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Article history: In this study, a laminated woven bamboo/woven E glass/unsaturated polyester composite is developed to
Received 16 July 2018 combat a ballistic impact from bullet under shooting test. The aim of this study is to understand the
Received in revised form fundamental effects of the woven bamboo arrangement towards increasing ballistic resistance proper-
28 August 2018
ties. The work focusses on the ballistic limit test known as NIJ V50, which qualifies materials to be
Accepted 4 September 2018
Available online xxx
registered for use in combat armor panels. The results show that the composites withstood 482.5 m/s ± 5
limit of bullet velocity, satisfying the NIJ test at level II. The findings give a strong sound basis decision to
engineers whether or not green composites are qualified to replace synthetic composites in certain
Keywords:
Woven bamboo
engineering applications.
E glass © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
Hybrid composites creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ballistic limit velocity
Energy absorption
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.09.001
2214-9147/© 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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composites, Defence Technology (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.09.001
2 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
is call fatigue and fracture of the bamboo. Such information is vital viscosity of 450e600 cps, a volumetric shrinkage of 8%, and an acid
to allow engineers to decide whether or not to apply bamboo value of 29e34 mg KOH/g for the solid resin. This type of resin is a
composites in their engineering components, especially as a new rigid, minimally reactive, and thixotropic general-purpose
construction material. orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resin. It is easily pre-
There has been tremendous improvement in the design of bal- promoted for an ambient temperature cure with the addition of
listic protective materials, which have been in use from time im- methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as the catalyst. Additionally,
memorial. Developments in the technology of manufacturing high it is conveniently workable in hand lay-up applications and offers
performance fibers and production processes have enabled the easy air release.
production of light weight body armor with improved protection
levels. Such composites and fabrics have been a good replacement
2.2. Bamboo
for modern armor material in place of high-density metals and
alloys. Body armor is designed to protect the human torso by pre-
The bamboo species used in these tests was Gigantochloa
venting penetrating threats and internal damage. The actual per- Scortechinii (Buluh Semantan), collected from Kampung Bukit Lar-
formance of armor is measured in terms of the interaction between
ang in Malacca, Malaysia. Bamboo plants were cut into lumber strip
the armor and human torso. The effectiveness of armor against fiber parts using a cleaver and a hand saw. The strips were cut by
non-penetrating threats also should be considered in this case.
knife to thicknesses of 1.5 mm, then woven into a fabric (see Fig. 1).
Modern body armor can be classified as either hard body armor The reason for using 1.5 mm thicknesses was previously described
or soft body armor. Categories of body armor can be differentiated
in Ref. [9].
in terms of material. Hard body armor has greater protection level
compared to soft body armor. A hybrid system consists of layers of
ceramics and fabrics bonded together and serves the specific pur- 3. Fabrication of composites
pose of preventing projectile penetration. Hard body armor mostly
used by law enforcement officers and military personnel as it offers The materials, including woven bamboo (WB), woven E-glass
high level of threat protection. However, soft body armor is greatly (WEG) and unsaturated polyester (UP), were used to fabricate
preferred as it provides adequate protection and is more flexible woven Bamboo/woven E-glass hybrid composites. Two different
when moving [14]. Designing a ballistics materials from composites layer configurations of Bamboo/E-glass/UP hybrid composite were
are now becoming more popular because of its promising results fabricated. Table 1 shows the configurations and properties of the
and achievements [27]. Very limited work on ballistic was reported developed composites.
and the recent study by Renato Batista da Cruz et al. [28] success- The layering process of WB, WEG and UP was divided into three
fully developed and characterized a giant bamboo fiber reinforced stages. First, woven bamboo was dry in a MEMMERT BASIC Uni-
epoxy composite for multilayer ballistic armor. It was reported the versal Oven-UFB 400e500 at 60 C for 6 h to reduce moisture to
performance increase 22% compared with aramid fabric. strengthen the adhesion between unsaturated polyester resin. Af-
In this study, woven bamboo has been combined with woven E ter 6 h of heating, the average moisture content of strips of woven
glass fiber to combat the ballistic impact of bullets. The aim of this bamboo reached about 20%.
