1.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
✓ An emergency procedure that consists of
recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or
both and the proper application of CPR to
maintain life until or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a
victim recovers or advanced life support is
available.
Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
✓ The use of special equipment to maintain
breathing and circulati The use of special
equipment to maintain breathing and
circulation for the victim of a cardiac
emergency.
Prolonged Life Support (PLS)
✓ For post resuscitative and long term
resuscitation.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
1. The First Link: EARLY ACCESS
• It is the event initiated after the
patient’s collapse until the arrival of
Emergency s collapse until the
arrival of Emergency Medical
Services personnel prepared to
provide care.
2. The Second Link: EARLY CPR
• It is most effective when started
immediately after the victim’s
collapse. Theprobability of survival
approximately doubles when it is
initiated before the arrival of EMS.
3. The Third Link: EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
• It is most likely to improve survival.
It is the key intervention to increase
the chances of survival of patients
with “out-of-hospital hospital”
cardiac arrest.
4. The Fourth Link: EARLY ACLS
• If provided by highly trained
personnel like paramedics,
provision of advanced care outside
the hospital would be possible.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
1. SURVEY THE SCENE
• Once you recognized that an
emergency has occurred and
decide to act, you act, you must
make sure the scene of the
emergency is safe for you, the
victim/s, any bystander/s.
Elements of the Survey the Scene
- Scene safety. Scene safety.
- Mechanism of injury or nature of illness.
- Determine the number of patients and
additional resources. additional
resources.
2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND
TRANSFER FACILITY
• In some emergency, you will have
enough time to call for specific
medical advice before administering
first aid. But in some situations, you
you will need to attend to need to
attend to the victim first.
Phone First – Adult
Phone Fast – Child
3. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM
• In every emergency situation, you
must first find out if there are
conditions that re conditions that
are an immediate threat to the
victim’s life.
1. Check for Consciousness
2. Check for Airway
3. Check for Breathing
4. Check for Circulation
4. DO A SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE
VICTIM
• It is a systematic method of It is a
systematic method of gathering
additional information about injuries
or conditions that may need care.
1. Interview the victim
2. Check vital signs.
3. Perform head-to-toe examination.
Respiratory Arrest - the condition in which Is the
condition in which breathing stops or inadequate
Rescue Breathing - a technique of breathing air into
a person lungs to supply hi Is a technique of
breathing air into a person lungs to supply him or her
with the m or her with the oxygen needed to survive.
oxygen needed to survive.
WAYS TO VENTILATE THE LUNGS
✓ Mouth-to-mouth
✓ Mouth-to-nose
✓ Mouth-to-mouth and nose
✓ Mouth-to-stoma
✓ Mouth-to-face shield
✓ Mouth-to-mask
✓ Bag mask device
CARDIAC ARREST – a condition in which circulation
ceases and vital organs are deprived of oxygen
3 CONDITIONS OF CA
- Cardio Vascular Changes
- Ventricular Fibrillation
- Cardiac Stand Still
-
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) - a
combination of chest compression and rescue
breathing. This must be combined for effective
resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest.
When to S..T.O.P CPR
1. SPONTANEOUS signs of circulation are
restored.
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 2. TURNED over to medical services or Types of Bandages SPIRAL REVERSE - A spiral bandage that is turned
properly trained and authorized personnel. • Roller bandages and folded back on
3. OPERATOR is already exhausted is already itself as necessary to make it fit the contour of the
exhausted and cannot continue CPR. Different Width Sizes body more securely
4. PHYSICIAN assumes responsibility • 1-inch width for fingers
(declares death, take over, etc.) • 2-inch width for wrist,
hands, feet
SEQUENCE IN PERFORMING CPR AND RB • 3-inch width for ankles,
elbows, arms
Survey the Scene • 4-inch width for knees.
“The Scene is Safe”. legs
“Activate Medical Assistance & Transfer Facility”.
• Self-adhering, conforming bandages
Check Responsiveness • Gauze rollers
“Hey Mam/Sir are you OK? Victim Unresponsive”. • Elastic roller bandages
• Triangular bandages
Open Airway (Head-Tilt-Chin Lift) Check Airway
Check Breathing (Look, Listen & Feel) for 5 THE FOLLOWING TERMS ARE USED IN ROLLER
seconds. BANDAGING SPICA - A kind of figure eight bandage which is
applied to a joint or trunk.
“Victim is Breathless” SIMPLE SPIRAL - A roller bandage applied spirally
around the limb.
Give 2 Initial Ventilatory Maneuver (2 breaths)
Check for Signs of Circulation for at least 10
seconds.

