Evaluation of The Wireless OSPF Routing Protocol

Evaluati
on of
January
the
Wireless
OSPF 2008
Routing
Protocol
[The goal of this project is to evaluate by
simulation the WOSFP extension. We had
used the NS “Network Simulator” for that WOSPF
purpose and had compared different ad hoc
routing protocols.]
Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University
College of Computer & Information Sciences
Department of Computer Science
Graduation Project
Evaluation of the Wireless OSPF Routing

Protocol
Ayoob Ibraheem Al Ali
Supervisor: Dr.Miled Tezeghdanti

2008
Evaluation of the Wireless OSPF Routing

Protocol
Ayoob Al Ali (2311044)

Evaluation of the WOSPF Page 2
Jan 2008
Ayoob.ali@gmail.com
This report is submitted in partial fulfilment on the requirements for the

degree of BSc Honours in College of Computer & Information Sciences
Department of Computer Science at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic
University, Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
Routing in an Ad Hoc network is always a hot research topic and still an open issue.
Many ad hoc routing protocols had been proposed by the network community and still
no agreement on a giving solution as it is the case for wired networks. Recently,
Boeing and Cisco had proposed the extension of the well known OSPF “Open Shortest

Path First” routing protocol for the wireless word. The proposal suggests an
optimization of the OSPF flooding mechanism for wireless networks. The goal of this
project is to evaluate by simulation this extension. We had used the NS “Network
Simulator” for that purpose and had compared different ad hoc routing protocols.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr.Miled, my project supervisor, who allowed me to study,
explore, and implement this really interesting project.
I am also grateful to people who helped me through in one way or another, as:
Dr.Humayun Bakht at Liverpool John Moores University, who provide me a good
information about Ad Hoc networks.
All people on the NS-2 mailing list, especially Mathieu Gallissot.
Thanks also go to all open source software developers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..................................................... ..................................4
Acknowledgements....................................................................... ......5
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................... .....................8
1. 1 Overview.................................................................... ............8
1.2 Problem statement.................................................. .................8
1.3 Project Goals...................................................... .....................9
1.4 Chapters’ Overview.................................................... .............9
Chapter 2 Wireless Networks..................................................... .......10
2.1 Definition.................................................... .............................10
2.2 Wireless types....................................................................... ....10
2.2.1 Infrastructure................................... ...................................10
2.2.2 Ad Hoc.................................................................. ..............11
Chapter 3 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.............................15
3.1 Introduction............................................................................. ....15
3.2 Ad Hoc Routing Protocols................................................ ........16
3.2.1 Proactive Protocols............................................ ..............16
3.2.2 Reactive Protocols......................................... ..................20
3.2.3 Hybrids Protocols....................................... .....................24
Chapter 4 WOSPF............................................................................ .25
4.1 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)................................... ........25
4.1.3 OSPF Standard Header....................................... .............27
4.2 WOSPF Overview....................................................... ..........29
Chapter 5 Implementation............................................................. ....32
5.1 Network Simulator (NS2).....................................................32
5.2 Simulation Scenario and results............................................33
5.2.1 First Scenario:................................................................ ..34
5.2.2 Second Scenario:.................................... .........................35
5.2.3 Third Scenario:............................................ ....................36
5.2.4 Fourth Scenario:................................. .............................38
5.2.5 Fifth Scenario:.......................................... .......................39
5.2.6 Sixth Scenario:................................................................41
5.2.7 Scenario Visualization............................. ........................43
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Works.......................................... .45
References:.................................................... ...................................47
List of symbols and/or abbreviations................................................48

List of Figures
Figure 1: Example of infrastructures mode (Access Point)........................................ ............10
Figure 2: Example of Ad Hoc networks................................................................... ..............11
Figure 3: Example of hidden terminal problem..................................................................... .12
Figure 4: A Request To Send (RTS) and Clear To Send (CTS) scheme. [3]...........................13
Figure 5: Example of DSDV (1).......................................................................... ..................17
Figure 6: Example of DSDV (2).......................................................................... ..................17
Figure 7: Example of AODV route discovery........................................................... .............21
Figure 8: flooding in a wireless network......................................................................... .......29
Figure 9: Wireless network with an optimized flooding scheme.................................... ........29
Figure 10: before and after implement AOR................................................................ ..........30
Figure 11: description of NS-2 (merge between C++ and OTCL).........................................31
Figure 12: packets received and packet lost.............................................................. .............33
Figure 13: CPU utilization Figure 14: Traffic engineering............................ ......................33
Figure 15 :packets received and packet lost.............................................................. .............34
Figure 25: CPU utilization Figure 26: Traffic engineering........................... ........................39
Figure 28-a: CPU utilizationFigure 28-b: Traffic engineering.......................... ....................40
Figure 29: scenario of 6 nodes send from node 0 to 5.................................................... ........41
Figure 30: scenario of 30 nodes send from node 0 to 5................................................. .........41
Figure 31: scenario of 30 nodes randomly motion.................................................. ...............42
Chapter 1Introduction
 1 Overview
In a world of increasing mobility, there is a growing need for people to communicate
with each other and have timely access to information regardless of the location of the
individuals or the information. A phone call placed from a commuter train may close a
business deal, remote access to medical records by a paramedic may save a life, or a
request for reconnaissance updates by a soldier with a hand held device may affect the
outcome of a battle. Each of these instances of mobile communications poses an
engineering challenge that can be met only with an efficient, reliable, wireless
communication network. The demand for wireless communication systems of
increasing sophistication and ubiquity has led to the need for a better understanding of
fundamental issues in communication theory and electro magnetic and their
implications for the design of highly-capable wireless systems [1].
Wireless connectivity gives users the freedom of movement they desire. Most of the
wireless networks required an underlying architecture of fixed position: this
architecture in called infrastructure mode. That's means, mobile nodes communicate
directly with access points. In contrast way, the mobile nodes create underlying
architecture for communication between nodes: this architecture is called ad hoc mode.
1.2 Problem statement

