user can mark more than one position provided
to the users various alternatives related to deployment for that he uses the same technical parameters.
different values of program parameters and to address
different scenario conditions (Bhargava and Power 2001). 2.3 The number of systems that will be deployed
necessary to give weight scores for target points in accordance direct line of sight; and 0 is used where there is no direct
with the identified priorities, in terms of selectivity among LOS. In Table 2, under the condition where there are
covered targets. In the study, the weighing of the priorities was 8 candidate points and 10 targets, a g data matrix reflecting
found in accordance with the results of many tests carried out the alternative LOS from candidate points to target points
to obtain the values that may be sufficient to make a for an antenna beam width of 120 degrees is given as an
preference between priority degrees. In the established example.
scenario conditions, the model was tested numerous times, In Table 2, for example in candidate points 1, 2, 4, 5, 7,
with weight scores in different values from 10 to 100, based the angles are not specified since there is no LOS and the
on the importance of each priority degree starting from equal matrix values are zero; it is also seen that at the 3rd the 6th
weights. candidate points, there is only one angle range for line of
After the examinations carried out, the weight scores that sight; and at the 8th candidate point, there are 5 alternative
can be selected to ensure ability to make a preference angle ranges.
between target priorities in the model are given in Table 1. The second covering criterion is to determine whether
When the user does not want to determine a priority the signal power requirement is in line with the system
degree between targets, it is sufficient to give an equal capacity. In order to do this, the system output power
weight score for each priority. For example, weight score 1 necessary for the jamming system to exert influence over
can be given for each priority degree. In that case, the the target is calculated; if the calculated signal power is
model tries to identify the system candidate points that will within the range of power that can be generated by the
cover the maximum target, without making any preference jamming system, it is assumed that it is covered as target
between target priorities. signal power.
In the DSS, the user is given the opportunity to give The signal power and antenna gain parameters of the
different weight scores to target priorities. enemy transmitter are obtained from technical intelligence
information related to the enemy. In the DSS, the user is
2.5 Covering criteria asked to enter the values for these parameters separately for
each target. The VHF/UHF radio systems used in the tactical
In the formulation of the model, two criteria were taken into field generally have a signal output power of 30–50 W.
consideration: direct LOS within the given antenna beam The antenna gain of the jamming system is assumed as
width, and the signal power capacity. The first criterion the average antenna gain written in the technical manual of
describes the LOS status of the jamming system within the jamming system being used. It is assumed that the user
antenna beam width between the candidate point and the knows this value. The distance between the jamming
targets. This criterion is provided via Geographical Infor- system and the target is calculated automatically by
mation System (GIS) interface program that is created using marking the locations of candidate points and targets on
the C++ programming language. With a code written in this the digital map via the GIS interface program, and then
program, an area of 360 degrees from each candidate point transferred to the DSS as data.
are scanned in the antenna beam width given with one The distance between the enemy transmitter and the
degree intervals; and the target points seen, g, are listed as a target receiver is an input, which must be entered by the
data matrix. The rows of this matrix consist of the
alternative angles of candidate points in the antenna beam
width, whereas the columns consist of the target points. In
Table 2 Example for a LOS data matrix
the matrix, the value 1 is related to points, which have a
Candidate Angle ranges H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 1 Weight scores of target priorities 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 213°–333° 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Target priority degree
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0°–120° 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Weight score 5 3 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 5 2 8 0°–120° 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 7 3 8 87°–207° 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
50 30 10 8 88°–208° 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
60 40 20 8 327°–447° 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
90 60 30 8 328°–448° 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
114 Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124
user. The user can use the exact value if he has exact & The antenna heights of the jamming system and the
information on this distance; for other cases, he can use target radio are not included when analyzing the LOS
other values, which he will designate according to the worst from candidate points to targets. The LOS analysis is
scenario. If the distance is short, the jamming system will carried out between topographical land points.
have to broadcast with a higher output power; therefore, & The mathematical model has been developed for jamming
short distance values can be used for values that are not systems, which have the same technical characteristics
known for certain (e.g. 1–2 km etc.). (antenna gain, beam width, signal power etc.); it is not
Another input that must be entered in the DSS is the suitable for simultaneous deployment of jamming systems
signal output power of the jamming system. The user, in that have different technical specifications.