study is to understand the correlation and fundamental effects of Then, WB and WEG were subjected to the hand lay-up process
the woven bamboo arrangement towards increasing the ballistic to form laminate. WEG was laminated with its respective layers
limit of a green bamboo composites. The work is focusses on the according to the specified configuration, followed by lamination of
ballistic limit test known as V50 and NIJ that qualifies materials for WB with its respective layers. Before lamination, WB and WEG
use in combat armor panels or materials. The measurement and were cut squares with dimensions of 300 mm 300 mm. Then, 6
testing of ballistic limit on other natural woven can be studied in WB and 9 EG were weighted separately to obtain their respective
Ref. [15]. There has been numerous work on ballistic properties of weights. The weights of 6 WB and 18 WEG are shown in Table 2.
hybrid composites of synthetic fibers. However, there are limited After obtaining the weight of fibers, the amount of unsaturated
work reported on measurement of ballistic limit on natural fibers. polyester (UP) needed to produce Woven Bamboo/Woven E-glass/
However, none of the reported work has performed measurements UP hybrid composites can be determined. Total weight of UP
of the ballistic limits of woven bamboo composite. This study needed are sum of 200% of total weight of woven bamboo and 60%
provides the ballistic limits of hybrid woven bamboo/woven E of total weight of Woven E-glass. Hence, for each configuration of
Glass. The failures modes of the shooting damage are also analyzed. Woven Bamboo/Woven E-glass/UP hybrid composites as shown in
2. Materials
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A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13 3
Table 1
Configurations and properties of bamboo/E-glass/UP composite.
Types of layer arrangement Number of layers of each material Total layers Dimension (length*width*height)/mm
*WB ¼ Woven bamboo
*EG ¼ E-glass
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4 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
Then, the tests were repeated with pressures of 140 and 130 bar 6. Results and discussion
three times to obtain the average velocity. Having performed the
test, the failure of the developed composites can be seen obviously 6.1. V50 ballistic velocity results
using naked eye. To make the image clearer, a stereo microscope
was used to magnify the failure and damage on the specimen. The ballistic limit or V50 is commonly defined as a 50%
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Table 3
NIJ standard 0101.06 PeBFS performance test summary [16e18].
Test variables
Armor type Test round Test bullet Bullet weight Reference velocity/(m$s1)
I 1 .22 Caliber LR 2.6 g 329
LRN 40 gr
2 .380 ACP 6.2 g 322
FMJ RN 95 g
IIA 1 9 mm 8.0 g 341
FMJ RN 124 gr
2 40 S&W 11.7 322
FMJ 180 gr
II 1 9 mm 8.0 g 367
FMJ RN 124 gr
2 .357 Magnum 10.2 g 436
JSP 158 gr
IIIA 1 9 mm 8.2 g 436
FMJ RN 124 gr
2 44 Magnum 15.6 g 436
SJHP 240 gr
III 1 7.62 mm NATO 9.6 g 838
FMJ 148 gr
IV 2 .30 Caliber 10.8 g 869
M2 AP 166 gr
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6 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
sample. In order to obtain complete penetration again, the velocity (9:4:9 WEG: WB: WEG) configuration was found in the range of
was increased to 498 m/s along with increasing weight of 0.49 g. 414.5 m/s ± 5.