Routing in an Ad Hoc network is always a hot research topic and still an open issue.
Many ad hoc routing protocols had been proposed by the network community and still
no agreement on a giving solution as it is the case for wired networks. Recently,
Boeing and Cisco had proposed the extension of the well known OSPF “Open Shortest
Path First” routing protocol for the wireless word. The proposal suggests an
optimization of the OSPF flooding mechanism for wireless networks. The goal of this
project is the evaluation by simulation this extension.
1.3 Project Goals

 Study OSPF protocol.

 Study wireless extensions of the OSPF protocol.
 Evaluate by simulation using NS “Network Simulator” the optimization of OSPF

for wireless networks.
 Compare WOSPF with some well known ad hoc routing protocols.
1.4 Chapters’ Overview

Chapter 2 Wireless Networks is an overview of wireless technologies and issues
related to computer network.
Chapter 3 Routing in Ad Hoc outlines about some approaches in MANET routing

protocols.
Chapter 4 WOSPF describes the extensions to OSPFv2 needed to support mobile ad

hoc networking.
Chapter 5 Implementation describes our scenarios, simulations and results over some
protocols.
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work Conclusions on the implementation and

suggestions for future work.
Chapter 2Wireless Networks
2.1 Definition

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic
waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the
communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ
acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also
sometimes classified as wireless.
2.2 Wireless types

Wireless networks can operate in two modes:
• Infrastructure
• Ad hoc
2.2.1 Infrastructure
These networks are characterized by their use of access points (AP), or base stations.
In addition to acting as a router within the network, an access point can also act as a
bridge connecting, for example, the wireless network to a wired network. GSM, and its
3G counter part UMTS, are examples of well known cellular networks.
Centralized routing and resource management by an AP implies less complexity than
distributed routing. An AP, as opposed to individual nodes, usually possess more
information about the network, and is therefore able to make intelligent routing
decisions.
Figure 1: Example of infrastructures mode (Access Point).
2.2.2 Ad Hoc
Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this purpose". It generally signifies a
solution that has been custom designed for a specific problem ht is non-generalizable
and cannot be adapted to other purposes [11].

2.2.2.1 MANET
MANET is abbreviation of (Mobile Ad Hoc Network), that’s means a collection of
mobile nodes forming short live or temporary networks without the aid of any
centralized structure. All nodes are capable of movement and are connected
dynamically. In this type of network there is no base station that acts as a router,
instead each node functions as a router, forwarding data for other nodes.
Due to the recent advancements and commercial growth in wireless communication

technology, MANET is expected to be very useful for the deployment of temporary
networks in emergency situations such as fire, safety, rescue operations, meetings or
conventions in which persons wish to quickly share information, and data acquisition
operations using autonomous vehicles.
The main challenge of MANET is that the connections between the nodes within the
network are continuously changing. Thus routing protocols must be adaptive and fast
enough to maintain routes in spite of the changing network topology.
Figure 2: Example of Ad Hoc networks.
2.2.2.2 Importance of Ad Hoc Networks

Ad-hoc networks are expected to play an important role in future commercial and
military setting where mobile access to a wired network is either ineffective or
impossible. Potential applications for this class of network include instant network
infrastructure to support collaborative computing in temporary or mobile

environments, emergency rescue networks in disaster, remote control of electrical
appliance, emergency medical situations , communication systems for ITS such as IVC
(Inter-Vehicle Communications) , and mobile access to the global Internet.
Furthermore, ad-hoc networks have the potential to serve as a ubiquitous wireless
infrastructure capable of interconnecting many thousands of devices with a wide range
of capabilities and uses. In order to achieve this status, however, ad-hoc networks must
evolve to support large numbers of heterogeneous systems with a wide range of
application requirements.
2.2.2.3 Issues and Problems in Ad Hoc Networks:

 Hidden Terminal Problems
In our figure 3 we see the node B is in range of A and C, but A cannot detect C, and C
cannot detect A.
Figure 3: Example of hidden terminal problem.

The typical solution for this so-called “Hidden terminal” problem is that the nodes
coordinate transmissions themselves by asking and granting permission to send and
receive packets. This scheme is often called RTS/CTS (Request To Send/Clear To
Send). The basic idea is to capture the channel by notifying other nodes about an
upcoming transmission. This is done by stimulating the receiving node to output a
short frame so that nearby nodes can detect that a transmission is going to take place.
The nearby nodes are then expected to avoid transmitting for the duration of the
upcoming (large) data frame. The scheme is illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4: A Request To Send (RTS) and Clear To Send (CTS) scheme. First, A and C
each transmit a packet simultaneously, causing a packet collision at B. Then A
retransmits the packet before C does, thus capturing the channel. [3]
 security
As we know the signal is diffused in the air, then everybody is able to receive it. At
present MANET do not have any stick security policy. This could possibly lead active
attackers to easily exploit or possibly disable mobile ad hoc network. By the nature
Mobile ad hoc networks are highly dynamic i.e. topology changes and link breakage
happen quite frequently. We need a security solution which is dynamic too. [6]