accordance with the capacity of the jamming system that & After performing the jamming activity, the jamming
will be deployed, enters this value. systems must be relocated to protect them against
In accordance with the values of the above-mentioned detection or destruction by the enemy. To this end,
inputs, the signal power requirement from each candidate back-up positions must be chosen. In the suggested
point to the target point is calculated, and the calculated model, the number and positions of the target radios is
values are compared to the jamming system capacity. A accepted as fixed; and the back-up locations are
signal power covering matrix c is made where points within determined by rerunning the model according to the
the jamming system power are given the value 1, and where remaining candidate points after eliminating the candi-
0 is given for other conditions. In this matrix, rows indicate date points selected in the first deployment.
candidate points and the columns indicate target points. & Systems that use different ranges of the electromagnetic
The condition necessary for a candidate point to cover spectrum such as the non-communicational EA systems
the target is the condition where the relevant value of both (radar, electro-optics etc) included in EA systems were
data matrixes (g and c) as explained above is one (Eq. 1). In not included in the scope of the study.
other words, the candidate point must be in LOS with the & The DSS presented is a real application of Defence
target in the given antenna beam width, and the required Systems. It is decided based upon on expert opinion that if
signal power must be achievable by the system. the loss is smaller than 10 dB, there exists a LOS of [0.32–
1]; otherwise there doesn’t exist a LOS of [0–0.32).
2.6 Assumptions related to the suggested model
2.7 Formulation of the suggested model
The assumptions related to the suggested mathematical
model are as follows: In the light of the identifications given above, the jamming
system location problem is modelled based on the maximum
& It is accepted that the candidate deployment points
covering model. The inputs used in the model are as follows:
identified for the jamming systems and the coordinates
of the target radios are known and that the target radios I Demand (target) points (i=1,2,...,m),
are in a fixed position on the field. j candidate system points (j=1,2,...,n),
& Target radio systems and jamming systems operate on a Jamming system antenna beam width (degree),
the VHF/UHF frequency band, in accordance with the k LOS alternatives for each candidate point j according
LOS principle; free space form is accepted in signal to the given antenna beam width (k=1,...,K),
transmission. The transmission environment losses are S number of jamming systems to be deployed,
not taken into consideration. wi the weight score given as per the priority degree of
& Jamming systems for which locations have been the target i,
determined use directed antennas. The suggested model dji distance from candidate point j to target point i (km),
addresses the situation where the jamming system jams dti distance of enemy transmitter broadcasting to target i
a single frequency (point jamming) or sequential (km),
frequency on a specific horizontal antenna beam width. Gj jamming system antenna gain (not dB),
According to this, the antenna beam width is accepted Gti antenna gain of the transmitter broadcasting to target i
as a fixed angle despite the changing frequency values. (not dB),
For angle, the value included in the technical manual of Pti output power of the enemy transmitter broadcasting to
the jamming system is taken. target i (watt),
& The antenna gain value of the jamming system is Pji minimum device output power required to jam target i
accepted as the average value included in the technical from candidate point j (watt),
manual, and it is assumed that the gain is fixed within J/ jamming signal rate desired to be applied to target I,
the antenna beam width. Si
Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124 115
8
1; if target points i is covered <1; if LOS exists at ith target pointsof kth alternatives
zi ¼ gkji ¼ of jth the candidate points:
0; otherwise: :
0; otherwise:
the g matrix is demonstrated in open form as follows: The formulation of the suggested mathematical model in
accordance with the inputs defined above is as follows:
X
m
Max wi zi ð1Þ
i¼1
Constraints:
