A REPORT ON

LASER
MICROWELDING

SUBMITTED TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
ASSAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GUWAHATI-13

BY-
● Rittick Baruah (16/126)
● Priyanku Chutia (16/127)
● Vishal Vivek Saikia (16/128)
● Bikash Prasad Haloi (16/129)
● Utpal Narayan Konwar
(16/130)
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Working principle
3. Classification
4. Application
5. Advantage and disadvantages
6. Safety
7. Reference
 INTRODUCTION

Welding is process when materials are heated to a molten state and

Joined together into a whole together. Light energy generate by laser
that can be absorbed into materials and heat energy results of it. By
utilizing a light beam in the visible or infrared portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum, we can transmit this energy from its source
to the material using delivery optics which can focus and direct the
energy to a very small, precise point. Since the laser emits coherent
radiation, the beam of energy has minimal divergence and can travel
large distances without significant loss of beam quality or energy.
Recently laser welding was in its infancy and used primarily for
exotic applications where no other welding process would be suitable.
Recent era, Industrial product parts and components are being made
more small-scale for sustainable manufacturing, creating a
growing need for the micro-welding. For this intention, laser
processing is more considered likely to be the method of choice
because it allows more precise heat control compared with other
parallel methods. . After it make review on the advancement of Laser
welding/Laser Micro-Welding.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Light energy generated by laser that can be absorbed into materials

and heat energy results of it. By utilizing a light beam in the visible or
infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, we can transmit this
energy from its source to the material using delivery optics which can
focus and direct the energy to a very small, precise point. Since the
laser emits coherent radiation, the beam of energy has minimal
divergence and can travel large distances without significant loss of
beam quality or energy.
Generally, there are two types of lasers that are being used for
welding operation: CO2 and Nd:YAG. Both CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers
operate in the infrared region of the electromagnetic radiation
spectrum, invisible to the human eye. The Nd:YAG provides its
primary light output in the near-infrared, at a wavelength of 1.06
microns.
On the other hand, the far infrared (10.6 micron) output
wavelength of the CO2 laser has an initial reflectance of about 80
percent to 90 percent for most metals and requires special optics to
focus the beam to a minimum spot size. Whereas Nd:YAG lasers
might produce power outputs up to 500 watts, CO2 systems can easily
supply 10,000 watts and greater.

Here nitrogen and carbon di oxide molecules collide under the

influence of high electric voltage and starts to vibrate. Due to this
carbondioxide molecules breaks into CO and N. Lens is provided to
converge the laser beam and high energy beam melts the metals and
welding is achieved.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LASER WELDING

Lasers may be classified according to several ceiteria :

(A)By active media: Solid state :
There are various of laser some of given below
1.Nd:YAG – peak powers and pulse widths perfect for
micro welding: With the Nd:YAG laser, the active gain medium is
neodymium, which is doped into a host crystal of yttrium aluminium
garnet. This solid rod of material is typically 0.1-0.2-inches in
diameter and around 4 inches long. Micro welding Nd:YAG lasers are
optically pumped using flashlamps and typically emit light with a
wavelength of 1064 nm, but can be frequency doubled (532 nm,
green). The laser’s optical design is relatively simple; its heart is the
power supply that drives and controls the flashlamp voltage and
allows precise control of peak power and pulse width during the laser
pulse using internal optical feedback. With excellent pulse control, the
Nd:YAG laser also offers high peak powers in small laser sizes which
enable welding with large optical spot size. This translates to
maximized part fit-up and laser to joint alignment accommodation.
An example is a 25 W laser that can provide 6 kW of peak power,
sufficient to weld steel and aluminium with a 600 micron spot size.
The pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been around for many decades and has
by far the largest install base. In today’s laser landscape, it is best
suited to spot welding application under 0.02-inch penetration and
seam welding heat-sensitive packages.