Chapter 3 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
MANETs are a subset of wireless networks, as they can be viewed as wireless

networks not dependent on existing infrastructure. An overview of routing in MANETs
is given in this chapter, with some details to the most prominent MANET routing
protocols.
3.1 Introduction
The routing is the process that selects paths in a computer network along which to send
data.In infrastructure mode, the routing part is handled by the access point and the
distribution system; every wireless device just has to forward all its traffic to this
access point. But, in Ad Hoc networks, there is no centralises for connections, and,
every device acts as a router.
This scenario is totally new. Adding to this, devices are not fixed, they can be mobile,
contrary to the Internet where every router has “fixed” neighbours (excepts if a link
goes down).
For solving this problem, the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), powerful
standardisation authority in the communication world, created the MANET work
group. This group has a mission to create and discuss routing protocols for Ad Hoc
networks. This task is very important, due to the complexity of routing on Ad Hoc
networks.
The work started in January 1999, with the publication of the informational RFC 2501.
This document presents the 4 main constraints for routing on Ad Hoc networks, such as
dynamics topology, bandwidth constraints, energy constraints and low physical
security. The group has then to comply with these constraints in order to build an
efficient algorithm of route calculation. [2]

3.2 Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
There are three classifications of Ad hoc routing protocols, more details in the follow
subsections.
 Proactive
The basic manner that the routing table is built before the data has to be sent. That
means these protocols are constantly making requests to their neighbours (if any) in
order to draw a network topology, and then, build the routing table.
 Reactive
Reactive protocols are more specific to Ad Hoc networks. Contrary to the proactive
algorithm, they ask their neighbours for a route when they have data to send. If the
neighbours do not have any known route, they broadcast the request, and so on.
 Hybrids
A Hybrid protocols will use the two above algorithms. The main goal is to reduce
broadcasts and latency, but improve the dynamism impact. The whole network will be
separated into logical zones, and each zone will have a gateway. Inside each zone, a
reactive protocol will be used. For inter-zone routing, a proactive protocol will be used.
3.2.1 Proactive Protocols

As proactive protocols are constantly updating their routing tables in order to be ready
when data has to be sent, they are called table-driven protocols. This type of protocol is
close to wired networks where the same mechanisms are used in order to take routing
decisions. These mechanisms are used for finding the shortest path across the network
topology; it can be the “Link state” method or the “Distance Vector” method.
With the “Link State” method, each node has its own view of the network, including
the states of its own channels. When an event on the channel occurs, the node floods
the network topology with its own new view of the topology. Other nodes which
receive this information use algorithms to reflect changes on the network table.

With the “Distance Vector” routing approach, each node transmits to its close nodes its
vision of the distance which separate it from all the hosts of the network. Based on the
information received by the neighbourhood, each node performs a calculation in order
to define routing tables with the shortest path to all destinations available in the
network.
3.2.1.1 Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

DSDV was one of the first proactive routing protocols available for Ad Hoc networks.
It was developed by C. Perkins in 1994, 5 years before the informational RFC of the
MANET group. It has not been standardised by any regulation authorities but is still a
reference.
3.2.1.1.1 Algorithm
DSDV is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm. First designed for graph search
applications, this algorithm is also used for routing since it is the one used by RIP. With
DSDV, each routing table will contain all available destinations, with the associated
next hop, the associated metric (numbers of hops), and a sequence number originated
by the destination node.
Tables are updated in the topology per exchange between nodes. Each node will
broadcast to its neighbours entries in its table. This exchange of entries can be made by
dumping the whole routing table, or by performing an incremental update, that means
exchanging just recently updated routes. Nodes who receive this data can then update
their tables if they received a better route, or a new one. Updates are performed on a
regular basis, and are instantly scheduled if a new event is detected in the topology. If
there are frequent changes in topology, full table exchange will be preferred whereas in
a stable topology, incremental updates will cause less traffic.
The route selection is performed on the metric and sequence number criteria. The
sequence number is a time indication sent by the destination node. It allows the table
update process, as if two identical routes are known, the one with the best sequence
number is kept and used, while the other is destroyed (considered as a stale entry).

3.2.1.1.2 Illustration
Let us consider the two following topologies (figure 5 and figure 6). At t=0, the
network is organized as shows figure 5. We suppose at this time the network is stable,
each node has a correct routing table of all destinations.
Figure 5: Example of DSDV (1)
Then, we suppose G is moving, and at t+1, the topology is as shown in figure 6.
Figure 6: Example of DSDV (2)