X
n X
K
gjki cji xjk zi for 8i; K : for 8j ð2Þ
j¼1 k¼1
X
K
xjk 1 for 8j; k ¼ 1; 2; . . . :; K ð3Þ
k¼1
n X
X K
xjk ¼ S K : for 8j ð4Þ
j¼1 k¼1
Candidate LOS Candidate LOS Candidate LOS xjk 2 f0; 1g zi 2 f0; 1g ð5Þ
point alternatives point alternatives point alternatives
(K) K) (K) In this model, the purpose function 1 is to try to
maximize the number of targets covered, according to the
1 6 10 13 19 17
2 4 11 1 20 8
Table 4 Equally weighted solution table of the scenario
3 11 12 10 21 10
4 1 13 3 22 13 Jamming system Total targets Coverage Selected
5 9 14 3 23 5 number covered rate (%) candidate points
6 11 15 9 24 1
7 1 16 5 25 3 1 9 47 19
8 7 17 14 26 7 2 16 84 17, 19
9 5 18 7 3 18 95 8, 17, 19
Total 184 4 19 100 3, 8, 17, 19
Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124 117
100
3.1 Operating the DSS program
Coverage Rate
80
60 The main program where the DSS runs is named “Karsis.
40 xls”. On the introduction sheet, there is a program user’s
20 guide, together with entry and exit buttons. When the user’s
0 guide button is clicked, the program menus and short cuts
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 are displayed together with a sheet including detailed
System Number information. When the enter button is clicked, the main
Fig. 4 Coverage rate change in equally weighted solution menu of the program will be displayed. The exit button
must be clicked in order to exit the program.
weights determined in consideration of the priority degrees.
Criterion 2 ensures covering. According to this, if at least 3.2 Program menus and functions
one system candidate point is selected which can cover in
terms of signal power and which can ensure LOS in the kth When the program is run, the main menu is displayed on the
alternative of any candidate point j for any target point i, it screen. The displayed menu asks the user to enter the number
is assumed that target i is covered. Criterion 3 ensures that of candidate points and target points. The numbers can be
only one of the K angle range alternatives of each candidate entered directly in the cells or via the buttons displayed on
point is selected, thereby ensuring that maximum one the side. An important point that needs attention is that the
jamming system is placed on the candidate point. Criterion numbers entered here must be the same as the number of
4 indicates the total number of jamming systems that will points that will be marked on the digital map. Additionally,
be deployed. Criterion 5 is dual decision variables. the main menu features the following buttons:
& Digital Map,
& Load Digital Map Information,
3 Creating the DSS
& Enter System Information,
& Enter Target Information,
The DSS related to the problem was prepared on Microsoft-
& Create Solution,
Excel with Visual Basic applications. Interaction with the
& Exit Program
user takes place in the Excel environment. Excel also works
as a database where parameter values entered by the user
are stored and processed. Calculations related to model
parameters and the procedures to generate the data matrixes
that will be used in the model are performed on Excel.
Another database element is the digital map, which houses
Table 5 Targets covered by candidate points in equally weighted
the information on positions of the candidate and target solution
points. The digital map is used for candidate point–target
point distance calculations and for LOS analysis as per the Jamming system Selected candidate Angle Covered
given beam width. Via the GIS interface program created number points ranges targets
using the C++ programming language, an interaction 1 19 130°–250° 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
between the user and the digital map environment, and 9, 11, 12, 16
the transfer of the digital map data to the Excel file is 2 17 102°–222° 4, 8, 10, 14,
ensured. 17, 18, 19
In the GIS interface program created to acquire the 19 130°–250° 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
digital map data, in order to obtain the data matrixes for 9, 11, 12, 16
3 8 164°–284° 13, 15, 16
model-related candidate-target point distance and LOS
17 102°–222° 4, 8, 10, 14,
analysis, an artificial map in bitmap format, where 17, 18, 19
horizontal position (coordinate) and height data are stored, 19 130°–250° 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
is used. 9, 11, 12, 16
As model solver, the LINGO-8 package program was 4 3 56°–176° 1, 2, 3
used. Via the program code written under the scope of 8 164°–284° 13, 15, 16
Microsoft-Excel Visual Basic Applications, the model 17 102°–222° 4, 8, 10, 14,
solution is ensured by interacting with the LINGO- 17, 18, 19
19 130°–250° 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
8 program in the Excel environment, and the solution
9, 11, 12, 16
results can also be displayed in Excel.