2. Gas Laser
He-Ne Laser :
The first He-Ne lasers emitted infrared at 1.15 μm, and were the first
gas lasers. However, a laser that operated at visible wavelengths was
much more in demand, and a number of other neon transitions were
investigated to identify ones in which a population inversion can be
achieved. The 633 nm line was found to have the highest gain in the
visible spectrum, making this the wavelength of choice for most He-
Ne lasers. However other visible as well as infrared stimulated
emission wavelengths are possible, and by using mirror coatings with
their peak reflectance at these other wavelengths, He-Ne lasers could
be engineered to employ those transitions; this includes visible lasers
appearing red, orange, yellow, and green. Stimulated emissions are
known from over 100 μm in the far infrared to 540 nm in the visible.
Because visible transitions have somewhat lower gain, these lasers
generally have lower output efficiencies and are more costly.
Red He-Ne lasers have many industrial and scientific uses. They are
widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field
of optics because of their relatively low cost and ease of operation
compared to other visible lasers producing beams of similar quality in
terms of spatial coherence and long coherence length .A consumer
application of the red He-Ne laser is the Laser Disc player, made by
Pioneer. The laser is used in the device to read the optical disc.
 APPLICATION OF LASER
MICROWELDING
Lasers have been in use in various industrial sectors such as the
automotive and aerospace industries for many years performing
cutting, welding and material processing tasks.
Electrical connections come in many different sizes, shapes, and
materials. The requirement for high quality, reliable terminal
connections occur in many industries. The welding of electrical
contacts needs to be a seamless process to the operation of the part,
such that the joint performs as a single solid continuous component.
Laser welding offers this potential.
For example, the automotive industry has seen a significant increase
in sensor technology to monitor car performance, functionality and
environment. Each sensor has many terminal connections that must
survive for the lifetime of the car. In this arena, laser micro welding
provides a viable option, and the laser provides a great tool for high
speed high quality welding.
Connection requirements are also critical in the medical industry, for
example in implantable devices, sensing and monitoring instruments,
where each connection is critical to maintaining part functionality and
performance, and thus requires a highly stable joining technology.
Similarly, in the communications industry, signal strength and
integrity are crucial to maximize part performance and ensure that the
joint is not a limiting factor to the part's design.
There are a number of electrical contact configurations that are
needed across all industries chosen according to specific part and
component design. A few of these connection options that can be
accomplished using the pulsed green laser.
 ADVANTAGES

• Welding of heat sensitive parts

• Small heat affected zone and low distortion
• Very small weld sizes
• Welding of dissimilar metals
• Hermetic sealing
 SAFETY

1. Laser Hazards Eye: Corneal or retinal burns are possible from

acute exposure. Location and extent of injury is dependent upon
wavelength and classification of laser. Corneal opacities
(cataracts) or retinal injury may be possible from chronic
exposures to excessive levels. Eye hazards are easily controlled
with the use of appropriate laser safety eyewear, or other
engineering safety controls. Skin: Skin burns are possible from
acute exposure to high levels of laser radiation in the infrared
spectral region. Erythema (sunburn), skin cancer, and
accelerated skin aging are possible in ultraviolet wavelength
range.
2. Electrical Hazards: The most common hazard encountered in
laser use is electric shock. Potentially lethal electrical hazards
may be present especially in high-powered laser systems.
3. Chemical Hazards: Some material used in laser systems
(excimer, dye, chemical lasers) may be hazardous or toxic
substances. Also, laser-induced reactions may produce
hazardous particles or gases around the laser system.
4. Fire Hazards: Solvents used in dye lasers may be extremely
flammable. Ignition may occur via high voltage pulses or flash
lamps. Direct beams and unforeseen specular reflections of
high-powered CW infrared lasers are capable of igniting
flammable materials during laser operation. Other potential fire
hazards are electrical components and the flammability of Class
IV laser beam enclosures.
5. Associated Hazards: Associated hazards can include cryogenic
coolant hazards, excessive noise from high powered systems,
and radiation from high-voltage power supplies.
 REFERENCES
• Shen, B., Izquierdo, R., Meunier, M.: Laser fabrication of
three-dimensional microstructures,cavities and columns.
SPIE 2045, 91–98 (1994)
• Processing in Manufacturing, p. 163. Chapman & Hall,
London(1993)8. Klotzbach, U., Hauptmann.
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227269675_Laser_
Micromachining