The bullet managed to penetrate the 18 layers of WB and 4 layers of
WEG successfully. By utilizing a similar speed but decreasing mass 6.2. NIJ test results
by just 0.05 g, complete penetration once again occurred. The ve-
locity was decreased to 490 m/s, 486 m/s and 484 m/s along with Impact and absorbed energy are two primary parameters used
the decreasing of weight of 0.483 g, 0.48 g, and 0.47 g, respectively. to evaluate the ballistic impact properties of hybrid composite in
The complete penetration results were recorded all throughout the agreement with the NIJ 0101.06 standard. The test specimens of
sample. For the last shot, the velocity was decreased to 477 m/s and 10 10 cm of laminated hybrid Woven Bamboo/Woven E-glass fi-
finally partial penetration was obtained. ber were subjected to ballistic impact in order to evaluate the
By taking at the velocity of 488 m/s and 477 m/s, the average compressed gas gun impact data measurement capability. The
velocity obtained was 482.5 m/s ± 5 m/s. The average obtained is impact velocity of a projectile highly influences the performance of
the value of limitation for (18:4 WB:EG). This gives the ballistic the protective systems [20]. According to Ridhwan et al. [21], a
limit of this materials. The value obtained is in the range between couple of components influence parameters such as the projectile
the velocities where penetration occurred. Therefore, the limitation and target geometry, the strike velocity and energy and the impact
of (18:4 WB: WEG) can be found at a value of 482.5 m/s ± 5. angle of the projectile toward the target area. Some of these vari-
The results of (9:4:9 WEG: WB: WEG) sample are tabulated in ables are examined in this section. Fig. 10 shows the shooting
Table 5. For the 9 layers of E-glass, 4 layers of Woven Bamboo and 9 experiment in which the bullets hit the target.
layers of Woven E-glass (9:4:9 WEG: WB: WEG) result, only 8 In this test, the 18 layers of E-glass with 4 layers of woven
striking velocities managed to undergo the firing test. This is bamboo (18:4 WB:EG) were utilized and explored to determine
because the sample failed and reached the limitation of integrity. whether or not the composites had the capacity to reach level IIIA
The sample could not withstand the high impact of projectiles. In of NIJ test under high velocity impact test and type of failure form
the first firing at a velocity of 454 m/s with the weight of explosive toward target area. The tests were conducted using hemispherical
mass of 0.41 g, complete penetration occurred. The velocity was bullet which is made of mild steel with different pressure applied.
reduced to 365 m/s, 421 m/s, and 417 m/s and partial penetration The minimum velocity was set at 436 m/s as required for NIJ level
was successfully obtained. However, when the velocity was IIIA [19].
increased to 476 m/s with value of explosive mass at 0.45 g, com-
plete penetration occurred. The striking velocity again was reduced 6.3. Energy absorption
to 441 m/s and 428 m/s with weight values of 0.40 g and 0.39 g,
respectively. The tests resulted in complete penetration. With the For each test, the impact energy was calculated by referring to
similar velocity but lower weight of 428 m/s and 0.385 g, partial the muzzle velocity [22]. Energy absorption in relation to impact
penetration was obtained. velocity is interpreted in terms of striking velocity, or the amount of
The velocity at 421 m/s and 417 m/s were calculated to deter- kinetic energy absorbed by the composite material. Projectiles
mine the approximate average of velocity which valued at 414.5 m/ which pass through the panel are considered to have achieved
s ± 5. The average velocity was determined from the velocity where complete penetration (CP), whereas the others are characterized as
partial penetration has occurred. The ballistic resistant limitation of being partial penetration (PP). The energy absorbed by the fabric is
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Table 4
Result of V50 test for (4:18 WB:WEG).
Location number Velocity/(m$s1) Location Explosive mass/g Type of penetration Front face Back face
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8 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
Table 4 (continued )
Location number Velocity/(m$s1) Location Explosive mass/g Type of penetration Front face Back face
equal to the residual energy amount subtracted from total impact reached was 372 m/s as tabulated in Table 6 the minimum velocity
energy. When bullet found penetrates through the sample, Equa- is only 372 m/s. Thus, for this test, the ability for sample to with-
tion (1) can be expressed as stand the bullet only can reach the level II.
A hemispherical bullet provides higher impact force than the
1 2 2
other available bullets, including ogival and conical shape bullets
E¼ m Vimp Vres (1) [22]. Air resistance was neglected while running the experiment.