118 Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124
3.2.1 Digital map sub-menu & Target Button: Used to mark the target points on the
selected map. In order to mark the target point, the cursor
When the “Digital Map” button is clicked on the main is moved on the desired coordination and then double-
menu, the digital map interface program “VisAn.exe” will clicked with the mouse, as in the candidate button.
open automatically. The program has two viewing sheets: & Clear objects button: When clicked on this button, all
“Map” and “Results”. A viewing from the interface markings made on the displayed map are erased.
program is given in Fig. 1. & Save Objects Button: This button enables saving of the
The shortcut buttons used in the digital map interface are markings made on the map, for future reference.
described below: & Load Objects Button: This button is used to load the
map and markings previously saved with the “Save
& Load Map: Provides access to the bitmap-format map
Objects” button.
that will be used.
& Angle Range Option: The user can enter the antenna
& Candidate Button: Used to mark the candidate points on
horizontal beam width (angle) of the jamming system,
the selected map. In order to mark the candidate point,
using the control arrows in this section.
first this button is clicked, and then the cursor is moved
onto desired coordinates and double-clicked with the
mouse. Meanwhile, the coordinate and elevation infor- Table 7 Targets covered by back-up positions in equally weighted
mation and number of the marked candidate point are status
displayed on the left-hand bottom corner of the screen.
Jamming system Back-up Angle ranges Covered targets
number position
1 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 17
Table 6 Back-up positions in equally weighted status
2 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 17
Jamming Total targets Covering Selected candidate points 15 160°–280° 3, 6, 7, 13, 16
system covered rate (%) (back-up position) 3 6 130°–250° 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13
number 10 88°–208° 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 17
15 148°–268° 3, 6, 7, 16
1 7 37 10 4 6 194°–314° 9, 11, 12, 13
2 12 63 10, 15 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 17
3 15 79 6, 10, 15 15 160°–280° 3, 6, 7, 13, 16
4 17 89 6, 10, 15, 23 23 72°–192° 14, 18
Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124 119
& Create Results Button: This button is used to create the be deployed, the signal output power of the system used,
distance and LOS analysis data matrixes of the the system antenna gain and the antenna beam width. After
mathematical model after completing the candidate making the relevant entries, the user can access the main
point-target point markings on the map. When only menu by clicking on the “Click to Continue” button.
this button is clicked on, the data in question arc listed
on the second sheet of the interface (Results). After 3.2.4 Enter target information button
completion of applications related to digital map, the
user is returned to the main menu in Excel. On the target information sheet, the following data related
to the target radio system used by the user in the
mathematical model can be entered:
3.2.2 Load digital map information button
& Operation frequency,
This button is clicked after making the relevant markings on & Target priority (1–2–3),
the digital map and saving the data file in Excel format. When & Distance of enemy transmitter to target receiver −dt (km.),
clicked on this button, an “open file” dialogue box appears. & Signal power of enemy transmitter Pt (watt),
Here, the user should find the Excel file where he saved the
digital map data, and click on the “Open” button. As the file Table 9 Targets covered by candidate points in weighted solution
opens, the digital map data are automatically transferred to
Jamming system Selected Angle Covered targets
Karsis.xls, and the user is returned to the main menu. number candidate points ranges
& Antenna gain of enemy transmitter −Gt (dB), covered and the coverage rate, and the covering rates of the
& The jamming signal rate desired on target receiver (J/S), targets as per their priority degrees on this sheet.
On the report sheet, the candidate points selected for
jamming system deployment and the targets covered in the
There is also a weighing section for priority degrees on optimal angle range as per the antenna beam width are
this sheet. In this section, the user can enter the weight given in numerical order. And the minimum signal power
scores recommended for three priority degrees. After required to intercept the relevant target from the selected
entering the required data on this page, the user is returned candidate point is given in the cell under each target.
to the main menu. In addition, the targets that could not be covered are also
indicated on this sheet. On the report sheet, there is a “main
3.2.5 Create solution button menu” button which allows the user to access the main
menu for a new solution, a “system information” button to
After completing the digital map procedures and entering access system information sheet in case the user wants to
the target and system information, this button is clicked on increase the number of systems in order to improve the
to solve the mathematical model generated with regard to solution, and a “target information” button for access to
the problem. Due to the written code, the LINGO-8 package “target information” sheet if the user wants to make
program automatically starts to run after clicking on this changes in target information.
button, and its own solver menu (solver status) will be
displayed on the Excel sheet.