At this stage, the following events are detected, and actions are taken:
On node C: link with G is broken, the route entry is deleted, and updates are sent to
node D. On node A and F, a new link is detected, the new entry is added to the routing
table and updates are sent to neighbours. On node G, two new links are detected (to A
and F), and one is broken (to C), the routing table is updated and a full dump is sent to
neighbours (as the routing table is entirely changed, a full dump equals an incremental
update).
3.2.1.1.3 Performance
As with every table-driven protocol, DSDV reduces the latency by having a route when
the data has to be sent. But, DSDV presents a few problems, mainly in the route table
update process. One of the major problems is that data is exchanged only between
neighbours, and then, a change in the topology can take time to be spread in the whole
topology. That introduces the notion of route fluctuation. When a node disappears, it
takes time for this change to be reflected in the whole topology. So, if the topology is
dynamic, the routing layer will be unstable until changes are reflected everywhere.
This route fluctuation problem can be demonstrated with the example in 3.2.1.1.2.
Updates are sent after events, links broken and new links. At t+1, the routing protocol
will transmit routing table updates according to the newly detected events. But, once
these updates are processed by nodes D, B and E, nodes C and D still have no routes
for G, and it will take two more updates until the entire topology will be updated on all
nodes.
3.2.1.2 Optimized Linked State Routing (OLSR)

OLSR is another proactive protocol. Initiated by the INRIA, It has been proposed for
standardisation to the IETF with the RFC 3626 in October 2003. As a proactive
protocol (table driven), OLSR is table-driven. The change comparing to other proactive
protocols is in the route updating process. [12]
3.2.1.3 Fisheye State Routing (FSR)

The FSR protocol is based on the “Fisheye” method proposed by Kleinrock and
Stevens. This method was, as the Bellman-Ford algorithm, primarily designed for
graph processing, in particular, the amount of data needed for drawing a graph.
For routing, the fisheye approach tends to rely on the accuracy of routing tables. This
means that on nearest nodes, the routing information will be much more accurate than
for far nodes. This accuracy is represented by the amount of information exchanged
and the time interval they are exchanged over.
3.2.1.4 Hierarchical State Routing (HSR)

HSR is a proactive routing protocol introducing a notion of hierarchy. It uses dynamic
groups, hierarchic levels with an efficient management of localisation. With HSR, the
topology of the network is saved on a hierarchic basis, and, the network is split into
subsets, or groups. In each group, a node must be elected for representing other nodes.
This representative node will be part of the higher level group, and then, must elect
again another representative.
The routing decision is taken using nodes’ addresses. The address scheme must be also
hierarchic, following the same tree as the topology.

3.2.1.5 Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility
(DREAM)
DREAM is based on the localisation of mobile nodes, and introduces a notion of
geography. Each node knows approximately its localisation in the topology. When data
has to be sent, and the sender knows approximately the localisation of the destination,
it broadcasts the packet in the destination direction. Otherwise, the packet is simply
broadcast on the whole topology. In order to localise properly each node in the
network, “TOPOLOGY CONTROL” packets with localisation information are
broadcasted regularly.
3.2.2 Reactive Protocols

As covered in chapter 3.2.1, proactive protocols define a best path through the
topology for every available node. This route is saved even if not used. Permanently
saving routes cause a high traffic control on the topology, in particular in networks
with a high number of nodes.
Reactive protocols are the most advanced design proposed for routing on Ad Hoc
networks. They define and maintain routes depending on needs. There are different
approaches for that, but most are using a backward learning mechanism or a source
routing mechanism.
3.2.2.1Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

AODV was proposed to standardisation by the RFC 3561 in July 2003. It was designed
by the same people who designed DSDV. AODV is a distance vector routing protocol,
which means routing decisions will be taken depending on the number of hops to
destination.
A particularity of this network is to support both multicast and unicast routing.
3.2.2.1.1Algorithm
The AODV algorithm is inspired from the Bellman-Ford algorithm like DSDV. The
principal change is to be On Demand. The node will be silent while it does not have
data to send. Then, if the upper layer is requesting a route for a packet, a “ROUTE

REQUEST” packet will be sent to the direct neighbourhood. If a neighbour has a route
corresponding to the request, a packet “ROUTE REPLY” will be returned. This packet
is like a “use me” answer. Otherwise, each neighbour will forward the “ROUTE
REQUEST” to their own neighbourhood, except for the originator and increment the
hop value in the packet data. They also use this packet for building a reverse route
entry (to the originator). This process occurs until a route has been found.
Another part of this algorithm is the route maintenance. While a neighbour is no longer
available, if it was a hop for a route, this route is not valid anymore. AODV uses
“HELLO” packets on a regular basis to check if they are active neighbours. Active
neighbours are the ones used during a previous route discovery process. If there is no
response to the “HELLO” packet sent to a node, then, the originator deletes all
associated routes in its routing table. “HELLO” packets are similar to ping requests.
While transmitting, if a link is broken (a station did not receive acknowledgment from
the layer 2), a “ROUTE ERROR” packet is unicast to all previous forwarders and to
the sender of the packet.
3.2.2.1.2Illustration
Figure 7: Example of AODV route discovery

In the example illustrated by figure 7, A needs to send a packet to I. A “ROUTE
REQUEST” packet will be generated and sent to B and D (a). B and D add A in their
routing table, as a reverse route, and forward the “ROUTE REQUEST” packet to their
neighbours (b). B and D ignored the packet they exchanged each others (as duplicates).
The forwarding process continues while no route is known (c).
Once that receives the “ROUTE REQUEST” from G (d), it generates the “ROUTE
REPLY” packet and sends it to the node it received from. Duplicate packets continue to
be ignored while the “ROUTE REPLY” packet goes on the shortest way to A, using
previously established reverse routes (e and f).
The reverse routes created by the other nodes that have not been used for the “ROUTE
REPLY” are deleted after a delay. G and D will add the route to I once they receive the
“ROUTE REPLY” packet.
3.2.2.2Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

As a reactive protocol, DSR has some similitude with AODV. Thus, the difference with
AODV is that DSR focuses on the source routing rather than on exchanging tables [7].
3.2.2.3Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

This protocol has been made for reducing the impact of mobility in Ad Hoc networks.
For reducing this impact, each node is learning more than one route for each
destination. By this way, if links are broken, the impact is minimal, only a few routes
will be broken. Another characteristic of this protocol is that control messages are only
concerned with nodes near the event source of these messages. For example, if a link is
broken, the broadcast concerning this event will not be relayed on the whole topology.
In this protocol, using the shortest path is not the most important, as using the longest
path avoids traffic and latency related to the route discovery process.
TORA also uses Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), using the direction of the node for the
broadcasting process.

