MINOR PROJECT REPPORT

ON
“To Plan Tentative For Doubling The Income of Farmers of Watershed And
Give Out Master Plan For Jharkhandi Mandir Nala Watershed ”

M.G.C.G.V.V Chitrakoot, Satna(M.P.)

SUBMITTED TO:- UNDER GUIDANCE:-

Er. Ashwani Duggal Er. K.P. Mishra
HOD (Food tech. and Agril. Engg) (Associate Professor)

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Of

Bachelor of Technology in Agricultural Engineering

Submitted by:-

Himanshu Datt Nayak

Khushbu Patle
Pankaj Goutam
Raghvendra Rajput

B.TECH AGRIL ENGG

VIII SEMESTER (BATCH 2015-16)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that the minor project report titled Doubling The

Income of Farmers of Watershed And Give Out Master Plan
For Jharkhandi Mandir Nala at village Ahiran Purwa of
panchayat Gadhiwa(UP), Faculty of Engineering And
Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya
Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) in partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor Of Technology In Agricultural
Engineering is a bonafide record of minor project work carried
out by Himanshu Datt Nayak, Khushbu Patle, Pankaj Goutam,
Raghvendra Rajput under my supervision and guidance.
The minor project report is satisfactory and is recommended
for acceptance.
DATE:-
PLACE:-CHITRAKOOT

Submitted to:- Project guide:-

Er. Ashwani Duggal Er. K.P. Mishra
HOD (FOOD TECH & AG E ) (ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
 Acknowledgement

First of all we would like to express our deep sense of

gratefulness to the almighty god for giving continuous
support and confidence.
We wish to express our heartily sense of gratitude
indebtedness to our guide Er. K.P. Mishra Depatrtment of
Agril Engg (FET) M.C.G.V.V Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.).For
his constant inspiration, encouragement and guidance.
We are extremely thankful to Er. Ashwini Duggal (HOD)
Department of Food And Ag Engg For his constant
inspirations and suggestions.
We are also thankful to villagers of Ahiran purwa and
Gadhiwa for providing access to their farms.
We shall fail in our duty if we do not record the value of
great affection and inspiration of our reverent parents for
their affection continuous financial and moral support
throughout study period.

Himanshu Datt Nayak

Khushbu Patle
Date: Pankaj Goutam
Raghvendra Rajput
 SELF ATTESTATION

This is to certify that I have worked on the project titled “Doubling

The Income of Farmers of Watershed And Give Out Master Plan For
Jharkhandi Mandir Nala Watershed”. The results mentioned or
information obtained from other agencies has been duly
acknowledged. None of the finding/information pertaining to work
has been concealed. The results embodied in this minor project
report have not been submitted to any other universities or institute
for the award for the award of any degree or diploma.

Himanshu Datt Nayak

Date:-
Place:- CHITRAKOOT
 SELF ATTESTATION

This is to certify that I have worked on the project titled “Doubling

The Income of Farmers of Watershed And Give Out Master Plan For
Jharkhandi Mandir Nala Watershed”. The results mentioned or
information obtained from other agencies has been duly
acknowledged. None of the finding/information pertaining to work
has been concealed. The results embodied in this minor project
report have not been submitted to any other universities or institute
for the award for the award of any degree or diploma.

Khushbu Patle
Date:-
Place:- CHITRAKOOT
 SELF ATTESTATION

This is to certify that I have worked on the project titled “Doubling

The Income of Farmers of Watershed And Give Out Master Plan For
Jharkhandi Mandir Nala Watershed”. The results mentioned or
information obtained from other agencies has been duly
acknowledged. None of the finding/information pertaining to work
has been concealed. The results embodied in this minor project
report have not been submitted to any other universities or institute
for the award for the award of any degree or diploma.

Pankaj Goutam
Date:-
Place:- CHITRAKOOT
 SELF ATTESTATION

This is to certify that I have worked on the project titled “Doubling

The Income of Farmers of Watershed And Give Out Master Plan For
Jharkhandi Mandir Nala Watershed”. The results mentioned or
information obtained from other agencies has been duly
acknowledged. None of the finding/information pertaining to work
has been concealed. The results embodied in this minor project
report have not been submitted to any other universities or institute
for the award for the award of any degree or diploma.

