The University of Mindanao

College of Engineering Education

ELEC 3 (02653)

Submitted by:
GEMPESAW, BEVERLAINE A.

Submitted to:
ENGR. GEFFREN BERNARDO

July 03, 2019

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CHAPTER 12
SEWERAGE – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Sewerage
- implies the collecting of wastewaters from occupied areas and conveying them to
sound point of disposal.
- is applied to the art of collecting, treating, and disposing sewage.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sewage- liquid conveyed by a sewer.

Sanitary sewage- also known as domestic sewage, is that which originates in the
sanitary conveniences of a dwelling, business building, factory, or institution.
Industrial waste- is a liquid waste from an industrial process, such as dyeing, brewing,
or papermaking.
Storm sewage- is liquid flowing in sewers during or following a series of rainfall.
Infiltration- is water that has leaked into sewers
Inflow- is water which enters sewers from surface sources such as cracks in manholes,
open cleanouts, perforated manhole covers, and roof drains or basement sumps
connected to sewers; inflow occurs only during runoff events.
Sewer- is a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage
Common sewer- is one in which all abutting properties have equal rights of use.
Sanitary sewer- is one that carries sanitary sewage and is designed to exclude storm
sewage, surface water, and groundwater.
Storm sewer- carries storm sewage, including surface runoff and street wash.
Combined sewer- is designed to carry domestic sewage, industrial waste, and storm
sewage.
House Sewer- is a pipe conveying sewage from the plumbing system of a single
building to a common sewer or point of immediate disposal.
Lateral Sewer- has no other common sewer discharging into it.
Submain sewer- is one that receives the discharge of a number of lateral sewers.
Main Sewer- also known as a trunk sewer, receives the discharge of one or more
submain sewers
Sewer outfall- receives the discharge from the collecting system and conducts it to a
treatment plant or a point of disposal.
Intercepting sewer- is one that cuts transversely a number of other sewers to intercept
dry-weather flow, with or without a determined quantity of storm water.
Relief Sewer- is one that has been built to relieve an existing sewer of inadequate
capacity.
Sewage treatment- covers any process to which sewage is subjected in order to
remove or alter its objectionable constituents so as to render it less dangerous or
offensive.
Sewage disposal- applies to the act of disposing of sewage by any method.

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A sewer system composed of combined sewers is known as a combined system, but if storm
sewage is carried separately from the domestic and industrial wastes, it is said to be a
separate system.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The sewers must be adequate in size or they will overflow and cause property
damage, danger to health, and nuisances.

Another important consideration is the velocity of flow in the sewers. If not great
enough, deposits of solids will occur with accompanying odors and stoppages.
(Hydraulic Formulae for Determining Flow Velocities: Manning’s Formula, Chezy’s
Formula, Crimp and Burge’s Formula, Hazen- Williams Formula)

The degree of treatment required depends upon the water quality standards
applicable to the receiving stream and the flow and quality of both the stream and
waste.

The required effluent quality can be achieved by combining a variety of different

treatment processes.

COMBINED VS. SEPARATE SEWERS

Separate sewerage consists in the separate collection of municipal wastewaters

(blackwater from toilets, greywater and industrial wastewater) and surface run-off
(rainwater and stormwater).

Combined sewerage carries both surface run-off and wastewater.

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 SEPARATE SEWER
- The cleaning of sewers is easy as they
are of large in size.
- The maintenance cost is less.
- The storm water is unnecessarily
polluted.
- This system is suitable when the rainfall
is small and evenly spread throughout
the year.
COMBINED SEWER
- The cleaning of sewers is difficult as
they are of small in size.
- The maintenance cost is high.
- The storm water is not unnecessarily
polluted.
- This system is suitable when the rainfall
is uneven or it is heavy for a short
duration.

LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY SEWAGE

Should a sewer system be designed by an engineer presumably competent to do such

work, and the construction be carried out in practical accordance with his designs, a
city is usually not held liable for damages resulting from their inadequacy.

For damages resulting from poor maintenance and negligence in operation the city is
always liable.

Riparian owners, under the common law, are entitled to reasonable use of water in
streams; and should excessive pollution prevent their using such water for washing,
bathing, irrigation, or watering stock, they may demand and receive compensation.

REFERENCES:
Steel, E. and McGhee, T. (1979). WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 5th ed. pp.335-338.[PDF file].
https://ganeshgpks.blogspot.com/2016/05/difference-between-seperate-and.html
https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/module-2-centralised-and-decentralised-systems-water-
and-sanitation/further/separate-sewers

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