3.2.2.4Relative Distance Micro-discovery Ad Hoc Routing
(RDMAR)
RDMAR has been made in order to reduce the amount of control traffic caused by
quick topology changes. This protocol uses a new way to discover routes, called
Relative Distance Micro-discover (RDM). The idea of RDM is to rely on the fact that
broadcast messages can be based on a relative distance (RD) between two nodes. An
algorithm is used for estimating the distance between two nodes, using information
about node mobility, time past between the last communication and the last value of
the RD. Based on this new RD, flooding can be made only in the direction where the
node might be found.
3.2.3Hybrids Protocols
A routing protocol is proactive when it continually maintains its routing table. By this
way, routes are available when needed. Reactive protocol starts a route discovery
process when data has to be sent. The advantage of a proactive protocol is that when a
datagram must be sent, the route is already available, so, the processing time to find a
route in the routing table is not important. Reactive protocols require much more time
for finding a route as they are “On Demand”. But, in an Ad Hoc environment, nodes
are willing to move, and then, it reflects frequent changes in the topology. In such an
environment, reactive protocols are much more reliable and efficient as proactive
protocol will require exchanging a lot of data.
Hybrid protocols tend to merge advantages of reactive and proactive protocols. Their
aim is to use an “On Demand” route discovery system, but, with a limited research
cost.

Chapter 4WOSPF
This chapter describes the extensions to OSPFv2 [4] needed to support mobile ad hoc
networking. The extensions are based on the ideas proposed in Cisco’s Internet-draft
[8] proposing a MANET extension to OSPFv3. Throughout this thesis, the term
“Cisco’s draft” will refer to [8]. Before describes the WOSPF, I Make some important
details to understand the OSPF protocol.
4.1Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

OSPF is a very comprehensive and complex routing protocol, and has implemented
several extensions to adapt to different network types. This section describes a selected
OSPF relevant to the wireless extensions described in this chapter. Which is OSPFv2
(described in RFC 2328).
4.1.1 Overview
OSPF is a link-state (LS) routing protocol. Each router running OSPF maintains a
database describing the Autonomous System's (AS) topology. The database is referred
to as the Link-State database (LS-database). All routers run the same algorithm in
parallel. From the LS-database each router constructs a tree of shortest path to the rest
of the network with itself as a root. Each router distributes its local state throughout the
AS by flooding. OSPF routes IP packets based solely on the destination IP address;
they are routed "as-is", then, they are not encapsulated in any further protocol headers.
When several equal-cost routes to a destination exist, traffic is distributed equally
among them. The cost of a route is described by a simple dimensionless metric. OSPF
allows sets of networks to be grouped together on areas. The topology of an area is
hidden from the rest of the AS. All OSPF protocol exchanges are authenticated.
Externally derived routing data is advertised throughout the AS.Two routers that have
interfaces to a common network are called neighboring routers. These routers form
relationships between them called adjacencies. The adjacencies are formed to exchange
routing information.The unit of information describing the local state of a router is

called a Link-State Advertisement (LSA). These advertisements are flooded throughout
the routing domain. The flooding is done using the Hello protocol.Each network that
has at least two routers has a Designated Router (DR) that is elected by the Hello
protocol. This router enables a reduction in the number of adjacencies required to run
OSPF.
4.1.2 OSPF Functional Summary A separate copy of OSPF's routing

algorithm runs in each area. Routers having interfaces to multiple areas run multiple
copies of the algorithm. Routing algorithm is as follows:
• Intra-Area RoutingWhen a router starts, it first initializes the routing

protocol data structure. Then, it waits for indication from the lower-level
protocols that its interfaces are functional. Being the interfaces functional,
the router sends Hello packets to its neighbors, and in turn receives Hello
packets. The router will attempt to form adjacencies with some of it’s newly
acquired neighbors. LS-databases are synchronized between pairs of
adjacent routers. The Designated Router (DR) determines which routers
should become adjacent. Adjacencies control the distribution of routing
information; routing updates are sent and received only on adjacencies. A
router periodically advertises its link-state. Link-state is also advertised
when a router's state changes. Router's adjacencies are reflected in its Link-
State Advertisements (LSAs). The relationship between adjacencies and
link-state allows the protocol to detect dead routers in a timely fashion.
LSAs are flooded throughout the area. The flooding algorithm ensures that
all routers in an area have the same LS-database. The database consists of
the collection of LSAs originated by routers belonging to the area. From
this database, each router calculates a shortest-path tree with itself as root.
From this tree a routing table is built for the protocol.
• Inter-Area RoutingIn order to be able to route to destinations outside of

the area, the area border routers (ABRs) inject additional routing
information into the area. This information is a distillation of the rest of the
AS's topology. Each ABR is connected to the backbone; each of them
summarizes the topology of its attached non-backbone areas for

transmission on the backbone and hence to all other ABRs. Each ABR then
has complete topological information concerning the backbone and the area
summaries from each of the other ABRs. From this information the router
calculates paths to all inter-area destinations. The router then advertises
these paths into its attached areas. This enables the internal routers to pick
the best exit route when forwarding to inter-area destinations.
• AS external routesRouters that have information regarding other ASs

can flood this information throughout the AS. This information is
distributed verbatim to every router, except for those belonging to stub
areas.
4.1.3 OSPF Standard Header