Raghvendra Rajput
Date:-
Place:- CHITRAKOOT
 CONTENTS

1. Topic
2. Introduction
3. Justification
4. Objectives
5. Review of Literature
6. Methods and Material
 Topic

“To plan tentative for doubling the income of

farmers of the “Jharkhandi Mandir nala”
watershed and propose the master plan for
watershed region lying under both Uttar
Pradesh and Chitrakoot, Satna (Madhya
Pradesh)
 INTRODUCTION
1.Master plan
Master plan is a tool to guide and manage the growth of any watershed in a
planned manner preparation of master plan based on the data collected from
various sources is a pre-requisite for any watershed development program. Such a
step is useful not only to describe the site specific technology but also to help in
proper monitoring of progress , operation the budget and for achieving inter-
departmental co-ordination . The master plan must reflect an integrated
approach and therefore, each component of programme should be described in
detail.

The proper development and management of watershed calls for accurate and
vital data to be made available on a periodic basis in order to formulate a
responsive spatial planning framework.

2. Economical analysis
The farmers occupation is largely dependable on the revenue generated from
production of the field. Present status of farmers income is going too far as
compared to other sectors which ultimately generates the condition of poor
living status of farmers and dwelling of farmers to the cities and leaving the
farmlands to be uncultivated. Government of India started the initiative for
“Doubling the income of farmers by 2022” which is solemnly dedicated for
introducing the ways through which income of farmers can be increased.

1.1 Function of master plan

1. To guide development of a watershed so as to improve the quality
 of life of its citizens.
2. Organize and co-ordinate the complex relationship between lands

 uses.
3. Direct physical development of the watershed in relation to its
social and economics characteristic based on compressive survey
 and studies on the present status and the future growth prospects.
2.1 Significance of economical analysis
1. Provides scientific approach for evaluation of economical imbalance
with respect to individual farmers.
2. Provides statistical approach to understand the market scenario versus
present economical status of the farmers.
3. Useful for calculating cost benefit ratio of the proposed plan in order to
double the income of farmers.

1.1.1 The major content of the master plan and

economical analysis

Physical characteristics and natural resources.

 Demography

 Social infrastructures (health and education)

 Transport network (road, railway, waterway and airways)

Utilities and service (water supply , drainage and sewage , solid ,
waste management , and energy)

Land use

Local market availability for selling farm produce.

Alternative land use and alternative crops cultivation and its economy.

Evaluation of cost-benefit ratio and comparison to doubling the income.

Methods to be adopted by farmers for improving socio-economic status.

1.1.2 Maps to be prepared.


 
Soil survey map
 
 Present land use map
 
Land capability map (based on slope and vegetation.
 Watershed & Watershed management:-
Watershed: - Everyone lives in a watershed. A watershed is the land area
drained by a river/stream system. Rain falls and snow melting from field, forests,
rooftops, lawns. Parking lots, and street flows toward lakes or river and forms a
watershed. Smaller drainage areas – the component parts of a watershed-are
called sub watersheds. Watersheds are separated from each other by high land
elevations called watershed divide line.

Watershed management :- Human activities on land have a direct and

cumulative impact on water and other natural resources within a watershed .
upstream activities influence river flow and water quality down-stream .
channelizing rivers , removing vegetation along watercourses , paving recharge
areas , filling in wetlands, and consuming groundwater at rates faster than it can
be replenished can have severe , and in some cases , irreversible effects on
natural systems. These effects in turn usually impair water quality, degrade
aquatic and terrestrial , contribute to a loss of biodiversity , contaminate
underground aquifer and increase risks of flooding and erosion damage.
At the heart of watershed management is the underlying philosophy that
“everything is connected to everything else,” watershed component is
interrelated and interdependent, like the links of a chain or the spokes of a wheel.
Damage to anyone watershed component ruins the risk of damage to all. The
health of upstream component directly determines the health and function of
areas downstream. Our action affects our neighbor’s as well as neighboring
communities.

