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Introduction to Basic Principles of Pharmacy 1.

Major topics discussed in Pharmaceutical


Practice & Management 1,2,3 & 4.
• History of medicine and pharmacy
• Management and Marketing
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Evidence Based Medicine
• Evaluation, approval and marketing authorisation of medicines
• Provision and logistics of medicines
• Evaluation of the efficacy of medical therapy
• Legislation regarding medicines and pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical care
• Clinical pharmacy
• Information technology in medicine & pharmacy
Topics discussed during this semester
• Role of pharmacists, pharmacy as a profession
• Routes of administration and dosage forms
• Pharmacopoeias, Collection of Standard Prescriptions
• Principles of prescribing and dispensing
• Research and development of medicines, clinical trials
• Getting acquainted with a Community Pharmacy
• Getting acquainted with a Hospital Pharmacy
• Getting acquainted with a Clinical Pharmacy
• Getting acquainted with Pharmaceutical Industry
• History of pharmacy and medicine
Requirements
• Regular attendance (min. 70%) and participation on lectures
– All written tasks should be completed during lectures, or made
up for
– If not, extra tasks and questions are included in the tests/exam
• Midterm test (7th of March)
– Minimum 60%
• Individual oral presentation (18th of April)
– 15 minute short lecture on topics listed in the handout
• Final written exam (9th of May)
– Minimum 60%
– If one fails → oral exam is required
Oral presentations of students on pre-arranged
topics- see handout
• 18th of April 2012.
• 15 minutes presentation illustrated with PowerPoint slides
• Structure: 1. Introduction, 2. Discussion and 3. Summary; 4. References
• Topics:
1. Introduction to the functions and roles of pharmacies in …… (your country).
2. Product categories used in healing and medicine in …… (your country), which
products are assigned to pharmacies or pharmacists.
3. History and development of pharmacopoeias, introduction of the currently used
version.
4. Important pharmacists/characters and their work in the history of pharmacy in
…… (your country).
5. Major pharmaceutical companies, pharmaceutical industry in …… (your country).
6. What are the origins of pharmaceuticals used in medicine in …… (your country)?
What can be used legally for therapy.
7. Development and current situation of pharmaceutical education in …… (your
country).
Introduction to the Department of
Pharmaceutics
and Central Clinical Pharmacy
What is pharmacy?
Gather your thoughts your ideas:
- What makes pharmacy - as an occupation - different from
many others?
- Why do you have to study pharmacy for 5 years?

Something you
Occupation
do for living
Profession Vocation

Calling Service Good business


Why some occupations are classified as
professions?
• Functionalist explanation:
– Professions carry out functions that are essential for the modern society.
– Professions provide the function of applying their specialized, expert
knowledge for the benefit of the community.
– A privileged position, power and status in society

• Attribute (or characteristics) approach:


– Specialized knowledge
– Lengthy training
– Service orientation ?
– Monopoly of practice
– Ethic of service
Definitions of the word „profession”:
• A calling requiring specialised knowledge and often long and intensive
academic preparation. (Merriam-Webster dictionary)
• A disciplined group of individuals who adhere to high ethical standards and
uphold themselves to, and are accepted by, the public as possessing
special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised, organised body of
learning derived from education and training at a high level, and who are
prepared to exercise this knowledge and these skills in the interest of
others. (the Australian Council of Professions)
• A profession is a vocation founded upon specialised educational training,
the purpose of which is to supply disinterested counsel and service to
others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from
expectation of other business gain. (wikipedia)
Pharmacy as a profession
Pharmacy is the health profession that links the
health sciences with the chemical sciences
and it is charged with ensuring the safe and
effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.
Pharmacists are experts on the action and use
of drugs.
1. What does it take to be an expert?
2. What will you do as a pharmacist after graduating?
Pharmacist are experts in:

Chemistry, Communication Pharmaceutical


Analytics with patients care
Training and
education:
Biology, Manufacturing, Traditional
Biochemistry Formulation medicine
1. Undergraduate
Education
(5 years)
2. Postgraduate Botany, Marketing,
Microbilogy
Pharmacognosy management
Education
(3-5 years)
3. Life Long Learning
(…∞ years) Physiology, Pharmacology Information
Pathology (mechanism) technology
Expertise → Information → Advice
• During their everyday work, pharmacists are in close contact with
patients and are working together with the other members of the
healthcare team.
Healthcare team Public
Cooperation and Teamwork

Pharmacy
assistants
Collaboration,

Doctors

Service
Pharmacist Patients
Nurses

Dentists
Is pharmacy a marginal profession?
• Business
– Conflicting goals of PROFESSIONALISM and BUSINESS
– Pharmacists are health professionals who are also retailers
– Commercial influences
• Dependence on medical authority of the doctor
– The dispensing of medicines is within the power of an other
profession
– Prescription only medications (POM)
• Industrialization
– Formulation and packing is made my industry
– Reduction in the specialized compounding skills
Areas of practice
• Pharmacists are employed in many different areas of practice.
• After graduation you can choose from a wide range of career
opportunities:
1. Community pharmacy
2. Hospital/Clinical pharmacy
3. Pharmaceutical industry
4. Representatives of pharmaceutical companies
5. Medical research
6. Legislation, marketing authorisation, regulatory agencies
7. Medicine wholesaler companies
1. Community pharmacy
(Chemist, Drugstore, Retail pharmacy)
• Traditional tasks of pharmacists
– Preparation of medicines from recipes (extemporaneus
dispensing)
– Handling of prescriptions (POM: prescription-only medicines)
– Sale of medicines
– Assessment of quality and reliability of medicines
– Advice on symptoms and use of medication (counseling)
• Changes in community pharmacy
– Sale of pharmaceutical industry manufactured medicines
– Over The Counter medications (OTC)
– Health education, Health prevention programs
– Pharmaceutical Care
– Marketing, management
– Increasing use of computers and Information Technology (IT)
2. Hospital / Clinical pharmacy
• Traditional clinical pharmacy service
– Overall management of medicines on the ward
– Advice to medical and nursing staff
– Safe handling of medicines
– Improving patient care and safety
– Cost effective use of medicines
• New components in hospital pharmacy service
– Development of individual patient care plans
– Compounding of cytotoxic drugs
– Parenteral nutrition
– Drug interactions
– Evidence based medicine
Changing face of pharmacy:
new challenges and demands
Industrialization and
Classical pharmacy Modern pharmacy
practice practice Future of pharmacy
Separation of Medical (XVIII.-XIX. Century) (XX. Century) practice
and Pharmaceutical Preparation according
professions Scientific advances (XXI. Century)
to recipes
(XII.-XVII. Century) Pharmaceutical industry Medication Therapy
New drugs and Management
Healing and Preparation chemicals Increased use of tablets
of medicines Reduction in the Clinical services to the
Small-scale patient
Regulation manufacturing number of
extemoraneously Patient education
University education Pharmacopoeias, prepared medicines
Standard formualries Internet pharmacy
Patient care
Quality assurance
Hospital pharmacy
Keywords
• Profession • Compounding
• Dispensing • Formulation
• Prescribing • Counseling
• Prescription-only medicines • Community pharmacy
(POM) • Hospital and Clinical
• Over The Counter pharmacy
medications (OTC) • Undergraduate education
• Extemporaneus • Postgraduate education
• Life Long Learning

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