OSPF runs directly over IP. All OSPF packets share a common protocol header. Every
OSPF packet starts with a standard 24 byte header. This header contains all the
information necessary to determine whether the packet should be accepted for further
processing.
Version #: The version number of the protocol.
Packet Type
The OSPF packet types are one of this as follow:

Type Packet name Protocol function
1 Hello Discover/maintain neighbors
2 Database Description Summarize database contents
3 Link State Request Database download
4 Link State Update Database update
5 Link State Ack Flooding acknowledgment
Packet Length: Total length, including the standard header.Router ID: Router
identification of the packet's originator.Area ID: The OSPF area that the packet is
being sent into.Checksum: Standard IP 16-bit one's complement checksum of the entire
packet, excluding the 64-bit authentication field.AuType and Authentication: AuType
indicates the type of authentication procedure in use. The 64-bit field is then used by
the chosen authentication procedure.
4.2WOSPF Overview
Deploying a legacy routing protocol defined for wired networks in an OSPF-MANET
calls for modifications and optimizations. First of all, non-MANET routing protocols
are not designed for operation in a multi-hop environment. Second, dissemination of
routing packets in a network whose topology is rapidly changing requires intelligent
and optimized techniques, unless resource consuming, pure flooding is to be used.
OSPF-MANET interfaces should take into account the different aspects of resource
constrained OSPF-MANET environments; the bandwidth may be scarce, topology is
unpredictable, and link quality poor. The wireless extensions described in this chapter
aim to define an interface that can cope with these properties.
4.2.1 OSPF Extensions

Since the winter of 2005 a working group, referred to as the OSPF MANET design
team, within the IETF have been focusing on two active Internet drafts. One of these is
Cisco’s draft [8]. The other (and competitive) draft is a draft published by Boeing [10].
The approach proposed in [10] is often referred to as OSPF MANET Designated

Router (OSPFMDR), while the approach proposed in Cisco’s draft is referred to as
Overlapping Relays.
• Wireless OSPF-OR
This draft comes from Cisco’s draft, elects a source dependent set of
routers that are to relay routing packets. It is close connection with OLSR.
• Wireless OSPF-MDR
Elects a source independent set3 of routers that are to relay routing packets
extends the OSPFv3 Hello packet to carry such information
4.2.2 WOSPF-OR
One of the most deployed flooding optimizations used in OSPF networks today, the
DR mechanism, will not perform correctly in OSPF-MANETs. This is because OSPF-
MANETs are not true multi-access networks, as is a DR assumption, in OSPF-
MANETs, two nodes on the same network segment cannot be assumed to have two-
way connectivity. Therefore, the [3] adopt the ideas behind the OLSR optimized
flooding scheme MPR Relays, and implement the overlapping relays mechanism.
Figure 8 depicts a very simple scenario, consisting of only four nodes. It is assumed
that the leftmost node is the originator of the packet, although the flooding would be
exactly the same for either of the nodes. As the figure shows, every node (except the
packet originator) retransmits the packet. Hence, we have n − 1 retransmissions. This
scheme is not optimal, as many duplicate packet received are the result of an
unnecessary transmission. This scheme could benefit from some flooding
modifications designed especially for OSPF-MANETs as in figure 9.

Figure 8: flooding in a wireless network
Figure 9: Wireless network with an optimized flooding scheme.
4.2.3 Active Overlapping Relay (AOR)

The AOR is method used in WOSPF-OR that deals with wireless OSPF MANET
routing protocol, the algorithm which that used on AOR is as follow:
1. Select all neighbors which have one hop from originator.

2. On each neighbor compute the number of the one hop.
3. Remove the ones neighbor which is already exist on originated.
4. Select the node with the highest number of neighbor as an AOR, after that
recomputed the number of neighbors of the originated.
5. Return step 4 until create own network.
As we see in figure below, in this situation before calculating and manipulating the
AOR. In figure, the OR selected an AOR set which that can be forward data from
originator to the next hop.

Figure 10: before and after implement AOR
4.2.4 Flooding in WOSPF-OR and

OLSR
As MANETs typically consist of resource constraint nodes communicating over low
capacity wireless links, some sort of flooding optimization would clearly be beneficial.
The flooding scheme used in WOSPF-OR is essentially the same as the use of MPRs in
the OLSR protocol.
Chapter 5Implementation

In this chapter we discuss our implementation. I used some of tools that help me to
reach at my goals. The main software I used with along of my project is The Network
Simulator NS-2, Network Animator NAM, XGRAPH, TCL & C++ programming,
kivio and Linux OS. I made some evaluation between different ad hoc routing
protocols, since the WOSPF-OR It is close connection with OLSR I am used OLSR
rather than WOSPF-OR.
5.1Network Simulator (NS2)

NS is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research provided by USC/ISI
[NS2]. It is open source which allows to modification. It models system as events,
which the simulator has, list of the process is made such way: “take next one, run it,
until done”. Each event happens in an instant of virtual (simulated) time, but takes an
arbitrary amount of real time. The design of the simulator is separating the “data” from
the control: C++ for “data” (per packet processing, core of ns, fast to run, detailed,
complete control); and OTCL for control (simulation scenario configurations, periodic
or triggered action, manipulating existing C++ objects, fast to write and change).
Figure 11: description of NS-2 (merge between C++ and OTCL)
“NS” Components are Ns the simulator it self and Nam the network animator that
permits to visualize ns output and that provides a GUI interface to generate ns scripts.
For the wireless part, NS provides ad hoc routing and mobile IP. NS provides also
traffic and topology generators and simple trace analysis.