Major issues in watershed management

Watershed bears significant importance from ecological, environmental and
socio- economic perspectives. These watersheds are home to millions of people ,
a substantial proportion of whom are indigenous minorities eking out their
livelihoods by utilizing natural resource available there . As much as 65% of the
rural people live in upland regions. To what extent or how long the ecosystem -
balancing and economic opportunity – generating roles of watersheds will
continue depends on their status as reflected in the distribution , density and type
of vegetation cover , and the pace of soil erosion and land productivity . Due to
the lack of comprehensive micro-level studies, no conclusion can be drawn about
the status of watersheds on the regional scale. However, finding of several micro-
level studies indicate that watershed are undergoing soil erosion, soil nutrition
deflection and deforestation, though the extent of these problem varies from one
area to another.

The specific issues being confronted regard to watershed management are as follows.

 How to control or even reverse the process of forest and range land
degradation?

 What should be done to improve the soil fertility, so as to increase crop
yield can a sustainable basis?

 How to enable watershed settlers to improve their quality of life ,
without inflicting damage on natural resource?

 How to double the income of farmers to insure minimum assured income
and healthy and prosperous life of farmers?

 How to cope with the changing market inflation and adverse weather
conditions to get sufficient earning?

 OBJECTIVES
 TO CALCULATE THE AREA OF THE GIVEN WATERSHED.
 
 TO GIVE MASTER PLAN OF GIVEN WATERSHED.
 ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM.
 ANALYSIS OF ECONOMICAL STATUS OF LOCAL FARMERS
 
CARRY OUT PLAN FOR DOUBLING THE INCOME
 JUSTIFICATION

The area Jharkhandi mandir watershed is farming / agriculture and ravines
based land. About 85% people of area are involved in agriculture so there in
 system.
need for enhancement and improvement in yield by alternate land use


The planning of its implementation of master plan thus facilities the
 
orderly and planned development of cities in a sustainable manner and
 ultimately development of people of watershed

Check dam act as storage and water harvesting structure which cause
 watershed
infiltration and ultimately increase the time of concentration of given


The steep slope area is erodible area which can be used for pasture and
silviculture that also reduce erosion.


Ultimate reason behind agriculture is earning for living and to cope with
rising inflation and capitalism
 so economically wise selection of crop will
increase the income.


Increase
in income of farmers will lead to socio-economic well being of
farmers.




Review of literature
District rural development agency Satna [MP.] chakra
nala watershed project
(15th June 2002)
The krishi vigyan Kendra (KVK) managed by Deendayal research institute at
Majhgawan Dist. Satna has implemented an extensive and integrated milli
watershed project as the part of chitrakoot project in the collabrotion with the
DRDA Govt. of satna under the Rajiv Gandhi watershed mission in the Majhgawan
block with the main objective of deloping the area of natural resource base
sustain . Its productivity improving the standard of living and Enveadouring to
restore the ecological balance.

V.P.Singh And S.N.Singh [2003-2009]

A study was conducted during 2003-2009 to access the impact of watershed
activities implemented by milli watershed K.V.K Satna [MP] during 2003-2009
project title impact assessment of watershed activities in tribal area of satna MP

Union ministry of rural development requested

Samaj Pragati sahyog [dec. 2005]
This is the impulse motivating the writing of the manual . it is meant for those
individual and organization who will be involved in planning implementing and
monitoring NREGA , they need to be aware of the various Entitlement of workers
under the act.
Kumar mishra[2008]
Made a study on planning of watershed project in India ; a critical review of
government funded project “ the study reverted that the Existing method of
planning in govt. funded watershed project have scope for improvement .
There was also a large gap in the provision of policy and practice related to
planning of watershed project to attain effectiveness of those large scale
intervention those gaps must be addressed.
Tripathi ,MP and katre [2009]
In their case study on “rain water balance of micro watershed using swath model
“ revealed that 92.3 mm of water flow out of the micro watershed as surface
runoff which was 43.3% of the average seasonal rainfall .

Mrs. Vidula arun swami et al[march 2011]

In this area of even increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water
resource coupled with overpopulation .it has become necessary to develop .the
means to recharge the ground water resource .which are necessary of future
requirement. The main significant feature of the work is that work is that if such
technology is development and adopted at larger scale in rural area. It will
prevent thousand village of the country from water supply by tankers.

Suraj bhan [Nov. 2013]

In view of the stagnating productivity levels of irrigated agriculture ,the
contribution from rain fed agriculture should be increased to meet the
requirement from the even growing human and animal population of India , land
degradation is a major threat to our food and environment security and the
extent of degradation problems are more pronounced in rain fed region .