2
The recording cylinder pressure date represents the applied pres-
If no penetration occurs to completely capture the kinetic en- sure at the projectile end. Consequently, the propellant force can be
ergy of the bullet, the residual velocity will be equal to zero, as estimated according the following equation
expressed in Equation (2) below
Propellant force
1 P applied ¼ (3)
E¼ mV 2 (2) Projectile Cross Section Area
2
The dynamic energy that require to propel the projectile
It was observed that the initial of pressure applied led to
through the long panel of the ballistic gun machine of 4.00 m in
increasing speed of the projectile.
length is clarified in the equation below
Fig. 7 depicts the velocity of the projectile versus the energy
absorption in the sample tests. Cylinder gas pressure represents the
Propellant force ¼ Papplied x Projectile Cross Section Area
applied pressure at the projectile end. Three specimens were tested
repeatedly to estimate the effectiveness of each sample. This clar- (4)
ified the higher levels of energy absorption of the targets shot by
The initiation velocity ðVi ) can be estimated from the propellant
each hemispherical bullet. The data was contrasted with the min-
energy and the mass of the bullet
imum speed toward reaching level IIIA according to NIJ 0101.06
Standard [19]. At impacting velocity of 349 m/s, the energy ab-
1
sorption was only 0.323 which was the lowest among the others. Propelling Energy ¼ mV 2 (5)
Meanwhile, at the velocity of 355 m/s and 372 m/s, the energy 2
absorption is increasing to 0.334 J and 0.368 J respectively. The re- Essentially, pressure affects damage size, causing several types
sults generally exhibit expanding linear energy absorption with an of failure related to projectile speed. The flat end surfaces can in-
increase of impact velocity. According to the NIJ 0101.06 standard, crease projectile resistance against target hardness and reduce
the requirement minimum velocity to reach level IIIA is 436 m/s. projectile deformation as a factor of successful penetration.
During the test, the maximum velocity obtain for projectile can be As indicated by Zainab et al. [22], the hemispherical projectile
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A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13 9
Table 5
Result of V50 Test for (9:4:9 EG:WB:EG).
Location number Velocity/(m$s1) Type of penetration Explosive mass/g Location Front face Back face
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10 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
projectile propelling.
The multi-shot of bullets which propelled to the target area of
the sample resulted penetration at certain velocities. The front face
was observed to experience deformation caused by the failure
mode. The damaged and perforation of bullet can be minimized by
controlling and optimizing the velocity of each projectile. At points
5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, complete penetration occurred. By referring to
Table 5, the front and rear faces have shown effects after shooting.
Increasing velocity as well as mass of the explosives unquestionably
led to more prominent damage and full penetration. This was
supported by previous researchers [25] who found that the damage
area increased as the impact loads increased. The pressure wave
starting from the effect direct moved along the yarn towards the
Fig. 7. Energy absorption versus velocity produced from different applied pressure. edge of the texture, where they were reflected. In woven texture,
each yarn hybrid guide served mostly to transmit and somewhat
reflect the pressure wave [26] including numerous factors
Table 6
Performance of NIJ test of the composites. contributing to instrument failure. Delamination is the partition of
cover layers between the limit layers of the fibers, as shown in
Specimen Pressure/psi Velocity/(m$s1) Energy absorption/J
Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.
1 2190 372 0.368 Low impact velocities below the critical velocity (V50), the ve-
2 1885 349 0.323
locity at which 50% of the projectiles perforate the target, allowed
3 2030 355 0.334
the fabric to absorb more energy because the yarns do not fail
during the initial stress rise and the transverse deflection of the
fabric has time to propagate. High impact velocities greater than
should assimilate more energy than ogival and conical to achieve V50 caused localized damage and the yarns failed before significant
perforation. Sharp angle edges play a role in digging at impact point transverse deflection could develop. Fibers at the impacted surface
and shearing the fabric. The hemispherical shape provides more were observed to have pulled and spears of fibers appeared in
extension due to no sharp edge that is responsible about the dy- between of laminated layers. Amid the infiltration procedure, shots
namic shear stress. Fig. 8 delineate the impact of the front and rear do not break a few yarns, the wedging their way through the
face with different pressure applied using hemispherical bullet opening by pushing aside and slipping past the rest of the yarns
shape. In the perforated panel, energy absorption of each layer [20]. Further investigation related to the influence of laminated
gradually increases from front to back. It was discovered that in the layer bamboo was continued in several experiments [8e13].