LINGO solver status menu and the “solution found” Table 11 Weighted status, targets covered by back up positions
alert are shown in Fig. 2.
Jamming system Selected candidate Angle Covered
number points ranges targets
Solution Sheet and Covering Status Report After the
solution is found, the results obtained in the Solution 1 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5,
(Report) sheet are reported. It is possible to monitor the 8, 10, 17
number of deployed systems, the total number of targets 2 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5,
8, 10, 17
15 160°–280° 3, 6, 7, 13, 16
3 6 181°–301° 7, 9, 11, 12, 13
Table 10 Back-up positions selected in weighted status
10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5, 8,
Jamming system Total targets Covering Selected 10, 17
number covered rate (%) candidate points 15 160°–280° 3, 6, 7, 13, 16
4 6 194°–314° 9, 11, 12, 13
1 7 37 10 10 101°–221° 1, 2, 4, 5, 8,
2 12 63 10, 15 10, 17
3 15 79 6, 10, 15 15 160°–280° 3, 6, 7, 13, 16
4 17 89 6, 10, 15, 23 23 72°–192° 14,18
Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124 121
Exit Program Button When the exit program button includ- As can be seen in Table 4, as the numbers of systems
ed in the main menu is clicked, the program automatically increase, the rate of coverage also increases, after full
saves the current transactions and shuts itself down. coverage is achieved at a specific value, increasing the
number of systems does not have any effect. This situation
is shown with a graphic in Fig. 4.
4 Empirical study and assessment of the results The angle ranges of the candidate points selected in
equally weighted solution, and the targets they cover are
In the application section of the study, a scenario including given in Table 5.
26 candidate points and 19 targets was created. This In the equally weighted solution, it is seen that 4
scenario was examined as equal-weighted and weighted. jamming systems are required in order to achieve full
The input values used in the scenario are given below: coverage. The target distribution by system candidate
points where 100% coverage is achieved is given in
Gj 1 dB
Fig. 5.
Gt 1 dB
Pti 50 W, ∀i
4.1.1 Determining back-up position in equally weighted
J/Si 1 ∀i
status
Ps 500 W
dti 2 km ∀i
As explained in the model assumptions, in order to
dji distance matrix
determine back-up positions for jamming systems, the
a 120 degrees
model was re-run to select the configuration which would
g LOS analysis data matrix
enable the best coverage among remaining candidate points
after the first deployment of the systems, provided that the
The created DSS was run; Fig. 3 shows how the scenario number of targets remains the same. The solutions obtained
where the entered candidate and target points are marked is are given in Table 6, whereas the angle ranges of the
displayed on the digital map. selected back-up positions and the targets they cover are
When the digital map data of the scenario were examined, given in Table 7.
it was seen that the candidate points had LOS alternatives in When the coverage rates of Table 4 and Table 6 are
numbers shown in Table 3. Although the determined examined, it is seen that back-up position solutions with the
number of candidate points was 26, the model chooses same number of systems do not provide as much coverage
from among LOS statuses at 184 alternative angle ranges, as the original positions. Since the purpose behind selecting
as it evaluates the LOS alternative of each candidate point. back-up positions is, first, of all to change position and then
to exert influence on as many targets as possible in the new
4.1 Equally weighted solution position, it is natural that the obtained solution does not
have 100% coverage.