Dr. suresh kumar , Mr. Arpit choukshey [ dec. 2016]

Watershed bears significance for ecological aesthetic and socio-economics
perspective. it is considered as basic natural resource conservation and
developing planning unit . Govt. of India Executing soil and water conservation
planning through watershed management programme in various steps of the
country. it is implementing integration watershed management programme
project to restore the Ecological balance by harnessing , conserving and
developing natural resource.
 B. Economical perspective

I. Income, income inequality, consumption expenditure and poverty

among marginal and small farmers

Singh (1974) in his book, entitled, “The Green Revolution in India-

How green it is?”, discussed the limitations of new agricultural technology and
HYV seeds. The author underlined that it is the intensity of capital requirement
that served as the major road block in universally spreading its effectiveness.

Luxminarayan (1979) studied importance of livestock for

different farm sizes based on NSS data. The importance of livestock for small
holdings was unabatedly much higher than the other farm size holdings
because small farmers tried to keep their own draught animals for the purpose
of cultivation.

Aggarwal (1980) conducted study in rural Punjab and analysed

the impact of agriculture development in terms of per family and per capita
income among all categories of farmers as well as agricultural labourers.

Singh (1993) studied the income and expenditure pattern of

farmers and agricultural labourers in Punjab. He highlighted that the
consumption expenditure of small and marginal farmers exceeded their
income.

Gill (1994) conducted a study on the economic development and

structural change in Punjab, and indicated towards the growing tendency of
capitalistic mode

of production.
II. Socio-economic characteristics, indebtedness and suicide among
marginal and small farmers

Rao (1975) conducted a study of three villages of Vishakhapatnam

district of Andhra Pradesh to comparatively examine the asset structure and
borrowing. Singh et al. (2004b) examined the extent and sources of farm loans
in Sangrur district of Punjab. The total sample consisted of 120 farmers in two
development blocks of Sangrur district of Punjab

Jayachandra and Naidu (2006) conducted a study to

examine the impact of dairy co-operatives on income employment and
creation of assets of the marginal and small farmers.

Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice

(2011) estimated that more than a quarter million farmers had committed
suicide in the last 16 years and was the largest wave of recorded suicides in
human history. A great number of those affected were cash crop farmers and
cotton farmers in particular

Gaur (2014) examined the development story of the state and

revealed that the rural economy of Punjab was based on agrarian and allied
activities, mainly livestock. The swelling cost of production and
commercialization had escalated the costs and risks prone to crop failure have
landed small and marginal farmers in the state of distress

III. Sustainability prospective of marginal and small farmers

Kumar and Kumar (2003) made an attempt to study the

sustainability perspective of small and medium farmers in Visakhapatnam
district of high altitude and tribal area zone of Andhra Pradesh.
 Sidhu and Bhullar (2004) studied the impact of livestock
especially dairy on income and employment in the farming sector of Punjab.
The study witnessed the importance of dairy especially in augmenting the
business income over the years. In fact, the economic surplus of small and
marginal farmers largely depended upon the incomes from the dairy.

Jayachandra and Naidu (2006) conducted a study to

examine the impact of dairy co-operatives on income employment and
creation of assets of the marginal and small farmers.

Singla and Sidhu (2010) examined the viability of small and

marginal farmers in Ludhiana district of Punjab. They reported that it was a
matter of organizing their resources efficiently through optimum combination
of supplementary/complementary enterprises while using efficient technology
backed by effective intervention of the developmental agencies in terms of
training, credit and remunerative markets.
Material and Methodology
1.2. Materials:-
1.2.1. Watershed :-
It refers to area drained by a stream in such a way that all flow originating in
that area is discharge d through a single outlet .

1.2.2. Watershed features:-

The information on watershed features regarding by social survey and studies
of hydrological and morphological are very important in addition to the type of
watershed falling in particular area . the various important feature of watershed
concerns:-

a) Size: - the watershed size varies from mini watershed to sub watershed
and given watershed fall under micro watershed.
b) Drainage divide: - Also called watershed boundary or Ridge line. It plays very
significant role to divide the water flow from the area i.e. whether the water
flowing toward or very away from the area within the watershed .
c) Topography: - it is basically refers to the terrain land within watershed
boundary terrain affects the trends to flow . example – if the steep slope
then the flow is very quick which may result in to occurrence of severe soil
erosion . on the other hand, if terrain is flat then there is very little
possibility of soil occurrence .
d) Soil type :- The soil is also considered as the one of the important feature of
watershed and given watershed area soil type rocky clay and some area
sandy loam soil .
e) Contour line :- A contour line of the function two variable is curve along
which the function has constant value.