perforated panels, the energy absorption efficiency of front layers is It is interesting to note that, there is positive effect of tensile
lower than the rear layers, due to various levels of requirement the strength on the ballistics properties of these composites, Previ-
transverse way given by the texture layers after the present layer ously, in Refs. [8,9,12] the characterization on the mechanical ten-
[23]. sile were extensively done. The highest tensile that reported was
achieved on the Woven Bamboo/Woven E Glass composites, it is
6.4. Failures mode not surprise the ballistic performance of this combination give
superior results compared with Woven Bamboo alone.
The ballistic impact failure has been observed in couple of past Fig. 12 shows the influence of pressure on velocity. In this test,
examination [20,22,24]. In this experiment, the multi-shot tests led different amounts of pressure were used which utilized the
toward the objective territory to characterize the ballistic limit of distinctive effects of velocity. Higher pressure contributes to the
laminated hybrid bamboo/E-glass composite to withstand the higher impellent energy with increasing travelling speed. This was
bullet at specified velocities and different propellant masses. The bolstered by Zainab et al. [22], who showed that pressure is directly
failure mode represents the deformation of the front and rear proportional to velocity. Different levels of pressure applied by high
target face that caused by the projectile energy. The failure mech- speed projectiles led to the failure of the bamboo strips after
anisms can be observed after the target absorbed the ballistic shooting. The findings were reached as well in Kannan Rassiah et al.
impact. The sample dimensions were 29 18 29 cm tested under [8e13], who found that the bamboo strip had poor interfacial
the V50 ballistic limit. Fig. 9 shows the effect of sample after bonding and weak adhesion, causing low mechanical properties in
the laminated layer composite.
In order to observe failure inside the damage, a sample was cut
to highlight the cross-section views across the impact point. Since
the impact energy of high velocity objects is dissipated over a
smaller region, an additional damage mechanism is present at high
velocities known as the shear plug, as shown in Fig. 13. The energy
of the projectiles travelling at ballistic velocities was sufficient to
create a shear plug shear the front face of the composite. The depth
of the shear plug appeared to be dependent on the velocity of
projectile. The shear process continued in successive plies until the
impact energy of the projectile was lowered to the point that the
fibers could provide some resistance to shear [24]. For this spec-
imen, the depth of shear plug only occurred at half of the specimen
thickness.
Delamination is observed between plies throughout the thick-
Fig. 8. The effect of shooting on the front and rear face. ness of the composite as shown in Fig. 14. The delamination was
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Fig. 9. The front and rear face after multi shot in V50 test according to location number.
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12 A. Ali et al. / Defence Technology xxx (2018) 1e13
7. CONCLUSIONS
high impact of the projectile. Different layers suggest that the fibers The authors acknowledge the Fundamental Research Grant
broke randomly at the weakest point over the length [23]. However, Scheme (FRGS) 1/2013/TK01/UPNM/01/2 and Universiti Perta-
breakage is typically limited to the zone near the impact and is hanan National Malaysia (UPNM) for supporting the research work,
constrained by the object size and energy. The propagation of shock The Mechanical Engineering Department Politeknik port Dickson,
energy is another factor contributing to fiber breaks [23]. The Coordinator of Composite Engineering Laboratory (FKP, UTeM)
In Fig. 16, when the bullet was pushed forward, the matrix for granting permission to use all available equipment.
cracking continued to grow in vertical direction. Ellis [24] also re-
ported that the fibers in contact with the projectile were pushed References
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