Table 4 shows the solutions obtained by selecting equal Figure 6 shows the map display of the back-up positions
weight scores for target priority degrees in the generated suggested for deploying 4 jamming systems in equally
DSS. weighted status. In the figure, the original positions are
122 Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124
Jamming system number Selected points Angle ranges Covered targets Total targets covered Not be covered targets
Equally weighted
Original positions
1 19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16 9 3,4,8,10,13,14,15,17 18,19
2 17 102°–222° 4,8,10,14,17,18,19 16 3,13,15
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
3 8 164°–284° 13,15,16 18 3
17 102°–222° 4,8,10,14,17,18,19
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
4 3 56°–176° 1,2,3 19 0
8 164°–284° 13,15,16
17 102°–222° 4,8,10,14,17,18,19
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
Back-up
1 10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17 7 3,6,7,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,19
2 10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17 12 9,11,12,14,15,18,19
15 160°–280° 3,6,7,13,16
3 6 130°–250° 2,7,9,11,12,13 15 14,15,18,19
10 88°–208° 1,4,5,8,10,17
15 148°–268° 3,6,7,16
4 6 194°–314° 9,11,12,13 17 15,19
10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17
15 160°–280° 3,6,7,13,16
23 72°–192° 14,18
Weighted
Original positions
1 19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16 9 3,4,8,10,13,14,15,17, 18,19
2 17 102°–222° 4, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19 16 3, 13, 15
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
3 17 102°–222° 4,8,10,14,17,18,19 18 15
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
20 78°–198° 2,3,13
4 4 13°–133° 3 19 0
8 164°–284° 13,15,16
17 102°–222° 4,8,10,14,17,18,19
19 130°–250° 1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16
Back-up
1 10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17 7 3,6,7,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,19
2 10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17 12 9,11,12,14,15,18,19
15 160°–280° 3,6,7,13,16
3 6 181°–301° 7,9,11,12,13 15 14,15,18,19
10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17
15 160°–280° 3,6,7,13,16
4 6 194°–314° 9,11,12,13 17 15,19
10 101°–221° 1,2,4,5,8,10,17
15 160°–280° 3,6,7,13,16
23 72°–192° 14,18
shown with circles, and 2 targets that could not be covered 6 targets were given second-degree priority, and the remain-
from back-up positions are indicated with squares. ing 5 targets were given third degree priority. In the weighted
solution, the values 90–60–30 given in Table 3 were used as
4.2 Weighted solution the weight score of the priority degrees. Table 8 shows the
solutions obtained as per different jamming system numb-
For the weighted solution, the first eight of the 19 targets in ers in the weighted status; Table 9 shows the angle ranges
the scenario were given first-degree priority, the subsequent of selected candidate points and the targets they cover.
Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124 123
Table 13 Number of covered targets as per priority degrees weighted status. Since targets are given priority values, the
Jamming system number Total covered selected jamming system points show differences.
When we examine Table 12 for 4 jamming systems, it is
EA A observed that 100% coverage is achieved for the same
scenario in equally weighted and weighted scenario, and
1st priority target
1 5 5 that the total number of covered targets is the same. The
2 7 7 only difference is in the selected candidate points. Howev-
3 7 8 er, since the aim is to achieve 100% coverage, this
4 8 8 difference does not mean anything.
Total 8 When Table 12 is examined in terms of back-up
2nd priority target position, it is seen that there are no differences in terms of
1 3 3
candidate points, angle ranges, covered targets and their
2 5 5
3 6 6
numbers selected for 1, 2 and 4 jamming systems. For 3
4 6 6 jamming systems, the selected candidate points are the
Total 6 same, although they cover the same targets at different
3rd priority target angle ranges.
1 1 1 Table 13 gives the covered target numbers in equally
2 4 4 weighted and weighted conditions as per priority statutes.
3 5 4 When Table 13 is examined, it is seen that in cases
4 5 5
where the jamming system number is 1, 2 and 4, the total
Total 5
number of covered targets is the same in equally weighted
and weighted solutions. In cases where the jamming system
number is 3, it is seen that out of the first 8 targets
Weighted solution also requires four jamming systems identified with fist degree priority, 7 are covered in equally
for full coverage according to the determined priority weighted solution and 8 are covered in weighted solution;
degrees. Figure 7 shows the candidate points selected in and out of the 6 targets identified with second degree
100% coverage status, and the targets they cover. priority, all are covered in both cases; out of 5 targets
identified with third degree priority, 5 are covered in
4.2.1 Determining back-up position in weighted status equally weighted solution and 4 are covered in weighted
solution. This table emphasizes the importance of the
The back-up position solutions obtained for weighted status weighting procedure.
are given in Table 10; the targets covered by selected back-
up positions are given in Table 11.
As in equally weighted status, back-up positions also fail 5 Conclusion
to achieve as much coverage as original positions in
weighted status. Figure 8 gives the map display of original Currently, two methods are used for terrain deployment of
(in circle) and back-up positions obtained in 4 jamming VHF/UHF radio jammer systems in military exercises or
system deployment conditions for weighted status. engagements. The first method is deployment based on
field reconnaissance; and the second is deployment based
4.3 Evaluation of results on digital map. In some cases, a combination of these
methods is also used.