For running a simulation using NS2, the first thing to do is describe the scenario to
simulate using a TCL script. Then, NS2 will compute the simulation and produce a
trace file of events happened. This trace file contains data about packets sent, received,
forwarded, dropped, size of packets, type of packets, and It also contains nodes moved
logs. [6]
5.2Simulation Scenario and results

The scenarios for simulation must demonstrate efficiency of protocols depending on
Ad Hoc specifications. I used the sixth different scenarios and implemented in each our
routing protocol that we considered before (OLSR, AODV, and DSDV). The
evaluations metric which I am supposed are as follow:
• Packet receives and packet lost.
• CPU utilization.
• Traffic engineering.
5.2.1First Scenario:
Number of nodes: 6 nodes.
Mobility: no.
Topology: 800m * 800m.
Time of simulation: 120s (2minutes).

Figure 12: packets received and packet lost.
Figure 13: CPU utilization Figure 14: Traffic engineering
Result:
As we saw in figure 12 the AODV routing protocol gives us the best result
regarding packets received and good result regarding lost packets. On the other hand
side, the DSDV routing protocol gives us the best result regarding packets lost and not
enough result regarding received packets. Then, in figure 13 the OLSR routing
protocol gives us the best result regarding CPU utilization. Finally, The AODV in
figure 14 gives us the best result regarding traffic engineering

Regarding this scenario we conclude the best protocol is AODV routing protocol.
5.2.2Second Scenario:
Mobility: only one node that have mobility.
Figure 15 :packets received and packet lost.

Result:
As we saw in figure 15 the OLSR routing protocol gives us the best result
regarding packets received and the best result regarding lost packets. On the other hand
side, the AODV routing protocol gives us good result regarding packets received but
not good result regarding packets lost. Then, in figure 16 the DSDV routing protocol
gives us the best result regarding CPU utilization. Finally, The AODV in figure 17
gives us the best result regarding traffic engineering
Regarding this scenario we conclude the best protocol is OLSR routing protocol.
5.2.3Third Scenario:
Mobility: yes, with random mobility.
Node speed: randomly change between 0-20m/s with 2s pause time

Result:
As we saw in figure 18 the DSDV routing protocol gives us the best result
regarding packets received and good result regarding lost packets. On the other hand
side, the OLSR routing protocol gives us good result regarding packets received and
the best result regarding packets lost. Then, in figure 19 the OSLR routing protocol
gives us the best result regarding CPU utilization. Finally, The DSDV in figure 20
gives us the best result regarding traffic engineering.
Regarding this scenario we conclude the best protocol is DSDV routing protocol.
5.2.4Fourth Scenario:
Mobility: no.

Result:
As we saw in figure 21 the AODV routing protocol gives us the best result
regarding packets received and bad result regarding lost packets. On the other hand
side, the OLSR routing protocol gives us the best result regarding packets lost. Then, in
figure 22 the DSDV routing protocol gives us the best result regarding CPU utilization.
Finally, The DSDV in figure 23 gives us the best result regarding traffic engineering.

5.2.5Fifth Scenario:
Mobility: only one node which is received data that have mobility.

Result:
As we saw in figure 24 the DSDV routing protocol gives us the best result
regarding packets received and the best result regarding lost packets. On the other hand
side, the AODV routing protocol gives us good result regarding packets received and
good result regarding packets lost. Then, in figure 25 the DSDV routing protocol gives
us the best result regarding CPU utilization. Finally, The AODV in figure 26 gives us
the best result regarding traffic engineering.
5.2.6Sixth Scenario:
Mobility: yes, with random mobility.
Node speed: randomly change between 0-20m/s with 2s pause time

Figure 28-a: CPU utilization Figure 29-b: Traffic engineering
Result:
As we saw in figure 27 all routing protocols gives us the worst result regarding
packets received and packets lost, in this situation the AODV routing protocol gives us
best result regarding packets received relatively the others protocols. Then, in figure
28-a the AODV routing protocol gives us the best result regarding CPU utilization.
Finally, the DSDV in figure 28-b gives us the best result regarding traffic engineering.
Regarding this scenario we conclude the best protocol is AODV routing protocol.

5.2.7Scenario Visualization

Figure 30: scenario of 6 nodes send from node 0 to5.
Figure 31: scenario of 30 nodes send from node 0 to 5.

Figure 32: scenario of 30 nodes randomly motion.