“Victim has no signs of Circulation I’ll perform CPR”.

“Victim has inadequate/no breathing but with Signs of
Circulation I’ll perform Rescue Breathing”.

2. BANDAGING
A bandage can be used to: FIGURE OF EIGHT (CRISSCROSS) - A bandage
✓ Hold a dressing in place over an open with successive laps crossing over and around each
wound other to resemble the numeric figure eight.
✓ Apply direct pressure over a dressing to
control bleeding
✓ Prevent or reduce swelling
✓ Provide support and stability for an extremity
or joint

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 3. LIFTING AND MOVING
General Lifting and Moving
• The Power Lift: use of body mechanics. With
the back straight, feet apart and abs tensed,
lifting is done from the waist down. A firm
"power grip" is used.
• The Power Grip: palms and fingers come in
complete contact with the object (gripping,
not hooking).
• The Squat Lift: same as power lift but with
one foot (the weaker foot) slightly forward.
• One-Handed Carrying Technique: Back
straight and locked. Do not lean more than
necessary to balance. Use below the waist
for lifting.
• Reaching: reach no more than 15-20 inches
in front of the body.
• Pushing and Pulling: if possible, always
push. Back straight, hands between waist
and shoulders.
4. SPLINTING
Reasons for Splinting to stabilize an
injured area are to:
• Reduce pain
• Prevent damage to muscle, nerves and
blood vessels
• Prevent a closed fracture from becoming an
open fracture
• Reduce bleeding and swelling
TYPES OF SPLINTING
Air Splint
- Device for temporarily immobilizing fractured
or otherwise injured the extremities.
- It consists of an inflatable cylinder that can be
closed at either end and becomes rigid when
filled with air under pressure.
- Also called Aircast splint
Pillow Splint
- Provides exceptional comfort and
maximum pain relief during rest and
sleep
Buddy taping or a self splint
SLINGS
✓ Sling support and protect the upper
extremities.
✓ Sling is not a bandage, it used as a support
for any injury to the shoulder or arm.
Arm slings
- The purpose of an arm sling is to
immobilize and protect an injured arm
so that it can heal. Though broken arms
are a common reason for wearing a
sling, you don't necessarily have to have
a broken bone to wear one - contusions,
sprains, and dislocations can also
require a sling.
- Sling can be vital to your healing
process because, in addition to
supporting your arm as it heals, it
provides a sign to others to treat your
arm gently.
Splinting Specific Areas
a. Shoulder - it involve the clavicle (collarbone),
the scapula (shoulder blade), or the head
humerus (upper arm)
b. Elbow
UPPER EXTREMITIES
• Forearm
• Wrist, hand and fingers
• Pelvis and hips
• Femur (Thigh)
c. Knee – bent/straight position
LOWER EXTREMITIES
• Lower leg (Tibia/Fibula)
• Thigh (Femur)
• Lower leg
• Ankle and foot
5. EXTRICATING TECHNIQUES
Emergency Moves
Characteristics of emergency moves
✓ Fastest
✓ No spinal stabilization
✓ Performed when the scene is not safe, and
there is an immediate danger to both the
patient and the rescuer.
a. The Armpit-Forearm Drag: position behind
the patient, reach through and under their
armpits, grab their forearms, and then drag.
b. The Shirt Drag: fasten the patients' hands or
wrists together, and then drag their shirt by
the shoulders. Does not work for T-shirts.
c. The Blanket Drag: wrap a blanket beneath
the patient, and then drag the blanket at the
patient's head.
Urgent Moves
Characteristics of urgent moves
✓ Fast
✓ Spinal immobilization
✓ Performed when the scene is safe, but there
is an immediate threat to the patient's life.
Common in car accidents.
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 a. Rapid Extrication: Getting a patient out of a
car onto a backboard while providing
constant spinal immobilization.
Nonurgent Moves
Characteristics of nonurgent moves: scene safe,
patient stable.
If possible, and when in doubt, always suspect spinal
injury and provide full spinal immobilization onto a
backboard before moving. For example, a patient out
of a car crash should always be immobilized even if
he or she appears well. Use the techniques below