The scenario solutions in equally weighted and weighted In deployments based on field reconnaissance, the terrain
status are given in Table 12. is studied on-site by EW agents, the availability of LOS to
When Table 12 is examined, it is seen that there are no the targets is determined visually, and the deployment
differences in terms of selected candidate points, angle points are selected. In deployments based on digital map,
ranges, covered targets and their numbers, in equally the possible LOS to targets can be examined on computer
weighted and weighted status for 1 and 2 jamming systems. environment. In digital map scrutiny, there may be
In cases where 3 jamming systems are tried to be deployed, challenges in combining the LOS of more than one
when the equally weighted and weighted statuses are deployment points and seeing the whole picture (such as
examined, it is found that 18 targets are covered in both whether the invisible target exists or not, or which targets
statuses, and that target no.3 in equally weighted status and are seen as common targets). In both cases, it cannot be
target no.15 in weighted status are not covered. This is determined whether influence can or cannot be exerted over
because the first priority value (90) is given to target no.3 in the targets with LOS in terms of signal power.
124 Inf Syst Front (2008) 10:111–124
In the current study, when the digital map based Karasakal, O., & Karasakal, E. (2004). A maximal covering location
model in the presence of partial coverage. Computers &
deployment method used for deployment of radio jammer
Operations Research, 31, 1515–1526.
systems is compared to the suggested DSS, it is seen that in Kennedy, G., & Davis, B. (1992). Electronic communication systems
both systems the LOS is determined on the digital map; (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill.
additionally, in the suggested system, LOS alternatives at Neri, F. (1991). Introduction to electronic defence systems. Boston:
Artech House.
different angle ranges (antenna beam width) of candidate
Owen, S. H., & Daskin, M. S. (1998). Strategic facility location: A
points are demonstrated from among a higher number of review. European Journal of Operational Research, CXI, 423–447.
candidate points, and, the required signal power from Revelle, C. S., & Eiselt, H. A. (2004). Location analysis: A synthesis and
candidate points to targets is calculated. Of all these LOS survey. European Journal of Operational Research, 165, 1–19.
Shavandi, H., & Mahlooji, H. (2006). A fuzzy queuing location model
alternatives, those that exert the influence on the highest with a genetic algorithm for congested systems. Applied
number of targets are selected. Finally, it appears to be Mathematics and Computation, 181(1), 440–456.
more advantageous since optimal result is achieved in a Sugihara, K., & Ito, H. (2006). Maximum-cover source-location
short time with the mathematical model used in the problems. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,
Communications and Computer Science, E89-A(5), 1370–1377.
suggested system.
In future research, this study could be extended in order
to reduce the computational burden. New algorithms may
be developed for the pre-process of the sparse matrix and
the results may be compared with suggested system.
Cevriye Gencer received the B. Eng. degree in industrial engineering
from the University of Gazi, Ankara, TR, in 1987, and the M.S., Ph.D.
References degree from the same university, in 1989, in 1993. She is a Professor
in industrial engineering at Gazi University. Her research interests
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on Information Systems. industrial engineering from the University of Erciyes, Kayseri, TR, in
Current, J., Daskin, M., & Schilling, D. (2002). Discrete network 2001, and the M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Gazi
location models. In Z. Drezner & H. Hamacher (Eds.), Facility University, Ankara, TR, in 2003. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
location theory: Applications and methods (pp. 81–118). Berlin: degree in industrial engineering at Gazi University. She is Research
Springer. Assistant in Gazi University. Her research interests include loaction
Daskin, M. S. (1995). Network and discrete location: Models, problem, decision support systems, data mining, knowledge-based
algorithms and applications. New York: Wiley. systems, computational intelligence, rule-based classification.
Naval Air Systems Command United States Navy (1997). Electronic
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review. Annals of Operation Research, 123, 21–35. Military Akademy, Ankara, TR, and the M.S. degree in defense
Journal of Electronic Defense (2003). International electronic coun- sciences institute at the same university. His research interests include
termeasures handbook. Norwood: Horizon House. location problem, decision support systems.