1.2.3. Continuous contour trench:-

In the watershed development technique by master planning of continuous
contour trench is used treated barren undulating land.
1.2.4. Non arable land:-
Land which is unsuitable for cultivation has at least one of the following
deficiencies :-no source of fresh water too hot (desert)too cold(artic )too rocky ,
too mountain , too salty , too rainy , too snowy, too pollutant , too nutrient poor
cloud may block the sunlight plant need for photosynthesis (making sunlight into
food reducing productivity .)

1.2.5. Gulleyplug.
Gully plug are constructed with rock or from weir in the gully channel to keep
the flow of water in the center of gully .

1.2.6. Check dam :-

A check dam is the small dam , which dam can be either temporary or permanent
built across the the minor channel.
1.3. Software used :-
1.3.1. Global positioning system.
A GPS is a receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the
signal sent by GPS satellite high above the Earth . Each satellite
continuously transmits message that include :-

  The time ,the message was transmitted.

 Satellite position at time of message transition .

The receiver uses the message it receive to determine the transit time
of each message and compute the distance to each satellite using the
speed of light . the receiver is on the surface of each of these sphere
when the distance and the satellite location are correct . these location
is then displayed , perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and
longitude elevation or altitude information may be included . many GPS
units show derived information such as direction and speed , calculated
from position changes.
1.3.2. Google Earth .
Google Earth is a free software download from Google that allows us to
zoom into see highly detail aerial photos or satellite image of any place
on the planet earth. Google earth includes numerous layers of
professional and community submission assist the user in zooming to
see interesting places. The search features is as easy to use as is google
search.
1.3.3. Bhuvan.
Bhuvan is a software application which allows users to explore a 3D
representation of the surface of the earth the browser is specifically
tailored to view India offering the highest resolution in the region
provided with local language. Bhuvan allows user to view 2D and 3D
image along with information on soil, wasteland and water resources
on the Indian sub-continent. users can superimpose administrative
boundary of their choice , from a selection of boundary available , on
image as required. Bhuvan also allows visualization of AWS (automatic
weather station) data in the graphic view, as well as in tabular form .
users can fly from one location to another and also navigate using the
3D view pop up menu (with flying in , fly out, jump-in ,jump-around ,
view point).
1.4. Methods
Collection of primary data :- a survey of whole farm is done to get the
primary data . the data is recorded and the it is used to know the
following.

1.4.1. Area of Each plot:-

The whole watershed divided In gridline and according to
Toposheet map (1:50000) calculate the whole watershed area and
area of Each plot.

1.4.2. Social survey :-

In this data information include live farmer status, education
qualification, life style , present land use pattern etc. This information
regarding by villagers and village panchayat.

1.4.3. To prepare map:-

The various type map prepare by conduct information of watershed.

 Watershed area map:-

To find out area by manual method and scale of Toposheet map (1:50000)

 Drainage map:-
This map give information on about location of outlet , order of stream , flow of
stream, soil erosion ,etc.

 Present land use map:-

This map prepare according to Toposheet map and social survey. This map
indicate present cultivation land.

 Land use capability map according to slope and

vegetation:-
This map prepare by obtain information and indicate arable and non-arable land
by slope and vegetation.
1.4.4. To prepare master plan map:-
This map preparing by obtaining all information about is given watershed area.
And this indicate future land use pattern and location of check dam arable land
area , non-arable land area , available source etc.

1.4.5. Planning of proposed structure:-

Each plot of all field is inspected carefully and then the reconnaissance map is
draw on a paper.

This map include the demographic detail live the shape of the plot ,rough location
of available water resources gullies and structures after drawing the
reconnaissance map , proposed map is draw over it which show the work which
would be done over the land to check erosion and increase crop production and it
is also show where the water resource should be made so that it can be used for
irrigation with less power consumption and also less cost of construction.