Chapter 6Conclusion and Future Works
This chapter concludes this final project. We discovered during this project the
problems associated with Ad Hoc networks, more specifically routing on Ad Hoc
networks. We also discovered some of solutions for these problems. Then, we
discovered in more details the OSPF and WOSPF and conclude it by similarities with
OLSR. After that, we make six different scenarios and applied over three protocols,
which are “OLSR”, “AODV”, and “DSDV” to evaluate performance. We saw in the
first scenario of 6 fixed nodes the AODV is the best choice. In the second scenario 6
nodes only the receiving nodes have mobility in the topology, the OLSR is the best
choice. In the third scenario 6 nodes with random motion in the topology, the DSDV is
the best choice. In the fourth scenario 30 fixed nodes, the DSDV is the best choice. In
the fifth scenario 30 nodes only the receiving nodes have mobility in the topology, the
DSDV is the best choice. In the sixth scenario 30 nodes with random motion in the
topology, the AODV is the best choice. Even by testing these three protocols, there is
no perfect solution to make decision that an X protocol is the best. It is dependent on
the context. So we suggest that you use the NS simulator as a tool for choosing the
most adequate ad hoc routing protocol for your wireless ad hoc network before
implementing it.
At the end of this project, we get a lot information and knowledge such as:
• Simulation
1. Perform NS simulation
2. Wireless OTCL scripts

3. Extension to the NS simulator
4. Ability to add contributed modules to NS even with different versions
(which required some modification to some NS source code).
5. Ability to implement a new protocol in NS (in both parts C++ and
OTCL).
• Networking

1. I had learned OSPF which is the most complex Internet protocol.
2. I had learned MANET routing protocol.

References:
[1]http://www.ece.clemson.edu/commnet/import.htm
[2] Mathieu Gallissot “Routing on Ad Hoc Networks” may 2007.
[3] Kenneth Holter, Wireless Extensions to OSPF, Master thesis, 2nd May 2006.
[4] RFC 2328 : OSPF Version 2
[5] Humayun Bakht, “Problems in MANET” presentation.
[6] Henrik Christiansen, ” Simulator requirements“ , sep 2003
[7] David A. Maltz, On-Demand Routing in Multi-hop Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, May 2001
[8] M. Chandra, Extensions to OSPF to Support Mobile Ad Hoc Networking,
IETF, April 2005.
[9] A. Roy, .Adjacency Reduction in OSPF using SPT Reachability,.Internet-Draft
(work in progress) draft-roy-ospf-smart-peering-01, IETF, November 2005.
[10]R. Ogier and P. Spagnolo, .MANET Extension of OSPF using CDS Flooding,.
Internet-Draft (work in progress) draft-ogier-manet-ospfextension- 07, IETF,
March 2006.
[11]http://en.wikipedia.org
[12]Philippe Jacquet, OLSR for MANET, INRIA.

List of symbols and/or abbreviations
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
MANET: Mobile Ad hoc NETworks
RFC: Request for Comments
INRIA : French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and
Automatic Control
OSPF : Open Shortest Path First.
WOSPF : Wireless Open Shortest Path First.
DSDV : Destination Sequenced Distance Vector.
OLSR : Optimized Linked State Routing
FSR : Fisheye State Routing
HSR : Hierarchical State Routing
DREAM : Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility
AODV : Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector
DSR : Dynamic Source Routing
TORA : Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm
RDMAR : Relative Distance Micro-discovery Ad Hoc Routing
ZRP : Zone Routing Protocol
HSLS : Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol
NS-2 : Network Simulator
NAM : Network Animator

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Evaluation of the Wireless OSPF Routing

Ayoob Ibraheem Al Ali

Supervisor: Dr.Miled Tezeghdanti

Evaluation of the Wireless OSPF Routing

Ayoob Al Ali (2311044)

This report is submitted in partial fulfilment on the requirements for the

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Thanks also go to all open source software developers.

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1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Project Goals

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 Evaluate by simulation using NS “Network Simulator” the optimization of OSPF

 Compare WOSPF with some well known ad hoc routing protocols.

1.4 Chapters’ Overview

Chapter 3 Routing in Ad Hoc outlines about some approaches in MANET routing

Chapter 4 WOSPF describes the extensions to OSPFv2 needed to support mobile ad

Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work Conclusions on the implementation and

Chapter 2Wireless Networks

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2.2 Wireless types

Figure 1: Example of infrastructures mode (Access Point).

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Due to the recent advancements and commercial growth in wireless communication

Figure 2: Example of Ad Hoc networks.

2.2.2.2 Importance of Ad Hoc Networks

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2.2.2.3 Issues and Problems in Ad Hoc Networks:

Figure 3: Example of hidden terminal problem.

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MANETs are a subset of wireless networks, as they can be viewed as wireless

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3.2.1 Proactive Protocols

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3.2.1.1 Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

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Figure 5: Example of DSDV (1)

Then, we suppose G is moving, and at t+1, the topology is as shown in figure 6.

Figure 6: Example of DSDV (2)

3.2.1.2 Optimized Linked State Routing (OLSR)

3.2.1.3 Fisheye State Routing (FSR)

3.2.1.4 Hierarchical State Routing (HSR)

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3.2.2 Reactive Protocols

3.2.2.1Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

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Figure 7: Example of AODV route discovery

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3.2.2.2Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

3.2.2.3Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

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4.1Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

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4.1.2 OSPF Functional Summary A separate copy of OSPF's routing

• Intra-Area RoutingWhen a router starts, it first initializes the routing

• Inter-Area RoutingIn order to be able to route to destinations outside of

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• AS external routesRouters that have information regarding other ASs