only if there is no spinal injury.
a. Direct Ground lift: two or more rescuers
lifting a patient from the side (the way you
would cradle a baby).
b. Extremity Lift: two rescuers lifting the patient
by the extremities. One rescuer in the
armpit-forearm drag position and the other
holding the patient behind the knees.
c. Direct Carry: similar to the direct ground lift,
except that you carry instead of lifting
because the patient is not on the ground.
d. Draw Sheet: similar to a blanket drag. The
rescuers drag sideways the bedsheet
beneath the patient so that both the
bedsheet and the patient is moved.
Carrying Devices
Stretcher: a bed-like device for transportation of
patients.
a. Wheeled Stretcher: a stretcher with wheels.
Commonly seen in the ER, where the patient
is pushed around on beds with wheels.
b. Portable Stretcher: a light stretcher without
wheels.
c. Scoop Stretcher: a stretcher that can split
apart to scoop up the patient on the ground
from either side.
d. Basket Stretcher: a stretcher with protective
guards around the circumference (like a
boat).
e. Flexible Stretcher: a stretcher that is flexible
and can fold.
f. Bariatric Stretcher: a stretcher that can
support up to 1600 pounds. For very large
patients.
Stair Chair: a chair with handles to carry a sitting
patient.
Backboard: a hard board used for spinal
immobilization. Equipped with hand holds and belts to
fasten the patient. Can float in water.
Full Body Vacuum Mattress: a rigid mattress upon the
application of a vacuum. Can provide surface for
spinal immobilization.
KED (Kendrick Extrication Device): a short backboard
that provides full spinal immobilization. Can be
applied when the patient is in a sitting position.
6. INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
7. MASS CASUALTY INDEX
✓ any incident in which emergency medical
services resources, such as personnel and
equipment, are overwhelmed by the number
and severity of casualties. For example, an
incident where a two-person crew is
responding to a motor vehicle collision with
three severely injured people could be
considered a mass casualty incident. The
general public more commonly recognizes
events such as building collapses, train and
bus collisions, earthquakes and other large-
scale emergencies as mass casualty
incidents. The most common types of MCIs
are generally caused by terrorism or natural
disasters.
Declaration
➢ usually be declared by the first arriving unit
at the scene of the incident.
➢ it may alternately be declared by a
dispatcher, based on the information
available from people who call their local
emergency telephone number about the
incident
➢ formal declaration of an MCI is usually made
by an officer or chief of the agency in charge
➢ Initial size-up. A size-up needs to be done
by the initial person receiving an emergency
call regarding a multitude of situations
involving a large number of people or
potentially involving a large number of
people.
➢ Scene size-up. After the proper agencies
have arrived another size-up will be
performed with this one involving more detail
and following the M.E.T.H.A.N.E method.
➢ M.E.T.H.A.N.E. method. Provides an in
depth result for the number of responders
necessary and it allows for the scene to
become clearer for the responders on the
exact type of situation they are getting into.
Mass incident declared
Exact location
Type of incident
Hazards present
Access and egress
Number of casualties and severity
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 Emergency services required
Flow
➢ Triage. Uses START system (Simple triage
and rapid treatment). The medical responder
assigns each pt one of four color-coded
triage levels, based on their breathing,
circulation, and mental status.

a. Immediate. Major life-threatening

injuries, are salvageable given the
resources available
b. Delayed. Non-life-threatening injuries,
unable to walk or exhibit altered mental
status
c. Walking wounded. Able to ambulate
out of the incident area to tx area
d. Deceased. Dead, injuries make survival
unlikely
➢ Treatment

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